_neo-th-gvkv ss nƒ Ia dn - PDF Free Download

hneyw aivsumwmƒuns _neo-th-gvkv ss nƒ Ia dn (]g-b-\n-ba ae-bmf hnh Ø\w) FUn- (-a-e-bm-f hnh Ø\w) t mw txmakv Im\U FUn- (Cw- ojv) B v ^ ÃmUv ]md-bn ]_vfn-t -j kv I n-t»cn

Malayalam William MacDonald s BELIEVER S BIBLE COMMENTARY (OLD TESTAMENT MALAYALAM VIVARTHANAM) EDITOR AND PUBLISHER : TOM THOMAS, CANADA COPYRIGHT RESERVED : TO EDITOR AND PUBLISHER TYPE SETTING & DESIGN : MEDIA RESOURCES, KOTTAYAM PRINTED AT : EBENEZER PRINTERS, THRISSUR DISTRIBUTED BY : PARAYIL PUBLICATIONS, KALLISSERY PRICE : Rs. 1100/-

D -S w {KŸ-I Øm-hns BapJw... 7 {]km-[-i- p-dn v... 9 ]g-b-\n-b-øn-s\mcp BapJw... 11 ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs mcp BapJw... 19 Dev]Øn... 27 thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse {][m\ DS-º-Sn-Iƒ... 40 ]cn-t -Z\ F AS-bmfw... 53 kzh -cxn... 54 kqn-tim-]-tziw... 71 ]pd- msv... 81 bpk-ßƒ... 100 kam-k-a-\-iq-smcw: {InkvXp-hns\ kw_- n- p sszh-øns Nn{Xw... 115 tehym-]p-kvxiw... 129 kwjym-]p-kvxiw... 161 Bh Ø-\-]p-kvXIw... 193 Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ v BapJw... 225 tbmiph... 229 kt -X-\-K-c-ßƒ... 245 \ymbm-[n-]- m... 253 btlm-h-bpss ZqX... 264 cqøv... 279 1 iap-th... 289 2 iap-th... 319 1 cmpm- - m... 351 cmpy hn`-p\w... 367 2 cmpm- - m... 387 1 Zn\hrØm w... 421

2 Zn\-hr-Øm w... 443 F{km... 473 s\l-aymhv... 487 Ftÿ... 503 Imhy-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS BapJw... 517 Ctøm_v... 523 k o Ø-\-ßƒ... 551 kzr-iy-hm-iy-ßƒ... 715 k`m-{]-kwkn... 777 DØaKoXw... 809 {]hm-n-i-]p-kvx-i-ßƒ v Hcm-apJw... 823 sbi-ømhv... 829 bnsc-aymhv... 887 hnem-]-ßƒ... 919 sbsl-kvti... 929 Bbn-c-am p hmgvn-bnse bmk-ßƒ... 962 Zm\n-tb... 969 tlmtibm... 993 tbmth... 1007 Btamkv... 1015 Hm_-Zymhv... 1027 tbm\m... 1035 aojm... 1045 \lqw... 1055 l_- q v... 1065 sk^-\ymhv... 1075 l mbn... 1085 skj-cymhv... 1093 aemjn... 1111

{KŸ-I Øm-hns BapJw Hcp km[m-cw hnizm-kn v hnip thz-]p-kvx-i-øns ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb A-dnhv ]I psim-sp- pi F p XmWv Cu ""_neo-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia -dn-'' bpss (BBC) Dt±iw. hnip thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse A -b-amb \n[n-iƒ J\\w snøp-hm-\p hmrvp-bpw, A`n-cp- Nnbpw hnizm-kn-i-fn DtØ-Pn- n- p-hm-\p B{K-l-tØmSp IqSn-bmWv CXv {]kn- o-i-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. thz-]-wvun-x- m Xß-fpsS Bflm- ƒ p Blm-cw-I-s -Øp-sa- p {]Xymi Rßƒ p-s - nepw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ {]Y-a-ambn IW- n-se-sp-øp-sim- CXn\v cq]w \ In-b-Xv. an -hmdpw F m hnizm-kn-ifpw k o Ø-\-ßƒ, kzr-iy-hm-iy-ßƒ, k`m-{]-kwkn F o ]pkvx- I-ßƒ hnkvx-cn p ]Tn- p-hm Xmev]-cy-ap hcm-i-bm Cu `mk-ßƒ hmiyw hmiy-ambpw _m nbp ]pkvx-i-ßƒ JWvUn-I, JWvUn-I-bp-am-bmWv hnh-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. aqe-hm-iy-ß-fpss hymjym\w Ign-bp- n-s-sø mw Bflob kxy-ßƒ {]mtbm-kn-i-ambn {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ø coxn-bn kqntim-]-tz-i-]-c-ambpw hnh-cn- n- p- v. "hos -Sp- p-im-cs hc-hns\ Nq n- m-wn- p thz-`m-k-ßƒ {]txyiw ImWn v hfsc hnkvxy- X-ambn ssiimcyw snbvxn- p- v. F m GXp-hym-Jym-\-{K-Ÿ-sØ- mfpw {]m[m-\y-a ln- p- Xv ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn-\m {]Imi\w snø-s -Sp sszh-h-n\w am{x-am-wv. AXn-s\-Iq-SmsX Pohn-Xw, hf, hnip- n, kzoim-cyam-b- tk-h\w F n-h-bn-. \mw AXp hmbn- p-i-bpw, ]Tn- p-i-bpw, a\- mtw B p-ibpw [ym\n- p-i-bpw, F m- n\pw D]-cn-bmbn A\p-k-cn- p-ibpw snø-ww. Btcm -]-d- -Xp-t]mse: ""A\p-kcWw Bflo-b- m-\-øns Dd-hn-Sas{X''

{]km-[-i- p-dn v hneyw amivtum-wmƒuns ""_oeo-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia dn'' bpss ]pxnb \nbaw 2002 epw, Forgottan Command, Be Holy F ]pkvxiw ""hnkva-cn- -s Iev]-\, hnip- -cm-bn-cn- n '' F t]cn 2005 epw ae-bm-f-øn hnh Ø\w snbvxv {]kn- o-i-cn- p-hm CS-bm-bn. sszh-øns Af-h Ir]-bm Cu Ia -dn-bpss ]g-b-\n-baw ae-bm-f-øn {]kn- o-i-cn- m Ct mƒ CS-bm-b-Xn sszhsø kvxpxn- p- p. Ign \mep- -h j-ß-fmbn CXn-\mbn {i tbmss {]m n- p-ibpw AXn\p th {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ snøp-hm sszhw klm-bn- - p-ibpw snbvxp. hn-\-]-cn- m-\hpw hnh Ø\w snøp- -Xn-\p {]m]vxnbpw, ka -W lrzbhp-ap c p sszh-zm-k- msc I Ømhv Hcp- n-ø- p. Ah a-w- me Faith Theological Seminary-bn Facultysatºgvkv Bb Rev. Dr. K.G. Jose B.A; B.D; MTH; DTH-Dw- Rev. T.M. Jose M.A, B.B; MTH(DTH)- Dw BWv. Ah -G-s -Sp-Øn-cp Npa-Xe hfsc IrXyambpw `wkn-bmbpw snbvxp klm-bn- p. AXn- \mbn sszhsø kvxpxn- p-ibpw Ah-tcm-Sp lrz-bw-k-amb \µn- tc-j-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. DTP, Type Settig apx-emb kmt -XnI Npa-X-e-Iƒ hfsc DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-tØmsS X -k-a-bøv \n -ln p X ktlm-z-c {]tamzv txma pw Ãm^pw(MEDIA RESOURCES, KOTTAYAM) hfsc A`n-\-µ\w A ln- p- p. Ah pw Fs lrz-bw-k-amb \µn tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. CXns Proof reading, Editing apx-em-b-h-bn hfsc klmbw snbvx kphn-ti-j-i P.V. Johnson (Xn-cp-hm- p-fw)-t\mspw I Øm-hns \ma-øn \µn-tc-j-s -Sp-Øp- p. CXns {]mcw`w apx F m-im-cyßƒ pw ]n pw \ Inb Fs tpyjvtktlm-z-c P.T. Abrahamt\mSv D BZ-chpw \µnbpw tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. Ch s mw I Ømhv {]Xn-^ew \evip-am-dm-is. CXns {]n nwkv hfsc DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øz-tØm-sS, `wkn-bm-bn, IrXy-k-a-b-Øv, {]kn- o-i-cww snøp-hm A{im ]cn-{iaw snbvxv klm-bn F_-t\-k {]nt -gvkv,- Xr-iq `mc-hm-ln-itfmspw Fs lrz-b-kw-amb \µn tcj-s -Sp-Øp- p. 2007 PqWn, hneyw amivtum-wmƒuns\ Imen-t^m Wn-bm-bn sn v ho pw kµ in- phm\pw Nne-a-Wn- q-dp-iƒ At±-l-hp-ambn Nne-h-gn- p-hm\pw F\n v CS-bm-bn. B k-a-bøv Cu ]pkvx-i-øns ]ptcm-k-xn-sb- p-dn v kwkm-cn- p-i-bp- m-bn. F m sszhw Xs Zmks\ Unkw-_ 25 \v Xncp-k- n-[n-bn tn p-hm {]km-z-ambn. Cu {]kn- o-i-c-w-øns Hcp tim n At±-l-Øn-\v Im-Wm Ign- n- t m F ZpxJw F\n- p v. F nepw ""djy, kv]m\njv'' XpSßnb 22 hntzi `mj-i-fn hnh Ø\w snbvxv {]kn- n-i-cn- -s - n-cn- p ""_oeo-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia -dn-'' bpss Iq -Øn ae-bm-f-øn-ep ""]pxnb \nb-ahpw'' ""]g-b-\n-b-ahpw'' Dƒs -Sp- p-sh v Hm Øv Rm sszhsø kvxpxn- p- p. Cu {KŸw hmbn- p Gh pw sszh-h-n-\-øn IqSp-X ]cn- m-\hpw Ir]bpw e-`n- phm I Ømhv klm-bn- s F {]m -\-tbmsv Cu hnin-jvs-hym-jym-\-{kÿw Xr m-z-øn ka n- p- p. {]km-[-i February 20, 2010 t mw txmakv, Im\U

]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw

13 ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw \tωm-sp _ -Øn ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns ]c-tam- X AwKoImc-Øn-\p ImcWw AXp tbip-{in-kvxp-hn \n p Xs D -hn pf p- -Xm-Wv hos Sp- p-im-c\v Ahn-`mPy LS-I-am-bncp- -Xv. hos -Sp- -s - -h pw Ft mgpw Ahn-`mPyLS-I-am-bn-cnt Ww s{]m^.-pn.-f.-kvan-øv. I. ]g-b-\n-baw F t]cv ]g-b-\n-ba ]T-\-Øns Bg- -S-ep-I-fn-te v Cd-ßp- -Xn\p ap ]v,- A-s - n ]g-b-\n-b-a-ønse GsX- nepw Hcp ]pkvx-i-øns Xmc-X-tay-\- Hcp sndp]t\w \S- Øp- -Xn\p ap ]v, hnip ]pkvxiw F v \mw hnfn- p ]g-b-\n-b-asø Ipdn v s]mxp-hmb Nne hkvxp- X-Iƒ Npcp n hnh-cn- p- Xp klm-b-i-c-am-sw p CXp Xs sxfn-bn pw. s_dnøv F F{_mb ]Z-Øn \n mwv DS- ºSn F ]Zw D mbncn- p- 1 -Xv. ]pxnb \nb-a-øn Unbm-tXs F {Ko p ]Z-Øn \n p-amwv DS-ºSn F pw \nbaw F p-ap c p-hm- p-iƒ D -hn- -Xv. sszh hn-\-øns Xe-s - n DS-ºSn F A w Xo -bmbpw A\p-tbm-Py-amWv; F p-sim-s - m sszhhpw Xs P\hpw XΩn-ep Hcp Icm,k-Jyw,- A-s - n DS-ºSn thz-]p-kvxiw shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. ]pxnb \nb-a-hp-ambn ]gb \nb-asø (D-S-º- Sn) Xmc-Xayw snøptºmƒ, AXp ]Tn- p- Xp sim p {]tbm-p-\-an F p A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp Nne v AXnt mgpw ]g-b-xm-wv. ]pxnbxv BsW nepw IqSpX ]gb DS-ºSn F p- -XmWv ]pxnb \nb-a-øns Ipd- p-iqsn A\p-tbm-Py-amb t]cv. Bflo-I, Ncn-{X,-kmwkv m-cni \ne-i-fn Hcp amc-i-amb sx m-bn-cn mw CXv. c p \nb-a-ßfpw sszh \nizm-ko-b-am-wv; AXp-sIm v kie hnizmkniƒ pw {]tbm-p-\-ap- -Xt{X. {InkvXphn-ep Hcp hnizmkn k -km-[m-c-w-ambn ]g-b-\n-b-a- Øn-te v Xncn-bp-tºmƒ, AXp {]txy-i-ambn \ΩpsS I Øm-hns\ Ipdn pw, Xs k`sb Ipdn pw Xs injy- m Fßs\ Cu temi-øn Pohn- Ww F p- Xm B{K-ln- p- p-sh pw \ap v shfn-s -Sp-Øn-Øcp Xn\m Hcp XnI hnizm-kn v ]gb \nb-a- Øns {]m[m-\yx X n- -f-bp-hm km[y-a-. k`m ]nxm-hm-bn-cp AK-Ãn ]gb \nb-ahpw ]pxn-b-\n-bahpw XΩn-ep _ sø Ipdn v ]d- ncn p- Xv Xmsg ]dbpw hn[-amwv; ]g-b-xn-ep ]pxn-bxv tkm]y-am- -s - n-cn- p p; ]pxn-b-xn-ep ]g-bxv shfn-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p 2 II. ]gb \nba Imt\m Fs - nepw Af- p- -Xnt\m aqey-\n Æbw snøp- -Xnt\m D txmxv F mwv Imt\m ({Ko p Kanon) F ]Zw A -am- p- -Xv. ]pcm-x\ Ime- L- -Øn bn{km-tb-ense Bflob t\xm- - m-cm AwKo-I-cn- -s Xpw sszh-\n-izm-kobamb-xn-\m B[n- Im-cn-I-hp-amb ]pkvxi tij-c-øn-\mwv ]g-b-\n-ba Imt\m F -dn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. Cu ]pkvxißƒ am{xamwv Imt\m-\n-ep- Xv F v Fß-s\-bmWv \mw Adnbp- Xv, As - n ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn C p ImWp- 39 ]pkvx-i-ßfpw Imt\m-\n-ep- m-bn-cn- Ww F v Fßs\bmWp a\- n-em-ip- -Xv? Bcw-`-Im-ew-ap-X ax- ]-c-amb a p ]pkvx-i-ßƒ (\m-kvxni ]pkvx-i-ßƒ Dƒs -ss) D m-bn-cp- -t mƒ, bym -am-bxv Ch-bmWv F v Fßs\ \ap- p-d- m mw? \ΩpsS Cu Ime-L- -Ønse BZy \q m- ns A y-]m-z-øn Imt\m-\nI ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss Hcp enãv blq-z- m-cpss Hcp Iu kn Xøm-dm- n-b-xmbn ]et mgpw ]cs Adn-b-s -Sp- p. bym -Øn B ]pkvx-i-ßƒ Fgp-X-s - -bp-ss\ Xs Ah Imt\m-\n- I-ambn AwKo-I-cn- s - -h-bm-bn-cp- p. Bcw`w apxse sszh-`bhpw hnth-n-\-i-gnhpw D blq-z- m sszh \nizmkob-amb sszh-h-n\w AwKo-I-cn- n-cp p. F ncp- mepw Nne ]pkvx-i-ßsf snm n X w \ne \n ncp- p. (DZm: Ftÿ,-k-`m-{]-kw-Kn,-D-Ø-a-Ko-Xw) blq-z- m ]g-b-\n-b-asø aq p `mk-ß-fmbn XcwXncn p txmd(-\ym-b-{]-am-ww), {]hm-n-i- m (ap ]p -h-cpw ]n ]p- hcpw), Fgp-Øp-Iƒ 3 ]g-b-\nb-a-ønse Nne ]pkvx-i-ßƒ DZm-l-c-W-ambn, Zm\n-tb {]h-n\ ]pkvxiw F p-sim v {]hm-ni ]pkvxi KW-Øn s Sp-ØmsX Fgp-Øp-IfpsS Iq -Øn Dƒs -Sp-Øn-sb v hni-z-am- p ]e kn m- -ßfpw D v. c m-asø hn`m-k-amb {]hm-n-i- m-cpss KW-Øn

