webqkzgv ii Rvcvb: evovwji AvMÖ ni Abyl½

webqkzgv ii Rvcvb: evovwji AvMÖ ni Abyl½ myeªz Kzgvi `vm Rvcv bi mv _ evsjvi m úk `xn Kv ji BwZnvm e j, Aóg kzvwã Z Rvcv b eš a g i cöpv ii wfzi w` q Rvcvwbiv cö_g fviz m ú K R bwqj wkš fvizxqiv Rvcvb m ú K Rvbvi Zgb my hvm KL bv cvq wb ga hy M 1639 wlª v ã Rvcv bi mgªvu Rvix K ib GK KwVb wb laváv we `wk `i Rvcv b cö ek Ges Rvcvwb `i we ` k hvihvi Dci Av ivwcz wb lavávi d j Rvcvb c w_ex _ K wew Qbœ n q hvq `yb kzvãxii ewk mgq a i Pjv m wb laváv Rvcvb mikvi Zz j bq 1854 wlª v ã Gi GK `kk cvi n Z bv n ZB 1863 mv j KvjKvZv _ K cökvwkz nq Av gwikvi bvwek g w_d cwii jlv Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the Chinese Seas and Japan (1858, Bsj vû) MÖš wui Abyev` Rcvb wk ivbv gi m MÖ š i Abyev`K wq jb gaym~`b gy Lvcva vq 1916 mv j wek Kwe iex `ªbv_ VvKz ii (1861-1941) Rvcvb åg Yi c~ e kzkz evovwj Rvcvb M Qb 1919 mv j Rvcvb-hvÎx cökv ki c~ e Aš Z cuvpwu eb qi müvb cviqv hvq h kv ii gbg_bv_ Nvl (1882-1944), KjKvZvi my ikp `ª e ` vcva vq (1882-?) Ges XvKvi nwicöfv Zv K`vi (1890-1972) bvg evsjv fvlvq Rvcvb welqk MÖš ipbvi Î kª vi mv _ iyxq iex `ªbv _i Rvcvb hvîvi c~ e B Ges nwicöfvi MÖš wu cökv ki eq ib Aa vck webqkzgvi mikv ii Rvcvb MgY wzwb `ybevi Rvcvb hvb: cö_gevi hvb nbjyjy n q 1915 mv ji Ryb gv m mb hvîvq Zuvi Rvcvb evm n qwqj gvî wzbgvm Avi wøzxqevi hvb 1916 mv j wpb _ K Ae vb K iwq jb RyjvB gvm _ K A ±vei gvm ch š hw`i bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb jlv n qwqj cö_gevi Rvcvb åg Yi AwfÁZv K cuywr K ib wøzxqev ii Rvcvb AwfÁZv Zuvi MÖ š Aš f y³ nq wb Z e 481 c ôvi `xn vqzb G MÖš wu cökvwkz n qwqj 1923 mv j hlb webq mikvi evwj b Ae vb KiwQ jb we `k ågy wb q eû c e i ez gvb RMr MÖš gvjvi câg ce wqj bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb mvz Aa v q wef³ MÖš wu cökvwkz n qwqj M n MÖš vejx 12 wk ivbvg w` q wesk kzvãxi cö_gv a h AíKÕRb evovwj gbxlx wek Ry o fvi Zi evyx cöpvi K i bw `Z n qwq jb, webqkzgvi mikvi (1887-1949) Zuv `i Ab Zg Bsj vû, mybrvij vû, Rvg vwb, BZvwj, Av gwikv, Rvcvb, wpb, wgki BZ vw` `k ågykv j wzwb ipbv K ib ez gvb RMr bv g GK MÖš gvjv hwu Z bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb MÖš wu Aš fy ³ GwU n jv wzb gvm Rvcv b Ae vbkv j jl Ki AwfÁZv m MÖš hgb kzvãxc~ e Rvcv bi Ae v K Rvb Z mvnvh K i, Zgwb Rvcvwb mvwnwz K qv b bv wpi mv _ Zuvi ms hvm Ges Rvcv bi mv _ evovwji m ú ³Zv K úó K i webqkzgv ii Avw` ˆcwÎK wbevm wqj XvKvi weµgcy i d«v¼wj bi mn hvwmzvq XvKvi gy³aviv h evsjv wek Kvl cökvk K iwqj (Z Zxq LÊ, 1973) Zv Z webqkzgvi mikvi wb q fyw³wu kl n q Q GB e j: Ôwesk kz Ki Z Zxq I PZz_ `k K evsjv ` ki QvÎ mgvr I we`» gn j cövq ÔmeRvš võ iƒ c weivrgvb wq jbõ (c 449) wzwb c w_exi eû `k ågy K i Qb, Aa qb-aa vcbv K i Qb eû ` ki wek we` vj q KjKvZv _ K cökvwkz msm` evovjx PwiZvwfavb ej Q Zuvi Rb ZvwiL 26 ww m ^i 1901 mv j cwðge ½i gvj`n Rjv zj _ K wzwb cö_g vb AwaKvi K i G UªvÝ cvm K ib c i 1906 mv j Gg.G cvm K ib wzwb we ` k D P wk vi Rb mikvix e wë c qi wzwb Zv MÖnY K ib

wb eis hvm `b ^ `kx Av `vj b 1907 mvj _ K 1909 ch š e½xq RvZxq wk v cwil ` wzwb Aa vcbv K ib 1909 mv j hy³ nb Gjvnvev `i cvwywb Kvh vj q mlv b Zuvi Kg Kvj wqj 1913 mvj ch š Zuvi iwpz kzvwak MÖš cöm½wui D j L K i Q msm` evovjx PwiZvwfavb webqkzgvi mikvi n jb Zgb GKRb evovwj cwêz huvi Bs iwr MÖš cökvwkz n qwqj Av gwikv, wpb, Rvcvb, Rvg vwb, Bsj vû BZ vw` ` ki wewfbœ kni _ K 1912 mv j jûb _ K cökvwkz nq Zuvi The Science of History and the Hope of Mankind ZZw` b webqkzgvi KjKvZvi e½j b vkbvj K j Ri jkpvivi cökvwkz n q Q Zuvi MÖš The Aids to General Culture Series Ges The Science of Education and the Inductive Method of Teaching Series 1912 mv j evsjv Z Qvcv n q Q Zuvi Av iv `ywu MÖš HwZnvwmK cöeü Ges mvabv 1914 mv j cökvk cvq iex `ª-mvwn Z fvi Zi evyx iex `ªbv _i mvgwmök g~j vqb welqk G MÖš wu cökv ki cicib wzwb we ` k cvwo Rgvb Ges `kkkv ji ewk Ae vb K ib m eqi jv Z eû evsjv MÖ š i mv _ mv _ Zuvi Ae v bi kni jv _ K wzwb GKvav i