GRAPHENE: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS AVM075B July 2012 Andrew McWilliams Project Analyst ISBN: 0-89336-060-0 BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA 02481 Phone: 866-285-7215 (sales) Web Address: www.bccresearch.com E-mail: sales@bccresearch.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1 INTENDED AUDIENCE 1 SCOPE AND FORMAT 1 INFORMATION SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 2 ANALYST CREDENTIALS 3 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 3 BCC ON-LINE SERVICES 4 DISCLAIMER 4 CHAPTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS, 2011-2022 ($ 6 6 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 9 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GRAPHENE 9 DEFINITION 9 HISTORY 9 OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION 10 Established Technologies 10 Scotch Tape Method 10 Epitaxial Method 10 Graphite Oxide Reduction Method 11 Experimental Approaches 11 Metal-Carbon Melt Method 12 Pyrolysis of Sodium Ethoxide Method 12 Production of Graphene from Carbon Nanotubes 12 Production of Graphene from Table Sugar 12 Dissolving Graphite in Chlorosulphonic Acid 13 Molecular Wedge Method 13 Radio Frequency Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition 13 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 13 PROPERTIES 14 TABLE 1 GRAPHENE PROPERTIES 14 Electronic Properties 14 Chemical Properties 15 Thermal Properties 15 Mechanical Properties 15 Optical Properties 15 Other Properties 16 RELATED SUBSTANCES 16 Graphite 16 Graphene Oxide 17 Carbon Nanotubes 17
Fullerenes 17 GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS AND END USES 18 TABLE 2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND END USES OF GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 18 High-Performance Computing 19 Data Storage 19 Communications 19 Thermal Management 20 Photovoltaic Cells 20 Sensors 20 Imaging Equipment 20 Displays 20 Capacitors 20 Structural Materials 21 Other Applications 21 MARKET SIZE AND SEGMENTATION 21 Market Size and Growth Trends 21 Applications 21 TABLE 3 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2022 ($ 22 FIGURE 1 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE, 2011 2022 ($ 22 FIGURE 2 GRAPHENE APPLICATION SEGMENTS, 2011-2022 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 23 CHAPTER 4 RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY 26 GENERAL TRENDS 26 TRENDS OVER TIME 26 FIGURE 3 TREND IN NUMBER OF U.S. GRAPHENE PATENTS ISSUED ANNUALLY, BEFORE 2003 2012 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 26 FIGURE 4 U.S. PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR GRAPHENE BASIC AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES VERSUS TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS, THROUGH MAY 2012 (%) FIGURE 5 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS BY TYPE OF APPLICATION, ISSUED THROUGH MAY 2012 (%) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) PORTFOLIOS 29 FIGURE 6 MAJOR GRAPHENE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS, AS OF MAY 2012 (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS) TYPES OF ENTITIES 31 FIGURE 7 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT HOLDERS/ASSIGNEES BY TYPE OF ENTITY, THROUGH DECEMBER 2010 (%) NATIONALITIES 32 FIGURE 8 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT AND PATENT APPLICATION HOLDERS BY NATIONALITY, AS OF MAY 2012 (%) 26 27 28 29 31 32 CHAPTER 5 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPUTING APPLICATIONS 35 SUMMARY 35 TECHNOLOGIES 35 TRANSISTORS 35 Graphene Switches 35 Quantum Confinement in Graphene Nanoribbons 35 Field-Induced Modification of Graphene Structure 36
Ballistic Transistors 36 Graphene Nanomesh 36 Graphene Barristor 37 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 37 Graphene Interconnections 37 All-Graphene Integrated Circuits 38 PRINTED ELECTRONICS 39 FLEXIBLE GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS 39 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 39 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 40 COMMERCIAL STATUS 40 MARKET 40 TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2022 ($ FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES, 2011-2022 ($ INTERCONNECTS 41 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 41 PRINTED ELECTRONICS 42 40 41 CHAPTER 6 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DATA STORAGE APPLICATIONS 44 SUMMARY 44 TECHNOLOGIES 44 GRAPHENE SPIN VALVE 44 GRAPHENE NANOCABLE MEMORY DEVICE 45 GRAPHENE NANORIBBON MEMORY 45 GRAPHENE OXIDE-BASED MEMORY 45 HYBRID SILICON-GRAPHENE FLASH MEMORY 45 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 46 HIGH DATA DENSITY 46 Large On-Off Power Ratio 46 Wide Temperature Range 47 Radiation Resistance 47 COMMERCIAL STATUS 47 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 47 MARKET 48 TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MEMORY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 48 CHAPTER 7 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS 50 SUMMARY 50 TECHNOLOGIES 50 HIGH-SPEED PHOTODETECTORS 50 AMPLIFIERS 50 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS 51 FREQUENCY MIXERS 51 RECEIVERS 51 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 52