14 ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw Dƒs -Sp-Øm Ign-bmØ \ne-bn hfsc sshin-bmwv Zm\n-tb Xs ]pkvxiw F-gp-Xn-bXv F pw Cu ]pkvxiw FgpXp- -Xn\p ap ]p-xs c mw hn`mkw Imt\m-\n-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn p Ign- n-cp- p-sh- p-ap- Xv Hcp km[m-cw DXv]-XnjvWp Bi-b-amWv (Zm-\ntb ]pkvx-i-øns apj-hpcimwp-i). bmym-ÿn-xni Nn {]Imcw Zm\n-tb HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Hcp {]hm-n- I-\- m-bn-cp- p, F m Hcp {]h-n\w Fgp-Xp-hm X hæw sszh-øm D]-tbm-Kn- -s Hcp h mhmbncp p At±-lw. AXp-sIm- mwv Zm\n-tb-ens ]pkvxiw aq mw hn`m-k-øn tn -s - n-cn- p- -Xv. Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS ÿm\sø B{i-bn- mwv aqhn[ hn`m- K-ßƒ \n Æ-bn- -s - n-cn- p- -sx v tum.-sa-dn.c. A K ]Tn- n- p. 4 CXv bmym-ÿn-xn-ihpw (R-ßƒ hniz-kn- p- p) icnbm-bn p Xp-amb ImgvN- m-smwv. ]cn-ip- hpw sszho- I-hp-amb B[n-Im-cnIX Db Øn- m-wn- p-isb hy -amb Dt±-i-tØm-sS-bmWv ]g-b-\n-ba ]pkvx-i-ßƒ Fgp-X-s - -Xv. AXp-sIm- v Ah-bpsS Bhn `m-h-k-abw apx Xt Imt\m-\n-I-XzØns ap{z AXp ssih-is -SpØnbncp- p. Ime \n Æ-b-Øn-t -tbm, D -S- - Ønse hyxym-k-ß-fp-ts-tbm, sszhoi {]tnm-z-\-ønep G - p-d- n-ens bsn-ÿm-\-øntem A adn v, Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS HutZym-Kn-I-ÿm\hpw ]Z-hnbpw ASnÿm-\-am- n-bmwv aq p hn`m-k-ß-fmbn ]g-b-\n-b-asø Xncn- n-cn- p- -Xv.5 \q m- p-i-fmbn s]mxpsh AwKo-I-cn- -s - ncp Xns\ bym -Øn Dd- n- -bm-bn-cp- p. \ΩpsS Imt\m HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn Iu kn snbvx-xv. Iu kn ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss ] n-i-b adn v {]tnm-znx ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss ] n-i-bmwv Xøm-dm- n-b- Xv. F{_mb ]gb \nb-a-ønse aq p hn`m-k-ß-fn-tebpw ]pkvx-i-ßsf B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn IW- m- p-ibpw I Ømhv k -km-[m-cw D -cn- bpw snbvxn- p- v F hkvxpx {InkvXm-\n-Isf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw hfsc {]m[m-\y-a ln- p Imcy-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v eqt m.24:27;44; 4 mw ASn- p-dn v F nh ImWp-I. AXn-ep-]cn, At m-{in^m F -dn-b-s -Sp ]pkvx-iß-fn \n pw I Ømhv Hcn- epw D m-c-wniƒ FSp- Øp-]-tbm-Kn- n- n-. III. At m {In^ Ing- bmym-ÿn-xni k`-ifpw, tdma ItØmen m k`-ifpw s{]m -Ã v ss nƒ hnzym n-i-fpsa mw 260 A ym-bßtfmsp-iqsnb, s]mxpsh 6 Ct mgp {Ia-a-\p-k-cn v 27 ]pkvx-i-ß-f-s-ßnb ]pxn-b-\n-ba-im-t\m AwKo-I-cn- n- p- v. ]g-b-\n-b-a-tøm-sp _ -Øn CXv IqSp-X k o Æ-am-Wv. s{]m -Ã p-imcpw blq-z- mcpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns D -S- sø AwKo-I-cn- p- p. (F m Ing- bmymÿn-xn-icpw tdma ItØm-en- cpw7. ]e blqz Ncn{X ]pkvx-i-ßfpw ]Zy-ßfpw Gs -Sp- p-ibpw AXns\ Ah Bh Ø\ Imt\m\nIw F p hnfn- bpw snøp- p. (c mw Imt\m F w hcp Uyqs tdm Imt\m-\n- F {Ko p-]-z-am-w-hnss D]-tbm-Kn ncn- p- -Xv). s{]m Ã pimcpw blq-zcpw AXns\ At m- {In-^ F p hnfn- p p. (a-d ncn p- Xv F w hcp {Ko p-]-zw).8 F{_mb ss n-fn-ep 24 ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss D - S w AtX-t]mse IyXy-ambn Ct m-gp Inßv spbnwkv9, \ypinßv spbnwkv `mjm- -c-ß-fnepw icnbmb a p s{]m -Ã v `mjm- -c-ß-fn-ep-ap 39 ]pkvx- I-ß-fn DƒsIm- n- n- p- v. F{_mb ]pkvx-i-ønse ]e-]p-kvx-i-ßƒ H n p tn Ø-Xn-\m-emWv ]pkvx-iß-fpss FÆ-Øns Imcy-Øn hyxymkw h n-cn- p- -Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn iap-th-ens c p ]pkvx-i-ßfpw cmpm - m-cpss c p ]pkvx-i-ßfpw Zn\-hr-Øm- ßfpw tn v Bdv ]pkvx-i-ßƒ \ΩpsS ss n-fnep- -t mƒ F{_mb ss n-fn AXp tihew aq p ]pkvx-i-ß-fm-bn- mwv simsp-øn-cn- p- -Xv. AXpt]mse 12 t]cpss ]pkvxiw F t]cn Hscm ]pkvx-i-ambn mwv sndnb {]hm-n-i- m Adn-b-s -Sp- -Xv. blq-z- m ax-]-c-amb ]pkvx-i-ßƒ thsd ]expw Fgp-Xn-bncp p, Ah-bn NneXv F{_mb `mj-bn t]mep-a- m-bn-cp- p. ]t Ah-sb mw Ah sszh-\nizm-ko-b-ambpw B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp- -Xp-ambpw Icp-Xn-bncp- n-. Ah-bn NneXv, ]g-b-]p-xnb \nb-a-ßƒ n-sbnse Ncn-{X-ßƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp H pw c pw a m-_n-bcpw, Imt\m-\n-I-a- mø ÿm\sø shfn- - Sp-Øp-hm hmbn-t h am{x-am-bn-cp s_ B v Zn {UmKWpw BWp. Aßs\ Fgp-X-s blqz ]pkvx-i-ß-fn Xosc hne-a-xn- møh kyqsu]n{km^v F -dn-b-s -Sp- p. (hymp Fgp-Øp-Iƒ F -Xn-\p {Ko p ]Z-am-Wn-Xv); IqSmsX Aev]w IqSn taø-c-am-b-hsb At m-{in^ F pw hnfn- p- p. ]pcm-x\ blq-z- m-cnepw {InkvXym-\n-I-fnepw Nne, {]txy-in v CuPn]v nse m\-hm-zn-iƒ ta -d ]pkvx-i-ß-fn NneXp IqsS Dƒs -Sp-Ønb Hcp henb Imt\m AwKo-I-cn- p. tdmanse _nj- m-bn-cp Uamk-kv, At m-{in^ ]pkvx-i-ßƒ eøo `mj-bn-te v hnh Ø\w snøphm ]WvUn-X-\mb hnip sptdm-an-t\msv Bh-iy-s - -t mƒ {]Xn-tj-[-tØmsS am{x-amwv At±-l-aXp snbvx- Xv. Xs F{_mb ss nƒ X\n v icn-bmw-hæw Adn-bm-hp- Xp sim pw Ah blqz Imt\ms B[nImcnI `mk-ß-f F -Xp-sIm- p-amwv Aßs\ sntø- n-h- -Xv.F n-cp- mepw Ah-bpsS c mw \nc ]Zhn a\- n-em- nb Xm Cu ]pkvx-i-ßsf eøo hƒtk- n\p th n hnh Ø\w snbvxp. tdma ItØm-

]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw 15 en m `mjm- -c-ß-fmb \yq Ata-cn- ss nƒ, Pdp-itew ss nƒ, FIyp-an-\n- `mjm- -c-ß-fmb \yq Cw ojv ss nƒ, Zn dnsshkvuv Cw ojv ss nƒ, Zn \yq dnsshkvuv Ãm tu Uv th j F o `mjm- -c-ß-fn Ah ImW-s -Sp- p- v. FXn \ho-i-cw Imew (1500- -I-fpsS)10 htcbpw tdma ItØm-en k` At m-{in-^sb HutZym-Kn-Iambn Imt\m-\nI ]pkvx-i-ß-fmbn AwKo-I-cn- n-cp- n-. acn- -h p-th- n-bp {]m -\-t]m-se-bp AhcpsS Nne ]Tn- n- -ep-iƒ At m-{in-^-bn ImWp- - Xp-sIm- mwv høn- m Iu kn At m-{in-^sb Imt\m-\n-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn- p-hm Hcp ImcWw kxy- Øn At m-{in^ {InkvXob D]-tZ-i-ßƒ p tbmpn- p- X adn v blqz kmln-xyhpw Ncn-{Xhpw am{x-am- W-Xv. F{_mb Imt\m-\nse sszh-\n-iz-k-\o-b-x-bp ]pkvx-i-ß-fn icn-bmb Hcp-d v D mb tijw sszh \niz-k-\o-b-a- mø Cu ]pkvx-i-ßƒ kmwkv m-cni, Ncn{X ImgvN- m-sn \n p-sim v hmbn- p- Xp {]tbm- P\ {]Z-am-bn-cn- pw. IV. {KŸ-I Ømhv ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns sszhoi Fgp-Øp-Imc ]cn-ip- m-flm-hmwv. Ah tamsi,f{km, sbi-ømhv F nh-tcbpw Adn-b-s -SmØ a p Fgp-Øp-Im-tcbpw Xs am -\n t±-i-{]-imcw Fgp-Xp-hm t{]cn- n- p. ]gb \nba ]pkvx-i-ßƒ Df-hm- -s - Xv Fß-s\-bmWv F tnmzy-øn-\p DØ-a-hpw icn-bmb-xp-amb Adnhv Cc- - {K-Ÿ-I Øy-Xz-ambn Adn-b-s -Sp- psh p- XmWv. ]gb-\n-baw `mko-i-ambn am\p-jo-ihpw `mkn-i-ambn sszho- I-hp-a, adn v AXv ]q Æ-ambpw am\p-joiambn-cn- ptºmƒ Xt ]q Æ-ambpw sszho-i-hp-am-wv. bmsxmcp sx pw hcp-øm-sx-bn-cn-t - -Xn\v am\p-jni LS-Ißsf sszhoi LSIw kq n- p. XXv^-e-ambn CXns {]mcw` Isø-gpØp {]Xn-I-fn bmsxmcp sx p-an- m-bncp- p. Pohn- p hn-\-amb \ΩpsS I Øm-hmb tbip- {InkvXphns c p kz`m-h-ßƒ (a-\p-jy-xzhpw sszh- Xz-hpw) Fgp-X-s hn-\-øn\v \s mcp D]-am-\-am-Wv. Nne bh-\mb si p-i-y-i-fn ]dbpw t]mse tbip I Ømhv `mko-i-ambn a\p-jy\pw `mkoi-ambn sszh-hpam-bn-cp- n ; adn v, Htc kabw Xt ]q Æ a\p-jy\pw ]q Æ sszh-hp-am-bn-cp- p. am\p-jo-i-kz-`m-h-{]-imcw bmsxmcp hn[-ønepw ]m]w snøp- -Xnt\m sx p snøp- -Xnt\m sszhoi kz`mhw A\p-h-Zn- n-cp- n-. V. Fgp-Xnb Imew GI-tZiw Ac \q m v (50-100) sim v Fgp-X-s ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn \n pw hyxy-kvx-ambn ]g-b-\n-baw Ipd ] w Hcp kl-{km_vzw sim mwv (G-ItZiw 1400-400 BC) FgpXn ]q Øn-bm- n-bxv. ] -{K- Ÿ-ßtfm (1400.BC) Ctøm-_ns ]pkvx-itam (Imew A m-x-amwv; F m CXnse D -S- -Øns ] møew \ymb-{]-amww \ I-s -Sp- -Xn\v ap ]p Ime-L- -Øn-te-Xm-sW v shfn-hm- p p) BWv BZyw Fgp-X-s - -Xv. tbmiph apx iap-th hsc-bp ]pkvx-i-ßƒ {]hm-k-øn\v (G-I-tZiw 600BC)ap ]v Fgp-Xn-sb pw hnem-]-ßfpw sbl-kvti {]h-n-\hpw {]hmk Ime- L- -Ønepw Zn\-hy-Øm -ßƒ, l m-bn, skj-cym-hv,-aemjn (400 BC) -apx-em-bh {]hm-k-ti-jhpw Fgp- Xnsb p Icp-X-s -Sp- p. VI. D -S w s{]m -Ã v `mjm- -c-ß-fnse {Ia-a-\p-k-cn v ]g-b- \n-b-aøns D -S- sø Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w Npcp n kw{k-ln mw. ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Dev]Øn apx Bh Ø\w hsc Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ 12 tbmiph apx Ftÿ hsc Imhy-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Ctøm_v apx DØ-a-KoXw hsc {]hm-n-i- m sbi-ømhv apx aemjn hsc _nen-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia n-dn-bn AX-Xns A\p-tbm-Py-amb t]pp-i-fn Cu \mep {][m\ `mkßƒ pw {]txyiw {]txyiw apj-hpc Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. ]pxn-b-\n-baw kw_- n- p ]q Æ-amb shfn- mspw AsXm-sSm w Cu ]pkvx-i-ßsf Ipdn v \s mcp {Kmlyhpw e`n- p Hcp {InkvXym-\n kie k {]hy- Øn-I-fnepw XnI- -h-\mbn Xocpw AXp-t]m-se-bmbn Xocp-hm _n.-_n.kn (_n-enthgvkv ss nƒ Ia n) At\Iw hnizm-kn-iƒ v klm-b-am-bn-øo-c-s -sb- mwv Rß-fpsS {]m \. VII. `mj-iƒ 1. F{_mb `mj :- - sk-an- niv 13 D m-c-w-tømsp _ - s Acm-ay-`m-j-bn-ep Nne `mk-ß-sfm-gnsi ]g-b-\nbaw F{_mb `mjbnemwv Fgp-X-s - -Xv. sszhw Xs hn-\-øns BZy-`m-K-Øn-\p-th n G hpw A\ptbmPyamb Hcp apjm- ncw D]-tbm-Kn p hnizm-kn-isf AXv`pXs -Sp-Øp- n-. sszhw D]-tbm-Kn B `mj h Æ- Ønepw `mjm-ssi-en-sim pw D -X-am-Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a- Øn DƒsIm- n- n-cn- p sszh \nizm-k-\o-amb \nba-ßƒ (] -{K-Ÿßƒ), Imhy-ßƒ, Fgp-Øp-Iƒ F nh-bpss cn-\bv v B `mj-bmwv D]-tbm-Kn- n- p- -Xv. F{_mb `mj ]qcm-x\ `mj-i-fn-sem- mwv.f- nepw GXm v A p-xm-h-l-amb \ne-bn B[p\nI 14 bn{kmtbens ssz\w-zn\ kwkm-c-`m-j-bmbn ]p\-cp- -cn- -s - Xv CXp am{x-am-wv. Bcw-`-Øn hy -\m- -c-ßƒ am{xw D]-tbm-Kn p he-øp-\n pw CS-tØm- mwv F{_mb `mj Fgp-Xp- -

16 ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw Xv. F m CXp hmbn p -h Xs `mjm ]mwvun- Xy-a-\p-k-cn v kzcm- -c-ßƒ tn Øv CXp hmbn- p. {]hniy-i-fpss hyxym-khpw 15 cmpy-ß-fp-tsbpw \q m- p-i-fptsbpw hyxym-khpw {][m-\-ambpw kzcm- -c-ß-fn h p-sh- nepw, \q m- p-i-fmbn Cu `mj hmbn- Ø- Xmbn Xo Xns Imc-Whpw api-fn ]d- -Xp-Xs. sszh-øns t]cp-ifpw 16 a pw D -cn- p- Xv AXnhn-ip- -ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp- -Xn-\m, Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn, AXns am Pn-\n AXv Fß-s\bmWv hmbn-t - sx v Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp- p. \q m- p-i-fmbn tami-sa v IW- m- -s n p- - hm p-iƒ pw, tim nsbgpxp- h hcp-øp sx p-iƒ pw api-fn {]kvxm-hn coxnbmwv Ah-ew-_n- m-dp-f-f-xv. BZna {InkvXob \q m- p-i-fn blqz ]WvUn-X- m atkm-sd-s kv Fgp-t p F p ]d-bp-am-bn-cp- p. (]m-c-º-cy-øn-\p F{_mb ]Z-Øn \n pw h -Xv). F{_mb `mj {]Nm-c-ep-]vX-ambn Xocp- p-sh p I n v hnip ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns icn-bmb hmb\ \ne-\n Øm- \m-{k-ln p sim v, IpØp-Ifpw sndnb hc-ifpw A c-ß-fpss api-fnepw AIØpw {][m-\-ambn Xmsgbpw CSp k o Æ-amb i_vtzm- m-cw kwhn-[m\w Ah I p ]nsn- p.hm p-i-fpss kzoim-cy-amb i_vtzm- mcww Adn-bn- p- Xn\v 22 F{_mb hy \m- -c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p- p. Cw ojv, {^ v, P Ω XpS-ßnb A -c-ß-tf- mfpw ]pcm-x-\-amb Cu kzcm- c kqn\ C pw hfsc imkv{xo-bhpw IyXy-\n-jvT-X-bp Xpam- Ip- p. hyxykvx A -ß-fp- m- p ]e kzcm- -c-ßƒ tn Øv Hcp hn`mkw hy -\m- -c-ßƒ hmbn- p-hm Ign-bp-sa- p- Xv hy -\m- -c-ßfn Fgp-X-s - n-cn- p ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns hmb\m coxn {]iv\-k- o Æam n Xo p- p. F m-bvt mgpw As - nepw km[mcwbmbn, GXm v bym -Øn icn-sb v AX- Xns ] m-ø-ew a\- n-em- n-ø-cpw. Cu {]Xn-`mkw sim mwv D Øn ]pkvx-i-øn \n pw hn`n- -ambn Zn\-hy-Øm ]pkvx-i-øn-ep (I-a -dn-im-wp-i) t]cp- I-fnse A -c-ßƒ p am -ap- -Xv. F mw IW- n-se-sp-øm, Fß-s\-bm-bmepw ]c- º-cm-K-X-tam, atkm-sd- niv Fgp-Øp-Itfm Gdn-b-] pw icnbmw hn[w kq n- -s - n-cn- p p F p-im-wmw. sszh-h-n-\tøm-sp blq-z- m-cpss henb _lp-am-\- Øns Pohn- p Hcp AS-bm-f-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp {]iv\w D -bn-søv icn-bm-bxv sxc-s -Sp- phm ]pcm-x\ `mjm- -c-ßƒ ( m Kw-kv,-sk-]v z-pn v,-hƒtk v) ]et mgpw klm-b-i-ambn Xocp- p. 20- mw \q m- ns a y- Øn Nmhp-I-S Npcp-fp-Iƒ F{_mb thz-]p-kvx-i- Øn\v IqSp-X Bi-b-ßƒ \ In; {]txy-in v atkmsd- n v ]pkvx-i-øns IyXyX Dd- m- p- -Xn\v klmb-i-ambn Xo p. F{_mb `mj eøo `mj-bn-te v hnh Ø\w snbv-xn-cn- p- -Xn-t\- mƒ IqSp-X `wkn-bmbn Cw njn-te v ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. AXn-\m ]gb \nbaw Cw n-jn hmbn- p- Xv IqSp-X `mky-i-c-am- Wv. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v 16- mw \q m- nse henb \ho-icw ]cn-`m-j-i-\mb hneyw Sn su-bnepw Aßs\ kqnn- n- n- p- v. ]gb \nb-a-øns {]mcw` `mk-ß-fnse Sn su-bnens ASpØ ]n Km-an-bpsS hnh Ø\w ASn-ÿm-\- am- n-bmwv _n.-_n.kn Xøm-dm- -s - n-cn- p- -Xv. D Øn apx Zn\-hr-Øm- -ßƒ hscbpw Nne ]Zy]pkvX-I-ßfpw {]hm-ni hn`m-khpw Xs ax-t{zm-l- p w NpaØn NnX- p- n-bn (1536) Xosh v sim p- -Xn\p aptº FgpXn Xo p-hm X\n p Ign- p. At±lw XpS-ßn-h ]gb \nb-a-øns cn\ a p Nne ]q Ønbm- p-ibpw 1611- se Inßv spbnwkv `mjm- -c-øn AXns\ ]pxp- p-ibpw snbvxp. AXn\p tijw Cu ASpØ ImeØv 1982- \yqinßv spbnwkv `mjm- -cambn AXv ]pd-øn-d- n. 2. Acmay-`mj :- F{_mb `mjsbt mse Acm-ay- `m-jbpw skan- niv `mjbmwv, ]t am\y-amb H m- WXv; IqSmsX ]pcm-x\ temi-øn \q m- p-i-fmbn k -km-[m-c-w-ambn kwkm-cn- n-cp `mj-bm-wxv. F{_m-b-`mj blq-z- msc kw_- n- n-s-tømfw \n o-h-ambn Xo t mƒ F{_mb `mj-bp-ambn hfsc ASp- -ap Acm-ay-`m-j-bn ]g-b-\n-baw hymjym- \n-t - -Xmbn h p. F{_mb `mjtbmssm w \mw tn Øn-cn- p FgpØp {]Xn _n.kn 400- Acm-ay- `mjbn \n pw IS-sa-SpØv C sø F{_mb `mjm ]Tn-Xm- ƒ v kp]-cn-nn-x-amb Be- m-cni kziz-b A -c-ß-fn hni-kn- n-s -Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv.17 F{_mb `mj-sb- p-dn v api-fn {]kvxm-hn an hmdpw F m hkvxpxifpw ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns Acm-ay- `m-j-bn-ep `mk-ßƒ pw A\z -Iam-Wv. _m_ntemwy {]hm-k-øn\pw AXn\p tij-ap bn{km-tbens PmXn-I-fmb Ab m-cp-am-bp _ sø Ipdn- mwv {][m-\-ambpw Cu `mk-ßƒ hfsc Npcp- -ambn hnh-cn- p- -sx v a\- n-em- mw.18 VIII. hnh Ø\w At\Iw ]cn-`m-j-i-fm (H-cp-]t hf-sc-b-[niw) A\p-{K-ln- -s - -XmWv Cw ojv `mj. F n-cp- mepw ]pxn-b-\n-b-asø At]- n v hfsc Ipd p hnh Ø-\- ß-fmWv ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-\p- -Xv. Cu hnh Ø-\-ßsf s]mxpsh \membn Xcw-Xn-cn- mw. 1. hfsc A -co-i-am-b-xv. 1882 se sp.-f.-um _n-bpss ]pxnb `mjm- cw (]p-xn-b-\n-baw hfsc t\c-tø-xs snbvxn-cp- p), 1881 se Cw ojv dnsshkvuv `mjm cw, CXns Atacn- ]Xn- v, 1901- se Ata-cn- Ãm tu Uv `mjm- cw F n-h-sb mw hfsc A -co-i-am-bn- p- -Xm-Wv. Icp-X-temsSbp ]T-\-Øn\v Ah klm-b-i-am-bn-cp-s -

