Welcome to CERN! Dr. Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU ACCELERATOR AND BEAMS Department 05 Novembre 2003 1
1949-1950: First ideas for creating a European laboratory in physics 1952: Foundation of the European Council for nuclear Research (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire-CERN) under the auspices of UNESCO July 1953: During the 6 th session of the council in Paris, a convention was signed establishing the European Organization for Nuclear Research 1954: Official ratification of the convention from the first 12 member states (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and Yugoslavia) What is CERN? A short historical overview On June 10 1955, Felix Bloch, CERN s first Director General, places the founding stone on the new laboratory site, watched by Max Petitpierre, than President of the Swiss Confederation 2
Who works at CERN 20 European member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech RP, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK Observer states and organizations: European Council, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, Turkey, UNESCO and USA More than 80 non-member states collaborate in CERN s programs 2500 staff members More than 7000 users (500 Universities and laboratories) Annual budget ~ 1000 MCHF 3
Location of CERN French-Suisse borders Second CERN site (Prevessin) Main CERN site (Meyrin) SPS machine Geneva Airport LHC accelerator 4
CERN s mission Design and construction of accelerators and detectors for studying the physics of elementary particles 5
Large Hadron Collider - LHC The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the most powerful accelerator ever built to study the properties of elementary particles Four gigantic underground tunnels with huge detectors Protons (and ions) will get accelerated to the highest energy ever achieved The most intense particle beams will be collided in the four experimental points Magnets operate in a temperature lower than the one of space 6
LHC - A view from the tunnel LHC will start commissioning at the end of 2007 and will certainly change our view about the universe 7
Building the LHC Circumference of ~27km, 100 meters below the earth s surface 8
CMS Experiment 9
Why do we need accelerators? 10
Methods of particle physics 1) Generation of very energetic particles (accelerators) 2) Particle collisions (conditions of the Big Bang) 3) Detection of the produced particles with Detectors 11
Constituents of matter Quarks (Gell-Mann) 1964 Periodic system of fundamental particles Proton 12
Four fundamental forces Type Electro-magnetic force Weak force Gravitation RELATIVE INTENSITY OF FORCES ~ 10-3 ~ 10-5 ~ 10-38 Particle exchanged (field quantum) Photons (no mass) Bosons Z 0,W +, W - (heavy) Gravitons? Occurs in: Strong force ~ 1 Gluons (no mass) Atomic nucleus Electricity Atomic shell Sun - Radioactive β decay Keeping our feet on the ground 13
A unique force? Important discoveries at CERN: Neutral currents (1973) Bosons W&Z (C. Rubbia, S. Van der Meer 1983) Confirmation of the existence of 3 neutrino families (1989) S. Weinberg, A. Salam, S. Glashow : Unification of the electromagnetic and weak interaction LHC? J. C. Maxwell (19 th century): Unification of the magnetic and electric force 14
What is the Universe made of? 96% of the Universe constituents are unknown!!! 15
The big questions Why three generations? More types of particles? (Dark matter, Supersymmetry) How particles acquire their masses? (Higgs boson) LHC will certainly help us solve some of the mysteries 16
Detecting the Higgs The two proton beam will collide head-on, 800 millions of times per second We expect to detect 1 Higgs for every 1,000,000,000,000 events 17
CERN, the Internet and the World Wide Web 18
Computing needs at CERN for LHC experiments Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN 5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 K SI95 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Other experiments LHC experiments 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Jan 2000: 3.5K SI95 year Moore s law 19
The GRID The LHC computing GRID is a program financed from the European Union. The purpose is to build the next generation of computing infrastructure 20
Industrial applications of CERN developments 21
Medical applications of particle physics Positron Emission Tomography PET 22