cökvk K i Qb fvizxq ag -`k b-bwznvm welqk Bs iwr MÖš 1916 mv j wpb _ K cökvwkz nq Love in Hindu Literature Ges The Beginning of Hindu Culture as World Power 1916 mv j Av gwikv _ K cökvwkz nq Zuvi Kve MÖ š i Abyev` The Bliss of A Moment GQvov Hindu Art: Its Humanism and Modernism (1920) Ges Aesthetics of Young India (1922) mn h KZ wj Bs iwr MÖš cöevmkv j webqkzgvi ipbv K iwq jb Zv gvî kzvãxkv ji g a B we i Yi ay jvq Av QwiZ 1923 mv j evwj b _ K cökvwkz Futurism in Young India MÖš wu hwui cö_g Drm wn m e 1917 mv j Av gwikvi K vk wek we` vj q webqkzgv ii GKwU e³ Zv K wpwýz Kiv nq cövp mgvr I mf Zv wb q k Zv½ `i fyj I weåvwš Ki g~j vq bi DËi w` ZB wzwb m e³ Zvi fvebv ivwk wecyj we v i cövq Pvik c ôvi Futurism of Young Asia MÖ š iƒcvqb K ib cöeü wj 1917 _ K 1921 mvj ch š wewfbœ cvðvz cwîkv/rvb vj hgb New York Times, Journal of Race Development, Scientific Monthly, Open Court, Political Science Quarterly, New York Nation, Freeman, New York World, Journal of International Relations BZ vw` QvovI fvizxq wewfbœ cîcwîkvq cökvwkz nq MÖ š i câg Aa vqwui wk ivbvg Young India (1905-21) hvi GKwU Dcwk ivbvg n jv World Culture in Young India G Z Currents in the Literature of Young India As k iex `ªbv_ VvKzi I KvRx bri j Bmjv gi cöm½ mvgwmök fvizel I evsjv ` ki mvwn Z i cö vcu G m Q ` k wd i KjKvZv wek we` vj q hvm `Iqvi ci Zuvi cökvwkz MÖš Greetings to India QvovI i q Q Social Insurance, Legislation and Statistics (1936), The Sacred Books of the Hindus Series (1937), The Politics of Boundaries and Tendencies in International Relation (1938), The Equation of World Economy in their Bearings on Post-war Reconstruction (1943), Education of Industrialisation (1946) BZ vw` GmKj cöm½ GRb h webqkzgvi Zgb GKRb Ávb wccvmy evovwj whwb we k i wewfbœ wek we` vj q K wz Z i mv _ Aa vcbv K i Qb, m mkj ` ki cöwzwôz mvgwqkx jv ZI Zuvi jlv Qvcv n q Q divwm, Rvg vb, BZvwjqvb G wzbwu fvlv e wz i KI ïaygvî evsjv I Bs iwr fvlvi iwpz webqkzgv ii me gvu cövq 24 nvrv ii gz c ôvi gyw`ªz ipbvi mvgvb AskB ez gvb cör b i mvg b Dcw Z bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb MÖš wui mvzwu Aa vq mvzwu Avjv`v Dcwk ivbvg hy³ cö_g Aa v qi Dcwk ivbvgwu n jv ÔRvcvbx Rvnv R `k w`bõ GZ Aš f y³ Aa vq jv n Q: Ô ^vaxb Gwkqvi RvnvR Kv úvbxõ, ÔRvcvbx fvbmi qi cyîõ, ÔcxZv½ Rvnv R Rxeb-hvcbÕ, ÔRvcvbx Pvi Yi Ò Kv`vbÓ ev ÒK_KZvÓÕ, ÔmvM i ZvwiL-weåvUÕ, ÔRvcv bi Kz x ev KmirÕ, ÔGwkqvq k Zv½Õ, ÔivóªgÊ ji cökvš gnvmvmiõ, Ges Ômv qvbviv ev we`vqõ wøzxq Aa vq A_ vr Ô ^vaxb Gwkqvi ivravbxõ Z Av Q Ô ZvwKIi c _Õ, Ô Lvjvi N ii gnvbmixõ, Ôbe Rvcv bi KwZcq cªwzôvbõ, ÔMvB Wi m ½ bmi ågyõ, Ô kv Yw` Mi mgvwa- ÎÕ, ÔRvcv bi ^ `kx nv UjÕ, Ômgi-wgDwRqvg I MÖn vjx cö`k bxõ, Ô ^ `kx RvcvbÕ, Ôkâx evrviõ, Ôn -wk íi KvieviÕ, Ôgy³vi PvlÕ, Ô bfvj wgdwrqvgõ, ÔwPÎkvjv I Bw úwiq vj wgdwrqvgõ, ÔÒ Kv vó ev mykzgvi wk íi cwîkvõ,

Ôi½vj q cuvp N UvÕ, ÔRvcv bi kv Yx AvgjÕ, Ôqvgv Zv v bi ^M wn `y vbõ, Ô cöwm W U bvi m I gwnjv wek we` vjqõ, ÔGwkqvq we `kx KzwVqv ji Dc`ªeÕ, ÔRvcvbx wlª vbw` Mi gwnjv-ms vi cwilrõ, Ôcv jvqvb cwilr I wrdwrrmy-we` vjqõ, Ôga hy Mi bv-bvuk ev Rvcvbx ÒM xivóõ, ÔKvM Ri d v±ixõ, ÔivóªgÊ j ÒGKN ió RvcvbÕ, ÔKwe I mgv jvpk qv b bv wpõ, Ô UKwbK vj zjõ, Ôbe Rvcv b cvðz mvwnz Õ, ÔB jkwuªk Zv ii KviLvbvÕ, Ô mb Kvlv Nwoi d v±ixõ, Ôwe `kx mvwn Z bexb RvcvbÕ, ÔGwkqvi Rv vwb bexb RvcvbÕ, ÔÒ KvKzwgbÓ m úv`k Zv KvZzwgÕ, Ôe emvqx-gn ji K_vÕ, Ôbe Rvcv b mvwnz -P P võ, ÔRvcv bi AvaywbK Rwg`viÕ, ÔfviZxq RvcvbxÕ, Ges Ôe emvq mbvcwz e viy wkeymviqvõ Z Zxq Aa v qi Dcwk ivbvg n jv ÔGK mßv n A RvcvbÕ Avi Aa v qi Dcwk ivbvgmy jv n jv: Ôwb v cvnvoõ, ÔRvcv bi ZvRgnjÕ, Ô ZvKzMvIqv hy Mi ev wkíõ, Ô i j evi N UvÕ, DcmvM ii Kz jõ, Ô ZvwKI nb Z mvz kz gvbj DË iõ, ÔmiKvix cï kvjvõ, ÔRvcv b cövp I cvðvz Õ, Ôm và ivi K wl gnvwe` vjqõ, Ges Ôgrm weávb I mvgw`ªk Dw `i PvlÕ PZz_ Aa vq ev ÔRvcv bi w`j xõi Ask jv n jv: ÔÒ ZvKvB `vó ev wk qv Zvi c~eÿ Õ, ÔwPÎKjv I vcz wkíõ, Ôweqvn«` mvü wenviõ, Ô eš gw `iõ, ÔRvcvbx