]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-s\mcp Bap-Jw 17 nepw, Bcm-[-\bv pw, s]mxp-hm-b-\-bv pw, a\:]mtam- p- -Xn\pw Ah {]tbm-p-\-{]-z-am-bn-cp- n-. Sn sub-ens Inßv spbnwkv ]mc-ºcyw {]tbm-p-\-{]-z-am-bncp- Xn\m hnizm-kn-i-fn Hcp Iq CXns sfizcyhpw aln-abpw Dt]- n- n-cp- n-. 2. A\p-Iqe XØp-eyX F{_mb {Ko p-`m-j-iƒ A[nI-ambn D]-tbm-Kn p sim p XnI pw A -co-i-amb hnh Ø-\-ß-fmsW- nepw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw \ ssien-bnepw `mjm- ]m-wvun-xyønepw hnh Ø\w snøp- -Xn-\p kzmx{ yw si.-sp.-hn, B.-F-kv.-hn, F.-F.-F-kv.-_n, F.-sI.-sP.-hn, apx-em-bh Dƒs -ss-bp F m ]cn- `m-j-iƒ pw e`n- n-cp- p. ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn s]mxpsh hnizm-ky-x-bp B.-F-kv.-hn-ss_-_nƒ, anin-ssli {]h-n-\-ßsf Dt -J\w snbvxn- p ]g-b-\n-b-a-hp-ambn \n `m-ky-h-im IqSp-X _ -s - p-\n p- -Xm-Wv. A]-I-S-I-c-amb Cu {]h-wx, ap Im-e-ß-fn Adn-bs - n-cp ]WvUn-X- m-cm-bn-cp Nne-cpsSbnS-bn t]mepw C p- v. hfsc at\m-l-c-amb (F- m {][m- \-s - ) si.-sp.-hn.bv pw C sø `mjm {]tbm-k- Øn\pw CS-bv p- Xpw, Zo,Zu F o `mjm {]tbm-kßƒ Hgn-hm nbn p- -Xp-amb hfsc \s mcp ]cn-`m-jbmbn CXv IW- m- -s -Sp- p.-f.-si.-sp.-hn.-tbmsp IqSp-X kmay-ap- -XmWv _n.-_n.-kn19 3. i -amb XØp-eyX XØp-ey-X-c-Øn-ep kw]q Æ hnh Ø-\-tØ- mƒ Cu Xc-Øn-ep- -hbv v IqSp-X kzmx{ yw D v. hmb- \- m v AXns\ Ipdn p {Kln- phm Ign-bp- n-stømfw aqey-ap kmt -XnI coxnb-bn ]cm-h Ø\w snøp-hm Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn bxv\n- n- p- v. F.-C._n bpw F.-sF.hn bpw sbcp-itew ss n-fpw Cu hn`m- K-Øn s]sp- p. tamsibpw sbi-ømhpw C v Fgp-Xnbn-cp-s - n (AXpw Cw o-jn ), apgp-h Nn -Isfbpw Htc LS-\-bn hbv p coxn Ah-ew-_n- pam-bn-cp- p. bmym-ÿn-xn-i-ambn snø-s - -t mƒ Cu coxn {]tbm-p-\-i-camb Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-t mw. Cu coxn-iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p ]e hnh Ø-Icpw sszhimkv{x ho -W-Øn Ab-hp hcmbn Xocp p F p Xm-Wn-Xns A]-I-Sw. 4. `mhm hnh-cww Hcp `mhm hnh-cww hmiy-ßsf Nn -I-fmbn ]I-cp- -Xn\v {ian- p- p. F n-cp- mepw, ]e-im-cy-ßfpw AtXm-sSm w Iq n-t p- -Xn\v CXv F m-bvt mgpw henb kzmx{ yw ImWn- p p hm p-i-fm-ip-tºmƒ aqe-{k-ÿ-øn \n pw AI kw`-hn- p- p-sh Imc-W-Øm AanX hymjym-\-ßƒ hcp- p-sh- p Hc-]-ISw CXn-\p- v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, hfsc \ coxnbn N -sn-ø-s -Sm-hp At\Iw hymjym-\m-fli Xocp-am-\-ßƒ kphn-ti-jm-\p-km-c-ambn \ne-hm-c-ap enhnßv ss n-fn-ep- v. Hcp Xmc-X-ay ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Ipd ] w CØ-c- Øn-ep ss nsf nepw D Xp \ -Xm-Wv. A\p-Iqe XØp-ey-X-bp- -txm, ]q Ætam Bb `mjm- -c-amwv _n.-_n.-kn. t]mep hni-zamb ss nƒ ]T-\-Øn\v Gsd kpc- n-x-am-b-xv. IX. sszh-\n-izm-ko-bx Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw kmt -Xn-I-ambpw Ipg p adn Cu hni-zo-i-c-w-ß-fpss a y-øn, henb Cw ojv _m]v nãv {]kw-k-i-\m-bn-cp Nmƒkv lmu kv] Ps hm p-iƒ \mw Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-k-wn- p- Xp \ m-bn-cn- pw. Cu hmeyw Pohn- p sszh-øns Fgp-ØmWv: k -i- n-bp hnc-ep-iƒ sim mwv Hmtcm A chpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p- Xv; CXnse Hmtcm hm p-ifpw \nxy-amb A[-c-ß-fn \n pw how-xm-wv, Hmtcm hmn- I-ßfpw ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn ]d- p-sim-sp- -s - n- p- - Xm-Wv. F nepw tamsi D z-e-amb Xs t]\ sim v Xs Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xp-hm \ntbm-kn- -s - -t mƒ, sszhw Xs t]\sb \nb-{ n- p. ZmhoZv Xs In -c- Øn sxm - -t mƒ Xs hnc-ep-i-fn \n pw kwko-x- Øns am[p-cy-k- o Ø\w Hgp-In-h p F m Xs kph Æ In -c-øns Poh-\p Iºn-I-fn sszhw Xs Ic-ßƒ Nen- n- p. kvt\l-øns elp kvtxm{x-km\w item-tam Be-]n- -t mgpw BXy- n- I-amb m\-øns hm p-iƒ Dcp-hn- -t mgpw sszhw Xs A[-c-ßsf \nb-{ n- p-ibpw k`m-{]-kw-knsb hmivnm-xp-cy-ap h\m nøo p-ibpw snbvxp. Rm CSn-ap-g- -Øns \lq-ans\ ]n ]- p- p-sh- n AXp Xs IpXn-c-Iƒ sh -ßsf Xncn- p-a-dn- p-tºmƒ; AYhm l_q- n-s\-sb- n, A\ -Øn Iqims IqSmcw Xm I -t mƒ;rm amemjn hmbn- p-s - n Hcp Nqf-t]mse `qan IØp-tºmƒ;... CXv sszh-øns i_vz-amwv; a\p-jy-t -X ; Ch \nxy\pw, AZy-iy-\pw. k -i- \pw Cu `qan-bpss btlm-h-bp-am-ip sszh-øns hm p-i-fm-wv. 20

] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw

21 ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw B[p-\oI hna i\w hnip- -Xn-cp-sh-gp-Ønse an -hmdpw F m ]pkvx-i-ß-fp-tsbpw ASn-Ød txm p- -Xn\pw Ahsb B{I-an- p- -Xn\pw DZy-an- n- p- v. F m Zm\n-tb {]h-n-\-tøm-sp mb{x hna i\w ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-tfmSp ImWn- p-hm H pw ss[cy-s - n- n-... tbip-hns\ sszh-ambns -t]mse a\p-jy-\mbpw Gs -Sp-Øn- p F m-h pw th n-bp tnmzyw {InkvXp-hns A[n-Imcw Xocp-am-\n- n- p v F hnim-ehpw Bghpw \n Æm-b-I-hp-amb hkvxp-x-bn-t \ap v Dd p \n mw. hneyw si n. sszh-h-n-\-øn\p samø-øn AXym- m-t]- n-x-amb Hcp apj-hp-c-bmwv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ. ]n osv shfn-hm- -s -Sp- -hbv p th n CXv hmxn Xpd- bpw hnzq-c-øn-se- nepw Xo -bmb \ΩpsS {]Xymi-bpsS ]q Øo-I-c-W-Øn-te v CXv F m-bm-t mgpw \sω \bn- p-ibpw snøp p. kmap-th dnuu v sszhoi shfn- m-sns ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Hcp `mkw ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fm-b-Xn-\m,tam-si-bpsS ]pkvx- I-ßƒ Hmtcm- ns\ Ipdn pw Fgp-Xp- -Xn\p ap ]v CXns\ Ipdn v samø-øn Nne hkvxp-x-iƒ Fgp-Xp-hm Rßƒ B{K-ln- p- p. 1. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS t]cp-iƒ thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse BZysØ A p ]pkvx-i-ßsf-bmwv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ F p hnf- p- -Xv. BZn-a-Ime-L- -Øn C -søt mse _p ns cq]-øn (Codex) A m-bn-cp p adn v Npcp-fp-Ifmbn Dd-cq-]-Ønep ]m{x-ß-fnemwv Ah kq n- n-cp- -Xv. CØcw Npcp-fp-Isf {Ko n "Spt mbv' F p hnfn- ncp- p. Cßs\-bp A p Npcp-fp-Iƒ v {Ko n s] m-sp-t mkv F mwv ]d-bp- -Xv. B hm n \n mwv s] m-sp v AYhm ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ F hm p- m-b-xv. blq-z- m ] {KŸsØ txmdm F mwv kqnn- n- n-cp- -Xv. (F-{_mb `mj-bn txmdm F -Xn\v \nbaw F pw \n t±iw F pw A w D v.) blq-z- m-cpss thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse AXn-{]-[m\ `mk-am-bn- mwv Ah IW- m- s ncp- -Xv. -tamsi-bpss ]pkvx-i-ßƒ F mwv Chbv v s]mxpsh simsp-øn-cn- p aq m-asø t]cv. ] -{K- Ÿ-Øns tamssii {KŸ-I Xy-XzsØ \ntj-[n- p hs- bqtdm-]y cmpy-ß-fnse thz-]p-kvx-i-øn- Ch D Øn, ]pd- msv F o-ßs\ \ma-i-cww snøs -SmsX tami-bpss H mw ]pkvx-iw, tami-bpss c mw ]kvxiw F pw a pw Adn-b-s -Sp Xv XnI pw Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-k-am-wv. {Ko nse AcnXvtambv F pw eøo-\nse \yqsadn F p-ap hm p-i-fpss Cw ojv ]cn-`m-jsb \tºgvkv (kw-jym-]p-kvx-iw)-h-gnsi ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse _m nbp ]pkvx-i-ßƒs mw ]g-b-\n-b-a-øns {Ko v ]cn-`m-jbmb sk]v z-pn nse \ma-ßƒ Xs BwK-teb A -c-ß-fnepw D m-c-w-ønepw \mw D]- tbm-kn- p-h-cp- p.(-hm-tcm- n-t bpw A w a\- n-em-ti- -Xn\v _neothgvkv ss nƒ Ia ndn-bnse Hmtcm ]pkvx-ihpw hmbn- p-i.) F{_mb thz-]p-kvx-i-øn, Hmtcm ]pkvx-i- Ønt bpw BZysØ Nne hm p-i-sf-spøspømwv ]pkvx-i-øn\v t]cp \ In-bn-cp- -Xv. Aßs\ Dev]Øn ]pkvx-isø BZn-bn F w hcp s_scjnøv F p hnfn- p. 2. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS D -S w txmdm F ]Z-Øn\v F{_mb `mj-bn-ep A -ß-tf mƒ hfsc ]cn-nn-x-amb {]tbm-k-ßƒ am{x-amwv Cw o-jn tem (\nb-aw) F ]Z-Øn-\p- Xv. F nepw Cu ] -]p-kvx-i-k-w-øn-\p {]m[m- \y-xsb shfn-s -Sp-Øp G hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb t]cmwv {InkvXob D]-tbmKw kw_- n v ] -{K-Ÿßƒ p- -Xv. A. D Øn Bcw`w F -Xn-\p {Ko v hm v CXm-b-Xn-\m Dev]Øn F \ma-i-cww G hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse H m-asø ]pkvx-i-amb Dev]Øn ]pkvx-i-øn, {]] w,`qan,-a-\pjyh w, hnhm-lw, ]m]w, kxy-a-xw, PmXn-Iƒ, hnhn-[-`m-j-iƒ, Xnc-s - Sp- -s P\w F n-h-bp-ss-sb mw Bcw-`sØ Ipdn- mwv hnh-cn- ncn- p- -Xv. AXns BZysØ ]Xn-

22 ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw s\m v A ym-b-ß-fn kie a\p-jy-h -Øn-t bpw Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p p F m ]{ v apx A ]Xp hsc-bp A ym-b-ß-fn A{_lmw, bnklm- v, bmt m-_v, bmt m-_ns ]p{x- m F n-hcpss Ncn{Xw am{x-am n Npcp- n-bn-cn- p- p. B. ]pd- msv ]pd-s -SpI F -Xns {Ko mb Exodus (]pd msv ]pkvx-iw) an{kbo-an ^d-thms ASn-a-Ø-Øn Dugn-b-the snbvxn-cp A{_-lm-ans IpSpw_w \m\qdv h jw sim v Fßs\ Hcp PmXn-bmbn hf psh pw, ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n pw tami-bm Fßs\ Ah hnsp-hn- -s - p-sh pw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bncn- p- p. tami-bpss \nb-a-ß-fpw kam-k-a\ IqSm-csØ Ipdn- p kw n]vx hnh-c-ß-fp-amwv Cu ]pkvx-i- Øns c mw `mkw. C. tehy-]p-kvxiw tehy ]ptcm-ln-x- m p am -\n t±-i-{k-ÿ-amwv tehy-]pkvxiw AXn-\m-emWv Cu t]cv h n-cn- p Xpw. hnip- \mb sszh-hp-am-bp Iq mbvam _ -Øn\v ]m]n-i-fmb B Ime-L- -Ønse a\p-jy sntø- p AXym-hiy BNm-c-ßsf Ipdn- p hnhcw Cu ]pkvxiw \ Ip- p. {InkvXp-hns bmk-kw-_- -amb coxn-ifpw \ng-ep-ifpw CXn D -S w snbvxn- p- v. D. kwjym-]p-kvxiw CXns t]cv shfn-s -Sp-Øp- Xp t]mse-xs kwjym-]p-kvxiw bn{km-tb P\-Øns FÆw FSp- AY-hm- I-Ws Sp v shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. Cu ]pkvx-i-øns Bcw-`-Ønepw Ah-km-\-`m-KØpw C{]- Im-c-ap IW-s -Sp v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p v. bn{kmtb P\w acq-`q-an-bn-eqss {]bmww snbvx Ime-L- - Øn Ah-c-\p-`-hn Ncn{X {][m-\-ß-fmb kw`-hßfpss ]p\-c-h-tem-i\w kwjym ]pkvx-i-ønep -Xn- \m CXns F{_mb\ma-am-b s_an-uv_m ( acp`qanbn F w) hfsc Bi-b-kw-]p-jvS-am- Wv. E. Bh Ø\w c mw \nb-a-øns {Ko mb Uyq -tdm- Wan (Bh Ø-\w) \nb-aø-ns Hcm-h Ø-\-am-sW- nepw ]pxnb Xe-ap-dsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw tihew \nb-a-ßƒ ho pw ]d- p-sim-sp- p- -Xn-ep-]-cn-bmb Nne-Xm-WXv. tami-bpss ac-wsø Ipdn pw X\n- p-]- I-c-ambn Xs ]n Km-an-bmb tbmip-hsb \nb-an- p- - Xn-s\-Ip-dn pw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m XpS ph-cp Ncn{X ]pkvx-i-ßƒ v Cu ]pkvxiw Hcp IÆnbmbn \n p- p. {Kn^nØv txmakv hy hpw cxv\-np-cp- -hp-am-bp Xs km[m-cw ssien-bn tamsibpss ]pkvx-i-ßfpss D -S w kw_- n v Xmsg ]d-bpw-hn[w {]kvxmhn- p- p. sszhoi ax-øns temi-øn-te- p Ah-X-cWw kw_- n tcj-bm-wv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßfnse A p ]pkvx-i-ßƒ. sszhoi ] -Xn-I-fpsS Hcp L w hoxw Hmtcm ]pkvx-ihpw shfn-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah-sb mw H n v tn v bym sfiyx cq]-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snøp- p. Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw ax-øns Bcw-`sØ Ipdn pw AXns h m- -fmbn sszh-øm Xnc-s - Sp- -s P\sØ Ipdn pw ]d-bp- p. ]pd- msv ]pkvx- I-ØnemIs bn{km-tb P\w Hcp PmXn-bmbn cq]-s - Sp- -Xn-s\-Ip-dn pw B PmXn-bpambn sszhw _ w ÿm]n- -Xn-s\- p-dn pw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. Cu sszhoi _ w hnhn[ \ne-hm-c-øn \ne \n Ønt m- -Xns hnh-c-w-amwv tehy-]p-kvxiw \ Ip- -Xv. sszhoi axw shfn-hm- p-i-sb e y-tømss hmkvzø tziøv P\w Hcp-an p Pohn psh v AXn ImWn- p- p. Cu PmXn-bpsS ]cm-p-bsø Ipdn pw X ^-e-ambn ho pw tbmpn- - -s -Sp- -Xn\v t\cn Ime- Xm-a-ksØ Ipdn- p-w IqSn Cu ]pkvxiw shfn-s -S-Øp- p- v. kao-]-`m-hn-bn \S- p-hm-\n-cn- p hmkvzø tzi-øn-te- p {]th-i-\-øn\v AXns AXn Ønbn Bbn-cp- t mƒ Xs P\w Fßs\ Hcpßn F - Xn-t\bpw CXp shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p 2 3. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yx ]g-b-\n-baw apgp-h\pw bym -Øn thz-]p-kvxiw samø-øn, BZysØ Cu A p ]pkvx-i-ß-fn ASn-ÿm-\-s - n-cn- p- -Xn-\m shfn-s -Sp-Ø-s axtøm-sp _ -Øn Cu {KŸ-ßfpsS {]m[m-\yx AXn h Æ-\o-b-am-Wv. bp n-k-l-p-ambn Ahn-iz-kn- p Nn -I v Cu ]pkvxißfpss B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbnepw ka-{k-x-bn-epap hnizm-kyx ]cn-an-x-s -Sp-Øphm- Ign- m blq-z-a-x-øns D -h-ßƒ Ahy- - X-bpsS Bg- -S-en \jvs-s -Sp-hm CS-bm-Ipw. ]pxnb-\n-b-a-ønepw IqSmsX \ΩpsS hmgvø-s I Ømhp-X-s bpw tamsi-bpss ]pkvx-i-øn \n pw, AXv kxyhpw hniz-kn- p-hm tbmky-hp-am-sw- p \nebn FSp-Øp- -cn- n- p- -Xn-\m ta {]kvxm-hn Nn m-kxn \ΩpsS hnizm-ksø bmsxmcp hn[-ønepw _m[n- -bn-s v {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Nn n- -cp-xv. tum.-sa-dnƒ AwK hfsc I -i-amb \ne-bn CtX-Ip-dn v ]d- - p- v. shfn- -Sp-Ø-s F m kxyß-fp-tsbpw sszhoi hos -Sp- n ] -Xn-I-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\w ] -{KŸßfn ta B{i-bn- m-wn-cn- p- -Xv. Cu ASn-ÿm\w Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-am-sW- n thz- ]p-kvxiw apgp-h\pw B{ibn -Ø- -X-.3 4. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS cn-bn-xmhv F{km-bmWv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-b-sX v BZna {InkvXob Ime-L- -Øn Nne AwKo-I-cn- n-cp- -sxmgn- m blq-z-cmb {InkvXob bmym-ÿn-i-sc mw tami-

] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw 23 bmwv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-b-sX v \q m- p-i-fmbn AwKo-I-cn- n-cp p Aßs\ Xs C pw AwKo-I-cn- s -Sp- p. A. tamsi-bpss {KŸ-I XyXzw tamsi-bpss {KŸ-I Xy-XzsØ \ntj-[n- p tcjm- \njvt kn m w Npcp- -ambn ]cn-tim-[n- p- -Xn\p ap ]mbn tamsi-bpss {KŸ-{I Xy-XzsØ ÿnco-i-cn- p Nne sxfn-hp-iƒ \ap p t\m mw. 1. tamsi-bpss tbmky-x-iƒ Fgp-Xp coxn A -ph-tcbpw I p-]n-sn- -s - n- n- m-bn-cp- p, F -Xn-\m Cu {KŸcN\ XnI pw Akm- y-am-wv F p-]-d v 19- mw \q m- nse P Ω hna i- I-\m-bn-cp lm p-am tamsi-bpss {KŸ I Xy- XzsØ \ntj-[n- n- p- v. (A-ßs\ ]ecpw Nn n- n-cp- p). ]pcm-x\ F{_mb A -c-ß-fn-tem, an{k-boay Nn{X-en-]n-I-fn-tem, At -Un-b NXp-c-en-]n-I-fntem tamsi CXp Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- m-sa v ]pcm-hkvxp ]T\w shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-j-I CXp shfns -Sp-Øp- -Xn\p ap ]p-x-s As m.-{]-hy.7:22, hnizmkn-itfmsv ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv, tamsi an{k-bo-ay-cpss ki-e- m-\hpw A`y-kn p hm nepw {]hy-øn-bnepw ka -\m-bn-xo p F -t{x. tamsi ] -{KŸw FgpXn F v \mw ]d-bp-tºmƒ D -Øn-bnse Nne ]q -tc-j-iƒ Xm D]-tbm-Kn- p-sh v {Kln- mw. \q m- p-i-fnembn amdn h F{_mb en]n-i-fpss ASn-ÿm- \-Øn sszh-\n-izm-ko-b-amb ]{Xm-[n] ]pxp- CXn\p kw`-hn- n- p-s - p- Xpw AwKo-I-cn- m-hp- -Xm- Wv. Xo -bmbpw tamsi CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn mw F m Xm snbvxpsh v B hkvxpx sxfn-bn- p- n. Fßs\-bm-bn-cp- mepw blq-z-hn-izm-k-øns ]nxmhv F \ne-bn `mhn Xe-ap-d-bv p-th n sszhoi shfn- m-sns\ ÿnc-amb Hcp tcj-bm n Xm h n-cp- Xv Ahn-kva-c- Wo-b-amb Hcp hkvxp-x-bmwv Aßs\ sszhw Xt msv I n- n-cp- p. 2. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse sxfn-hp-iƒ ]e kµ `-ß-fn-embn sszh I \ {]Imcw tamsi- Fgp-Xn-sb v txmd- bnse hn-\-ßfn {]txy-i-ambn ]d- n-cn- p- p. DZm:]pd:17:14;24:4;34:27; kwjy33:2;bh:31:19 ImWp- I. 3. thz-]p-kvx-i-]-c-amb a p sxfn-hp-iƒ thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse a p sszh-h-n\ `mk-ßfpw tamsi-bpss {KŸ-I Xy-XzsØ AwKo-I-cn- p- p- v. DZm.-tbmip:1:7; 1 cmp. 2:3; ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn eqt m. 24:44; 1sIm-cn.9:9 F nh ImWp-I. 4. {InkvXp-hns km yw tamsi-bpss ] -{KŸ I XyXzw tbip AwKo-I-cn- p-sh- p h-kvxpx {InkvXym-\n-Isf kw_- n nstømfw Cu hnj-b-øn-\p Hcp ]cn-lm-c-am- Wv. tbip Xs a\p-jy-xz-øn imkv{xw, Ncn{Xw F nh-bn A -\m-bn-cp- p-sh txm, AYhm \ mbn Adn- n pw, Xs \m p-im-cpss A X, ap hn[n F n-h-bp-ambn Xs -Øs A\p-c- n- n- p-sh- txm hnizm-kn-isf kw_- n- n-s-tømfw A{]-k- -amb Imcy-am-Wv. 5. ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-j-Whpw ] -{K-Ÿßfpw ] -{KŸßfn ImWp ]e BNm-c-ßfpw hm p- Ifpw t]cp-ifpw Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkv m-cn-i-hp-amb hkvxpxifpw tamsi-bpss Ime-L- -Øn\p tijw hfsc sshin h -Xm-sW- mwv DXv-]-XnjvWp hna i- I-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. F m tamsi-bmwv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv F -Xns\ ]n Xm-ßp \ne-bn, tamsi-bpss Ime- Øn\pw apºv Chs-b mw D m-bn-cp- -Xmbn ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-jWw sxfn-bn- n- p- v. tamsi-bpss {KŸ-I Xy- XzsØ CXv kwi-bm-xo-x-ambn sxfn-bn- p n-s - n-epw, At\Iw \q m- p-iƒ p tijw Pohn- n-cp {KŸ-]- cn-tim-[itcm As - n `mjm-cq-]-i Øm- tfm Cu hni-zmw-i-ßsf mw Adn p At mtg pw ]expw \jvs-s p hfsc `wkn-bmbn Ahsb Hcp-an p tn Øp F -Xn-t\- mƒ ]mc-º-cy ImgvN- m-sp-ambn CXp s]mcp- Ø-s -Sp- p. B.tcJm-\njvT ]cn-i \w c p enjn-x-ß-fn \n p-amwv tamsi D -Øn-]pkvXIw kºp-jvs-am- n-bxv F kn m w {^ v tumivs-dm-bn-cp Po BkvSIv 1753- D m- n. sszh- Øn\v btlmh F p t]cp simsp-øn-cn- p- -h-sb mw Hcp Dd-hn-S-Øn \n pw, Gtemlow F v simsp-øn-cn- p- -h-sb mw as mcp Dd-hn-S-Øn \n p-amwv FSp- Øn-cn- p- -Xv. Cu km -ev]ni Dd-hn-S-ßfn H m-a-tø- Xn\v J F pw c m-a-tøxn\v E F pw Xm \ma-icww snbvxp. Ime-ßƒ Ign v D ]-XnjvWp ]WvUn-X Cu kn m w IqSp-X hni-kn- n- -bpw, BXy- n-i-ambn, tamsibv pw hfsc Ime-ßƒ p tijamwv Cu DdhnS tcj-i-sf mw D m-b-sx kn m w ]Tn- n- bpw snbvxp. a v \n t±-i-\ob tcj-iƒ D (Uyqs -tdm-t\maniv) bpw P ({]o-ãn-en) bpw BWv. B.C 9 \pw B.C6 \pw CS-bn Fgp-X-s enjn-x-ß-fpss A -Ip- - Wn snbvxv Xøm-dm- n-b-xmwv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ. Cu km -ev ni kn m w s]mxpsh JEDP kn m w F -dn-b-s -Sp- p. 19- mw \q m- nse ]WvUn-X- m v Cu A\p-am\ kn m w BI -j-i-am-ip-hm ]e Imc-W-ßƒ D v. H m-a-xmbn, Poh-im-kv{X-Øn\p am{x-a- msx a p ]e imkv{x-im-j-iƒ pw D]-tbm-Kn- m-\mhp Um hns ]cn-wma kn m- -hp-ambn CXp hfsc HØn-cn- p- p.

24 ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw c m-a-xmbn, C sø Aam-\p-jnI hncp- -B-Z i-ßƒ thz-]p-kvx-isø tihew am\p-joi \ne-hm-c-øn-te v XmgvØp Xn kt m-jn- p- p. aq m-a-xmbn sszhoi shf- m-sns\ am\p-joi {]b-xv\-ß-fm n am nb C sø am\p-joi coxn-bp-ambn Cu kn m- sø `wkn-bmbpw ZyV-am-bpw Iq n-t Øn-cn- p- p. 1878- Pqen-bkv sh lu-k tcjm-\njvt km - ev ni kn m- sø kma y-tømspw, icn-sb v txm -Ø coxn-bn h -\m-]-c-ambpw Ah-X-cn- n v {]Nm-c-ap Xm n Xo Øp. Cu sndnb apj-hp-c-bn Cu kn m Øns {][m\ hnj-b-ß-fn NneXp am{xta D -cn- m Ignbp-I-bp- q. 5 Cu kn m w kw_- n- p Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\- ß-fn Xmsg- -d-bp- -hbpw Dƒs -Sp- p. 1. Isø-gpØp {]Xn-I-fpsS sxfn-hns A`mhw J E D P kn m w Xncp-Ø kw_- -amb {]h Ø\Øn \n t±-in- n p bmsxmcp Imcy-ßfpw \S- -Xmbn Isø-gpØp {]Xn sxfn-hp-i-fn-en-. 2. s]mcp-ø-an- msx, hnj-b-kw-_- - ambn Xp p-i-fmbp th ]n-cn-b Cu kn m w kw_- n- p hkvxp-\n-jvt-amb sxfnhpw, ÿnc-x- p-dhpw, hy n-]-c-amb Nn m-k-xn- Ifpw, Atß-b w FSpØp ImWn- p Xc-Øn XnI pw hyxy-kvx-ß-fmb Xp p-i-fmbn ]WvUn-X- m ] -{K-Ÿ-ßsf hn`-pn- p- p. 3. ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-jWw ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse Fgp-Øp-Iƒ, PohnX coxn-iƒ, ax]-c-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ apx-em-bh Ah Bbn-cn- p- - Xp-t]mse Xs ]pcm-x-\-am-sw pw A msx sh luk kn m w ]d-bp- -Xp-t]mse, AXns cn-\bv pw hfsc Ime-ßƒ p tij-ap X AsX pw ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-jWw ]d-bp- p. 4. `mjm-imkv{xw sshin-h- -sx v km -ev n- -s -Sp `mj cq]o-iy- X-ambn, ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fn hy n-]-c-amb t]cp-iƒ ImWs -Sp- -Xn\pw hfsc mew ap ]p-xs AXm-bXv tamsibv pw hf-sc- mew ap ]p Nne t{imx- p-ifn ImWp- p- v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Cu ASp-Ø-bnsS J\\w snbvsx-spø F_vf-^-e-I-ß fn ] -{K-Ÿ- Ønse ]e t]cp-ifpw D -S w sn-bvxn- p- v. 5. ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS GIo-I-cWw tamsi-bp-ss A p ]pkvx-i-ßfpw ]{Xm-[n] kw_- -ambn hfsc \ mbn Hcp-an v tn -s - n-cn- p- psh p ImWmw. IqSmsX Cu ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss ]cn-wma-kw-_- -ambn Btcm-]n- -s - n- p I{Xn p G psh D -h-hp-ambn s]mcp-ø-s -Sp-hm hf-sc-b- [niw {]bm-k-ap GIo-I-c-Whpw tbmpn pw CXp {]Z in- n- p-ibpw snøp- p. 6. BfloI ]m -cøw HSp-hn-embn Bflo-b-X-bpsS hi-øp-\n psim p ho n- p-tºmƒ ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-j-W-Ømepw a p kam-\-x-bp kn m- -ß-fmepw ]pxp nsbsp-sø- nepw, ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fn Dt -J\w snbvxn- p t{ijvthpw al-ø-c-hp-amb kxy-ß-tfm-sp _ - Øn tcjm-\njvt kn m- -ßƒ XnI pw Atbm-Ky-am- Ip- p. Cu kn m- -ß-sf mw kxy-am-bn-cp-s - n tum.-a- dns hm p-i-fn ]d-bptºmƒ ] -{K-Ÿßƒ B[o-Im-cn-I-a- m-øxpw hnizmk tbmky-a- m-øxpw sszhoi {]hy-øn-i-f- msx a\p-jy si n-na Xpw Bbn-cn- mw. 6 7. ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb Imew ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS D -S w \sω kyjvsn-bpss Ncn- {X-Øn-te v as- n-s m p t]mip- p-sh- nepw, bym -Øn kl-{km-_vz-ßƒ pti-j-amwv CXns cn\ \S- -Xv. CXv Bsc-gp-Xn-sb- -Xns\ B{i-bn- mwv Fgp-Xnb Imew \n -bn- p- -Xv. DXv]-XnjvWp ]WvUn-X hnhn[ L -ß-fmbn kn m- -h -cn CXns enjn-x-ßƒ p Xmsg- -dbpw hn[w Ime-\n Æbw snbvxn-cn- p- p. J enjnxw GXm v B.C 850 epw E enjnxw GXm v B.C 750- epw D enjnxw B.C 621- epw 7 P enjnxw GI-tZiw B.C 500- epw Fgp-X-s - p. ]pd- m-sns ka-b-amb B.C 15- mw \q m- nemwv ] - {K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-X-s - -sx v bmym-kvxni ]WvUn-X s]mxpsh AwKo-I-cn- p- p. F m ]pd- msv H c \q m- n-\ptijw \S- p-sh- mwv Ah-cn Nne Nn n- p- -Xv. C v e`y-am-bn- p thz-]p-kvx-i-tc-j-iƒ v A\ptbm-Py-ambn Nn n- p-tºmƒ Hcp-]t B.C 1450 \pw 1410- \pw CS-bv mwv ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-X-s - sx v Nn n- mw. hni-z- hnh-c-ßƒ v _nen-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia -dn-bnse Htcm ]pkvx-ihpw t\m p-i. 6. D]-kw-lmcw Im\-U-bnse {]apj ]g-b-\n-ba ]WvUn-X-s hm p- ItfmsS ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS BapJw ChnsS Rßƒ Ah-km-\n- n- s. ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ cn-\-i-fpss A p hmey-ß-fm-bp kpm-xob k -e-\-amwv, A msx tn -bn- m-øxpw Hcp ]t Gsd- psd Xm m-en-i-ambn _ -s - p

] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒs m-cm-apjw 25 \n p- -Xp-amb cn-\-i-fp-ss Hcp Iqºm-c-a. AwKo- I-cn- -s Ncn{X ] m-øew IW- n-se-sp-øp-sim v, sszhw Xs -Ø-s a\p-jy\v shfns -Sp-Øn-bn- v, a\pjy Ncn-{X-Øns ]ptcm-k-xnbnepw Cu temi- Ønepw sszh-øns km n-bm-bn-cn-t - p {]txyi {ip{iqjbv mbn bn{km-tb-ens\ Xnc-s -SpØ coxn- Iƒ CXn hnh-cn- - p- v. Cu kmlnxy IyXn-I-fpsS cq]o-i-c-w-øn tamsi-bv p ] v as - m-h-tc- mƒ ap n p \n p p F v hy -am-wv. IqSmsX bn{kmtb cmpy-øns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hf -tbm-sp _ - Øn tami-bpss t{ijvt-]zw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- - Xv axn-bmb Imc-W-ßƒ C msxb. ]pcm-x-\-amb \ymb-{]-am-w-øn-s t{ijvt a y-ÿ-s\ \ne-bnepw tamisb blq-z- mcpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fpw Hcp-t]mse BZcn- p- p 8

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw

29 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw apj-hpc thz]pkvx-i-ønse H m-asø ]pkvxiw, ]e-im-c-w-ß-fmepw Xncp-h-N-\-Ønse ck-i-chpw BI j-i-hp-am-b `mk-ß-fn H m-wv. Imt\m-\nse CXns ÿm\w, a p Xncp-h-N\ `mk-ß-fp-ambp _ w, D -S- -Ønse hyxy-kvxhpw lyzb kv] in-bp-amb hy n-xz-ßƒ F nh ktωfn v CXns\ sshin-jvsy-ap H m n Xo p- p. CXv bym amsbmcp Bflob Dƒ mgvntbmsp IqsS Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-I-sIm v F m \q m- p-i-fn-tebpw sszh-p\w Cu ]pkv-itømsp Iq n-t Øv AXn-t -Xmb {]m[m\yw AXn\p \ Ip-I-bp-ap- m-bn. U_yq.-F- v.-{kn-^nøv txmakv I. Imt\m-\n-ep AZzn-Xo-b-ÿm\w Dev]-Øn, (Genesis Bcw`w F -Xns {Ko p-]-zam-wv) ]pkvx-isø s_sc-jnøv (B-Zn-bn F - Xns F{_m-b-]-Zw) F v blq-z- m \ma-i-cww snbvxxv icn-bmb Imcy-am-Wv. {kjvsm-hmb sszhw Hcph am{xw D m-bn-cp- -t mƒ \S kyjvsn-bpss bym hnhcw Cu t{ijvt-amb hmeyw am{xta \ Ip- p- q. a\pjy, kv{xo, hnhm-lw, `h-\w, ]m]w, bmkßƒ, ] -W-ßƒ, hym]m-cw,-iy-jn, kwko-xw, Bcm-[-\, `mj-iƒ, apx-em-bhbptsbpw, hnhn[ hwi-ßƒ, PmXn- Iƒ, F n-h-bp-tsbpw Bcw-`-sØ- p-dn v Xs Zmk- \mb tamsi apjm- cw ]cn-ip- m-flmhv tcj-s -Sp-Ønbn-cn- p- p. Ch-sb mw BZysØ ]Xn-s\m v A ymb-ß-fn-emwv D -Xv. 12 apx 50 hsc-bp tijw A ym-b-ß-fn, temi-ønse, kie PmXn-I-fnepw h v Bflob kq va- P-KØv Bbn-cn-t - p, sszh-øns ssãyq_v PmXn-bmb bn{kmtbens Bcw-`sØ Ipdn v hnh-cn- p- p. tkm{x ]nxm m-cmb A{_-lmw, bnk-lm- v, bmt m-_v, bmt m-_ns ]p{x- m, {]txy-in pw Xs CjvS-`m-P-\-amb tbmk^v apx-em-b-h-cpss PohnX coxn- Iƒ, Ip n-iƒ apx AXn-t{ijvT ]gb \nba ]WvUn- -X m hsc-bp Zi-e - -W- n\v Bfp-Isf DtØ- Pn- n- n- p- v. thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse _m n-bp 65 ]pkvx-i-ßƒ kw_- n- p Adn-hn\v, Dev]-Øn-]p-kvX-IsØ Ipdn- p icn-bmb Hcp [mcw A\n-hm-cy-amWv. Cu ]pkvx- I-Øns at\m-l-c-amb B\p-]m-XnI kmln-xym-sn-ÿm- \-Øn-t -emwv Ah-sb mw ]WnXph n-cn- p- -Xv. II. {KŸ-I XyXzw Dev]-Øn-]p-kvXIw, sszh a\p-jy\pw bn{km-tb-ens \nb-a-zm-xm-hp-am-bp tamsi-bm Fgp-X-s - p-sh pw H n p tn -s - p-sh- pap ]pcm-x\ {InkvXym-\n- IfptSbpw blq-z- m-cp-tsbpw ]Tn- n ep-iƒ \mapw AwKoI -cn- p- p. - D Øn ]pkvx-i-ønse kw`-h-ßsf mw Xs tamsi-bpss Ime-Øn\pw ap ]p XmIbm, ]cn-ip- m-flmhv A\p-im-kn- p- -Xn-\-\p-k-c-Wambn ]pcm-x\ enjnx tcj-ifpw, Hcp-]t hmsamgn hnh-c-w-ßfpw Xm D]-tbm-Kn p F p- Xv kv]jvsam-wv. tamsi-bpss {KŸ-I Xy-XzsØ Ipdn- p Hcp [mc-wbv v ] -{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS BapJw ImWp-I. III. Fgp-Xnb Imew bn{km-tb-ens an{k-bo-an \n p ]pd- msv GItZiw B.C 1445- BsW vv XnI- bmym-ÿn-i ]WvUn-X hniz-kn- p- p. Aß-s\-sb- n Cu h jøn\pw GXm v 40 h jw tijap tamsi-bpss ac-w-øn-\p-an-s-bv p ImeL- -Øn-emWv Hcp-]t D -Øn-]p-kvXIw Fgp-X-s - Xv. ] -{K-Ÿ-fnse Cu Hcp ]pkvxiw Xo -bmbpw bn{km-tb-ens ]pd- m-sn\v ap ]mbn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- m-\mwv km[yx;imcww D Øn ]pkvx-i-ønse kw`-h-ß-sf mw Xs ]pd msv F p Cu alm-kw-`-h-øns ap Xo-bXn h mwv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p- -Xv. IqSp-X hnh-c-ß v ] - {K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS apj-hpc ImWp-I. IV. ] m-ø-ehpw {]Xn-]mZy Nn -Ifpw ss nƒ, blq-z-a-xw, As - n {InkvXym-\n-Xzw- F- n-hsb XnI pw ap hn-[n-tbmss ImWp- -h-scm-gnsi, an -hmdpw F m-hcpw tbmk-^ns Ncn{Xw t]msebp AXn-a-t\m-l-c-am-b hnh-c-ß-f-s-ßnbxpw, AXn-]pcm-X\ Ime-L- -Ønse BI j-i-amb hnh-c-ßƒ ASßnbXp-amWv D -Øn-]p-kvXIw F p kω-xn- p- p.f m Xncp-sh-gp-Ønse BZysØ ]pkvx-i-amb CXns ] m-øew F mwv? Npcp- -Øn, F mwxv?

