GRAPHENE: TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS AVM075C September 2013 Andrew McWilliams Project Analyst ISBN: 1-56965-543-X BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA 02481 866-285-7215, 781-489-7301 www.bccresearch.com Custom Reports: carol.laverty@bccresearch.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 2 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2 INTENDED AUDIENCE 2 SCOPE AND FORMAT 3 INFORMATION SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 3 ANALYST CREDENTIALS 4 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 5 BCC ONLINE SERVICES 5 DISCLAIMER 5 CHAPTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS THROUGH 2023 SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS 2012-2023 7 7 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GRAPHENE 10 DEFINITION 10 HISTORY 10 OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION 11 Established Technologies 11 Scotch Tape Method 11 Epitaxial Method 12 Graphite Oxide Reduction Method 13 Experimental Approaches 13 Metal-Carbon Melt Method 13 Pyrolysis of Sodium Ethoxide Method 14 Production of Graphene from Carbon Nanotubes 14 Production of Graphene from Table Sugar 14 Dissolving Graphite in Chlorosulphonic Acid 14 "Molecular Wedge" Method 15 Radio Frequency Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition 15 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition 15 Carbon Dioxide Reduction 15 Dry Ice-Based Production Processes 16 PROPERTIES 16 TABLE 1 GRAPHENE PROPERTIES 17 Electronic Properties 17 Chemical Properties 17 Thermal Properties 18 Mechanical Properties 18 Optical Properties 18 Other Properties 18 RELATED SUBSTANCES 19 Graphite 19
Graphene Oxide 19 Carbon Nanotubes 20 Fullerenes 20 GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS AND END USES 21 TABLE 2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND END USES OF GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 21 High-Performance Computing 22 Data Storage 22 Communications 22 Thermal Management 23 Photovoltaic Cells 23 Sensors 23 TERAHERTZ IMAGING EQUIPMENT 23 Displays 23 Capacitors 23 Structural Materials 24 Other Applications 24 MARKET SIZE AND SEGMENTATION 24 Market Size and Growth Trends 24 FIGURE 1 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE, 2012-2023 24 Applications 25 TABLE 3 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE BY APPLICATION THROUGH 2023 ($ FIGURE 2 GRAPHENE APPLICATION SEGMENTS, 2012-2023 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 26 25 CHAPTER 4 RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY 29 GENERAL TRENDS 29 TRENDS OVER TIME 29 FIGURE 3 TREND IN NUMBER OF U.S. GRAPHENE PATENTS ISSUED ANNUALLY, PRE 2003-2013 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 30 FIGURE 4 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE-BASIC AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES VERSUS TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS TO AUGUST 6, 2013 (%) FIGURE 5 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS BY TYPE THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 (NUMBER OF PATENTS) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS 31 FIGURE 6 MAJOR GRAPHENE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS) TYPES OF ENTITIES 33 FIGURE 7 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT HOLDERS/ASSIGNEES BY TYPE OF ENTITY THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 (% OF PATENTS ISSUED) NATIONALITIES 33 FIGURE 8 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT AND PATENT APPLICATION HOLDERS BY NATIONALITY, AS OF AUGUST 6, 2013 (%/NUMBER OF PATENTS) 29 30 30 31 33 33 CHAPTER 5 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMPUTING APPLICATIONS 36 SUMMARY 36 TECHNOLOGIES 36 TRANSISTORS 36 Graphene Switches 36
Quantum Confinement in Graphene Nanoribbons 37 Field-Induced Modification of Graphene Structure 37 Ballistic Transistors 37 Graphene Nanomesh 38 Graphene Barristor 38 Flexible Graphene Transistors 39 Other Types of Graphene Transistor 39 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 39 Graphene Interconnections 39 Graphene-based Integrated Circuits 40 Molecular Electronics 41 PRINTED ELECTRONICS 42 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 43 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 44 COMMERCIAL STATUS 44 MARKET 44 TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH 2023 FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES 2012-2023 INTERCONNECTS 45 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 46 PRINTED ELECTRONICS 46 45 45 CHAPTER 6 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DATA STORAGE APPLICATIONS 48 SUMMARY 48 TECHNOLOGIES 48 GRAPHENE SPIN VALVE 49 GRAPHENE NANOCABLE MEMORY DEVICE 49 GRAPHENE NANORIBBON MEMORY 49 GRAPHENE OXIDE-BASED MEMORY 49 HYBRID SILICON-GRAPHENE FLASH MEMORY 50 GRAPHENE-MOLYBDENITE FLASH MEMORY 50 TRANSPARENT MEMORY 51 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 51 HIGH DATA DENSITY 51 LARGE ON/OFF POWER RATIO 52 WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE 52 RADIATION RESISTANCE 52 COMMERCIAL STATUS 52 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 52 MARKET 53 TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MEMORY APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 53 CHAPTER 7 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS 55 SUMMARY 55 TECHNOLOGIES 55