evmvbõ, Ô ik gi KvieviÕ, ÔGKw` bi e Ëvš Õ Ges ÔAvivwkqvgv cvnv oi mªvz ^ZxÕ ÔcÖvPxb Rvcv b e nëi fvizõ Dcwk ivbghy³ ÔcÂg Aa vqõwu Z i q Q: ÔRvcvbx eš i mvibv_õ, Ôbviv-wgDwRqv g fvizel Õ, Ôbviv-gvnvZ Õ Ges Ôlô kzvãxi Rvcvbx bvj `võ lô Aa vq ev ÔGwkqvi gv ÂóviÕ Gi Dcwk ivbvg jv n jv: Ô `nvz K eyw I Bw `ªqvivgÕ, ÔImvKvi d v±ix I wgdwbwmc vwjwuõ, Ô eš gw ` i GK ivwî (7B AvM )Õ, ÔRvcv b ms Z cöeë K Kv ev `vbwkõ Ges ÔRvcv b wk `wljvgõ mßg Aa vq A_ vr Ôe nëi RvcvbÕ G i q Q: Ôcivaxb GwkqvÕ, Ô i j 274 gvbjõ, ÔRvcvb mvgªv R i wøzxq ZvwKIÕ, Ô`yBRb BsivR cv`ªxõ, Ô ^ `kx KvwiqvÕ, Ô Kvwiqvi ga hymõ, Ô Kvwiqvq Pxb, Rvcvb I fvizõ, ÔgyK W bi c _Õ, ÔcÖ_g gvâz mgªv Ui KeiÕ, ÔgvÂz `i ivravbxõ, ÔhyeK Rvcv bi i³ gvlv PiY-wPýÕ, ÔGwkqvi g viv_bõ, ÔGwkqvi ch UK KvD U IZvwbÕ, Ônvq Pxb!Õ Ges Ôe ` cvu -Av_ vigõ MÖ š i wb e`b As k jlk Rvwb qwq jb, fvizevmx Rvcvb m ^ Ü cökœ Kwiqv _v Kb: ÒRvcvbxiv Gwkqvi wgî wk kî Ó? GB cö kœ Rywo`vi Avi GKUv cökœ Zzj jb mgm vuv mnr nb e wrávmv Kiv hvdk: ÒRv vyiv B qv iv ci kî bv wgîó? ÒBs iriv B qv iv ci kî bv wgîó? Òdivmxiv B qv iv ci kî bv wgîó? GB ai bi cö kœi h Reve Rvcvb m ^ ÜI mb Reve KZv ei v b v b Zvnvi Av jvpbv Kiv wmqv Q wzwb AviI e jb h Rvcvb Gwkqv K c_ `LvBqv w`qv Q Rvcv bi c _ Pwjevi Af nbevi c~ eÿ Gwkqv B qviv gwikvi mv _ U i w` Z cvwi e ewjqv wek vm nq bv Kv RB Rvcvb bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Ges Drmvn`vZv gvî bq Rvcvb hyek fvi Zi, hyek Px bi, hyek AvdMv bi hyek cvi m i, hyek wgk iii `x v`vzv I wk v i (c. 5) wesk kzvãx cö_gv a h K qkrb evovwj wpš K wek RM Zi ` wó AvKl Y m g n qwq jb webqkzgvi Zuv `i Ab Zg wpš vmzfv e wzwb me mgqb wq jb A bkuv fwel r e³vi gz RvW K Avkªq bv K i Zuvi wpš v me mgq _vk Zv wzr KZv-Avkªqx bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb MÖ š i wb e` b ZvB Zuvi hymvš Kvix wm vš, ivóª gê j ÒwLª xq HK Ó, ÒB qv ivcxq HK Ó, ÒcvðvZ HK Ó, Ò k Zv½ HK Ó BZ vw` Z_vKw_Z HK jv hiƒc wg_ v K_v Ò eš HK Ó, Ògymjgvb HK Ó, ÒGwkqvi HK Ó, ÒcÖvP HK Ó BZ vw` HK jvi mbiƒc kãgvb I wg_ v wlª v bi wei wlª vb jwoqv Q Ges jwo e; k Zv ½i wei k Zv½ jwo Z Q I jwo e wlª v bi wei wlª vb A-wLª v bi mvnvh jwnqv Q Ges jb e; k Zv ½i wei k Zv½ A- k Zv ½i mvnvh jwnqv Q I jb e (c 02) wzwb e j Qb Zuvi ågy mg q h ZvwKI I B qv Kvnvgv wzwb ` L G mwq jb Zv AvU eqi ci Av Mi gz Avi bb wkš ZviciI Zuvi MÖš wu Rvcvb-PP vq evsjv fvlvq i Z c~y ms hvrb 1920-Gi `k Ki cöw Z ïaygvî evsjv fvlvq bq wek fvlv ZI i Z c~y fvev h Z cv i e jb g b nq

MÖš wui ïi n q Q RvcvbgyLx Rvnv R webqkzgv ii hvîv w` q UwbI gvi Rvnv R m hvîv Zuvi nbyjyjy _ K RvnvR hvîvi ey bv P j Q cuqwîk c ôv Ry o wkš webqkzgv ii hv ^fvemz mwu n jv, wzwb mvaviy ˆ`bw `Z weeiy w` qb f i `bwb m cvzv jv, Zvi fz i Xy K c o Q BwZnvm Avi ivrbxwz, ^v `wkkzv Avi Avš R vwzkzv wøzxq Aa vq _ K g~jz ïi n jv Rvcv bi gvwu Z jl Ki Ae vb e j Qb e `i ZxieZ x RbRxe bi K_v, m Rxe b B ½v Av gwikvb `i cöfv ei K_v, Avi m cöm ½ K_vwU ej Z wm qb cwêz webqkzgvi cöm½ Zz j Qb Kg Wvi cwii, whwb 1853 mv j GB B qv Kvnvgv Øx c, hwu m mgq wqj R j `i cj x, mlv b G m Dcw Z nb m NUbvq lvu eqi ci m e ` ii cwiez bi ` LI cvv Ki g bv hvm K o Qb jlk e j Qb m RbRxe bi ai bi K_v ebwu Z gv S gv SB h cöm½wu D V G m Q Zv n jv Rvcvwb `i wb äzv Av Q Nievwoi we vwiz weeiy h weeiy evovwj cvv Ki Lye ewk cwiwpz wqj bv c~ e gb _bv_ Nv li MÖ š h weeiy mvgvb mvgvb Av m mwui cöz Ges ÁvbRvZ weeiy cvvk c Z _v Kb cwêz webqkzgv ii KvQ _ K HwZnvwmK Kv ji cöw Z Rvcvwb mgv Ri cwiez bi Zzj wpîuv Z Dc vcb K ib AbymwÜrmy AvMÖnx jlk webqkzgvi huviv webqkzgv ii gav Ges ˆah m ú K Rv bb, Zuviv eys eb wkfv e gvî wzb gvm Rvcv b _ K, muvi wkbv cö_gev ii gz Zuvi Rvcvb ågy, wzwb Pvik GKvwk c ôvi GKwU eb wj LwQ jb Rvcvb wb q Kv iv Kv iv g b n Z wzwb Zv G eb wj LwQ jb AvU eqi ci, wkš fy j hviqv DwPZ bq h m AvU eq i wzwb bzzb bzzb `k Ny i Qb, Avi ez gvb RMr MÖš gvjvq bzzb bzzb MÖš ms hvrb K i Qb aiv hvk Rvcvwb fvlvi K_v Lye Av qwk f½x ZB webqkzgvi Zz j G b Qb wpbv wjwc _ K Rvcvwb wjwc D ei cöm½ mgmvgwqk Rvcvwb fvlv Z m `yb wjwc wkfv e gvlvgvwl K i Av Q ZvI Rvbv Z m g n q Qb wzwb e j Qb Rvcv b Ab fvlv e env ii K_v, UvwKI wek we` vj q nv Z jlv cuyw_i msmö ni K_v, RybwR iv ZvKvKzmyi msm nxz hv`yn ii K_v GB ZvKvKzmyB iex `ªbv_ cö_gevi Rvcv b hviqvi Av M 2/3 evi (webqkzgv ii fvl g Z) fvi Z hvb Ges kvwš wb KZ b iex `ªbv _i mv _ `Lv K ib (c 48) KvRyI AvRygv Zuvi Rvcvb I iex `ªbv_: kze l i wewbgq (KjKvZv, 2008) MÖ š RybwR iv m ú K Rvwb q Qb h wzwb 1916 mv j iex `ªbv _i cö_gevi Rvcvb åg Yi Av MB kvwš wb KZ b Kwei mv _ cwiwpz nb Ges Kwei Rvcvb mdjkv j iex `ª Af _ bv KwgwUi Ab Zg cöavb m`m wq jb (c 131) Ôbe Rvcv bi KwZcq cöwzôvbõ cöe Ü Bsj vû I Av gwikvi mv _ Rvcv bi m úk Nwbó Kivi j vwcz K qkwu cöwzôv bi K_v ejv n q Q fvize l i mv _ Rvcv bi m úk e w Rb ˆZix ÔB `v-rvcvwbr G mvwm qkbõ-gi K_vI ejv n q Q webqkzgvi Rvwb q Qb A bk m vš Rvcvwb wq jb m G mvwm qk bi m`m mkv ji Rvcv bi cöavbgš x KvD U IKzgv wq jb GwUi mfvcwz m m ú K jlk Rvwb q Qb, `ywbqvi ivóªgê j fvize l i Kvb vb bvb - fvizel e wukmvgªv Rªi Ask gvî - myzivs fvizel welqk mgm v wggvsmv Kwievi Rb Rvcvbxiv e wuk RvwZi m ½ Av jvpbv Kwiqv _v K wemz 8/9 ermi nb Z Bsiv Ri Rvcvbxi P~ovš gvlvgvwli m ^Ü vwcz iwnqv Q GB mwüi d j fvize l i wfzi we `ªvn Dcw Z nb j Rvcvbxiv BsivR K mkj cökv i mvnvh Kwi eb Avevi Kvb we `kxq kî i AvµgY nb Z fvizel i v KwieviI Rb I BsivR Rvcv bi mvnvh cvb eb AwaKš BsivR hw` Gwkqvi Kvb kî i wei hy NvlYv K ib RvcvbI ZvnvB Kwi eb mb eü Z i m Ë B Rv vwyi wei Bsiv Ri hy myi nbevgvî Rvcvb Px bi Rv vy ivr AvµgY K ib GB ai bi mwü K A dwýd I ww dwýd wgîzv e j A_ vr AvZ i vq wgîzv Avi ci K Avµg YI wgîzv (c 50) LyeB i Z c~y Z_ n jv m cwil `i c _ K Bs iwr I Rvcvwb fvlvq `ywu K i gvu PviwU cwîkv ei Kiv n Zv eq i cwil `i D Ïk m ^ Ü ejv n q Q ÔfviZxq `kmg~ ni m ½ Rvcvbx `i NwbôZv I eüz cyó I ew Z Kiv Avgv `i D Ïk fvizel ewj j Avgiv e wukfviz, Ij `vrfviz (heøxc, mygvîv, evwj) wm½vcyi I ªU&&m& m U&j g U&m, k vg Ges divmx B ÊvPxb A_ vr Avbvg UswKO BZ vw` mkj RbMY eywse

Avgv `i Kvh cöavbz: wøwea _vwk e:- Ô1 GB mkj ` ki e emvq, evwyr, wkí, K wl, a, mgvr, mvwnz, Kjv, weávb BZ vw` wel q Av jvpbv Kiv Avgv `i Kvh nb e Ô2 GB mkj ` ki m ½ Rvcvbx `i jb- `b Ges Rvcv bi m ½ GB me `kevmxi jb- `b evovbevi my hvm m wó Kwi Z Avgiv hzœevb nbe, fviz-zë I Rvcvb-ZË mycöpvwiz Kiv Avgv `i j _vwk e (c 50-51) fvizel fvlv Z Rvcvwbiv fviz gê j eyws qwq jb hvi g a k vg `k, eªþ `k, heøxc I mygvîvi i q Q Rvcvb-fviZ wb q webqkzgvi A bk we vwiz Z_ w` q Qb e j Qb Rvcv bi cövq 500 wewkórb Rvcvb-fviZ cwil `i m`m huv `i g a Dch y³ ZvKvKzmy QvovI Av Qb eywbd bvwb I Ges Av bmvwk fvi Zi cöwz cwil `i ` wófw½ wb q webqkzgvi wj L Qb ÔRvcvbxiv fviz m ^ Ü Kvh cöyvjx cwieë b Kwi Z AMÖmi nb Z Qb Bnuviv i wkqv K civwrz Kwievi ci 7/8 ermi Kvj fvizwe ivax wq jb GLv b Avwmqv fvizevmxiv mnvbyf~wz I n ` Zv cvbz bv m hy Mi Rvcvb m ^ Ü cwêz KvjxcÖmbœ Kve wekvi` g Zz Kv j ewjqv wmqv Qb- ÒRvcvb fvi Zi wgî b nó wek ivrbxwz Z Rvcv bi Ae vb e vl vq webqkzgvi Am e wm n Zuvi g~j vqb, ivóªgê j gz cwieë b I K cwieë b Anint NwU Z Q ivóªxq kî ZvwgÎZv FZzcwieË bi gz MwZkxj e w³mz eüz Z i h Av`k RvwZMZ eüz Z i Av`k Zvnv bq `ywbqvq cöwz gyûë ^v _ i Î e`jvbqv hvb Z Q - GB Kvi Y cöwz gyûë cö Z K RvwZi kî wgî I D`vmxb RvwZM Yi msl vi e`jvb Z Q (c. 51-52) Rvcv bi mkj gn j fvizel wb q AvMÖ ni K_v D j L K i Qb jlk e j Qb m my hvm fvizevmx K Kv R jvmv Z n e ÔMvB Wi m ½ bmiågyõ cöeüwu Z Rvbv hvq kzvãx c~e Kv jb Rvcv b cöwz eqi cövq Kzwo nvrvi ch U Ki AvMgY NU Zv Ges m mkj ch UK `i fvlvmz I Ab vb myweav `v bi Rb ˆZwi n qwqj Uzwi ey iv mvaviy civgk ey iv _ K webv cqmvq civgk `Iqv n Zv Z e MvBW mv _ wb j Zv UvKv w` ZB n e grvi welq n jv webqkzgvi hv K MvBW wn m e c qwq jb mb MvBW Rvwb q Qb h K qk eqi Av M e ov`vi MvBKevo hlb Rvcv b hvb, Zuvi MvB Wi KvR K iwq jb G f`ª jvk MvB Wi KvQ _ KI h me welq R bwq jb webqkzgvi X j w` q Qb A Sv i Zv cvv Ki Rb Avi m A Svi aviv ZB hy³ n q Q ivrcwiev ii Kvwnbx ivrcömv `i K_v BZ vw` mv _ hy³ n q