A Light for Science
EIROforum Teachers School 2011 The EPN campus Overview of EMBL, ESRF and ILL Neutrons and synchrotron X-rays: properties, sources Upgrade programmes ILL and ESRF The future: new sources, new science, new directions: reactors, spallation sources, SR sources, XFELs The GIANT partnership Slide: 2
EPN Science Campus Three European Research Infrastructures are based in Grenoble: EMBL, ESRF, ILL Jointly set up in 2010 the EPN Science Campus Major actors on the Polygone Scientifique Members of GIANT Slide: 3
EPN Science Campus Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) operates the most intense (reactor) neutron source in the world, feeding a suite of 40 high-performance instruments. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) is the world s leading synchrotron radiation source hosting 41 cutting-edge experimental stations. EMBL Grenoble is an outstation of the EMBL organisation (HQ in Heidelberg), specialising in research in structural biology (in very close proximity to the ILL and the ESRF). Slide: 4
EPN Science Campus ~ 1200 staff; ~ 300 active scientists ~ 8000 visiting scientists per year (to carry out experiments) ~ 2500 peer-reviewed publications per year; 300 in high-impact journals such as Nature, Science, PRL Strong partnerships with local academic and research institutes http://www.epn-campus.eu Slide: 5
Overview of EMBL, ESRF and ILL Slide: 6
The ILL Slide: 7
ILL ILL inaugurated 19/01/1967 Reactor critical 31/08/1971 ~ 1400 proposals each year ~ 1300 researchers visit annually ~ 870 experimental sessions ~ 40 neutron scattering instruments ~ 650 refereed scientific publications in 2009 ~ 82 M annual budget (15 M investment) ~ 500 staff (~ 70 scientists, ~ 40 PhD students) Slide: 8
ILL Associates and Scientific Members Associates, the founding countries: France, Germany, United Kingdom Scientific Members Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, India Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia: the Central European Neutron Initiative CENI, Belgium, Poland, Sweden: BELPOLSWENI, the Belgian-Polish-Swedish Neutron Initiative Consortium
The EMBL Slide: 10
The Five Branches of EMBL Heidelberg Hamburg Hinxton Basic Molecular Biology Research Laboratory Central Administration EMBO Structural Biology DESY Grenoble European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) Sanger Centre Monterotondo 1550 staff >60 nationalities Structural Biology ILL, ESRF, IBS, UVHCI ~ 80 staff Mousebiology EMMA, CNR 11 Slide: 11
EMBL Member states Austria 1974 Denmark 1974 France 1974 Germany 1974 Israel 1974 Italy 1974 Netherlands 1974 Sweden 1974 Switzerland 1974 United Kingdom 1974 Finland 1984 Greece 1984 Norway 1985 Spain 1986 Belgium 1990 Portugal 1998 Ireland 2003 Iceland 2005 Croatia 2006 Luxembourg 2007 Australia 2008 (1 st Associate Member) Total Budget (2010) 183 Million Slide: 12
Services in Structural Biology EMBL Hamburg and Grenoble provide access to synchrotron radiation for biological applications High throughput protein production, crystallisation, structure determination and data processing Integrated centres for structural biology (PSB, EPN Campus; EMBL@Petra3, Hamburg) 2 out of 3 structures deposited in PDB are obtained at ESRF and EMBL/DESY 13 28.09.11 11/06/09 Slide: 13
The ESRF Slide: 14
ESRF ESRF inaugurated 30/09/1994 ~ 2000 proposals each year ~ 7000 User visits in 2009 ~ 1500 experimental sessions ~ 43 synchrotron radiation beamlines ~ 1800 refereed scientific publications in 2009 ~ 80 M annual budget (20 M investment) ~ 600 Staff (20% Post-docs and PhD students) Slide: 15
ESRF Members and Associates Contributions to ESRF Budget Members France 27.5% Germany 25.5% Italy 15% UK 14% BeNeSync 6% (Belgium, The Netherlands) NordSync 4% (Denmark, Finland Norway, Sweden) Spain 4% Switzerland 4% 100% Scientific Associates Portugal 1% Israel 1% Austria 1% Poland 1% Central-Sync 1.05% (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary)
