MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS

NATRF 2022 AND LDP SEPTEMBER 12, 2017 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS Why? Leaving passive control marks behind and relying solely on the CORS network for 3D positions: Older methodology relies on terrestrial (line-of-sight) observations NGS does not have the ability to monitor passive marks, they are easily destroyed NGS no longer has the resources to maintain or replace passive marks Evidence of Systematic Errors: Many years of geodetic observations has revealed systematic errors ranging from decimeters to meters Errors are being noticed and becoming issues with today s more accurate equipment (cm accuracy) NAD 83 is not geocentric with ITRF: GPS and WAAS navigation uses WGS 84 aligned to the ITRF Satellite orbits and other geospatial datasets use global reference frames 2 1

3 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS What s being replaced: Horizontal NORTH Horizontal AMERICAN TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME Vertical OF 2022 (NATRF 2022) PACIFIC TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME OF 2022 (PATRF 2022) MARIANA TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME OF 2022 NAVD (MATRF 88 2022) CARIBBEAN NAD 83(2011) TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAME OF 2022 (CATRF 2022) PRVD 02 NAD 83(MA11) VIVD09 NAD 83(PA11) Vertical ASVD02 NORTH AMERICAN-PACIFIC GEOPOTENTIAL DATUM OF 2022 NMVD03 (NAPGD2022) THIS WILL INCLUDE THREE TIME DEPENDENT GEOID MODELS GUVD04 COVERING (GEOID 2022) IGLD 85 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, HAWAII, ALASKA, GREENLAND, AND THE CARIBBEAN AMERICAN SAMOA GUAM AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE MARIANA ISLANDS Dru Smith: NGS ITRF IS NOW MATURE Decades of monitoring CORS stations on a Global Scale has given NGS very accurate velocity models of the movement of the North American, Caribbean, Pacific, and Mariana tectonic plates. These models are used to calculate the parameters needed to align the reference frames with the tectonic plates. 4 2

ITRF IS NOW MATURE 5 6 3

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS Each frame will get 3 parameters - Euler Pole Latitude - Euler Pole Longitude - Rotation rate (rad/yr) Used to compute time-dependent TRF2022 coordinates from timedependent ITRF coordinates. 7 8 4

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS The new 2022 Reference Frames will be Plate Fixed: The new TRFs will agree with the ITRF (IGSxx) at the initial epoch. The new TRFs will diverge from ITRF by a few cm per year in order to stay plate-fixed. Future adjustments of the TRFs will be in the cm range. Time frames for new realizations and adjustment limits are still being determined. 9 REPLACING NAD83 (THE HORIZONTAL ELEMENT) NAD 83 IS NOT GEOCENTRIC WITH ITRF Goal is to align NAD 83 with the IGS08 origin of the ellipsoid where the GRS 80 ellipsoid fits on a global scale instead of the North American plate best fit solution we currently have in NAD83. Columbus CORS Station COLB dx = 0.678m or 2.22 ft. dy = 1.410m or 4.62 ft. dz = 0.086m or 0.28 ft. NAD 83 ORIGIN NATRF2022 origin 1.5 meters Identically shaped ellipsoids (GRS-80) a = 6,378,137.000 meters (semi-major axis) 1/f = 298.25722210088 (flattening) Dave Doyle 10 5

LATTITUDE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHIFT NATRF2022 VS. NAD 83(2011) LONGITUDE ELLIPSOID HEIGHT Dru Smith: NGS 11 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHIFT NATRF2022 VS. NAD 83(2011) Image of Helipad at ODOT HQ near COLB CORS Station 12 Red Line: NAD 83 imagery on NAD 83 reference frame Green Line: Shift of Helipad to NATRF2022 but image remains on NAD 83 6

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS REPLACING NAVD 88 NAPGD2022 NORTH AMERICAN-PACIFIC GEOPOTENTIAL DATUM OF 2022 NEW DATUM BASED ON GRAVITY MODELS (THE GEOID) No passive marks/can use GNSS to position a benchmark GNSS BASED VERTICAL DATUM: Users with geodetic quality receivers can use OPUS or RTNs/ RTK to establish Orthometric Heights LEVELING NO LONGER REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH BENCHMARKS 13 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS TRANSITION TO THE FUTURE: GRAV-D Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum Official NGS policy as of Nov 14, 2007 $38.5M over 10 years Airborne Gravity Snapshot Absolute Gravity Tracking Re-define the Vertical Datum of the USA by 2022 Approximately 62% Complete (Sept. 2017) 14 7