Q Rvcvwb wîq `i wb q cöpwjz cšivwyk KíKvwnbxI Ômgi-wgDwRqvg I M n vjx cö`k bxõ cöe Ü jlk we vwizfv e Zz j G b Qb hy cövmw½kzvq Rvcv bi BwZnvm K 1868 mvj _ K Rvcv b h behy Mi m~pbv ZviB GK ch v q wp bi mv _ Rvcv bi msnl 1894 mv j, Ges cö_g Ui cviqv h Z jvmj Rvcv bi kw³ c i 1905 mv j ivwkqv K hy nvwi q Rvcvb µ g n q DVj kw³ai GK iv óª jlk Rvwb q Qb Rvcvwbiv KLbI we `wk `i nv Z civwrz nq bvb Î qv`k kzvwã Z gvmjiv wpb Rq K i Rvcvb Avµg b avwez n j bvmvmvwk e ` i S oi Ke j c o Zv `i bšeni aÿsm nq Ges Rvcvb i v cvq webqkzgv ii ˆewkó GB wzwb hv ` Lb Zv mwe v i e jb, hy³ K ib BwZnv mi cwi cöw Z, e vl v K ib hšw³kzv Ges kl K ib wbr ^ ` wófw½ w` q Avi ZvB Zuvi weeiy hlb BwZnvm I hy wel q nq ZLb hgb Zv Z cvv Ki jvf N U A bk, Zgwb mwâ evrvi wb qi hlb wzwb K_v e jb, ZLb cvvk wbs o bb Rvcvwb mgv Ri A bk g~j myi hgb Rvcv bi wk íi Ae v ej Z h q jlk mn RB m~î wn m e w` q i L Qb The Arts and Crafts of Old Japan MÖš _ K Ôn -wk íi KvieviÕ cöe Ü ikgx `ª e i `vkvb`vi jlk K Rvwb q Qb h PŠÏc bi eqi c~ e fvi Zi ZvZv gnvkq Rvcv b wm qwq jb A_ vr mgquv `vov Q 1901/02 mvj

gy³vi Pvl cöeüwu G m Q AvaywbK c wz Z gy³v Pv l Rvcv bi ` Zvi cöm½ Avi m K_v ej Z wm q jlk Rvwb q Qb h, ïµbxwz Z ewy Z Av Q h, wmsn ji jv Kiv K wîg Dcv q gy³v cö Z KwiZ GB Rb ms Z bvukxq mvwn Z `wl Z cvb h, LuvwU gy³v evwqqv jbevi Rb my` Rûwi wbhy³ nbz K wîg gy³vi weeiy Avgiv cvðvz mvwn Z I cvb ivgvb cvj, f bwkqvb cvj BZ vw` eš h_v_ c KuvP cv_i wkš gy³vi bv g Pvjvb nbz Rvcv bi GB `vkv b mbiƒc bv g-gvî gy³vi e emvq Pwj Z Q bv (c. 89) hgbfv e mgy `ª gv Qi Pvl P j Zgwbfv e P j gy³vi Pvl Ô bfvj wgdwrqvgõ cöe Ü G m Q bš-evwnbx m ú ³ NUbvejxi K_v jlk Rvwb q Qb 1871 mv j cö_gev ii gz Rvcvb _ K Av gwikv Z mvz/avu Rb Rvcvwb K cvvv bvi nq Avi Zvici wîk eqi ci n Z bv n ZB Rvcvb AvaywbK hš vw`i mewkqyb wb Riv Kiv wk L wb q Q ivwkqvi mv _ hy R qi ci Bsj vû Rvcvb K eüz Z eiy Ki Z 1910 mv j Av qvrb K i wejvzx-rvcvwb cö`k bx Bsj v Û Rvcvb K mycwiwpz Kivi Rb Av qvwrz m cö`k bx Dcj Rvcv bi gvwprywk j Lb Japan Today bv gi GKwU mye nr mwpî MÖš Avi Gfv eb webqkzgv ii ipbv n q I V cvwê Z i Avavi ÔwPÎkvjv I Bw úwiqvj wgdwrqvgõ cöe Ü Av Q cövpxb wpbv A ii j ^gvb ÔKv K gv bvõi K_v hgb mškh c~y A i web v mi PP v wqj cvwk, Aviwe fvlvq webqkzgvi hlb ÔKv Kv gv bvõ wb q K_v e jb, Av jvpbv K ib 552 wlª v ã Rvcv b cö_gev ii gz eš a g i Avg`vwb wb q, úó nq G msµvš wel q jlk Zuvi wecyj cvv K e w³mz `k bi mv _ hy³ K i cvv Ki Rb Dc vcb Ki Qb Avi Gfv eb webqkzgv ii ipbv n q D V GKB mv _ F Kvix Ges g bviäykvix wzwb e j Qb, ey ` ei Avwef ve Kv ji 1100/1200 ermi c i Rvcv b mf Zvi exr Dß nq GB wn m e Rvcv bi `x v i fvizel Rvcvb nb Z 1100/1200 ermi cövpxb Rvcvb hlb Kvwiqvi wbku ag MªnY Kwi ZwQj ZLb fvize l Kvwj`vm, weµgvw`z, eivn wgwn ii ^Y hym cövq AZxZ nb Z Q ZLbI nl ea bi mvgªvr MŠie myi nq bvb Rvcv b Kvb& ai Yi fvizxq cöfve cö ek Kwiqv Q, Zvnv eywsevi Rb GB mb ZvwiLUv g b ivlv Avek K GB K_v g b bv ivwl j Rvcvbx eš a, Rvcvbx g~wë ZË, Rvcvbx wpîkjv I Ab vb m~ èwkí h_v_ iƒ c eysv hvb e bv (c. 100) jl Ki wzh K gš e, mkv j fvize l mvwnz -wkí, ivóª I evwy R i DrKl mvab n qwqj mkv j Rvcvbx wqj Ônv Z- LwoÕ ch v q wn `y v bi mf Zv hlb ga výmmy _ K µ g A vp ji c _ AMÖmigvb, Rvcv b ZLb m egvî m~ h v`q nw Qj mbwpzvwk bv g GK cwîkv m úv` Ki K_v e j Qb jlk whwb K qk eqi c~ e fvi Z G mwq jb wesk kzvwãi cö_g `k K mbwpzvwk G ji m ez Avgv `i BwZnvm Zuvi K_v wj L iv Lwb webqkzgv ii Rvcvwb welqk MÖš wu cvv Ki j h Kvb Rvcvb-fviZ m úk wb q Drmvnx M elkb c Z cv ib Ggb A bk Aby j vwlz welq mbwpzvwk fvi Z G mwq jb ARš vi wkíkg `L Z Ges wzwb jlk K m wkíkg m ú K Zuvi wbr ^ fvebvi K_v e jwq jb h jv wkí BwZnv mi h Kvb AbyivMx K PgwKZ Ki e m úv`k Rvwb qwq jb Zuvi cwîkv Kv v GKB mv _ Rvcvwb I Bs iwr fvlv Z Qvcv bv nq Rvcvwb Ô Kv võ k ãi A_ ` ki dzj ev MŠie Kv v m mgq fvi Zi 5/6 Kwc cvvv bv n Zv m úv`k AviI Rvwb qwq jb Kv v Z Aebx `ªbv_ VvKzi (1871-1951) Ges b `jvj emyi (1883-1966) wpîkg I cökvwkz n qwqj Kv vi GKwU msl vq RR DWª di jlv Ôbe fvizxq wpîkjvõ bv gi cöeüi Qvcv n qwqj ZvwKi N i b `jvj emyi ÔˆK KqxÕ wpî Uv½v bv wqj ZvwK e jwq jb, IKvKzivi cöfv e AvRKvj hyek Rvcvb be fvizxq wpîkjvi f³ nbqv DwVqv Q Ggb wk Zi Y wkwímy Aebx `ªbv_ cöewë Z Kjvc wzi AÜ AbyKiYI Avi Kwiqv Qb Avwg wb R Avcbv `i be wkí fvjevwm -