HIGH-SPEED PHOTODETECTORS 55 AMPLIFIERS 55 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS 56 FREQUENCY MIXERS 56 RECEIVERS 56 ANTENNAS 57 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 57 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 57 COMMERCIAL STATUS 57 MARKET 58 TABLE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS, 58 CHAPTER 8 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS 60 SUMMARY 60 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, 2012-2023 TECHNOLOGIES 61 GRAPHENE NANOPLATELET THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS 61 MULTILAYER GRAPHENE HEAT SPREADERS AND HEAT SINKS 62 COPPER-GRAPHENE COMPOSITE HEAT SPREADER 62 GRAPHENE-GRAPHITE "QUILTS" 63 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 63 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 64 COMMERCIAL STATUS 64 MARKET 64 TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, HEAT SPREADERS 64 THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS 65 TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS (TIMS) CONTAINING GRAPHENE, 60 64 65 CHAPTER 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 67 SUMMARY 67 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 2012-2023 TECHNOLOGIES 67 FLEXIBLE ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS 68 POLYMER PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BASED ON SOLUTION-PROCESSABLE GRAPHENE AND POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) DYE-DOPED GRAPHITE/GRAPHENE SOLAR CELL 69 TRIFLUOROMETHANESULFONYL-AMIDE (TFSA)-DOPED GRAPHENE SOLAR CELLS GRAPHENE OPV WITH IMPROVED GRAPHENE INTERFACE 70 GRAPHENE CATHODE-BASED ZNO NANOWIRE HYBRID SOLAR CELLS 70 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES COMPARED TO OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 70 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 71 COMMERCIAL STATUS 71 67 68 69
MARKET 72 TABLE 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, 72 CHAPTER 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSOR APPLICATIONS 74 SUMMARY 74 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-BASED SENSORS, 2012-2023 ($ TECHNOLOGIES 75 CHEMICAL AND GAS SENSORS 75 Electrochemical Sensors 75 Mass Sensors 75 Nanopore Sensors 76 Graphene Foam Sensors 76 Graphene Flake Sensors 77 Selective Gas Sensing with Pristine Graphene 77 RADIATION SENSORS 78 BIOSENSORS 78 DNA-Sensitized Graphene Vapor Sensors 78 IMAGE SENSORS 79 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 79 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 79 COMMERCIAL STATUS 80 MARKET 80 TABLE 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 IMAGE SENSORS 80 TABLE 11 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGE SENSING APPLICATIONS OTHER SENSORS 81 TABLE 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR NON-IMAGE SENSING APPLICATIONS 74 80 81 81 CHAPTER 11 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR TERAHERTZ IMAGING APPLICATIONS 83 SUMMARY 83 TECHNOLOGIES 83 GRAPHENE FREQUENCY MULTIPLIERS 83 GRAPHENE-BASED PLASMON AMPLIFIERS 84 GRAPHENE HYPERLENS 84 OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 85 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 85 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 85 POTENTIAL THZ IMAGING APPLICATIONS 86 COMMERCIAL STATUS 86 MARKET 87 TABLE 13 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED TERAHERTZ (THZ) IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, 87 CHAPTER 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS 89