APPLICATIONS AND END USES 52 COMMERCIAL STATUS 52 MARKET 52 TABLE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 52 CHAPTER 8 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS 54 SUMMARY 54 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ TECHNOLOGIES 54 GRAPHENE NANOPLATELET THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS 55 MULTILAYER GRAPHENE HEAT SPREADERS AND HEAT SINKS 56 COPPER-GRAPHENE COMPOSITE HEAT SPREADER 56 GRAPHENE-GRAPHITE "QUILTS" 56 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 57 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 57 COMMERCIAL STATUS 57 MARKET 57 TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ HEAT SPREADERS 58 THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS 58 TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS (TIMS) CONTAINING GRAPHENE, THROUGH 2022 ($ 54 58 58 CHAPTER 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 61 SUMMARY 61 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ TECHNOLOGIES 61 FLEXIBLE ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS 62 POLYMER PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BASED ON SOLUTION-PROCESSABLE GRAPHENE AND POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) DYE-DOPED GRAPHITE/GRAPHENE SOLAR CELL 62 TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONYL-AMIDE (TFSA)-DOPED GRAPHENE SOLAR CELLS 63 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 63 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 64 COMMERCIAL STATUS 64 MARKET 64 TABLE 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 61 62 65 CHAPTER 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS 67 SUMMARY 67 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-BASED SENSORS, 2011 2022 ($ 67 TECHNOLOGIES 67 CHEMICAL AND GAS SENSORS 68 Electrochemical Sensors 68
Mass Sensors 68 Nanopore Sensors 68 Graphene Foam Sensors 69 Graphene Flake Sensors 70 Selective Gas Sensing with Pristine Graphene 70 RADIATION SENSORS 70 BIOSENSORS 70 DNA-Sensitized Graphene Vapor Sensors 71 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 71 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 71 COMMERCIAL STATUS 71 MARKET 72 TABLE 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 72 CHAPTER 11 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGING APPLICATIONS 74 SUMMARY 74 TECHNOLOGIES 74 GRAPHENE FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS 74 GRAPHENE-BASED PLASMON AMPLIFIERS 74 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 75 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 75 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 76 COMMERCIAL STATUS 76 MARKET 76 TABLE 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED TERAHERTZ (THZ) IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2022 ($ 77 CHAPTER 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES DISPLAY APPLICATIONS 79 SUMMARY 79 TECHNOLOGIES 79 ROLL-TO-ROLL PRODUCTION 79 SPRAY COATING 79 TRANSFER PRINTING 80 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION 80 HYBRID GRAPHENE-CARBON NANOTUBE FILM 80 OTHER HYBRID GRAPHENE FILMS 80 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 81 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 81 COMMERCIAL STATUS 81 MARKET 81 TABLE 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 82 CHAPTER 13 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS 84 SUMMARY 84 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ 84
TECHNOLOGIES 84 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 86 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 86 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 86 COMMERCIAL STATUS 87 MARKET 87 TABLE 13 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 87 CHAPTER 14 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIAL APPLICATIONS 89 SUMMARY 89 FIGURE 14 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2011-2022 ($ 89 TECHNOLOGIES 89 GRAPHENE-FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITES 90 Graphene-Polystyrene Composites 90 Other Graphene-Polymer Composites 90 TABLE 14 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBE AND FULLERENE COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Shape-Memory Polymers 91 GRAPHENE MATRIX COMPOSITES 91 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 91 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 92 COMMERCIAL STATUS 93 MARKET 93 TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, THROUGH 2022 ($ 90 93 CHAPTER 15 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS 95 SUMMARY 95 TABLE 16 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ HYDROGEN STORAGE 95 TECHNOLOGIES 95 Oxidized Graphene Sheets 96 Corrugated Graphene 96 Other Developments 96 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 97 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 97 COMMERCIAL STATUS 97 MARKET 97 TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS, THROUGH 2022 ($ ANTIBACTERIALS 98 TECHNOLOGIES 98 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 99 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 99 COMMERCIAL STATUS 99 MARKET 99 95 98
TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TAGS 100 TECHNOLOGIES 100 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 101 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 101 COMMERCIAL STATUS 101 MARKET 101 TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED RFID ANTENNAS, THROUGH 2022 ($ FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES 102 TECHNOLOGIES 102 Fuel Cells 102 Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Platinum Catalyst 102 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoplatelet Supported Catalyst 103 BATTERIES 103 Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes 103 Improved Lithium-Air Battery 104 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS 104 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 105 COMMERCIAL STATUS 105 MARKET 105 TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS IN FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES, 2011-2022 ($ Fuel Cell Catalyst Support Materials 105 TABLE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PLATINUM CATALYST MATERIALS AND NANOSTRUCTURED SUPPORT MATERIALS USED IN FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIALS, THROUGH 2022 ($ Battery Electrodes 106 MRI Contrast Agents 106 TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) CONTRAST AGENTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ 100 102 105 106 106 107 CHAPTER 16 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 109 NUMBER AND SIZE OF COMPANIES 109 FIGURE 15 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION OR ACTIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN GRAPHENE (%) COMPANY PROFILES 110 ACS MATERIAL LLC 110 ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES 110 AIXTRON S.E. 110 ALLOTROPICA TECHNOLOGIES 111 ANGEWANDTE MIKRO- UND OPTOELEKTRONIK GMBH 111 ANGSTRON MATERIALS INC. 111 ASBURY CARBONS 112 BASF SE 112 CALIFORNIA LITHIUM BATTERY 112 109
CVD EQUIPMENT CORP. 112 DURHAM GRAPHENE SCIENCE 113 FOCUS GRAPHITE 113 GENERAL MOTORS CO. 113 GLOBAL FOUNDRIES INC. 114 GRAFEN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES 114 GRAFOID 114 GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL LTD. 114 GRANPHNANOTECH 115 GRAPHENE DEVICES LTD. 115 GRAPHENE ENERGY INC. 115 GRAPHENE FRONTIERS 116 GRAPHENE INDUSTRIES LTD. 116 GRAPHENE SQUARE, INC. 116 GRAPHENE SUPERMARKET 116 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 117 GRAPHENE WORKS INC. 117 GRAPHENEA 117 GRAPHENSIC AB 118 HARBIN MULAN FOREIGN ECONOMIC AND TRADE CO. 118 HAYDALE 118 HRL LABORATORIES LLC 118 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP. 119 NANOTEK INSTRUMENTS INC. 119 NORTHERN GRAPHITE CORP. 120 QUANTUM MATERIALS CORP. 120 SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO. LTD. 120 UNIDYM 120 VORBECK MATERIALS 121 XG SCIENCES INC. 121 XOLVE INC. 122 ZS GENETICS INC. 122 CHAPTER 17 APPENDIX A: PATENTS 124 ISSUED PATENTS 124 TABLE 24 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH MAY 31, 2012 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS PATENT APPLICATIONS 132 TABLE 25 U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS PENDING AS OF MAY 31, 2012 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS 124 132
LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 1 GRAPHENE PROPERTIES 14 TABLE 2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND END USES OF GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 18 TABLE 3 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2022 ($ 22 TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MEMORY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS (TIMS) CONTAINING GRAPHENE, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED TERAHERTZ (THZ) IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 13 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 14 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBE AND FULLERENE COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES TABLE 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 16 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED RFID ANTENNAS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS IN FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES, 2011-2022 ($ TABLE 21 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PLATINUM CATALYST MATERIALS AND NANOSTRUCTURED SUPPORT MATERIALS USED IN FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIALS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) CONTRAST AGENTS, THROUGH 2022 ($ TABLE 24 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH MAY 31, 2012 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS TABLE 25 U.S. PATENT APPLICATIONS PENDING AS OF MAY 31, 2012 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS 6 40 48 52 58 58 65 72 77 82 87 90 93 95 98 100 102 105 106 106 107 124 132
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS, 2011-2022 ($ FIGURE 1 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE, 2011 2022 ($ 22 FIGURE 2 GRAPHENE APPLICATION SEGMENTS, 2011-2022 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 23 FIGURE 3 TREND IN NUMBER OF U.S. GRAPHENE PATENTS ISSUED ANNUALLY, BEFORE 2003 2012 FIGURE 4 U.S. PATENTS AND PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR GRAPHENE BASIC AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES VERSUS TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS, THROUGH MAY 2012 (%) FIGURE 5 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS BY TYPE OF APPLICATION, ISSUED THROUGH MAY 2012 (%) FIGURE 6 MAJOR GRAPHENE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS, AS OF MAY 2012 (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS) FIGURE 7 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT HOLDERS/ASSIGNEES BY TYPE OF ENTITY, THROUGH DECEMBER 2010 (%) FIGURE 8 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT AND PATENT APPLICATION HOLDERS BY NATIONALITY, AS OF MAY 2012 (%) FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES, 2011-2022 ($ FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ FIGURE 12 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-BASED SENSORS, 2011 2022 ($ 67 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS, 2011 2022 ($ FIGURE 14 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2011-2022 ($ 89 FIGURE 15 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION OR ACTIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN GRAPHENE (%) 6 26 27 28 29 31 32 41 54 61 84 109