wkš gvd Kwi eb Avcbv `i wpîkimy ZRw ^Zv I kw³gëvi wb`k b m wó Kwi Z cv ib bvb mkj wp ÎB hb GKUv AZ wak KvgjZv I g qwj fve gvlvb iwnqv Q wkš ilvcvz I ey -mgv ek meÿ _v cöksmv hvm (c. 107) jlk Rvwb q Qb UvwKI Z ek vcvov K hvkxevov e j exkvi (Beeker) bv gi GKRb jlk The Nightless City bv gi GKwU eb wj L Qb hvkxevov wb q Ôqvgv Zv v bi ^M - wn `y vbõ cöeü _ K Rvbv hvq mvkzivb bv gi GKRb m úv`k h cwîkvwu ei K ib mwui bvg wesk kzvãx m úv`k fvize l G mwq jb, mb m úv` Ki m~ ÎB webqkzgv ii cwipq n qwqj UvwKI wek we` vj qi Aa vck wk Ä wk Ä wnivb Gi mv _ m cöm ½B webqkzgvi Rvwb q Qb h fvizxqiv hgb mewkqy ZB ÔAvh Õ kã e envi K i Me wb q Pvq, Zgwb Rvcvwb K i Ôqvgv ZvÕ Yamata wnivb webqkzgvi K e jwq jb lô kzvãx Z Kvwiqv _ K eš ag Rvcv b M ji, Rvcvwb `i c~e cyi l Avm j fvizxq mv _ m ú ³ wqj Zuvi fvlvq eš ag L óxq lô kzvãx Z Avgiv Kvwiqv nb Z Avg`vwb Kwi Zvnvi ci nb Z Kvwiqv I Px bi cxzv½ RvwZi m ½ Avgv `i jb `b evwoqv hvq wkš L óxq lô kzvãxi cy eÿ GB qvgv Zv ` ki Ae v wkiƒc wqj? GK_v mk jib Rvbv Av Q h, Rvcv bi Avw`g wbevmxm Yi bvg AvB bv Zvnv `i eska iiv G b Rvcvbx Øxcc Äi m eÿ vëi Øx c evm Kwi Z Q GB AvB bvw` Mi Rb v b Rvcvbx Jcwb ewk Kiv we `k nb Z AvMgb K i Zuvnvi ci GB ` ki bvg nq qvgv Zv Avh M Yi AvMg bi ci hgb fvize l i bvg Avh vb, Avh eë, Avh vf~wg, mbiƒc we `kxq AvMg bi ci GB D`xqgvb m~ h i `k qvgv Zv vb bv g cwiwpz nbj (c. 123) wzwb AviI e jb, Rvcvbxiv lô kzvãx Z Kvwiqvi mvnv h eš a Avg`vwb K i Zvnvi c~ eÿ Rvcvbx mgv R wk a fve Av `Š wqj bv? wbzvš Amf I ee i mgv R AíKv ji fzi eš a, mvwnz I wkí vqx nbqv Mj wk Kwiqv? Avwg ewje eš a i mgvb A_ev AbyKzj a qvgv Zv ` k lô kzvãxi c~ eÿ B weivr Kwi ZwQj qvgv Zvav Z Kvwiqvi eš a b~zb eva nq bvb - eis Avgv ZvevmxMY GB D`vi a MªnY Kwievi Rb A cö Z nbqvwqj mb A cö Z _vwkevi hym m ^ Ü HwZnvwmK Av jvpbv GLbI ekx nq bvb hlb nb e ZLb `Lv hvb e h, m hy Mi qvgv Zv v bi Ges wn `y v b AwZkq Mfxi I wbku m ^Ü wqj (c. 124) Rvcv bi Avw` cyi l, fvizxq `i mv _ Zv `i ms hvm, fvizxq I Rvcvbx `i ag I fvlvi Zzjbv I cöwzzzjbvi Rb G Aa vqwu Am e gbbkxj eûfvlx webqkzgv ii D`vniY wn m e wkqy fvizxq fvlvq kã K Zv `i Drmgy ji cvkvcvwk Ab vb fvlvi kã `wl q cvvk K Dcnvi w` q Qb Aa vck wnivb G wb q GKwU eb wj L Qb A Vocabulary of the Japanese and Aryan Language Hypothetically Compared bv gi cöeüwu BÛy-Rvcvbx-cwilr-cwÎKvq QvcvI n qwqj ÔGwkqvq we `kxq KzwVqv ji Dc`ªeÕ cöeüwu Z Rvcv b cvðvz eb wewµi cöm½wu G m Q D j L c q Q iex `ªbv _i Bs iwr Abyev` Rvcv b wewµi e vcviwu Ggb GKRb `vkvb`vi jlk K Rvwb qwq jb h, ÒAvcbv `i VvKz ii MÖš vejxi Rvcv b Lye ewk wewµ nq hlbb B qv ivc nb Z VvKz ii MÖš vejxi Pvjvb Avwmqv cuš Q Zvnvi GK mßv ni wfz ib mkj wj wbt kl nbqv hvq wzwb Rvcv b K qk gv mi wfz ib Dcw Z nb eb ïwbqv Rvcvbxiv Zuvnvi cy Kmg~n AvMÖ ni mwnz cvv Kwi Z QÓ Ô bvõ bvuk wb q jlvwui webqkzgv ii cvwêz eys Z mvnvh K i ÔKwe I mgv jvpk qv b bv wpõ cöeüwu Rvcvwb m jlk m ú K A bk ARvbv aviyv `q webqkzgv ii mv _ 1915 mv j Rvcvwb m jl Ki hlb mv vr nq ZLb wzwb KI wek we` vj qi Bs iwr mvwn Z i Aa vck, Zuvi Bs iwr KweZv ZZw` b Bsj vû _ K gyw`ªz n q Q fvizxq jlk Zi `Ë, m ivwrbx bvbo, gb gvnb Nvl ev iex `ªbv _i gz wzwbi Bs iwr mvwn Z Avkªq cv Qb iex `ªbv_ K wb q Bsj v Û gvzvgvwzi K qkgvm ci bv wp K wb qi gvzvgvwz nq i k