30 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw sszh-øns hy n-xzsø FXn p- -h, saskms m-øm-ay-cpss PmXob si p-i-y-i-fn \n pw ssis m IY-I-fnse _lp-sszh hnizm-km-nm-c-ßƒ am n F{_m-b-cpsS GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-Øn\v A\p-cq-]- am nxo Ø, AØ-cw si p-i-y-i-fpss Hcp kam-lm-camwv Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw F p ]Tn- n- p- p. At -b-hm-zn-i-sf-t m-se-b- mø Nne, Ncn-{X-]- c-ambn aqey-ap \o hoc-i-y-i-fp-tstbm sfxn-lyß-fp-tstbm Hcp kam-lm-c-am-bn- mwv Dev]Øn ]pkvx- IsØ ImWp- -Xv. {]Iy-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmwkv m-cn-i-ambp-ap hkvxp-x-i-fpss D -h-ßƒ kw_- n- p hni-zo-i-c-w-ß-fmwv (kmt -Xn-I-ambn CXns\ F n-tbmf-pokv F p hnfn- p p.) CXnse IY-I-sf v Hcp Iq hniz-kn- p- p. ]gb-\n-b-a-øn-ep-s-\ofw, {]txy-in pw Bcw-`-ß-fpsS ]pkvx-i-amb Dev]-Øn-bn Imcy-Im-c- Wßsf- p-dn- p hni-zo-i-cww ImWp-hm Ign-bpw. (D-Zm.-]m-]-Øns Bcw-`w, ag-hn- v, F{_mb P\X apxem-b-h) F m Ch Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw hni-zo-i-c-wß-sf Ncn-{X-]-c-a- m-xm- p- n-. Dev]Øn Hcp Ncn-{X-amWv; AXp-sIm v a p Ncn-{Xß-sf-t mse Chbpw hymjym-\n- m-\mhpw CXv sszhim-kv{x-]-c-amb Ncn-{X-amWv AYhm sszhoi ] -XnbpsS N - q- n \n p-sim- p hkvxp-x-iƒ kw_- n hnh-c-w-am-wn-xv. AXp-sIm v Cw o-jn C{]- Imcw Hcp ]d- n-ep- v. History is His Story (N-cn{Xw sszh-øns IY-bm-sW- v). ] -{K-Ÿ-Ønse AYhm \nb-a-]p-kvx-i-ønse BZysØ ]pkvx-i-amwv Dev]Øn ]pkvx-i-sa- nepw CXn \nb-a-]-c-amb hkvxp-x-iƒ hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. CXv \nb-a-amwv (txmd F mwv \n t±-i-ßƒ p F{_mb]Zw) B \nb-a-øn ]pd- msv apx Bh Ø\w hsc-bp ]pkvx-i-ß pw tamsi apjm- cw sszhw simsp- p \nb-a-ßƒ pw ASn-ÿm\w C n-cn- p- p.-k-xy-øn ss nƒ kw_- -amb F m Ncn-{X-Øn-t bpw ASn-ÿm\w CXn-emWv C n-cn- p- - Xv. AtX, Ncn-{X-Øns Xs ASn-ÿm\w CXn-em-Wv. apgp-h sszh-h-n-\-øn-t bpw Dev]Øn ]pkvx-i- Øns bpw \n Ωm-W-Øn-ep-S-\ofw, A\p-{Klw, im]w, F o Cc Nn m-[mciƒ ]c-kv]c ]qc-i-ß-fmbn s\bvxp-tn -Øn-cn- p- p. A\p-k-cWw A\p-{K-l-k-ar n pw, A\p-k-c-W -t Sv hn]-cox Ah-ÿbv v AYhm im]-øn\pw Imc-W-ambn Xocpw. hogvn-bv p in -Iƒ, BtKmf Pe-{]-f-bw, _mt_-ense `mj-bpss Ie w apx-em-b-h-bmwv G hpw henb im]-ßƒ sszh-iy-]-bpss apjm- -c-ambn-cn-t - -Xn\v Hcp {]txyi PmXn-bmbn,bn{km-tb-ens\ Xnc-s -Sp-ØXpw Pe-{]-f-b-Øn \n pw tijn- ns\ c n- Xpw, Hcp hos -Sp- p-im-cs\ hmkvzøw snøp- -Xp-amWv henb A\p-{K-l-ßƒ. Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw hkvxp-x-isf kw_- n Ncn- {X-am-sW- n, ]pcm-x\ hwim-h-en, kw`m-j-w-ßƒ,kw`h-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS icn-bmb hymjym-\-ßƒ F nh kw_- n v Fß-s\-bmWv tamsibv v Adn-hp- m-bxv? H v, Dev]Øn ]pkvx-i-ønse ]e hnh-c-w-ßfpw {]txy-in v tkm{x-]n-xm- - m-scbpw Ah-cpsS PohnX coxn-itfbpw ]pcm-hkvxp Kth-jWw ]n Xm-ßp- -Xmbn (sx-fn-bn- p-i-b-, adn v Dd- n- bpw hni-z-am- p-ibpw snøp- p ]-d-b-s -Sp- p.) tamsi-bp-ss ImeØv FgpØv k{º-zmbw I p-]n- Sn- n- n- mxncp- Xn\m X\n v ] -{K-Ÿ-ßƒ Fgp-Xphm Ign- n-cn- n F v 19- mw \q m- nse lm vams\ 1 t]mep DXv]-XnjvWp ]WvUn-X- m ]Tn- n- p- p. F m an{k-boanse ]c-º-cm-kn- -amb hn m-\w ]Tn- n- p tamsi GsX- nepsamcp ]pcm- X\ en]n-bn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn mw F v \ap- n- -dn-bmw. A{_-lm-an-\mepw Xs k m\ ]c-º-c-i-fmepw {]mno\ saskm-s m-øym-a-bn \n pw sim p-h-c-s hmsam-gnbmb hnh-c-ßfpw, XpI Npcp-fp-Ifpw, ^e-iß-fpw, tbmk^v ]n Xe-ap-dbv v sht - p-t]mb tcj- Ifpw tamsi D]-tbm-Kn- p-sh v kwi-bm-xo-x-ambn \ap p hniz-kn- mw. BZm-ans Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS Ncn-{Xa-S-ßp `qcn-`m-k-ß-fpw, hwim-h-en-ifpw AS-ßp- -Xm- Wn-Xv. Ah-km\ A]-{K-Y\-Øn Ah-bn-t mgpw Xy]vXn- I-c-a-. icn-bmb hkvxp-x-iƒ am{xw Xnc-s -Sp- p- Ibpw _m n-bp hsb ad- p-i-f-ibpw snøp- -Xn\v sszh-øns ]cn-ip- m-flmhv tamsisb hy -ambn DtØ-Pn- n- p. sszhw kw`m-j-w-ß-fpss hni-zmw-ißfpw a p Imcy-ßfpw t\cn- p-ff shfn- m-sn-\m tamsibv p simsp-øp. CXv hnizm-k-øns hnj-b-øn-te v hcp- p. H p- In Xs Zmk- m-cn-eqss C{]-Imcw Hcp ]pkvxiw {]kn- oicn- p-hm sszhw {]m]v-x-\mwv As - n Ah-\n-. {]mno\ Imew apx C p-hsc Xe-ap-d-Ifmbn hnizm-kn-iƒ AwKo-I-cn- n- p Imcy-amWv sszhw kxy-amwv F p- -Xv. thz-]p-kvxi hnh-c-w-ßƒ IqSp-X kv]jvs-am- p 2 - -Xn-\p th n tkm{x-]n-xm- - m-cpss kwkv m-c-ßƒ ]p\:kyjvsn-sn-øp- -Xn \sω klm-bn- p-hm ]pcmh-kvxp-k-th-j-w-øn\v Ign-bpw. F m D Øn ]pkvx-i-ønse kxy-ßƒ \ΩpsS lyz-b-ß-fnepw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Ønepw {]Im-in- n- p-hm ]cn-ip- mflm-hn\p am{xta Ign-bp-I-bp- p. D Øn ]pkvx-i-ønt tbm GsX- nepw ]g-b-\nba ]pkvx-i-ß-fp-tstbm _nen-thgvkv ss nƒ Ia dn \nßƒ hmbn- p-tºmƒ `mjy-øn-t -Xmb {]tbm- P\w D m-ti- -Xn\v, sszh-h-n-\-øns ]cn-ip- m-fl {]Im-i-\-Øn Xs \nßƒ B{i-bn- -Ww.-Hcp bym `mjyw kzx-{ -amb Hcp apjm- -c-a adn v btlmh C{]-Imcw AcpfnsNø- p F -Xn-te v Nq p Hcp Nq p-]-ei am{x-am-w-xv.

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 31 kwt ]w I. `qan-bpss BZna Ime-L- -ßƒ (A. 1-4) A.kyjvSn (A.1,2) B. ]co- bpw hogvnbpw (A.3) C. Ibo\pw lmt_-epw(-a.4) D. tiøpw k m\ ]c-º-c-ifpw (A.5) E. ]c-s -bp ]m]hpw BtKmf Pe-{]-f-b-hpw (A.6-8) F. Pe{]fb-Øn\p tijw t\ml(-a.9) G. hwi-ß-fpss ] ni (A.10) H. _mt_ tkm]pcw (A.11) II. bn{km-tb-ens tkm{x-]n-xm- - m (A.12-50) A. A{_-lmw. (12:1 25:18) 1. A{_-lm-ans hnfn (12:1-9) 2. an{k-bo-an-te p t]m pw asßn hchpw (12:10-13:4) 3. temøv a o-tk-sz v F n-hcpambp Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ.(13:5 14:24) 4. A{_m-lm-ans hmkvzø Ah-Imin (A.15) 5. bnivam-tb, PU-Øns k Xn (A.16,17) 6. tkmtzmapw tkmtam-dbpw (A.18,19) 7. A{_-lmapw A_o-ta-se pw (A.20) 8. bnk-lm v, hmkvzø k Xn (A.21) 9. bnk-lm- ns\ bmkw Ign- p p (A.22) 10. IpSpw_ ivaim\ `qan (A.23) 11. bnk-lm- n\v Hcp h[p (A.24) 12. A{_-lm-ans Xe-ap-d-Iƒ (A.25:1 18) B. bnk-lm- v. (25:19-26:35) 1. bnk-lm- ns IpSpw_w (25:19 34) 2. bnk-lm pw A_o-ta-se pw (A.26) C. bmt m_v (27:1 36:43) 1. bmt m_v Gim-hns\ h n- p p. (A.27) 2. bmt m-_ns lmcm-\n-te- p HmSnt m v (A.28) 3. bmt m_pw `mcy-amcpw k m-\-ßfpw (29:1-30:24) 4. bmt m_v em_ms\ X{ -ß-fm h n- p- p. (30:25-47) 5. I\m-\n-te- p bmt m-_ns as-ßnh-chv (A.31) 6. bmt m_pw Gimhpw \nc- n- s p. (A.32,33) 7. titj-anse ]m]-ßƒ (A.34) 8. s_ty-en-te- p as-ßn-h-chv (A.35) 9. bmt m-_ns,k-tlm-z-c-\mb Gimhns Xe-ap-d-Iƒ (A.36) D. tbmtk^v (37:1 50:26) 1. ASn-a-Ø-Øn-te v hn -s -Sp tbmtk^v (A.37) 2. blq-zbpw Xmamdpw (A. 38) 3. tbmtk-^ns ]co- bpw hnp-bhpw (A.39) 4. ]m\-]m{x hml-it bpw A - m-ct bpw kz]v\w tbmtk^v hymjym-\n- p- p. (A. 40) 5. ^d-thms kz]v\w tbmtk^v hymjym- \n- p p. (A.41) 6. tbmtk-^ns ktlm-z-c- m an{k-boan (A.42 44) 7. tbmtk^v Xs ktlm-z-c- m v Xs -Øs shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. (A.45) 8. Xs IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfm-sSm- -ap tbmtk-^ns HØp-tN-c (A.46) 9. tbmtk-^ns IpSpw-_mw-K-ßƒ an{kbo-an (A.47) 10. tbmtk-^ns ]p{x- m p bmt m- _ns A\p-{K-l-ßƒ (A.48) 11. Xs ]p{x- msc Ipdn- p bmt m- _ns {]h-n\w (A.49) 12. an{k-bo-an h p bmt m-_ns bpw AXn-\p-ti-j-ap tbmtk-^n-t bpw acww. (A.50)

32 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 1 hymjym\w I. `qan-bpss BZna Ime-L- -ßƒ (A. 1 apx 11 hsc) A. kyjvsn (1,2 A) 1:1 BZn-bn ssz-hw... hnip- -th-z-]p-kvx-i- Ønse BZysØ Cu hm p-iƒ Xs hnizm-k-øns ASn-Ød cq]o-i-cn- p hm p-i-fm-wv. Cu hm p-iƒ hniz-kn- p- p-sh- n thz-]p-kvx-i-øn XpS p ]d- n-cn- p F m Imcy-ßfpw hniz-kn- p-hm \nßƒ p Ign-bpw. GXp Ime-L- -Øn-ep-ap P\ßsf kw_- n pw A høm-bp Xpw F m B pw ]q Æ-ambpw ssiim-cyw-sn-øp-hm Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-amb kyjvsnsb kw_- n- p B[n-Im-cn-I-amb hnh-c-wßƒ \ Ip- Xv D -Øn-]p-kvXIw am{x-am-wv. sszhoi Ncn{Xw, sszhm-kvxnxzsø sxfn-bn- p-hm ]cn-{i-an- p- -Xnt\ mfp-]cn sszh-øns AkvXnXzsØ AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bmwp snøp- -Xv. sszhsø kw_- n- p ]c-am w \ntj-[n- p- -h v {]txy-i-amb Hcp t]cv ss n-fn simsp-øn- p- v;aqv. (k- o.14:1,53:1) thz-]p-kvxiw sszh-øn Bcw-`n- p- -Xp-t]mse \ΩpsS Pohn-X-ß-fnepw sszh-øn\p {]Y-a-ÿm\w D mbn-cn- -Ww. 1:2: kyjvsn-bpss D h hnh-c-w-ßsf Ipdn- p hn`n- -ß-fmb bmym-ÿn-xni hymjym-\-ß-fn H mb ]p\-cp- m-cw ho -W-Øn ]d-bp- -Xv, H mw hmiy- Øn\pw c mw hmiy-øn-\p-an-s-bn BI-kvanIamb Hcp ZmcpW kw`hw \S- -Xm-bn- m-wv. Hcp-]t AXp kmøms hogvn-bm-bn-cn- mw.(-sb-l.28:11 19 hmiy-ßƒ ImWp-I. 3 ) sszh-øns DØ-aamb BZysØ kyjvsn ]mgpw -iq-\y-hpambn (tohu wavohu) AXp Imc-W-am n Xo Øp. sszhw `qansb ]mgpw iq\y-hp-am-bn- kyjvsn- Xv (sb-i.45;18 hmbn- p-i.); Aß-s\-sb- n 2 mw hmiy-ønse `qanbpss Xmdp-am-dmb Ahÿ hni-zo-i-cn- p- Xv `qanbv p kw`-hn hen-sbmcp hn]-øns\ Ipdn- m-wv. Bbn-cp p (hayetha) F v ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øn-bnc- p ]ZsØ Bbn-Øo p (had become) 4 F pw hnh Ø\w snømw F mwv Cu Bi-bsØ A\p-Iqen- p- -h ]d-bp- -Xv. Aßs\ `qan ]mgpw iq\y-ambn Xo p. XpS p snøp-hm-\p kyjvsn-]-chpw ]p\ \n ΩmW kw_- n-bp-amb al-ømb {]hy-øn-iƒ p klm-b-i-c-amb hn[-øn sszh-øns Bflmhp sh -Øn aosx ]cn-h Øn- p-sim- n-cp p. a\pjy v hmk-tbm-ky-amb hn[øn `qansb D]-bp- -am n Xo p Bdp Znh-ksØ kyjvsn- ns\ Ipdn pw ]p\ \n Ωm-WsØ Ipdn- p-amwv XpS p hmiy-ßfn hnh-cn- n-cn- p- -Xv. 1:3 5:- H mw Znhkw sszhw Ccp-fn \n pw shfn w {]Im-in- s F p I n- p, Aßs\ ]Iepw cm{xnbpw ÿm]n p. Cu {]h Ønbpw \memw Znhkw kqcy-n-{µ-\- -{Xm-Zn-I-sf ÿm]n {]hy-ønbpw XΩn Bi-b- p-g- -ap miphm CS-bm-I-cp-Xv. Hcp ]m]n-bpss am\-km- -chpw Ccp-fn \n pw shfn w BZn-a-ambn th Xn-cn- p- Xpw XΩn-ep kmzyiyw 2 simcn.4:6 As m.-]u-temkv hc p-im- n-bn-cn- p- p. 1:6 8: c mw Znh-k-Øns {]mcw-`-øn, I\Ø aqs a v F t]mse `qan ]q Æ-ambpw Pe-]mfnbn Np -s AhÿbnemWv ImW-s -Sp- -Xv. c mw Znhkw sszhw `qansb aqsn-bn-cp Cu Pe-]m-fnsb hn`- Pn p Hcp hnxm\w D m n hnxm\øn aosx-bp sh hpw hn-xm\øn Iogp-ff sh hpw XΩn th Xn-cn- p. sszhw hnxm-\-øn\p BImiw F p t]cn p `qan p sxm p api-f-nep ÿe-am-wnxv (\- - {X-ßƒ ImW-s -Sp ÿetam, sszhw hkn- p aq mw kz tam A.) ] n-iƒ ]d \S- p ÿean-xm-sw v 20- mw hmiyw hy -am- p- p. 1:9-13: `qan-bpss D]-cn-X-esØ aqsn-bn-cp sh - Øn \n pw DW-ßnb \new Df-hm-Ip-hm sszhw I n p, Aßs\ kw`-hn p. Aß-s\-bmWv `qanbpw (I-c) kap-{zhpw kyjvsn- -s - -Xv. AXpt]mse aq mw Znhkw F m-hn[ kky-ßfpw hy -ßfpw `qan-bn apf- n- p. 1:14-19:- shfn- -ß-fm-bn pw, Imew, Znh-kw, kwh- cw F nh Xncn- -dn-hm-\mbpw kqcy-t\bpw N{µ-t\bpw \ -{X-ß-tfbpw \memw Znhkw sszhw BIm-i-Øn ÿm]n- p- Xphtcbpw A{]-Im-c-ap ÿnxn-k-xn-iƒ `qa-nbn D m-bn-cp n. 1:20 23:- A mw Znhkw sh -Øn Pe-P- p- fpw `qan-bn ]d-h-pm-xn-ifpw kyjvsn- -s - p. ]d-h-iƒ F p hnh Ø\w snbvxn-cp- p hm p-sim- p-t±-in- p- Xv ]d- p-\-s- p F m P p- fpw F m-wv, Aßs\sb n ]d p \S- p kkvx-\n-bmb h mepw AXn s]-sp- p. 1:24.25: Bdmw Znhkw sszhw BZyw kyjvsn- Xv ayk-ß-tfbpw Cg-P- p- -tfbpamwv. AX-Xp-Xcw F v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn- p ]Z-ß-ƒ {]Xyp ]m-z-\-\n-batømsp _ -Øn-emWv Bh Øn- p- -cn- -s - n-cn- p- Xv Pohim-kv{X-]c-ambn P p- -fn AX-Xns Xc-Øn Xs kmc-amb Nne hyxn-bm-\ßƒ km[m-c-w-amwv;f m Hcp h -Øn s Xv as m- mbn cq]m- -c-s -Sp-I-bn-. 1:26-28: sszhw Xs kzcq-]-ønepw kmzy-iy-ønepw a\p-jys\ kyjvsn- -Xm-bn-cp p Xm snbvx {]hy-øn- Iƒs mw Inco-S-am-bn-cp- -Xv AXn-s -b w sszhw Xs {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn a\p-jys\ Cu `qan-bn B n

