Charles Barnes Universidad de la Américas Ecuador
Overview Are there good molecular marker, or genes to identify Berberis species? No Are there good or standard morphological traits to identify Berberis species? No Is there any hope?
Genera in Berberidaceae Achlys Berberis Bongardia Caulophyllum Diphylleia Dysosma Epimedium Gymnospermium Jeffersonia Leontice Mahonia Nandina Odostemon Plagiorhegma Ranzania Sinopodophyllum Vancouveria KEW, MBG, NYBG etc. http://www.theplantlist.org/
A good place to start Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae) Young-Dong Kim et al. 2004
Simple leaf Berberis ITS is good at geography Compound leaf Berberis
Berberidaceae The distributions of 17 genera of Berberidaceae indicate that they are predominantly Laurasian
Berberis Berberis is the only exception It was believed that simple-leaved Berberis had two centers of diversity, one in Asia and the other in South America However, the ITS phylogeny suggests a single origin of simple-leaved Berberis and an early division into South American and Asian groups. (Young-Dong Kim 2004)
Vicariance events Compound-leaf Berberis Simple-leaf Berberis Other families too
Naming Berberis 1,022 species names for the genus Berberis recorded in The Plant List, are as follows: Status Total Percent Accepted 579 56.7% Synonym 228 22.3% Unplaced 36 3.5% Unassessed 179 17.5% Greatest diversity in South America, Asia, Africa
Mahonia / Berberis Berberis nervosa, Mahonia nervosa
Mahonia / Berberis
Berberis
Mahonia / Berberis Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infects both
Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia
Gran Colombia Colombia Ecuador Venezuela
Yellow Fabrics Wood Leather Always in the roots Berberine
Edible berries, rich in vitamin C Anti-fungal properties (Candida albicans, yeasts) Berberine is considered antibiotic (Staphylococcus aureus) Significant anti-inflammatory activities Diabetes Lowers cholesterol Berberine Suppresses growth of some tumors
Can t eradicate it Long cultural history In Ecuador, it s above 2500m (8000 ft) Sweden repealed the barberry eradication law in 1994
Solutions Could we replace susceptible species with nonsusceptible? Or grow wheat in safe areas.
rbcl and matk ribose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase LSU maturase K
Universal Plant DNA Barcode Loci May Not Work in Complex Groups: A Case Study with Indian Berberis Species (Plos One, 2010) rbcl and matk (UPB) ITS and trna histidine--photosystem II protein D1 - spacer region trnh-psba Tried all combinations Combination of ITS-trnH-psbA worked best (UPB worst) Neither sequence or AFLPs resolved species or sections (created in 1902-1905 but questioned now) Clustered more to geographic region than to species
ITS only Taxonomic and phytogeographic implications from ITS phylogeny in Berberis (Berberidaceae) Kim, Y. D. (2004) Some of these names are unresolved in the Plant list
So what is useful? Name Full name Gene location Number of Genbank sequences ITS ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 Nuclear 562 matk maturase K Chloroplast 213 psba Photosystem II protein D1 Chloroplast 211 trnh often with psba Chloroplast 209 rbcl ribose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase LSU Chloroplast 189 rpoc1 RNA polymerase C Chloroplast 55 psbk Photosystem II protein K Chloroplast 54 atph ATPase subunit III Nuclear 54 trnl trna Leu Chloroplast 9
Mophology
Stem Spines Texture Shape Color Branching Number Size Leaves Nature Color Texture Length/Width ratio Density Base Margin Apex Petiole Inflorescence Nature Number Petal size Stamen Ovules Style Morphological Character key India
Combination Carmen Ulloa will put together a morphology key We ll work on the sequence
Eurasia Berberis ITS ML NA / Asia South America
ITS sequence of Berberis sp. in Ecuador Ecuador
ITS sequence of Rust species in Ecuador B. grandiflora Ecuador B. pichichensis B. hallii
ITS and trnh-psba We have only 7 samples that have both ITS says we have 4 species trnh-psba we have 5 (4 different B. hallii) Concatenated? Maybe a way of looking at hybridization
trnh-psba
trnh-psba 7 base repeat 24 base repeat
Edythea quitensis
Puccinia graminis
Sequenced as P. graminis (3X)
Rust species based on ITS sequence Host species Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Puccinia Edythea Uromyces Uromyces holcina coronata striiformis graminis sp. quitensis transversalis pencanus Agrostis sp. - - - - 3 - - - Anthoxanthum sp. - - 2 3 2 - - - Bromus sp. - - - - 2 - - - B. chatharticus - - 1 - - - - - Dactylis glomerata - - 1 - - - - - Holcus lanatus 10 10 1-2 - - - Nasella sp. - - - - - - - 1 Sporobulus sp. - - - - 1 - - - Paspalum sp. - - - - - 1 - - Not identified 1 2 - - 1 - - - Berberis sp. - - - - - 1 - - B. grandiflora - - - - - 1 - - B. hallii - - - - - 1 Gladiolus sp. - - - - - - 1 - Luzula sp. - - - - - 1 - - Total 11 12 5 3 11 5 1 1
Concluding remarks Are the Berberis susceptible? Other molecular markers or techniques are possible, but maybe not universally available Identification and characterization of microsatellites from calafate (Berberis microphylla, Berberidaceae) in Chile (Varas,B., Castro,M.H. et al, 2013)
Methods ITS primers are universal Best DNA from young leafs > petals > old leaves We re working on a method to get DNA from old museum samples.
Refugio de Vida Silvestre Pasochoa, Pichincha, ECUADOR Carlos E. Cerón, Robin B. Foster, Carmen Ulloa, Peter M. Jorgensen
History of Berberis in US P. D. Peterson