SUMMARY 89 TECHNOLOGIES 89 ROLL-TO-ROLL PRODUCTION 89 SPRAY COATING 89 TRANSFER PRINTING 90 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION 90 HYBRID GRAPHENE-CARBON NANOTUBE FILM 90 OTHER HYBRID GRAPHENE FILMS 91 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 91 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 92 COMMERCIAL STATUS 92 MARKET 92 TABLE 14 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 92 CHAPTER 13 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS 95 SUMMARY 95 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS 2012-2023 ($ TECHNOLOGIES 96 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 97 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 98 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 98 COMMERCIAL STATUS 98 MARKET 98 TABLE 15 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 95 99 CHAPTER 14 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRUCTURAL MATERIAL APPLICATIONS 101 SUMMARY 101 FIGURE 14 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2012-2023 ($ TECHNOLOGIES 101 GRAPHENE-FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITES 102 Graphene-Polystyrene Composites 102 Other Graphene-Polymer Composites 102 TABLE 16 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBE AND FULLERENE COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Shape-Memory Polymers 103 GRAPHENE MATRIX COMPOSITES 104 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 104 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 105 COMMERCIAL STATUS 105 MARKET 106 TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES THROUGH 2023 101 103 106 CHAPTER 15 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS 108 SUMMARY 108
TABLE 18 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 HYDROGEN STORAGE 108 TECHNOLOGIES 108 Oxidized Graphene Sheets 109 Corrugated Graphene 109 Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Composite 110 Other Developments 110 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 111 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 111 COMMERCIAL STATUS 111 MARKET 111 TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS, THROUGH 2023 ($ MILLIONS/%) ANTIBACTERIALS 112 TECHNOLOGIES 112 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 113 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 113 COMMERCIAL STATUS 113 MARKET 114 TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS, FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES 114 TECHNOLOGIES 115 Fuel Cells 115 Reduced Graphene Oxide-Supported Platinum Catalyst 115 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoplatelet-Supported Catalyst 115 Graphene Catalyst 116 BATTERIES 116 Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes 116 Improved Lithium-Air Battery 117 PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS 118 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 118 COMMERCIAL STATUS 118 MARKET 119 TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS IN FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES, Fuel Cell Catalyst Support Materials 119 TABLE 22 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PLATINUM CATALYST MATERIALS AND NANOSTRUCTURED SUPPORT MATERIALS USED IN FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2023 ($ TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIALS Battery Electrodes 120 MRI Contrast Agents 121 TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST AGENTS, AUDIO SPEAKERS 121 TECHNOLOGY 121 108 112 114 119 120 120 121
PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES VERSUS ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS 122 APPLICATIONS AND END USES 122 COMMERCIAL STATUS 122 MARKET 122 TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE LOUDSPEAKER DIAPHRAGMS, 123 CHAPTER 16 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 125 NUMBER AND SIZE OF COMPANIES 125 FIGURE 15 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION OR ACTIVE R &D ACTIVITIES IN GRAPHENE (NO. OF COMPANIES) COMPANY PROFILES 126 ACS MATERIAL LLC 126 ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES 126 AIXTRON S.E. 126 ALLOTROPICA TECHNOLOGIES 127 ANGEWANDTE MIKRO- UND OPTOELEKTRONIK GMBH 127 ANGSTRON MATERIALS INC. 127 ASBURY CARBONS 128 BASF SE 128 CALIFORNIA LITHIUM BATTERY 128 CVD EQUIPMENT CORP. 129 DURHAM GRAPHENE SCIENCE 129 FOCUS GRAPHITE 129 GENERAL MOTORS CO. 130 GLOBAL FOUNDRIES INC. 130 GRAFEN CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES 130 GRAFOID 130 GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL LTD. 131 GRANPH NANOTECH, S.A. 131 GRAPHENE DEVICES LTD. 131 GRAPHENE ENERGY INC. 132 GRAPHENE FRONTIERS 132 GRAPHENE INDUSTRIES LTD. 133 GRAPHENE SQUARE, INC. 133 GRAPHENE SUPERMARKET 133 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 134 GRAPHENE WORKS INC. 134 GRAPHENEA 134 GRAPHENSIC AB 135 GRAPHITE ZERO 135 HARBIN MULAN FOREIGN ECONOMIC AND TRADE CO. 135 HAYDALE 136 HRL LABORATORIES LLC 136 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP. 136 NANOTEK INSTRUMENTS INC. 137 NINGBO MORSH TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD. 137 NORTHERN GRAPHITE CORP. 138 125