Neutrons and X-rays Slide: 17
Why use synchrotron X-rays and neutrons to study materials? They are microscopic probes which complement (or replace) other macroscopic scientific techniques Add detail on the nanometre or Å scale Tell us about structure and dynamics Slide: 18
Synchrotron Radiation Slide: 19
Synchrotron Radiation (SR) Light electromagnetic radiation produced by accelerating charged particles: electrons, positrons, protons Electrons travelling close to speed of light (Special Theory of Relativity); acceleration SR Wide band of energy/wavelength: Very intense Highly polarised from infrared (~0.1eV; ~10μm) to very hard x-ray (~1MeV; ~1fm) Slide: 20
Why are synchrotron x-rays useful for studying materials? Wavelength (Å) ~ interatomic spacings Diffraction atomic structures Energy (kev) >> phonon energies However, inelastic scattering dynamics Scattering power varies with atomic number Z Absorption varies strongly with energy electronic information (element specific) X-rays are electro-magnetic radiation so SR magnetic information (spin structures) Slide: 21
SR Sources Worldwide Courtesy of APS, ANL Large number (~ 40-50) SR sources worldwide Electron storage ring sources, and now Free Electron Laser (FEL) sources Slide: 22
SR Sources Worldwide New European sources: SLS, SOLEIL, Diamond, Alba, PETRA III New sources in Australia, Singapore, Canada, Taiwan, Middle East, China The Big Rings ESRF, Grenoble (6 GeV) APS, Chicago (7 GeV) SPring-8, Hyogo (8 GeV) PETRA III, Hamburg (6 GeV) SSRF Slide: 23
Neutrons Slide: 26
Thermal neutrons Uncharged particles (waves) produced by fission (reactors) or spallation (pulsed sources) E ~ k B T (so typically mev) Wide range of energy/wavelength: from μev (~ 30 nm = 300Å) ev (~ 0.03 nm = 0.3Å) Spin ½ so can be spin-polarised Penetrate materials Slide: 27
Why are neutrons useful for studying materials? Wavelength (Å) ~ interatomic spacings Diffraction atomic structures Energy (mev) ~ phonon/spin-wave energies Inelastic scattering dynamics Scattering power does not vary simply with Z Isotopes different scattering (contrast e.g H and D) Neutron spin magnetic information (structures and dynamics) Slide: 28
Neutron Sources Worldwide Europe (~16) North America (~10) Oceania (~3) Asia (~6) South America (1) France, Germany, UK USA, Canada Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia Japan, China, Korea Argentina Slide: 29
Neutron Sources Worldwide ILL SNS ISIS HFIR The big facilities: ILL, Grenoble; ISIS, Oxford, UK; SNS and HFIR, ORNL, USA Other large installations: NIST, Washington, USA; LLB, Saclay, France; FRM-II, Garching, Germany; OPAL, Lucas Heights, Australia Slide: 30
ILL High Flux Reactor 58 MW research reactor Enriched uranium Neutrons produced by fission U 235 + n 2.5n (+ 2 fission fragments + 200 MeV) Wide energy spectrum (mev MeV) Tailor neutron energy Cold source Hot source Slide: 31
ILL Reactor instrument hall 2 neutron-guide halls > 30 instruments Slide: 34
Science with Neutrons and Synchrotron X-rays Slide: 35
Science with Neutrons Biology/life sciences Chemistry Engineering Growth fields: soft condensed matter (kinetics, colloids, chemical processing), biology (deuteration), extreme conditions Materials Nuclear/fundamental physics Magnetism Liquids
Science with Synchrotron Light Biology/life sciences Medicine Engineering Growth fields: advanced (nano-bio-)materials, extreme conditions, palaeontology, cultural heritage Materials A B C Planetary sciences Fe hcp: 22 and 112 GPa Chemistry Physics cluster
Upgrades
ILL Upgrade Programme Slide: 39