15 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS REPLACING NAVD 88 ACCESS: easier to find the sky than a 60-year-old bench mark GNSS equipment is cheap and fast ACCURACY: easier to trust the sky than a 60-year old bench mark immune to passive mark instability Proposed accuracy of 2 cm over much of the United States GLOBAL STANDARDS: systematic errors of many meters across the US aligns with GPS, international efforts aligns with Canada, Mexico 16 8

10/16/2017 MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS GRAV D PROGRESS Green: Available data and metadata Blue: Data being processed Orange: Data collection underway White: Planned for data collection 17 18 9

MODERNIZATION OF THE NSRS ACCURACY OF GEOID 12B IN OHIO 19 REPLACING NAVD88 GRAV-D GRAVITY FOR THE REDEFINITION OF THE AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM GRAV-D PROJECT Errors exist in NAVD 88: 50cm average 100cm CONUS tilt 1-2m average in Alaska Changing from a leveling-based to geoid/gnss-based vertical datum requires an updated accurate, nationwide gravity survey using airborne gravity meters. 20 10

ODOT S EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS FOR ODOT PROJECTS 21 WORKING WITH STATE PLANE COORDINATES OR HOW TO MAKE THE EARTH FLAT SURVEYORS AND MAP MAKERS HAVE HAD TO CREATE MAPS OF THE EARTH FOR CENTURIES. THE WAY WE DRAW A CURVED SURFACE ON A FLAT PLAIN IS BY USING MAP PROJECTIONS. AS SURVEYORS WE ARE AWARE THAT WE CANNOT REPRESENT A CURVED SURFACE ON A FLAT PLAIN WITHOUT SOME DISTORTION. 22 11

THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM DEVELOPED ALMOST 100 YEARS AGO (NAD 27) 158 MILE WIDE ZONES LINEAR DISTORTION DESIGNED AT 1:10,000 DISTORTION DUE TO ELEVATION ADDS TO THE TOTAL, REDUCING THE ACCURACY EVEN MORE NEED TO SCALE GRID DISTANCES TO GROUND TO ACHIEVE ACCURACIES NEEDED WITH TODAYS MODERN EQUIPMENT (GPS = TOTAL STATION) 23 THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC 2 PARALLEL NORTH ZONE LATITUDE 41 42 N LATITUDE 40 26 N ORIGIN LAT 39 40 X=600,000 m, Y=0 m CENTRAL MERIDIAN LONGITUDE 82 30 W SOUTH ZONE LATITUDE 40 02 N LATITUDE 38 44 N ORIGIN LAT 38 00 X=600,000 m, Y=0 m 24 12

THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM Linear distortion due to Earth s curvature Projection surface (secant) Ellipsoid surface Grid length greater than ellipsoidal length (distortion > 0) Grid length less than ellipsoidal length (distortion < 0) Maximum projection zone width for balanced positive and negative distortion 25 THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM Linear distortion due to Elevation Ground surface Projection surface (secant) Ellipsoid surface Grid length greater than ellipsoidal length (distortion > 0) Grid length less than ellipsoidal length (distortion < 0) Maximum projection zone width for balanced positive and negative distortion 26 13

THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM ISSUES WITH THE USE OF CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM: CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM DESIGNED AT 1 : 10,000 ACCURACY TODAYS EQUIPMENT IS MUCH MORE ACCURATE THAN THIS OAC 4733-37-04: SETS THE MINIMUM STANDARD FOR BOUNDARY SURVEYS AT 1 : 10,000 MINIMUM ACCURACY. THIS EATS UP YOUR ERROR BUDGET RATHER QUICKLY GRID DISTANCES DO NOT REFLECT TRUE GROUND DISTANCES NEED TO SCALE PROJECTS TO MINIMIZE DISTORTION BETWEEN GRID AND GROUND THIS SCALING IS DONE ON A PROJECT BY PROJECT BASIS NO STANDARD SCALE FACTOR USED FOR MULTIPLE PROJECTS PROJECTS IN CLOSE PROXIMITRY TO EACH OTHER HAVE DIFFERENT SCALE FACTORS AND DO NOT FIT EACH OTHER DOES NOT WORK SEAMLESSLY WITH OTHER PRODUCTS (GOOGLE EARTH, ESRI, OSIP IMAGERY, CADD PLATFORMS) 27 THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM IS IT TIME TO RE-THINK STATE PLANE COORDINATES? CAN WE DEVELOP A COORDINATE SYSTEM THAT WOULD ESSENTIALLY ELIMINATE DISTORTION (OR MAKE IT SO INSIGNIFICANT THAT IT CAN BE IGNORED)? CAN WE WORK SEAMLESSLY BETWEEN OUR GPS EQUIPMENT AND TOTAL STATION WITHOUT CALCULATING A SCALE FACTOR? CAN WE INCORPORATE GIS DATA INTO OUR SURVEYS (OR INCORPORATE OUR SURVEYS INTO GIS) SEAMLESSLY? 28 14

THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM THE ANSWER IS: YES WE CAN! HOW? 29 THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM LET S RE-THINK HOW WE PROJECT LAT/LONG TO PLANE COORDINATES 15

THE CURRENT STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM BY LOOKING AT OUR STATE IN A DIFFERENT WAY INSTEAD OF DIVIDING OHIO INTO TWO ZONES (NORTH AND SOUTH) LET S LOOK AT HOW CURVATURE AND ELEVATION AFFECT LINEAR DISTORTION: MAXIMUM ZONE WIDTH FOR SECANT PROJECTIONS MAXIMUM LINEAR HORIZONTAL DISTORTION MILES Parts per Million Feet per Mile Ratio 35 MILES ± 5 ppm ± 0.03ft. / mile 1 : 200,000 50 MILES ± 10 ppm ± 0.05ft. / mile 1 : 100,000 71 MILES ± 20 ppm ± 0.10ft. / mile 1 : 50,000 112 MILES ± 50 ppm ± 0.30ft. / mile 1 : 20,000 158 MILES ± 100 ppm ± 0.50ft. / mile 1 : 10,000 Dave Minkel and Michael Dennis NGS/NOAA 32 16

HEIGHT ABOVE AND BELOW PROJECTION SURFACE LINEAR DISTORTION DUE TO ELEVATION FEET Parts per Million Feet per Mile Ratio ± 100 ft. ± 4.8 ppm ± 0.03ft. / mile 1 : 209,000 ± 400 ft. ± 19 ppm ± 0.10ft. / mile 1 : 52,000 ±1,000 ft. ± 48 ppm ± 0.25ft. / mile 1 : 21,000 Dave Minkel and Michael Dennis NGS/NOAA 33 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTION Ground surface Typical State Plane surface Low Distortion surface Ellipsoid surface Grid length greater than ellipsoidal length (distortion > 0) Grid length less than ellipsoidal length (distortion < 0) Typical State Plane Zone width for balanced positive and negative distortion Dave Minkel and Michael Dennis NGS/NOAA 34 17

LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS MAHONING PROJECTIONS ARE DESIGNED BASED ON THE SHAPE OF THE COUNTY. COUNTIES THAT LIE PREDOMINANTLY EAST AND WEST RECEIVE LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONIC PROJECTIONS 35 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS SUMMIT PROJECTIONS ARE DESIGNED BASED ON THE SHAPE OF THE COUNTY. COUNTIES THAT LIE PREDOMINANTLY NORTH AND SOUTH RECEIVE TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTIONS 36 18

10/16/2017 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS 37 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS 38 19

LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS Lawrence Pnt -Pnt Grid Ground Diff. feet per mile parts per million 1/ scale factor Lat Long SV5-SV2085 181623.558 181624.869-1.311-0.038-7 138539 SPC-GRID SV124-SV1851 123064.783 123064.789-0.006 0.000 0 20510798 SV5-SV2085 181624.633 181624.869-0.236-0.007-1 769597 1.000019 38 25 8238 DIA LAM SV124-SV1851 123065.119 123064.789 0.330 0.014 3 372924 SV5-SV460 80296.006 80295.478 0.528 0.035 7 152075 SV790-SV838 121555.185 121556.429-1.244-0.054-10 97714 SV1065-SV2118 89679.140 89679.124 0.016 0.001 0 5604945 SV2118-SV2128 26398.368 26398.406-0.038-0.008-1 694695 SV2128-SV1114 78356.767 78357.361-0.594-0.040-8 131915 SV1889-SV1922 87116.086 87116.161-0.075-0.005-1 1161549 SV1602-SV1311 22400.610 22400.599 0.011 0.003 0 2036418 1.000019 38 25 8238 LAM SV1189-SV842 21284.236 21284.214 0.022 0.005 1 967464 SV747-SV604 9518.741 9518.708 0.033 0.018 3 288446 SV509-SV463 3733.589 3733.573 0.016 0.023 4 233348 SV606-SV890 16696.923 16696.887 0.036 0.011 2 463802 SV937-SV943 15839.959 15840.007-0.048-0.016-3 330000 SV897-SV1083 11806.383 11806.391-0.008-0.004-1 1475799 SV1856-SV2122 27179.041 27179.099-0.058-0.011-2 468605 SV2123-SV2069 22554.847 22554.904-0.057-0.013-3 395700 SV2012-SV1728 33807.048 33807.086-0.038-0.006-1 889660 SV1596-SV1121 24339.147 24339.135 0.012 0.003 0 2028261 SV1116-SV1350 11806.283 11806.340-0.057-0.025-5 207129 SV1350-SV1506 15393.396 15393.439-0.043-0.015-3 357987 SV1403-SV1106 16904.007 16904.144-0.137-0.043-8 123388 SV596-SV506 11806.634 11806.767-0.133-0.059-11 88773 SV602-SV882 16696.960 16697.159-0.199-0.063-12 83905 SV474-SV412 5903.342 5903.344-0.002-0.002 0 2951672 SV661-SV755 5280.042 5280.026 0.016 0.016 3 330002 SV747-SV890 9518.681 9518.654 0.027 0.015 3 352543 avg. accuracy 740679 lowest accuracy 83905 SV1602-SV1311 22400.700 22400.599 0.101 0.024 5 221788 1.000019 38 20 8238 LAM SV1189-SV842 21284.356 21284.214 0.142 0.035 7 149889 SV747-SV604 9518.807 9518.708 0.099 0.055 10 96149 SV509-SV463 3733.618 3733.573 0.045 0.064 12 82968 SV606-SV890 16697.034 16696.887 0.147 0.046 9 113584 SV937-SV943 15840.052 15840.007 0.045 0.015 3 352000 SV897-SV1083 11806.450 11806.391 0.059 0.026 5 200108 SV1856-SV2122 27179.084 27179.099-0.015-0.003-1 1811940 SV2123-SV2069 22554.870 22554.904-0.034-0.008-2 663380 SV2012-SV1728 33807.129 33807.086 0.043 0.007 1 786211 SV1596-SV1121 24339.256 24339.135 0.121 0.026 5 201150 SV1116-SV1350 11806.342 11806.340 0.002 0.001 0 5903170 SV1350-SV1506 15393.462 15393.439 0.023 0.008 1 669280 SV1403-SV1106 16904.090 16904.144-0.054-0.017-3 313040 SV596-SV506 11806.723 11806.767-0.044-0.020-4 268336 SV602-SV882 16697.073 16697.159-0.086-0.027-5 194153 SV474-SV412 5903.388 5903.344 0.044 0.039 7 134167 SV661-SV755 5280.078 5280.026 0.052 0.052 10 101539 SV747-SV890 9518.741 9518.654 0.087 0.048 9 109410 avg. accuracy 651172 lowest accuracy 82968 SV1602-SV1311 22400.658 22400.599 0.059 0.014 3 379671 1.000019 38 20 8238 LAM SV1189-SV842 21284.302 21284.214 0.088 0.022 4 241866 SV747-SV604 9518.778 9518.708 0.070 0.039 7 135982 SV509-SV463 3733.605 3733.573 0.032 0.045 9 116674 SV606-SV890 16696.986 16696.887 0.099 0.031 6 168655 SV937-SV943 15840.010 15840.007 0.003 0.001 0 5280002 39 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS 40 20

LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS 41 The current workflow WORKFLOW 1.) Select your system (NAD83) and your Zone (Ohio North or South) 2.) Calculate your Scale Factor using one of the various methods outlined in the Survey and Mapping Specifications and enter it into the Data Collector 3.) Enter the Coordinates you are going to scale about (0,0) VERY IMPORTANT STEP!!! 42 21

WORKFLOW The Low Distortion System workflow 1.) Select ODOT LDS 2.) Select the county you are working in 43 LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS District County Name Projection Central Lattitude Central Longitude False Northing (m) 1 Allen Allen LCC 1 Parallel N 40 55' 00" W 84 05' 00" 100000 Defiance Defiance LCC 1 Parallel N 41 20' 00" W 84 30' 00" 100000 Hancock Hancock LCC 1 Parallel N 41 02' 00" W 83 39' 00" 100000 Hardin Hardin LCC 1 Parallel N 40 44' 00" W 83 36' 00" 100000 Paulding Paulding LCC 1 Parallel N 41 05' 00" W 84 26' 00" 100000 Putnam Putnam TM N 41 00' 00" W 84 05' 00" 100000 44 22

LOW DISTORTION MAP PROJECTIONS WHERE ARE WE AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? MAP PROJECTIONS FOR ALL 88 COUNTIES ARE COMPLETE. CURRENTLY CONDUCTING FIELD TESTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE. PROJECTING TESTING TO BE COMPLETED BY JULY 1, 2018. MAKE ADJUSTMENTS TO PROJECTIONS AND UP- DATE MAPS BY DECEMBER 2018. MAKE PROJECTIONS AVAILABLE ON CADD AND MAPPING WEB SITE. 45 QUESTIONS? Ray.Foos@dot.ohio.gov Last updated 10/16/2017 46 23