QUANTUM MATERIALS CORP. 138 SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO. LTD. 138 SINODE SYSTEMS 139 UNIDYM 139 VORBECK MATERIALS 139 XG SCIENCES INC. 140 XOLVE INC. 140 ZS GENETICS INC. 141 CHAPTER 17 APPENDIX: PATENTS 143 TABLE 26 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS 143
LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS THROUGH 2023 TABLE 1 GRAPHENE PROPERTIES 17 TABLE 2 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND END USES OF GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES 21 TABLE 3 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE BY APPLICATION THROUGH 2023 ($ TABLE 4 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES THROUGH 2023 TABLE 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MEMORY APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 TABLE 6 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS, TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, TABLE 8 GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMAL INTERFACE MATERIALS (TIMS) CONTAINING GRAPHENE, TABLE 9 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2023 TABLE 10 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 TABLE 11 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGE SENSING APPLICATIONS TABLE 12 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR NON-IMAGE SENSING APPLICATIONS TABLE 13 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED TERAHERTZ (THZ) IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES, TABLE 14 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISPLAY APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 TABLE 15 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 TABLE 16 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBE AND FULLERENE COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES TABLE 17 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES THROUGH 2023 TABLE 18 GRAPHENE TECHNOLOGIES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS THROUGH 2023 ($ TABLE 19 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE TANKS, THROUGH 2023 ($ MILLIONS/%) TABLE 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATIONS, TABLE 21 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS IN FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES, TABLE 22 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF PLATINUM CATALYST MATERIALS AND NANOSTRUCTURED SUPPORT MATERIALS USED IN FUEL CELLS, THROUGH 2023 ($ TABLE 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE CATALYST SUPPORT MATERIALS TABLE 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CONTRAST AGENTS, TABLE 25 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE LOUDSPEAKER DIAPHRAGMS, THROUGH 2023 7 25 45 53 58 64 65 72 80 81 81 87 92 99 103 106 108 112 114 119 120 120 121 123
TABLE HEADING TABLE 26 U.S. PATENTS ISSUED THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 FOR GRAPHENE-RELATED INVENTIONS 143
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE-BASED PRODUCTS 2012-2023 FIGURE 1 TRENDS IN GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE, 2012-2023 24 FIGURE 2 GRAPHENE APPLICATION SEGMENTS, 2012-2023 (% OF TOTAL MARKET) 26 FIGURE 3 TREND IN NUMBER OF U.S. GRAPHENE PATENTS ISSUED ANNUALLY, PRE 2003-2013 FIGURE 4 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE-BASIC AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES VERSUS TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONS TO AUGUST 6, 2013 (%) FIGURE 5 U.S. PATENTS FOR GRAPHENE APPLICATIONS BY TYPE THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 (NUMBER OF PATENTS) FIGURE 6 MAJOR GRAPHENE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PORTFOLIOS (NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS) FIGURE 7 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT HOLDERS/ASSIGNEES BY TYPE OF ENTITY THROUGH AUGUST 6, 2013 (% OF PATENTS ISSUED) FIGURE 8 U.S. GRAPHENE PATENT AND PATENT APPLICATION HOLDERS BY NATIONALITY, AS OF AUGUST 6, 2013 (%/NUMBER OF PATENTS) FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GRAPHENE COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES 2012-2023 FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS, 2012-2023 FIGURE 11 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS 2012-2023 FIGURE 12 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-BASED SENSORS, 2012-2023 74 FIGURE 13 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE CAPACITIVE APPLICATIONS 2012-2023 ($ FIGURE 14 GLOBAL SALES OF GRAPHENE-POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2012-2023 ($ FIGURE 15 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPANIES WITH PRODUCTION OR ACTIVE R &D ACTIVITIES IN GRAPHENE (NO. OF COMPANIES) 7 29 30 30 31 33 33 45 60 67 95 101 125