RvwZ K civwrz Kiv RvwZ Rvcv bi ez gvb eüz Bsj v Û bv wpi mgv`i ^vfvwek e jb webqkzgvi gš e K i Qb wzwb AviI Rvwb q Qb h Rvcvbx Kwe bv wpi mv _ evsjv mvwn Z i hvm hv Mi cökœ ïaygvî iex `ªbv_ VvKzi Kw `ªKB bq webqkzgvi bv wpi mv _ Zuvi evwo Z `Lv K ib `xn Av jvpbv nq Zuv `i `yõr bi mv cöwzk mvwnz wb q Zuv `i Avjv c Rvbv hvq iex `ªbv_ `y-wzb gv mi fzi Rvcvb hv eb Ges m wel q bv wpi mv _ iex `ªbv _i cî hvmv hvm ïi n q Q (c 171) webqkzgvi bv wpi The Spirit of Japanese Poetry K_v Rvwb q Qb AviI wj L Qb wbt äzvi e vcv i Rvcvwb `i cöxwzi e vcv i wj L Qb, ˆew`K mvwnz nb Z iex `ª-mvwnZ ch š mgmö fvizxq mvwnz m ^ ÜI bv wpi GB K_v cö hvr `vk wbkmgv jvpk Kwe bv wp K fvizevmxi Rvbv Avek K a vbx ey i cöfve-c vwez qvgv Zv ` k cök wzc~rv, AZxw `ªq civqyzv, Amx g cöxwz cö`k b cökwuz nb e, Zvnvi Avðh wk? (c 174) webqkzgv ii fvlvq, Avwg bv wp K be Rvcv bi evbx gywë `wljvg bv wp Rvcvbxi Rvcvb eywsqv Qb - Rvcvbxi Rvcvb cöpvwiz Kwi Z Qb eë gvb hy Mi Rvcvb K hz Mfxi fv e eywse ZZB `wl Z cvbe h, Rvcv bi mnmª mnmª j j bi bvixi ü`q bv wpi fvlvq I fv eb bvwpqv D V GLbI fvizel Ges Rvcv bi m ^Ü wel q ewj Z cvwi- ÒDwVj hlv b ey -AvZ v gy³ Kwi Z gv Øvi /AvwRI Rywoqv A RMr fw³ cöyz Pi Y huvi Ó Rvcvb AvwRI ü` q ü` q fvize l i evyxb cöpvi Kwi Z Q- Rvcvb wesk kzvãx ZI fviz-gê jib Aš M Z bv wp iex `ªbv _ib m nv`i ÒMxZvÄwjÓ Ges Òwcj&wMÖ gró GK Lwb nb ZB D yz Ôbe -Rvcv b cvðvz mvwnz Õ cöeüwu h _ó Z_ eûj Ô mb Kvlv Nwoi d v±wiõ Z Av Q fvizxq KvwUcwZ Riv Zi Rvgv ji K_v e j Qb ÔB Ûv-RvcvwbR G mvwm qk biõ K_v hwui mfvcwz cöavbgš x IKzgv wb R Ôwe `kxi mvwn Z bexb RvcvbÕ-G Avgiv Avevi bv wpi mv vr cvb ÔÔ KvKzwgbÕ-m úv`k ZvKzZvwgÕ cöeüwu kzel c~ e i Rvcv bi cî-cwîkvi aviyv `q 1868 mv ji c~ e Rvcv b Kvb msev`cî wqj bv, mb Rvcv b ˆ`wbK cwîkv KvKzwgb webqkzgv ii ågykvj A_ vr 1915 mv j cöwzw`b wzb j Qvcv nz e j Rvwb q Qb webqkzgvi Ôe emvwq gn ji K_vÕ cöe Ü GKwU i Z c~y cöm½ G m Q jlk Rvwb q Qb, Ô ZvwKI Z cušwqqv ïwb ZwQ Ges KvM R cwo ZwQ h, ` j ` j Rvcvbxiv `w Y Av gwikvq hvb Z Qb, fvize l hvb Z Qb, Px b hvb Z Qb, Ges mygvîv, heøxc, evwb I, mwjwem, A óªwjqv Ges cökvš gnvmvmixq Øxcc Ä hvb Z Qb `k `LvB Bunv `i GKgvÎ gzje bq Kv_vq evwy R i wkiƒc my hvm Av Q Zvnv AbymÜvb KivB cöavb D Ïk fvizel nb Z GK`j AbymÜvbKvix wdwiqv Avwmqv Qb Õ fvize l AbymÜvbKvix `j MeY g Ui e emvq wefv M Rvwb q Qb ÔAvgiv hlb fvize l hvb ZLb gvî cuvp nvrvi UvKvi AW vi cvbe Avkv KwiqvwQjvg wkš h_v v b Dcw Z nbqv `wl h, ikg, avzz, Kvco BZ vw` bvbv e i Rb cövq cuvp KvwU UvKvi AW vi Dcw Z Õ cvv Ki i Y _vk Z cv i Ggb GKwU cö Póvq Askx`vix n qb Rvcvb _ K XvKv Z G mwq jb D qgb Zv K`v Ges Zvi fvb huviv GLv b mvevb d v±wi vcb K ib Ges we q K ib `yb eªvþ Kb v K hv `i GKRb nwicöfv Zv K`v whwb 1912 mv j ^vgxi `k Rvcv b hvb Ges 1915 mv j cökvk K ib e½gwnjvi

Rvcvb-hvÎv bv gi MÖš wu jlk fvi Zi Rvgvj Kv úvwbi GKRb D P c` Kg KZ vi K_v e j Qb whwb Rvcv b e emv qi hvmm~î vcb K i Qb Ôbe Rvcv b mvwnz PP võ cöe Ü 1915 mv ji Rvcv b mvwnz PP vi wewfbœ K_v D V G m Q mvwnz mfvq GKRb ej jb Ôbe Rvcvb K fvizxqiv Rv b bv, RvcvbxivI be fviz K Rv b bvõ Zgwb GK AvÇv Z GKRb gš e K ib, `eµ g iweeveyi MÖš vejxi Dci B qv iv ci K cv` wó cwoqv Q GBRb be fviz K Avgiv K_wÂr eywsevi my hvm cvbqvwq fvize l Aek Av iv A bk iex `ªbv_ ez gvb Kv j Rwb qv Qb wkš Zuvnv `i bvg ch š I Avgiv ïwb bvb mbiƒc Kvb Rvcvbx mvwnz - mexi bvg Avcbviv fvize l ïwb Z cvb bv Rvcvbx jlkm Yi ipbv BsivRx Z Ab~w`Z fvizevmxiv Rvcvb K eywsevi my hvm cvb eb Rvcvbx mvwn Z i fvizxq fvlvq Abyev` Ges fvizxq mvwn Z i Rvcvbx fvlvq Abyev` cöpvwiz bv nb j be Rvcv b Ges be fvi Z h_v_ mnvbyf~wz I mg e`bv m wó nb e bv m cöwz Dfq mvwn Z ib BsivRx Abyev` cökvwkz niqv mnr Zvnv nb j Dfq RvwZ ci úi ci úi K A bkuv eywsqv DwV Z cvwi e (c.225) jlk Rvwb q Qb iweevey Rvcv b Avwm Z Qb ïwbqv Rvcv bi mvwnz -msmv i GKUv ˆn ˆP cwoqv Q ÒmvabvÓ MÖ š i Rvcvbx Abyev` cöpvwiz nbevgvî nvrv i nvrv i wewµ nb Z Q iweeveyi BsivRx cy K wji KvUwUI evwoqv Q ïwbjvg Rvcvbxiv ÒMxZvÄwjÓ cwoqv ewk im cvq bv iweeveyi K_v cövq cö Z K Rvcvbx ˆ`wb K we Z Zfv e Av jvwpz nb Z Q Kweei K K `ª Kwiqv Rvcvbxiv bexb fvizel K eyws Z PwóZ Bnvi c~ eÿ be fviz K eywsevi cöqvm Rvcv b h_v_ fv e `Lv `q bvbõ (c. H) ÔfviZxq RvcvbxÕ cöeüwu cök Zc wiikvb wkgyiv K (1882-1965) wb q wkgyiv Zuvi bvuey K fvizxq eüz `i w` q gš e wjwl qwq jb ïi Z wzwb GKUv f~wgkv `b Zv Z jlv wqj, Avwg wbàb nb Z Avwmqv AvR Qq ermi hver Avcbv `i Avkª q GB fvize l evm KwiqvwQ Ges