ILL Upgrade Programme Phase M-0: completed Objectives:... systematic implementation of new inventions made at ILL in recent years and to make ILL instruments, on average, 5-8 times more efficient (data collection rate)... Accomplishments: 14 new or upgraded instruments Installation of the new H171/172 guide Advanced neutron delivery systems Novel neutron techniques Results: Overall average gain in data collection rates of a factor of ~17 IN5B: inside the new TOF chamber Slide: 40
ILL Upgrade Programme ILL Perspectives 2030 Upgrade Program M-0 Completed Slide: 42
ESRF Upgrade Programme Slide: 43
ESRF Upgrade Programme Five Highlight Scientific Fields Nano-Science and Nano-Technology Structural/functional Biology and Soft Matter Pump-Probe Experiments Time Resolved Diffraction Science at Extreme Conditions X-ray Imaging Accelerators and Instrumentation detectors, nano-positioning Scientific Partnerships (cf PSB)
ESRF Upgrade Programme Experimental Hall Extensions (EX2) For very long beamlines, laboratories... Vercors Chartreuse Belledonne TODAY TOMORROW Slide: 45
The international context : new sources, new science, new directions Slide: 48
Neutron Flux Neutron flux - fission reactors FISSION REACTORS Year Slide: 49
FRM-II, Munich Munich research reactor FRM-II 20 MW (ILL: 58 MW) Reactor hall + neutron guide hall ~25 instruments Irradiation facilities Slide: 50
OPAL, ANSTO, Lucas Heights OPAL research reactor, Lucas Heights, Australia 20 MW Reactor hall + neutron guide hall 6 instruments functioning (8 commissioning or planned) Irradiation facilities Slide: 51
Neutron Flux Neutron flux - spallation sources Year Slide: 52
Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), ORNL Spallation Neutron Source (ORNL) 24 instruments planned on 18 beamlines Operation started in 2006 1 GeV, 1.4 ma mean current (ISIS: 800 MeV, 200 μa) Slide: 53
European Spallation Source (SNS), Lund European Spallation Source 30 x ISIS > 20 instruments 2012-20??? MAX IV ESSS Slide: 54
X-ray Brilliance - tubes to SR sources Increase of X-ray brilliance with time From X-ray tubes Parasitic use of SR from particle accelerators ( 1 st generation ) Custom-built SR sources using bending magnet radiation ( 2 nd generation ) Insertion-device-based SR sources ( 3 rd generation ) Slide: 55
Future Big Rings NSLS-II 10 x NSLS flux, 10,000 x brilliance X-ray brightness and flux of NSLS-II will be world leading, exceeding that of any other synchrotron light source 3Gev, 791m circumference, 500mA, 30 straights (6.6m, 8.6m) Length scales < 10 nm, coherence, excitation energies 1 mev 10 ev, absorption edges 100 ev 10,000 ev Slide: 57
X-ray Brilliance - SR to FEL Increase of X-ray intensity with time From X-ray tubes Parasitic use of SR from particle accelerators ( 1 st generation ) Custom-built SR sources using bending magnet radiation ( 2 nd generation ) Insertion-device-based SR sources ( 3 rd generation ) X-ray FELs (2009 -?) Faster than Moore s Law? Slide: 58
FLASH and XFEL, DESY Comparisons of XFEL brilliances with current sources XFELs spatial resolution ~Å, time resolution ~fs, coherence FLASH FEL European XFEL Huge increases in brilliance Very short pulses FLASH: ~10-50 fs XFEL: < 100 fs New science; overlaps with both current SR sources and high-power lasers Slide: 59
XFEL, DESY Facility length ~ 3.4 km Tunnel length ~ 2.1km Tunnel depth ~ 6 38 m User operation: 2015 Slide: 60
New directions New scientific communities discovering neutron and X-ray scattering e.g. archaeology, palaeontology, dentistry (and engineering and advanced technologies) Technology use: engineering materials, pharmaceuticals, catalysts New techniques widening capabilities Slide: 62
Thank you! Slide: 63
A Light for Science
ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, RAL Neutrons produced by spallation Proton synchrotron: 50 Hz, 100 ns pulses High energy proton beam (800 MeV) Heavy metal target (U, W) Boils off ~ 15 neutrons/proton Tailor neutron energy with moderators: 43C H 2 O, 20K liquid H 2, 100K liquid methane Slide: 65