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 1,2 33 h p. AXn-\m Ah ]ehn[-øn sszh-tømsp kmzy-io-i-cn- -s - n-cn- p- p. sszhw {Xntb-I-ssZhw (]n- Xmhv, ]p{x,-]-cn-ip- m-flm-hv) Bbn-cn p- -Xp-t]mse a\p-jy-\nepw aq p LS-I-ß-fp- v. (B-flmhv, tzln, tzlw). sszhsøt mse _p n-i nbpw, [m ΩnI t_m[-hpw, a p- -h-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p Ignhpw Ain- n-x-t_m-[-øn\p AXo-X-amb hnim-c-`mh-ßfpw a\p-jy-\p-ap- v. imco-cn-i-amb kmzyiyw ChnsS Nn- -\o-b-a-, a\p-jys\ ayk-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw snbvxp ]Tn- p-tºmƒ, Ah Bcm-[n- p- -h-\mwv, kv]jvs-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw snøp-hm Ign-hp- -h-\m- Wv, IqSmsX Hcp {kjm-sm-hpam-wv. 26- mw hmiy-øn, A\- cw sszhw: \mw \ΩpsS kzcq-]-øn F p ]d- n-cn- p `mkøv sszh- Øns {XnXzsØ kw_- n- p Hcp AwKo-Im-cw As - n Hcp kqn\ \ap p ImWmw. ImcWw sszhw F Xv Ftemlow F v _lp-hn\ønepw ]d p F Xv F{_mb `mj-bn GI-h-N-\-{In-bmcq-]-Øn-ep-amWv D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xv. AXp-t]mse \mw F Xpw _lp-h-n\ {]tbm-k-am-wv. sszh-øns kyjvsn-]-c-amb {]hyøn F \nebn kv{xo]p-cpj enwk-t`-z-øn-s D -Øn-sb- p-dn pw ss nƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- p. kv{xo ]pcpj enwk-t`-z- Øns Bcw-`sØ Ipdn p hni-zo-i-cn- p-hm ]cn-wma-øn\p Hcn epw Ign-bp- n-. k m-\-]pjvsnbp -hcmbn s]cpin `qan-bn \nd-bp-hm-\mwv a\p-jy-tcmsp I n- n-cn- p- -Xv. `qansb AS n, kyjvsn-ifpss ta hmgp-hm-\p Hcp A[n-Imcw sszhw a\p- -jy\p \ In AXns\ D]- tbm-kn phm\p A[n-Im-c-amWv \ In-bXv A mx Zp hn-\n-tbmkw snøp-hm-\-. a\p-jys AXym-{K-lhpw, kzm -Xbpw, Ae-k-X-bp-amWv `qan-bpss ]cn-xÿnxnbpss B[p-\nI {]Xn-k- n-iƒ p Imc-W-am-bncn- p- -Xv. 1:29,30: ayk-ßƒ {]mcw-`-øn kky-`p- p-i-fm-bncp- p-sh pw AXn-\m a\p-jy\pw kkym-zn-iƒ ` n- n-cp- p-sh pw Cu hmiy-ßƒ hy -am- p- p. Pe-{]- f-b-øn\p tij-amwv Cu Ah-ÿbv p am -ap- m-bxv (9:1-7 hmiy-ßƒ ImWp-I.) kyjvsn- ns Bdp Znh-k-ßƒ A -cm -Øn 24 awn pdp Znh-k-ß-fm-bn-cp- pthm AtXm {`qhn- m-\ob bpk-ß-fm-bn-cp- pthm? AYhm kyjvsn-kw- _- -amb hnh-c-ßƒ tamsibv p shfn-s -Sp-Øn-s m- SpØ \ms-iob Z i-\ßfpss Znh-k-ß-fm-bn-cp pthm Ah? A -coi Znh-k-ß-fm-bn-cp p F Bi-bsØ imkv{xo-b-ambn Hcp {]am- -W-ßfpw JWvUn- n- n-. k ybpw Dj pw F p {]tbm-k-ßƒ 24 awn- qdp Znh-k-ß-sfbmWp kqnn- n- p- -Xv. ]g-b-\n-ba-ønse a p `mk-ß-fn-se mw Xs Cu hm p-iƒ km[m-cw Znh-k-ß-sf-bmWv A -am- p- -Xv. BZmw Ggm-asØ Znhkw Pohn- n-cp tij-amwv Xs 930- mw asø hb- n acn- -Xv. Aß-s\-bm-hp-tºmƒ, Ggmw Znhkw F p ]d-bp- Xp tihew Hcp km[m-cw Znhkw am{x-amwv, A mx Hcp bpk-am-bn AXns\ IW- m- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn FhnsSsb mw Znh-ksØ Hcp kwjy-tbm-ssm w (D-Zm.1- mw Znhkw etc) D]-tbm-Kn- n- pt m Ahn- -ss-sb mw A -co-im -amwv AXn-\p- -Xv. Bdp Znh-ksØ {]hy-øn-iƒ p-tijw Ggmw Znhkw sszhw hn{i-an- - -Xns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv i Øp Znhkw hn{i-a-zn-hk-ambn BN-cn- p-hm bn{km-tb P\-Øn\p I \ simsp-øxv. (]pd.20:8 11) Znhkw F ]Z-Øn\v Htc A amwv ]c-kv]c _ -ap hymjym-\-ßƒ v Bh-iy-ambn-cn -p Xv. F m \mw C -dn-b-s -Sp Hcp km[m-cw Znhkw kyjvsn-bpss \memw Znhkw hsc Bcw-`n- n-cp- n F - XmWv Hcp {]Xn-k n (hm:14-19). thz-]p-kvx-isø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw BIm-ihpw `qanbpw kyjvsn- -s - -Xns {]txyi Xoø-Xn-I-sfm pw kqnn- n- n- n-. a\p-jys kyjvsnsb Ipdn pw {]txyi XoøXn \ In-bn- n-. F n-cp- mepw hwim-h-en-iƒ \ I-s - n-cn- p- XpsIm pw, hwim-h-en-i-fn kw`-hyamb CS-th-f-Iƒ D Xn-\mepw ]cn-wm-a-hm-zn-iƒ Ah- Im-i-s -Sp- -Xp-t]mse et m-]-e w h j-ßƒ `qanbn Pohn- n-cn- p-hm a\p-jy\p Ign- n- n-. kyjvsn-bnse {Inbm-fl-I-amb aqe-i n I Øm-hmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hm-bn-cp- p-sh v tbml:1:1,4; simsem:1:16; F{_m:1:2 F o thz-`m-k-ß-fn \mw hmbn- p- p. kyjvsn-bnse Ahs A -b-amb A p-x-ßƒ apjm- cw Ah A\- -amb Bcm-[-\bv p tbmky-\m-wv. 1:31 : Bdp-Zn-h-ksØ {]hy-øn-iƒ p HSp-hn Xm D m- n-b-xns\ Hs bpw sszhw t\m n, AXp F{Xbpw \ Xp F p I p. 2:1 3 : Ggmw Znhkw sszhw Xs kyjvsn-kw-_- -amb F m {]hy-øn-ifn \n pw \nhy-ø-\m-bn. AXp oww aqe-ap- mb Hcp hn{i-a-a adn v, Hcp {]hyøn \ coxn-bn ]q Øo-I-cn- -Xn-ep kwxy- ]vxn-bpss hn{i-aamwv. CtX-k-a-bØp Xs i Øp BN-cn- p-hm-\ sszhw a\p-jy-t\msv Bh-iy-s - Xv;Ggp Znh-kØn Hcp Znhkw hn{iaw F XXzw Xm Ahsc ]Tn- n- p-sh-t -bp- p. 2:4 6 : btlm-h-bmb sszhw (b-tlmh Gtem-low) F t]cv a\p-jy-ky-jvsn- p-tijw 4 mw hmiy-øn-emwv BZy-ambn ImW-s -Sp- -Xv(1:27) Gtemlow F ]Zw A -am- - p- -Xp-t]mse Xs sszhw {kjvsm-hm-wv; btlmh F t]cp-t]mse Ah a\p-jy-\pambn DS- º-Sn-bp sszh-amwv. C mcyw a\- n-em- p-hm ]cm- Pn-X-cmb thz-]p-kvxi hna i-icn Nne ]cm-a in- n- p- -Xv, sszh-øns Cu hyxymk t]cp-iƒ {KŸ- I Xy-Xz-Ønse am w sim p-am-{xta hni-z-am- p-hm

34 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 2,3 Ign-bp-I-bp- p-sh- m-wv. 4 mw hmiy-øn ]d- n-cn- p Dev]Øn hnhcw F - ]Zw, H mw A ym-b-øn {]Zn-]m-Xn- n-cn- p BZn-bnse Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWv Nq n- m-wn- p- -Xv. hbense snsn-sbm pw AXp hsc `qan-bn D m-bn-cp- n ; hb-ense kky-sam pw apf- n-cp- -Xp-an F v 4 mw hmiy-øn hmbn- p- Xp, 1:10 ImWp `qan-bpss Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn p Xv. hy -k-kym-zn-iƒ apf-bv p- -Xn\p apºv DW-ßnb \ne-am-bn-cp `qan-bpss Ah-ÿsb Ipdn- mwv AhnsS ]d ncn- p- -Xv. `qanbn ag-s]-bvxn-cp- n-, ]Icw aqs a v `qansb \\- n-cp- p. 2:7:- a\p-jy-kr-jvsnsb kw_- n- p ]q Æ hnhcw ChnsS \ I-s - n-cn- p- p. \ne-ønse s]msnsim v sszhw Ahs icocw D m- n. F m sszhoi izmkw Ah-\n ]I-c-s t mƒ am{x-amwv Ah Poh-\p- -h-\mbn Xo -Xv. Nph aæp-sim v D m- -s tij-amwv Ah\v BZmw (Np-h- v, \new) F t]cv e`n- -Xv. 2:8 14 : sszhw GZ-\n kyjvsn- p- m- nb txm w Ing- p-`m-k-øm-bn- mbncp p;axm-bxv thz-]p-kvxi am \n t±-i-ßƒ p kqnnibmb ]e-kvxo\p Ing v. lnt±- (sss-{ko-kv), bq{^- okv F o \Zn- Iƒ p kao-]-ap saskm-s m-ømay tzi-øm-bn-cp p AXv ÿm]n- -s - Xv. \ -Xn- -Isf Ipdn- p Adnhns hy w a\p-jys A\p-k-cWw ]cn-tim-[n- p- - Xn-\p- -Xm-bn-cp p sszhw AXp Xn -cp-sx v Iev n- n- p- m-bn-cp p F p- -XmWv AXns ^ew ` n- p- -Xn-ep- mbncp GI-sX v. hyxy-kvxxcøn B ^ew C pw \tωm-ssm w D v. 2:15-23: Iev]\m ewl-\-øn-\p in ac-w-ambn-cp p (hm:17) -DS-\-Sn-bp - BfloI ac-whpw Ime-{ItaW kw`- -hn- p imco-cni ac-whpw ayk-ßƒ pw ] n-iƒ pw t]cv \ Ip {]{In-b-Iƒ nsbn, Ahbn BWpw s]æpw D hnhcw BZmw {i n- n-cp- ncn- Ww. Hmtcm- n\pw A ]w hyxy-kvx-sa- nepw AX- Xns cq] KpW-ap CW-bp- m-bn-cp p. Xt msp kmay-ap Hcp XpWbv p th n-bp B{Klw CXneqsS BZm-an\pw D m-ip-hm-\n-s-bm-bn. Xm KmV-\n-{Zbn-em-bn-cp ka-bøv Xs hmcn-sb- p-i-fn H n \n pw X\n p th n-bp aw-hm n Hcp- -s - p. A- {]-Imcw Xs AXn-th-Z-\-bn Xs hn-e- p-døp \n pw Hgp-Inb Poh c -Øm {InkvXp-hns aw-hm n kpc- n-x-bm-bn-cn- p p. BZm-an-s -ta A[n-Imcw ÿm]n- -Ø- -hn-[-øn Xs Xe-bn \n p-a ; Nhn- n-sa- Xn- -s -Sp-hm X -hæw ]mz-ß-fn \n p-a kv{xo \n Ωn- -s - -Xv. adn v kwc- n- -s -Sp-hm X -hæw Ahs ssibpss ASn-`m-KØp \n pw kvt\ln s Sphm Ahs lyz-b-øn-\-sp-øp \n p- -amwv Ahƒ D m- -s - -Xv. ]m]w {]th-in- p- -Xn-\p-apºv sszhw ]pcp-js\ Xeh-\m n h n-cp- p. kyjvsn-bpss {Iaw (]p-cp-j BZyw kyjvsn- -s p) AXns Dt±iyw (kv{xo ]pcp-j-\p th n kyjvsn- -s - p) F nhtbmsp _ -Øn Cu hkvxpx kw_- n p ]utemkv hmzn- p- p. (1- sim-cn.11:8,9). BZyw ]m]w snbvxxp l -bm-sw- nepw B ]m]w temi-øn IS- Xp ]m]w snbvx Xe-bmb BZm-an-\m-em-Wv. Xe-sb ]Zhn X\n- p- m-bn-cp- -XpsIm v AXn-t -Xmb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw X\n- p- m-bncp- p. a\p-jys\ D m- p- -Xn\p apºp-xs btlm-hbmb sszhw `qan-bnse kie ayk-ß-tfbpw... kyjvsn p Ign- n-cp- p, F v 19- mw hmiy-øn ImWp- p. `qx-ime kw]q Æ {Inb 5 - bn had F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xn-\m Cu hmiyw Cw o-jn IqSp- X hy -ambn a\- n-em- p-hm Ign-bp- p. 2:24 : 24- mw hmiy-ønse hm p-iƒ sim v sszhw GI-`m-cym-` Xy-XzsØ ÿm]n- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. as m sszhoi \nb-a-ßfpw t]mse Xs, CXpw ÿm]n- s - Xv a\p-jys \ bv p th n-bm-wv, in n- -s - Sp-I-bn-s p ss[cy-øn AXns\ AXn-ew-Ln- phm ]msp- -X-. {InkvXphpw k`bpw XΩn \ne-hnep _ -sø-bmwv hnhm-l- cm Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- Xv (F-t^.5:22-32). 2:25: GZ txm -Øn BZmapw l mbpw hkv{xß-sfm pw [cn- n-c- n-, F nepw Ah p \mww txm n-bn-cp- n-. B. ]co- bpw hogvnbpw (A.3) 3:1-6: l mbv v {]Xy- -s ]mºv a m-cp-am-bn-cp- n-, AXp kmøm-\m-bn-cp- p-sh v ]n osv \ap p a\- n-em mw (sh-fn.12:9 ImWp-I.) thz-]p-kvx-isø ]ucm-wni IY-I-fm n Nn{Xo-I-cn- p-hm B{K-ln- p- -h hniz-kn- p- Xv, CØ-c-Øn-ep Hcp hogvn ZyjvSm- -cq-]-ambn p -XmWv A msx A -co-i-am-bn- p H F m-wv. kwkm-cn- p ]mºn-s\-bmwv Ah sxfn-hmbn FSp-Øp-]-d-bp- -Xv. l msb h n- p ]mºns IY bym -Øn hniz-kn- p-hm Ign-bp- -XmtWm? As m-kvx-e-\mb ]utemkv A{]-Im-c-amWv Nn n- n- p- -Xv(2 simcn.11:3) At m-kvxe\mb tbml- m\pw shfn.12:9;20:2 F o hmiyß-fn ]d- n-cn- p- Xv AXp-X-s -bmwv. ss n-fn kwkm-c-n p ayksø Ipdn p ]d- n-cn- p- Xp ChnsS am{x-a-, _nsebmw {]hm-n-is {`m v \nb-{ n- p-hm Xm k cn p-sim- n-cp Igp-Xbv p kwkm-cn- p-hm-\p Ignhv sszhw \ In (kwjy 22); At m-kvx-e-\mb ]t{xmkv A -co-i-ambn AXp AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp(2-]t{xm 2:16). Cu aq v At m-kvx-e- mcpw Ah Fgp-Xnb Imcy-ßƒ ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn-\m {]tnm- Zn-X-cmbn tcj-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv. hogvnsb Ipdn- p hnhc-ßƒ A -co-i-a-s p Nn n- p- h hnip- -Xn-cp-shgp-Øns {]tnm-z-\-søbpw Ah-K-Wn- p- p. thz-]pkvx-i-øn ZyjvSm ßƒ ]e-bn-s-øp-ap v F m

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 3 35 CXv A{]-Im-c-ap- -X-. a\p-jy-h sø ]m]- p-gn-bn NmSn- p- -Xn-\p Im hbv]p-iƒ {i n- p-i. H m-a-xmbn, sszhw hmkvx-h-ambn I n- n- pt m? F v sszhoi hm p- Isf Ipdn v Zp q-n-\-bm Ah-cn kwibw kyjvsn v, F m hy -^-ehpw BZm-an\pw l mbv pw simsp- mx hne- p sszhsø Ipdn v Ah sx mb [mcw Ah-cn Df-hm- n. At mƒ txm -Øns \Sp-hn \n p hy -Øns ^ew Xn -cp-xv, sxmsp-i-bp-acpxv F v sszhw Xß-tfmSp I n- n- p- v F v l m kmøm-t\msp ]d- p. F m hy sø sxmsp Imcy-sØ Ipdn v sszhw H pw Xs ]d- n-cp- n-. At mƒ kmøm, \c-ihpw \nxy-\ymb hn[nbpw \ntj- [n- p Ahs A\p-bm-bn-I-sf-t mse, A\p-k-cWw si -h-cp-ss-ta h A]-cn-lm-cy-amb \ymb-hn-[n-kw-_- n p sszhsø JWvUn-X-ambn \ntj-[n p. BZ-man\pw l mbv pw {]tbm-p\ {]Z-am-bn- p Nne-Im-cy-ßƒ sszhw Ah p \ Im-Xn-cn- p-hm t\m pibmsw v Xs - p-dn v sx mbn Ahsc [cn- n- p. l m PU-tamlw (Xn \ -Xv), I tamlw (Im- m `wknbp- -Xv), Poh-\-Øns {]Xm]w ( m\w {]m]n- m Imayw) F o aq p hn[ {]tem-`-\-ßƒ v ASn-a-s - p. Xe-bmb BZm-an \n pw kzx-{ -bm-bn- mwv l m CXp snbvxxv. Ahs A[n-Imcw ssi -em- p- -Xn\p ]Icw Ahs D]-tZiw Ahƒ kzoicn n p- mhww.a-hƒ ^ew ]dn- p-xn p F hmiy-øn, AXp-h-cbpw a\p-jy-h sø Ak-ly-s SpØmsX-bncp tcmk-ßƒ, Zp:Jßƒ, IjvS- m-sp-iƒ,-th-z-\-iƒ, `bw, sx p-sn- -ø, ac-ww, F n-h-bvs m-ap hni- Zo-I-cWw D v. `qan-bpss XI bpw, et m-]-e w ih- - -d-ifpw km y-s -Sp-Øp- Xv sszhw kxy-hm BsW pw kmøm t`mjvip ]d-bp- h BsW- pamwv F v Btcm Hcn- ]d- n- p- v. kv{xobt{x h n- - - -s - Xv (1 Xnsa.2:14), BZmw kz Xocpam\{]Imcw {]h Øn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p, AXm-bXv a\:]q w sszh-øns B ewln- p. \nßƒ sszh-sø-t m-se-bm-bn-xocpw F p kmøms t`mjviv atx-xc kmln-xy-kw-kv mcw \ne- \n Øn-t m-cp- p. 3:7 13: ]m]-øns BZysØ ^ew `bhpw e bp-am-bn-cp p AØn-bne Iq nøp- n-bp- m- nb Acbm-S, \ -{-]-hy-øn-i-fm c w snmcn-bm-sx-bp Hcp axw sim v Xß-sf-Xs c n- p-hm {ia-n p a\pjys DZy-a-sØ-bmWp ImWn- p- -Xv. IW p simsp- p-hm sszhw hnfn- p-tºmƒ ]m]n-iƒ kzbw \ymbo- I-cn- p- p. Ft msp IqsS Ccn- m \o, \o X n- p kv{xo... F p sszhsø Ip -s -Sp-Øn-s m- mwv BZmw kwkm-cn- Xv (kzy:19:3 ImWp-I) l m ]d- p, kmøm... (hm:13). hogvnbn AI-s Xs kyjvsnsb kvt\l tømspw Icp-W-tbmSpw IqsS \o FhnsS? F p tnmzn- -sim v sszhw At\z-jn- p. Cu tnmzyw c p Imcy-ßƒ sxfn-bn- p- p a\p-jy \jvs-s p t]mbncp p, sszhw Ahs\ At\z-jn v h n- p- m-bncp- p. CXv a\pjys ]m]-tøbpw sszh-øns Icp- W-tb-bp-amWv sxfn-bn- p- -Xv. 6 kmøm l msb sx n- -cn- n hnj-b-amb sszh-kvt\lw shfn-s -Sp-Øn-s m- p-xs sszhw c bv p ap ssisbsp-øp. 3:14: btlm-hbmb sszhw k sø Xcw XmgvØ, A[:]X\w, ]cm-p-bw, F nh \ In i]n- p. F m I p-im-en-ifnepw F m Im p-ay-k-ß-fnepw h p k w i]n- s - Xv F p ]cm-a iw, ChnsS kmøm-s\- b adn v, Cg-P-mXn-Isf Ipdn- mwv {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p- -sx pw hmzn- p- -h-cpss Bi-bsØ {]_-e-s -Sp- Øp- -Xm-Wv. 3:15: F m 15- mw hmiyw ]nim-nns\ Ipdn p Xs bmwv {]Xn-]m-Zn- p- -Xv. Cu hmiy-amwv B-ZysØ kphntijw F -ap t{]mt m Chm- -enbw F -dn-bs -Sp- -Xv. ChnsS kmøm\pw kv{xobpw (a-\p-jy-k-aqlsø apgp-h {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- p. ) XΩn \ne- \n p i{xp-xzsø Ipdn pw,km-øms k -Xnbpw (A-hs {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ) kv{xobpss k -Xn-bpw(-an-in-lm) XΩn-ep i{xp-xzsø Ipdn pw ap Iq n ]d- n-cn- p- p. kv{xobpss k Xn kmøs Xesb XI pw AXv Atijw txm hn Dcp-hn-Sp ac-w-i-c-amb Hcp apdnhv Bbn-cn pw c -I Im h-dn-bn kmøms ta JWvUn-X-ambn Pbw sim m-sn-b-t mƒ Cu apdnhv A-hnsS \n h-ln- -s - p. kmøm AXn-\p-]-Icambn anin-lm-bpss IpXn-Im XI pw. IpXn-Im-ense apdnhv, IjvS- m-sn-t\bpw imco-cni ac-w-tø-bp-amwv ChnsS kqnn- n- p- -Xv, A msx BXy- n-i-amb txm hn-sbb-. AXp-sIm- mwv {InkvXp {Iqin IjvS-a-\p-`-hn v acn- -t]mepw snbvxxv;f m Ah ac-w-øn \n pw Dbn sø-gp-t v ]m]w,\c-iw,-]n-im-nv, F n-h-bpss-ta Pbw sim msn kv{xobpss k Xn F p hnfn- -s bmym yøn, Hcp ]t Xs I\yIm P\\w Dƒs - n-cp- n-cn- Ww. Xmsg- -d-bp hmiyßƒ p hn[n I ] n- -s -Sp- -Xn\p ap -ta, anin-lmsb hmkvzm\w snøp sszh-øns ImcpWyw F{X-am-{Xsa p t\m p-i. 3:16-19: ]m]-øn\p Xo -bmbpw A\- c ^e-ßfp- v. kv{xo a- sf {]k-hn- -p -Xn IjvS-a-\p-`-hn- phm hn[n- -s - p. Ah-fpsS B{Klw Xs ` Øm-hnt\m-SmIpw ap pw ]d- m-cbpw sim p i]n- -s \ne- Øn \n v A zm-\n p ` n- p-hm X -hæw a\pjy\pw hn[n- -s - p. IjvS- mspw hnb pw Ah\p e`n- p-sh- mwv AXns A w. Bb-jvIm-e-Øn-s\m-Sphn Ah s]msn-bn-te p Xs XncnsI tncpw. ChnsS {]txyiw {it -b-amb Hcp hnjbw CXm-Wv; A zm\w AXn Xs Hcp im]-a-, AXv ]e-t mgpw A\p-{K-l-amWv. F- m A zm-\-tømsp _ -s - p IjvS- m-sv, Zp:Jw, C m-`w-kw, hnb v, oww F n-hbmwv im]w.