Avcbv `i AbyMÖ n ms Z, cvwj Ges ev½vjv fvlv Aa qb KwiqvwQ mb m ½ m ½ G ` ki `k b I a m ^ Ü wkqy Ávb jvf Kwi Z cvwiqvwq ewjqv Avwg eob K ZÁ AvwQ Aek wb Ri Afxó we` vjvf Kwi Z Av iv 2/3 ermi mg qi cö qvrb nb e wkš kvwiixk DbœwZ mvab gvb m I Ab vb we kl Kvi Y Gevi mvavi Yi wbku nb Z we`vq jbqv ^ ` k wdwiqv hvb ZwQ AZGe cöv_ bv h Avcbviv AbyMÖnc~eŸ K GB cy K wbr wbr bvg avg mn Avcbv `i wzwpý ^iƒc h Kvb fvlvq wkqy wjwlqv Avgv K mylx I evwaz Kwi eb BwZ 1jv deª qvwi 1915 webxz Avi wkgyiv bvuey K iex `ªbv_ wkgyiv K wj LwQ jb, GKw`b G mwqj, n AwZw_ei, a b av b c~y wqj Ni AvR `wi `ªi N i, bvb gwy ng, Av Q `ytl Av Q ïay cög Av iv Ab huviv gš e w` qwq jb Zuv `i g a wq jb ag cvj, nicömv` kv x, mynviqv` x, ivavkzgỳ gy Lvcva vq cögyl Gw` K iweevey Avwm Z Qb ïwbqv RvcvbxmgvR we kl AvMÖ ni mwnz fvizxq mvwnz Av jvpbv Kwi Z e Mª wkgyiv iweevey K wp bb - Zuvnvi Rb ZvwKI Z evmm n BZ vw`i e e v Kwi Z Qb GB Kvi Y wkgyivi Av`i mvwnz msmv i h _ó evwoqv Q (c 239) jlk gš e K i Qb wkgyiv AvU eqi evsjv ` k _vk ji evsjv D PviY h _ó fv jv nq wb Aciw` K GKRb evovwj gvî Qq eqi _ KB Rvcvwb fvlvq we qki ` Zv AR b K i P j Q

Ôe emvq- mbvcwz e viy wkeykviqvõ cöe Ü jlk Rvwb q Qb Aa vck wb Zv e bv gi GKRb jlk lvj/ m Zi eqi c~ e eywk `v (Bushido) bv gi GKwU Bs iwr eb Av gwikvq cökvk K ib Kvb Rvcvwb wjwlz Rvcvb welqk cö_g GB ebwu BD iv-av gwikvq dyv Rvcv bi cöwzwbwa, hgb MxZvÄwj fvi Zi cöwzwbwa G cöm ½ e j ivlv h Z cv i h jl Ki cy iv bvg wb Zv e Bbv Rv (1862-1933) Avi ebwu cök Zc cökvwkz n qwqj 1899 mv j Avi Ôeywk `võ A_ n jv hv vi c_ hwu Avm j Rvcv bi KvW Ae KbWv ±i gz ÔGKw` bi e Ëv š Õ jlk Rvwb q Qb mz my `i ` ei (1880?-1971) Gi K_v whwb wq jb RvcvbMvgx evovwj `i cö_g ` ji Ab Zg webqkzgvi wpbvgvwui h d v±wi `L Z wm qwq jb mlvb _ KB mz my `i `ybrb QvÎ K fvi Z wb q Av mb jlk AviI Rvwb q Qb `x bkp `ª gryg`v ii K_v whwb Rvcv b cöwk Y wb q Mvqvwjqi iv R GKwU mikvwi KviLvbv Lv jb câg Aa v qi welq cövpxb Rvcv b e nëi fviz 1300 eqi c~ e fviz _ K Rvcv b mf Zv wm qwqj hvi wb`k b msiw Z i q Q bviv wgdwrqv g Aa vqwu ixwzgz g bv hvm `vex K i jlk e vckfv e Zzjbv K i Qb fvizxq eš Ges wn `y a g i `e `exi mv _ Rvcvwb `e `exi ÔkvK wmsnõ ey Kxfv e ÔkvKvÕ Ges mlvb _ K bmixi bvg ÔIkvKvÕ Zv Rvwb q Qb jlk e j Qb KvwZ K hgb wn `y `i `e mbvcwz, Rvcvwb `i Zgb GKRb n jb nvwpgvb& Ôlô kzvãxi Rvcvbx bvj `võ Z i q Q Rvcv bi BwZnvm wb q mymfxi Av jvpbv nwihzwr wenv ii gw ` i ivlv g~wz jvi mv _ fvizxq g~wz i hšw³k Zzjbv K i jlk wbg vy K i Qb GKwU AmvaviY cvv Ô eš gw ` i GK ivwîõ cöeüwui ivwîwu n jv 1915 mv j 7 AvM m cöe Ü jlk ki P `ª `v mi (bvwk `v ki?) K_v D j L K i Qb wj L Qb, Ô`vw¾ wj ½ wzeÿz-ch UK kªxhy³ ki P `ª `v mi M n Rvcvbx eš cy ivwnz KvIqv wp evm Kwi Zb Zuvnvi m ½ GKRb Rvcvbx hyeki wq jb Bwb wzb ermi Kvj fvize l ms Z Aa qy Kwiqv Kvqv cvnv oi eš we` vj q Aa vck nbqv Qb Bnvi bvg nv m eõ nv m e webqkzgvi K Rvwb qwq jb h cövq 40 cy ivwnz ZLb ms Z fvlv wklwq jb Avi Zv ZB jl Ki gš e ÔRvcvbxiv GKUv fvizxq Av `vjb kxnöb cvkvbqv Zzwj Z e cwikiõ Rvcv b ms Z fvlv cöez bi g~j K wzz Kv e `vbwki hv K ÔRvcv bi A kvkõ we epbv Kiv n Zv Avi ki P `ª `vm (1849-1917) n jb PÆMÖv gi mb cöl vz cwieªvrk Ges eš a g i cwêz whwb 1874 mv j `vwr wjs f~wuqv evww s z ji cöavb wk K nb Ges c i 1879 I 1881 mv j wzeÿ Zi ivravbx jvgvq hvb 1884 mv j Ugvm ewesub gk ji (1800-1859) mv _ wmwkg, 1885 mv j wpb Ges 1915 mv j Rvcvb hvb webqkzgvi mikvi iwpz bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb MÖš wu evsjv fvlvq iwpz MÖš wji Ab Zg 24, wgwj ivw, BUvwj, KjKvZv _ K mwu cökvwkz n qwqj M n cvewjwks nvdr _ K cökvkk wq jb ivg ivlvj Nvl Pvi UvKv g~ j i m MÖš wu ïaygvî evovwj cvv Ki Kv QB bq, mwu Rvcvb wel q AvMÖnx wfbœfvlxi wbkui gh v`v `vex Ki Z cv i Kbbv, m MÖš wu Z Rvcvb wb q i q Q Ggb me cöm½ I Z_ vw` hv Rvcvwb fvlvq iwpz MÖ š I Lye ewk myjf bq e jb Abygvb kzel c~ e i Rvcvb K Rvb Z Ges Rvcvb-evsjv m úk eys Z bexb Gwkqvi Rb `vzv Rvcvb GKwU Ag~j AvKi, m `n bb myeªz Kzgvi `vm: B- gbj: subratakdas@yahoo.com