36 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 3,4 3:20 21: AXp-h-tcbpw inip- -fmcpw Xs P\n- n- m- m-bn-cp psh n Xt -bpw, BZmw Xs `mcysb Poh-\p- -h s mw amxm-hmb l F p hnfn- p- - Xn-eqsS Xs hnizmkw {]Z in- n- p.-a-xn-\p-tijw sszhw Hcp ayksø sim v, Ah v txm sim- p DSp v \ In. sszh-ip- m-sns c -s m-cn n-en\m hnizm-k-øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn ]m]n-iƒ p \ Is -Sp \oxn-bpss hnti-j-h-kv{xsø-bmwv CXv Nn{Xo- I-cn- p- -Xv. 3:22-24: l m sszh-sø-t m-se-bmbn Xocpw F p (hm:5) kmøms t`mjvin kxy-øns Hcp \ng D m-bn-cp- p! F m Ahfpw BZmapw \ bpw Xn bpw XΩn Xncn- -dn-bp-hm ]cn-n-b-øns ITn-\-hgn- -I-fm ]Tn- p. Ah A-Xn-\p-tijw Poh hy - ^ew IqSn-Xn- n-cp-s - n, tcmkhpw, Imbn-I-ssh-I-eyhpw, A[:]X-\hpw, D ico-c-øn Ft pw Pohn- p-hm kwk-xn-bm-ip-am-bn-cp- p. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ, GZ txm -Øn IS- p-hm A\p-h-Zn- msx Ahsc XS- Xv sszh-øns Icp-W-bm-bn-cp- p. sicq-_p-iƒ AXn-hn-in-jvS-amb kz ob kyjvsn-i-fm-wv, howp-t]mb a\p-jys [n m-c-]c-amb Al- m-c-øn-s\-xn-cmbn sszhoi hnip- nsb ÿm]n- p-i-sb- -XmWv Ah-cpsS tpmen. 7 sszh-amtwm kmøm-\mtwm t`mjvip-]-d-bp- -sx v Xocp-am-\n-t - n-bn-cp- Xv BZmapw l mbpw Bbn-cp- p. sszhw BsW- m-bn-cp p Ah-cpsS Xocp-am\w. hnizmkw IqSmsX sszhsø {]km-zn- n- p-hm Ignbp-I-bn AXp-sIm v F{_m:11- mw A ymb-ønse hnizmk hoc- m-cpss ] n-i-bn Ah-cpsS t]cp-iƒ C msx-bm-bn. GZs amxy-im-]-c-amb ]cn-x-ÿn-xnbv v ]m- ]Øns {]th-i-\sø XS-bp-hm Ign- n-. A\p- Iq-e-amb Hcp ]cn-x-ÿn-xnbv v a\p-jys {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p-hm Ign-b-W-sa- n-. C. Imbo\pw lmt_epw (A.4) 4:1: BZmw Xs `mcy-bmb l msb Ah-fp-ambn X\n- p ssewkn-i-_- Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn a\- n-em- n. Imbo P\n- -t mƒ AXp sszh-øm am{xw km y-am-b-xm-sw v Ahƒ v a\- n-em-bn. Imbo F v t]cp hnfn- -t mƒ (t\-s,-t\-sn-b-kz-øv) hmkvzø k -Xn-bv mwp Xm P w \ In-b-sX v l Nn n- p-im-w-ww. 4:2 6: aq mw hmiy-øn {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p Imeb-fhv, temi-ønse P\-kw-Jy-bn KWy-amb s]cp- - Øn\v CS-\ IØ -Xm-bn-cp- p. ]m]w snbvx Hcp-h\v, c w snmcn-bp Hcp bmkw sim p-am-{xta hnip- - \mb sszhsø {]km-zn- n- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp- p-sh v Ibo-\n\pw lmt_-en\pw \n t±iw e`n- -Ø Hcp Ime-b-fhv ChnsSbp mbn mwww. Cu shfn- msv Ah-K-Wn Ibo ] - -dn-ifpw ]g-h -ßfpw ASßp c -an- mø Hcp hgn-]msv sszh-k- n-[n-bn sim p-h- p. Cu sszh-i nxw hniz-kn lmt_ sim -s ayksø hgn-]m-s n v Xs hnizmkw {]Z in- n- p-ibpw sszh-øm \oxo-i-cww {]m]n- p- Ibpw snbvxp. (F{_m.11:4) sszhw G hpw \ Xv A ln- p- p-sh v ^e-øn ]d-b-ø- -hn[w Xs B n Iq -Øn \n pw BZy-w P\n Xns\ Ah hgn-]m-smbn sim p-h- p. temi-øns ]m]sø Npas m-gn sszh-ip- m-sns ]m]n-iƒ p th n-bp ac-w-øn-te v hnc -Nq- p p lmt_-ens hgn-]m-sv. 4:7:- Ibos Akqb \nd tim]w sime-]m-x- I-Øns BZy-L- -am-b-xn-\m, sszhw kvt\l-\n `-camb ap -dn-bn-t mss Ah-t\mSv kwkm-cn- p. 7 mw hmiyw ]e-hn-[-øn a\- n-em- p-hm Ign-bpw. 1. \o \ -sn-øp- p-sh- n (A-\p-X-]n v) tim]- Øn \n pw sx n \n pw kzx-{ -\mbn ho pw apifn-te v t\m p-hm \n\ p Ign-bpw. \o \ -sn-øp- n-s - ntem (lm-t_-ens\ shdp- p- Xp XpS-cp- p-sh- n ) \ns \in- n phm Xøm-dmbn ]m]w \ns hmxn InS- p- p. Ahs (lm-t_-ens ) B{Klw \nt m-sm-ip- p. (F- p- - h m, \ns t\xyxzw Ah a\- n-em n AwKo-I-cn- pw). \o Ahs ta `cww \SØpw (AXm-bXv \o \ -sn-øp- p-sh- n ). 2. \o \ snøp- p-sh- n, AYhm sk]v z- Pn n hmbn- p- Xp t]mse,\o icn-bmb hgn-]msv A n- p- p-sh- n ) AwKoIcn- -s -Sp-I-bn- tbm? hgn- ]m-sn-\p kqn\ \ -sn-øp- p-xn-ep- m-bn-cp- p. AwKo- IyX-amb Hcp bmk-øn\p ]n n kzbw ad- p-sim v lmt_ \ -sn-bvxp.-c- -an- mø Hcp hgn-]msp sim p-h-cp- -Xn-eqsS Ibo Xn -snbvxp. ]n osp Xs kz`m-h-ß-sf mw Xs sx mb Cu Bcm-[-\- bpss bp n-bp- -amb ^e-ß-fm-bn-cp- p.8 3. B.-F-kv.-hn(R.S.V) ss nƒ ]d-bp- p, \o \ -sn-øp- p-sh- n AwKo-I-cn- -s -Sm-Xn-cn- ptam? \o \ sn-øp- n-s - n ]m]w \ns hmxn InS- p- p, AXns B{Klw \nt m-sm-ip- p, F m \o AXns\ Iog-S- Ww 4. F^v.-U_vfyq {Km v Xs \yqsa-dn- ss n-fn ]d-bp- -Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv, \o \ -s - n ]m]-øn-t -Xmb Hcp hgn-]msv hmxn InS- p- p. 9 as mcp hn[-øn ]d- m Ah B{K-ln- n-cp- psh- n Icp-X \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Xøm-dm- -s - n-cp- p. 4:8 12: Ibos Akq-b-bm-Ip ZpjvS-a-t\m-`mhw s]s p-xs Xs ktlm-z-cs sime-]m-x-isa Zpjv{]hy-Øn-bmbn ]cn-w-an- p. lmt_ sim -s - psh- nepw, hne-a-xn- s Sp PohnXw hnizmk Pohn-Xam-sW v Ah C pw \tωmsp km n- p-sim- n-cp- p. (F-{_m.11:4) sszh-øns kvt\l-\n `-c-amb tnmzy- Øn-\p {]Xn-I-cWw A\p-Xm-]-an- m-bvabpw \n a-cym-

- Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 4,5,6 37 Zbpw Bb-t mƒ sszhw Ibos hn[n-{]-kvxm-hn- p \ne- Ønse A\p-`hw sim p Pohn- p-hm C\n Hcn- epw Ah\p Ign-bp-I-bn-, Xs -bp-a Ah acp-`q-an-bn Dg-ep- -h BIpw F pw sszhw I n- p. 4:13 16: Ibos ]m]w kw_- n- p tzmj-øn\p th -Xn-t\- mƒ A[nIw ] m-øm]w AXns A\- -c-^-e-øn\p Bh-iy-am-sW v Xs apdp-ap-dp-t m-ssbp ]cmxn shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. F m Hfn-t m-sp Ibos Pohn-X-kw-_- -amb `b-øn\p im n \ Ip- -Xn\p th n, F n pw btlmh Hcp kwc- W ASbmfw hbv p-ibpw Ahs\ sim- p- -h-t -ta Hcp im]w hbv p-ibpw snbvxp. F m hns-hm-ß-ep-i-tf- mfpw hyk-\-i-c-amb hn[-øn Ibo btlm-h-bpss k n-[n-bn \n pw ]pd-s - p-t]m-bn. 4:17 24: Ibo Xs ktlm-zcntbtbm c -_- -Øn-ep a m-sc-sb- n-eptam hnhmlw Ign- p. ss n-fn {]kvxm- -hn- n-cn- p hn[w P\-s -cp w D m-i-ø Hcp Ime-b-fhv Dev] 4:3 D m-bn- p- v. IqSmsX BZm-an\p ]p{x- mcpw ]p{xn-amcpw D m-bn-cp- -Xmbn Dev].5:4 {]txyiw FSp-Øp- -cn- n- p- v. A v ASpØ _ p- ƒ XΩn-ep hnhmlw \ntcm- [n- n-cp- n-. (Xs -bp-a P\n-XI kw_- ambn AXv B] -c-am-bn-cp- n-.) 17 24 hmiy-ß-fn Ibos `mhn-x-e-ap-d-i-fpss ] ni ImWp- p.-iq-smsx BZy-am-bn v DS-se-Sp-Ø-h-bpsS Hcp ]cºc Xs AhnsS \ I-s - n-cn- p- p. lmt\m v F v \ma-i-cww snø-s H -masø ] Ww; _lp`mcy-xz-øns BZy kw`hw k o-i-cn- -s ark-kw-c- W-Øns Bcw-`w; kwko-x-i-e-bp-tsbpw inev] \n Ωm-W-Øn-t bpw Bcw-`w; A{I-ahpw c snm-cn- nepw kw_- n- p BZysØ kwko-xw. B ]m n, emta- v, Xm Bfl-c- -bv mbn Hcp bu - -\ m-cs\ sim -Xmbn Xs `mcy-am-tcmsp hnh-cn- p- p. Ibo Xs ktlm-z-cs\ sim -Xp-t]mse ap Iq n Bkq- {XWw snbvxp sime-]m-x-i-a- m-ø-xn-\m,]cn-lm-c\- S-]-Sn-Ifn \n pw emta v Hgn-hp- -h-\m-bn-cp- pw. 4:25,26: Ct mƒhnkva-b-i-c-am-b- Hcp Bizmk-sat mww sszhoi hwi-{]-im-c-ap tiøv Ah-X-cn- s - p. aninlm P\n- -s - Xv Cu hwim-h-en-bn-eq-ss-bm- Wv. Gt\m-iv(-A w Zp _-e-amb AYhm \iz-c-amb) P\n- -t mƒ a\p-jy sszh-øn\v btlmh F t]cv hnfn- p-hm XpS-ßn, Hcp-]t ]cky Bcm-[-\-I-fn btlm-h-bpss \ma-øn hnfn- -t]- n- p-hm XpS-ßn. D. tiøpw k m\ ]c-º-c-ifpw (A.5) A mw A ymbw acw awn-bpss apg w F mwv hnti-jn- - n- -s -Sp- -Xv. ImcWw ]ns Ah acn p F v Cu A ym-b-øn ]e-`m-k-ß-fnepw Bh Øn p {]kvxm-hn- n-cn- p- p. BZmw apx t\mlbpss ]p{x-\mb tiw hsc-bp hcnse anin-lm-bpss c -hw-i-]-c-ºc ChnsS tcj-s -Sp-Ø-s - n-cn- p- p(-eqt m.3:36 38 hmiy-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw snbvxp ]Tn- p-i.) 5:1 17: sszh-øns kmzy-iy-øn BZmw kyjvsn- -s - p.b BZm-ans kzcq-]- -Øn tiøv P\n- p. hogvn kw`-hn- -Xn-\n-S-bn, a\p-jy-\n-ep- m-bn-cp sszh kzcq-]-øn\v ]m-]-øm Du\w kw`-hn- p. 2:17 sszhw ]d- Xp kw`-hn- p-tºm-gp- mb imco-cni k^-eo-i-c-whpw BZmw ]m]w snbvx Znhkw kw`hn BfloI k^-eo-i-c-whpw 5 10 A ymbß-fn tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. 5:18-24: ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn- -s - n-cn- p lmt\m pw emta pw 4 mw A ym-b-øn ]d-b-s - n-cn- p- hcpw XΩn Bi-b- p-g w D m-h-cp-xv. 18- mw hmiy- Øn-ep lmt\m v BZmw apx Ggm-a-\mWv (bq-z.14) A msx aq m-a-\-. hniz-k-øm lmt\m v 300 kwh- cw sszh-tømsp IqsS- \S p sszhsø {]km-zn- n- p.(-f-{_m.11:5). Xs ais P\-\-Øn\v Xs Pohn-X- Ønt hnip- o-i-c-w-øn-t bpw Db -bp-tsbpw Hcp kzm[o\w D m-bn-cp- -Xmbn ImW-s - -Sp- p.(hm.22a) \ mbn Bcw-`n- p- Xp \ -Xm-Wv, ]t Ah-km\w hsc ZyV-Nn-Øcmbn XpS-cp- Xv hfsc \ Imcy-amWv. \SØw F hm v tihew bmzy- n-i-amb ]cn-n-bsø-b adn v ÿnc-x-bp- Xpw ]ptcm-k-xn-bp- -Xp-amb Hcp _ -sø-bmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. sszh-tøm-sp-iqss \S- pi F p ]d- m tihew Hcp awn- qdp t\csø Hcp {]hy-øn-b adn v Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h- \p Hcp CS-]m-Sm-W-Xv. ]ou XpS-ßp- -Xn\v apºv k` kz -Øn-te v F-Sp- s Sp- Xp t]mse (1-sX-.4:13-18;shfn.3:10) Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\p apºv lmt\m v kz - Øn-te v am -s - p. 5:25-32: a m-scm- mfpw G -hp-a-[n-i- mew Pohn- ncp- Xv sayp-i-telv Bbn-cp p (sxm- mbncøn Adp- ]Øn H ]Xv kwh- -cw). sayp-i-telv F hm ns -b w hneywkv ]d-bp- -Xp-t]mse AXv Ab-bv s - n-cn pw 10 F m-sw- n AXv Hcp ]t Hcp {]h- N-\-am-bn-cn mw; ImcWw Pe-{]-fbw D m-bxv Xs acww \S h j-øn-em-bn-cp- p. t\ml-bpss t{ijvt ]p{x-\mb tbip {InkvXp-hn-eqsS temi-øn\p hcp B-izmkw ap q n I -Xp-sIm mimw emta v Zo L- Z i-\-tømss Xs ]p{x\p t\ml F p t]cn- -Xv. t\ml F t]cns A w Bizmkw F -t{x. h j-ßƒ IS- p-t]m-b-t mƒ a\p-jys Poh-Ime {]Xo {ItaW Ipd p h p k o.90:10 ]d-bp- Xv km[m-c-w-imew Fgp-]Xp h jw F m-wv. E. ]c-s -bp ]m]hpw BtKmf Pe-{]-fbhpw (A.6-8) 6:1,2: c mw hmiyw kw_- n p {][m-\-s c p hymjym\ßfm-wp- -Xv. kz hmk-ÿew hn v sszh- Øn\v G hpw shdp- p, hyh-ÿm-]n-x-a- mø Hcp ssewkni coxn-bn `qan-bn-ep kv{xoi-fp-ambn an{ihn-hmlw \S-Ønb ZqX- m-cm-bn-cp p (bq-z.6) sszh-

38 t\ml-bpss s] Iw Hcp Nn{X-Im-cs `mh-\-bn 1908 AcmcmØv ] -X-Øn Cu s] Iw I p-sh v Ah-Im-i-s Hcp ]cy-th-j-i \ Inb hnh-c-w-øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn Xøm-dm- n-b- XmWv Cu Nn{Xw.

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 6 39 Øns ]p{x- m F v ChnsS ]cm-a in- -s - n-cn- - p- -h F -XmWv H m-asø hymjym\w Ctøm.1:6;2:1 F o thz-`m-k-ß-fnse sszh-øns ]p{x- m F p ]Z]-{]-tbmKw sim v A -am- - p- Xv sszh-k- n-[nbn {]th-i\w D m-bn-cp ZqX- m F m-bn-cp p F s{x Cu Bi-bsØ ]n Xmßp- h ]d-bp- - Xv. IqSmsX sszh-øns ]p{x- m F p- Xv ZqX- m p Hcp t]cv F \ne-bn {]am-wn-i-amb blq- Z- m n-s-bnep Hcp ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-Wv. bqz: 6,7 hmiyßƒ \n t±-in- p- -Xv, kz hmk-ÿew hn p-t]mb ZqX- m \nir-jvs-amb ssewkni kz`m-h-øm sx p- Im-cm-bn-cp p F -s{x. howp-t]mb ZqX- msc Ipdn v hnh-cn DS-s\-Xs tkmtzmw skmtamd ] -Wßsft mse F v 7 mw hmiy-øn ]d- n-cn- p hm p-iƒ {i n- p-i. \ap- -dn-bp-hm Ign-bp- n-s-tømfw ZqX- m ssewko-i-ambn {]P-\\w \S-Øp- n F p- -XmWv CXp kw_- n {][m\ FXn v. ZqX- m hnhmlw snøp- n F v tbip ]Tn- n- -Xm-bn sxfn-bn- p- -Xn- \p-th n aøm. 22:30 BWv FSp-Øp-]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xv. bym -Øn B hmiyw F mwv ]d-bp- -Xv, kz - Ønse ZqX- m hnhmlw Ign- p- n-, hnhm-l-øn\p simsp- -s -Sp- -Xp-an F -t{x. ZqX- m a\p-jy-cq-]- Øn A{_-lm-an\p {]Xy- -\mbn (D-ev].18:1 5), Xs bp-a tkmtzm-an-te p t]mb c p-t] v a\p-jy-a-hb-h-ßfpw hnim-c-ßfpw D m-bn-cp- -Xmbn Xncp-h-N\ `mk-øp-\n p \ap- va-\- n-em- mw. thsdmcp ho Ww C{]-Im-c-am-Wv, sszh-øns ]p{x- m tiøns sszhoi k -Xn-Ifpw a\p-jy-cpss ]p{xnam F p-]-d-bp- Xv Ibos A[ Ωn-I-fmb k m\ ]c-º-cbpw BWv. CXp kw_- n- p hmzw Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. CXn\p apºp ] m-øew Ibo-s bpw (A.4) tiøn-s bpw (A.5) hwi-]-c-º-ctbm-sp _ -Øn-ep- -Xm-Wv. Cu c p-hw-i-øn-ep- hcpw XΩn-ep an{i hnhm-lsø Ipdn v (Dev]. 6:1 4) hnh-cn- p- p. ZqX- m F p hm v B kµ `-Øn ImW-s -Sp- n-. 3Dw 5Dw hmiy-ßƒ a\p-jys ZpjvS- X-sb-Ip-dn- mwv ]d-bp- Xv. AXv ]m]w-snbvx ZqX- mcm-bn-cp- p-sh- n a\p-jy-h w F n\v \in- n- -s - SWw? Dev]: 6:2 ImWp AtX F{_m-b-]-Z-a IrXy-ambpw ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn- n-cn- p- -Xv, F nepw sszhoi a\p-jy-cmwv sszh-øns ]p{x- m F p hnfn- -s - n-cn- p- -sx p \ap p a\- n-em mw (B-h. 14:1; k o. 82:6, tlmi.1:10; aøm.5:9 F o thz-`m-k-ßƒ hmbn- p-i). Cu ImgvN- msv kw_- n p ]e {]iv\-ß-fp- v. tiøns hwi-]-c-º-c-bn-ep ]pcp-j- m-sc mw sszho- Icpw Ibos hwi-øn-ep kv{xoi-sf mw sszho-i-c- m-øxpw F p-sim- m-bn-cp p? Xs -bp-a-, tiøns k m-\-]-c-ºc sszh-ap- -h-cmbn \ne-\n- - Xmbn bmsxmcp kqn-\-bp-an-. AYhm Ah Aß-s\- bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n F p-sim v \in- n- -s -SWw? sszhoi ]pcp-j- mcpw sszho-i-c- mø kv{xoifpw XΩnep AØ-c-samcp _ -Øn F p-sim v a - m P\n- Ww? 6:3: sszh-øns Bflmhp a\p-jy-\n kzm-imehpw hmzn- p-sim- n-cn- -bn F p sszhw ap -dn-bn v \ In-bn- p- v. F n-cp- mepw AXp apjm- ncw kw`hn- p-hm-\n-cn- p Pe-{]-f-b-am-Ip \ymb-hn[n 120 kwh- cw sshipw. sszhw Zo L- -a-bp- -h-\m-wv, Bcpw \in- p-t]m-ip-hm Ah B{K-ln- p- n-, F m F m- n\pw Hcp ]cn-[n-bp- v. ]cn-ip- m-flm-hn-\m t\mlbn-eqss Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\p apºp- m-bn-cp htcmsv {]kw- Kn- Xp tbip-{in-kvxp-hm-bn-cp- p F mwv ]t{xmkv \tωmsv ]d-bp- Xv (1]-t{Xm.3:18-20; 2]t{Xm.2:5). Ah B ktµiw \nc-kn- bpw X qew Ct mƒ XS-hn-em- -s - n-cn- pibpamwv. 6:4,5:- a - msc Ipdn v (F-{_mb `mj-bn s\^nenw, howp-t]m-b-h ) A hni-zo-i-cn- p- Xv Xmsg- ]-dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. a\p-jy-cpss ]p{xn-am (a-c-w-ap kv{xoiƒ) sszh-øns ]p{x- m-cpambn (ZqX- m ) kl-h-kn- p- m-ip Akzm-`m-hnI k -Xn-I-fmb Znhy ]pcp-j- a - m-cmbn s\^n-enans\ ]ecpw IW- m- p- p. a\pjy h -Øn\v sszhw krjvsn- m- nb hyhÿiƒ ewln- p-sim- p XnI pw Akzm-`m-hn-I-amb Cu Iq p-si v, Pe-{]-f-b-am-Ip temi-hym-]i \ymb-hn[n A\n-hm-cyam- n-xo Ø t m`-i-c-amb Hcp Akz-`m-hnI {]Xn-`mk-am-bn-cp- p. 11 '' 6:6,7: sszh-øns A\p-Xm]w Xs a\- n A\nb-{ n-x-amb Hcp am sø kqnn- n- p- -Xmbn a\p-jy\p txm n-bm-epw, AXp A{]-Im-c-a. a\p-jys kz`m-h- Øn Nne hyxn-bm-\-ßƒ D m-b-xns {]XnI-c-W-sat mww sszh-øns `mkøp \n p hyxy-kvx-amb Hcp at\m-`m-h-tø-bmwv AXp kqnn- n- p- -Xv. ImcWw Ah hnip- -\m-ibm ]m]-øn-s\-xn-cmbn Xm {]Xn- I-cn- pw. 6:8 22: t\mlbv p btlm-h-bpss Iy] e`n- -Xn- \m Hcp s] Iw ]Wn-bp-hm ap -dn-bn p e`n- p. s] -I-Øns Af-hp-Iƒ apg-øn simsp-øn-cn- p- p. (1-apgw= 18-C- v) Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ s] -I-Øn\p 450 ASn\ofhpw, 75 ASn hoxn-bpw, 45 ASn Db-chpw D mbn-cp- p. AXn\p aq p X p-i-fp- m-bn-cp- p. 16- mw hmiy- Øn ImWp hmxn A -cm -Øn shfn- - Øns Hcp ÿm\-''am-bn-cp- p. Hcp ]t s] -I-Øns F m-`m-køpw FØp- -hn-[-øn {]Im-ihpw hmbphpw {]th-in- p- -Xn-\p Hcp Ihm-S-am-bn-cp- n-cn mw B hmxn. sszh-øn-s ]c-am-[n-imcw kw_- n- p Hcp {]hy- Øn-sb \ne-bn Iy]-bm t\ml c {]m]n- p. am\p-joi IS- m-sns Hcp {]hy-øn-sb \ne-bn sszhw I n {]Im-c-sam-s bpw snøpi F p- -

40 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 6 Xm-bn-cp p t\ml-bpss {]Xn-I-cWw (hm.22) t\ml- Xs IpSpw-_-Øns c -bv mbn Hcp s] Iw ]Wn- Xp, F m s] -I-Øns hmxn AS p `{Z-am- nbxv btlm-h-bm-bn-cp- p. sszh-øns ]c-am-[n-im-chpw am\p-joi IS- mspw ]c-kv]cw \ntj-[-ia adn v ]cn- ]q-c-i-am-wv. Xncp-h-N-\-Øn, sszh-tøm-sp-iqss \S- p-sh v ]db-s - n-cn- p c p hy n-iƒ t\ml-bpw,(hm.19), lmt\m pw am{x-am-wv(5:22). kz -Øn-te v FSp- s -Sp k`-bpss {]Xo-I-amWv lmt\m-s - n kl- {km_vz `qan-bn Pohn- p-hm ]ov-bn-eqss ]cn-]m-en- -s hnizkvx blqztijn- ns {]Xo-I-amWv t\ml. 18- mw hmiy-ønemwv DS-º-Sn-sb- p-dn v BZy-ambn thz-]p-kvx-i-øn {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p- -Xv. F p DS-º- Sn-Isf Ipdn- mwv kvt m-^o Uv ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv. GZ\y DS-º-Sn(-D-ev].2:16); BZmay DS-º-Sn(Dev]Øn. 3:15); t\mssli DS-ºSn (D-ev].9:16); A{_lm-anI DS-ºSn (D-ev]. 12:2); tamssii DS-ºSn (]pd.19:5); ]e-kvxo\y DS-ºSn (Bh.30:3); Zmho-Zn-t\m-Sp DS-ºSn (2 iap. 7:16). ]pxnb DS-ºSn (F{_m. 8:8) api-fn ]d- n-cn- p F p DS-ºSn-Iƒs m w itemtamt\msp DS-ºSnbpw tn Øv Xmsg hnh-cn- n-cn- p- p. DS-º-Sn-Iƒt]mse k o Æ-amb hnj-b-ßƒ sszhim-kv{x-kw-_- -amb hyxykvx kviqfp-i-fn hnhn[ \ne-i-fn-emwv hymjym-\n- -s - p-sim- n-cn p -sx v ]d-tb Bh-iy-an- -t m. \q m- p-i-fp-ss ]mc-º-cy- Ønepw kl-{km-_vz-øn\p apºp Ime-Ønepw snbvxpsh coxn-i-fmwv ChnsS simsp-øn-cn- p- -Xv. thz-]p-kvx-i-ønse {][m\ DS-º-Sn-Iƒ GZ\y DS-ºSn (D-ev].1:28 30; 2:16,17) a\p-jy k m-\-]p-jvsn-bp- -h-cmbn s]cpin `qanbn \nd v AXns\ AS- n-hm-gp-hm-\p DØ-c-hm- ZnXzw \ In-sIm v Ahs \njvi-f- -Xbn sszhw- \ Ip DS-º-Sn-bmWv GZ\y DS-º-Sn. kie `qn-c-p- p-hn-t ep A[n-Imcw Ah\v \ I-s - n-cp p. \ - Xn- -Isf Ipdn- p Adn-hns hy -^ew HgnsI kiehpw txm -Øn Iyjn-sN-bvXp, AXns ^ew A\p- `-hn- p-sim- p-hm sszhw Ahs\ B nh p. \ Is Cu Iev]\ kw_- -ambn ]n osp A\p-k-c-Wt Sp ImWn- Xp aqew acww IS p h p. BZmay DS-ºSn (D-ev].3:14-19) a\p-jys hogvn-bv p-tijw sszhw ]mºns\ i]n- bpw k -Øn\pw kv{xobv pw XΩn-epw, kmøm\pw {InkvXp-hn\pw XΩnepw D i{xp-xz-sø- p-dn p {]h- Nn- p-ibpw snbvxp. kmøm {InkvXp-hn\v ]cnt ]n pw, F m {InkvXp kmøms\ ]q Æ-ambn \in- n- pw. kv{xo {]k-h-tøm-sp _ -Øn thz\ A\p-`-hn- bpw ` Øm-hns A[o-\-X-bn Ign-bp-Ibpw snøpw. `qan i]n- -s - -Xn-\m a\p-jy Irjn snøp- -Xn-t\m-Sp _ -Øn ap n-t\mspw ]d- m-c-tbmspw t]mcm-ts nbn-cn- p p, Ahs A zm-\-øn hnb pw owhpw Dƒs -Sp-Øp-Ibpw Ah s]msnbn \n pw D m- -s - -Xp-t]mse Ah-km\w s]msnbn-te p XncnsI tncp-ibpw snøp-am-dm- pw. t\mssli DS-ºSn (D-ev]. 8:20 9:27) `qansb apgp-h ho pw Pe-{]-fbw sim p \in- n- tbm i]n tbm snøp-i-bn-s v sszhw t\mltbmsp hmkvzm\w snbvxp. CXn-s -sbmcp m]-i-sat mww Ah BIm-iØp ag-hn v \ In F m h[-in- -bpss A[n-Im-c-ap am\p-jni `cw k{º-zmb-ÿm-]-\hpw Cu DS-º-Sn-bn Dƒs -Sp- p. `qan-bn s] p- -s]-cp-ip- -Xn\p sszhw a\p-jys\ D]-tZ-in- p-ibpw Ime-ß-fpw, ka-b-ßfpw, EXp- fpw kw_- n IrXyX Dd- m- p-ibpw a p krjvsn-i-fpss taepff A[n-Imcw ÿnco-i-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. apºp- m-bn-cp kkymlm-c-tøm-ssm w amwkw ` n- p- -Xn-\p A\p-a- Xnbpw a\p-jy\p e`n p. t\ml-bpss k -Xn-Isf kw_- n p t\m p-tºmƒ tian-t bpw bmt^-ønt bpw A[a Zmk-\m-bn-cn- -Ø- -hæw lman-s ]p{x- \mb I\ms\ sszhw i]n- p. \ap- -dn-bm-hp- -Xp-t]mse anin-lm-bpss hwi-]-c-º-c-bn Bbn-cn- p Xp Dƒs ss-bp A\p-{K-l-ßƒ sszhw tian\p \ In. bmt^- Øn\v henb h -\hpw tians IqSm-c-ß-fn hkn pw F p A\p-{K-lhp-amWv sszh-øm e`n- -Xv. A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp DS-ºSn (D-ev]. 12:1 3, 13:14-17, 15:1 8, 17:1 8) A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp DS-ºSn \ncp-]m-[n-i-am-wv. Dev].15:12-21 hsc ImWp bmk-ar-k-øns c p ]nf p- Iƒ p \Sp-hn-eqsS IS- p-t]mb ]pi-bp Hcp Xo qftbm Pzen- p Hcp ] tam Bbn am{x-amwv sszhw kzbw shfn-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. CXv XnI pw km -Iam- Wv. c p-t] XΩn Hcp DS-ºSn D m- p-tºmƒ (F- {_mb `mj-bn ""I v'') DS-º-Sn-bpsS \n_- -\-I-fn Ah Ccp-hcpw \ne-sim- p- p-sh p ImWn-t - -Xn\v c p ]nf p-iƒ p \Sp-hn-eqsS Ccp-hcpw Hcp-an p \S- pw. sszhw A{_-lm-ans ta bmsxmcp \n_- -\- Ifpw h n-, BbXp sim v A{_-lm-ans ]n X-eapd F{X-am{Xw hniz-kvx-cm-sw p Xv hnj-b-a-, Xmsg hnh-cn- p hyh-ÿ-iƒ kw`-hn- m-\p Xpw kw`hn-t - -Xp-ap v. ]gb coxn-bn-ep sszh-p-\-øn\v bmsxmcp `mhnbpw ImWmØ Bfp-Iƒ, G hpw Ipd- Xv `qkzøns Imcy-Øn-se- nepw Cu DS-ºSn \n_- -\- bp- -Xm n Xo p-hm {ian- p-i- -bm-wv. ]n o-sh bn{k-tb-ens\ Aev]w am{x-ap- -h-cmtbm AYhm H pan- m-ø-h-cmtbm hn p-i-f- n v k`-bv p F m A\p- {K-l-ßƒ p-ambn Ah-Im-i-hmZw \nc-øp- p.

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 7 41 A{_-lm-an-t\m-Sp DS-º-Sn-bn, A{_-lm-an\pw Xs ]n X-e-ap-d-bv p-ap Xmsg- -d-bp hmkvz-øßfpw Dƒs -Sp- p. hen-sbmcp PmXn (bn-{k-tb ), A{_- lm-an\p hy n-]-c-amb A\p-{K-l-ßƒ, {]kn- nbm n Hcp t]cv, a p- -h v A\p-{K-l-Øns Hcp Dd-hn-S-am-bn-cn- pi (12:2)Xs kvt\ln-x v Hcp sszhoi A\p-{K-lhpw i{xp- ƒ v Hcp im]-hp-am-bncn- p-i, kie PmXn-Iƒ pw Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn- p-i- tb-ip-{in-kvxp-hn-eqss AXp \nd-th- -s p (12:3), I\m tzi-sa \ne-\n p kºøv ]n o-sxv bn{ktb F pw ]e-kvxo F pw Adn-b-s p (13:14,15,17), {]IrXym D Xpw Bflo-I-cp-amb FÆ-a k m\ ]c- º-c-Iƒ (13:6,15:5), bnkvam-tb, bnkv-lm v F n-h-cneq-ss-bp At\I PmXn-I-fp-sSbpw cmpm- - m-cp-tsbpw ]nxrxzw (17:4,6), sszh-hp-am-bp {]txyi_ w (17:7) tamssii DS-ºSn (]p-d. 19:5; 20:1 31:18) tamssii DS-º-Sn-tbm-Sp _ -Øn AXns G hpw hnim-e-amb A -Øn Nn n- p-tºmƒ, AXn sszh-tømspw Xs Ab m-c-t\m-sp-ap Hcphs I Ø-hy-ßƒ hnh-cn- p- -Xmb ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ Dƒs -Sp- p. (]pd : 20: 1 26), IqSmsX bn{km-tb-ens kmaq-lni Pohn-XsØ kw_- n- p A\-h[n \nba-ßfpw N -ßfpw (]pd : 21: 1 24:11), ax-]-c-amb Pohn- XsØ kw_- n- p hni-z-am-bp ASn-b- nc \nba-ßƒ (]pd : 24:12 31:18). AXv PmXn-Iƒ adn v bn{ktb P\-Øn-\mWv \ I-s - -Xv. a\p-jys A\p-kcWw Bh-iy-s -Sp tkm]m-[n-i-amb Hcp DS-º-Sn-bmbn-cp p AXv. AXpsIm v AXp PUØm _e-lo- \-am-bn-cp- p. (tdm-a.8:3). Hcn- epw c \ Ip-hm Dt±in- p Xmbn-cp- n ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ, t\sc-a-dn v ]m]hpw txm hnbpw kw_- n v Ip -t_m[w Df-hm- Ip- Xp am{x-am-bn-cp AXv. ]Øp Iev]-\-I-fn H ]- sxæhpw ]pxnb \nb-a-øn Bh Øn- n- p- v. (i- Øp am{xw Hgn-hm- -s - n- p- v). in -tbm-sp-iq-snb \nb-a-am-bn- ]pxnb \nb-a-øn Ah simsp-øn-cn- p- -Xv, adn v Ir]-bm c n- -s -Sp- -h v A\p-tbm- Py-amb kz`mh KpW-ß-fm-bn- mwv Ahsb Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-cn- p- Xv. sszha ƒ \nb-a-øn-\-, Ir]-bv -[o-\- cm-wv. F m Ah {InkvXp-hn-t\mSp kvt\l-øm _ n- n- -s - n-cn- p hcmwv, D -X-am-b- Hcp t{]c-iw. ]ekvxo\y DS-º-Sn (-B-h.30:1 9) CuPn-]vXnse \Zn apx (ss\ \Zn-b adn v CuPn]vXnse Acp-hn-bmWv ChnsS Dt±-in- p- -Xv) alm\zn-bmb bq{^- okv (Dev] 15:18) hsc-bp, sszhw A{_-lm-an\p hmkvz-ø-ambn \ Inb tziw `mhn-bn ÿnc-ambn ssih-i-s -Sp-Øp- Xp kw_- n- p DS- º-Sn-bmWv CXv. bn{km-tb Hcn- epw B tziw ]q Æambn ssih-i-am- n-bn- n-. item-tams `c-w-im-eøv Ing- cmpy-ßƒ X\n p I w \ In-bn-cp p (1cm- P.4:21, 24), F m AXp-k-º-Ømtbm ssih-i-s -Sp- Ø-emtbm IW- m- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. A\p-k-cWt Sns ^e-ambn tzi-hm-kn-i-fpssbnsbn bn{km-tb P\w NnXdnt]mIp- Xv sszh-øn- - te- p Ah-cpsS as-ßn-h-chv, sszh-øns c m-asø BK-a-\w, tzi-tø- p Ah-cpsS as-ßn-h-c-hv, tzi- Øp Ah-cpsS A`n-hr- n, Ah-cpsS lrz-b-øn-\p- mb am w (ssz-hsø A\p-k-cn- p-hm\pw kvt\ln- p-hm- \pw), Ah-cpsS i{xp- ƒ p e`n in F nh ap Iq n ImWp DS-º-Sn-bmWv ]e-kvxo\y DS-º-Sn. Zmho-Zn-t\m-Sp DS-ºSn ( 2 iap. 7:5-19) Zmho-Zns cmpxzw Ft pw ÿnc-ambpw F p hmkvzøw am{x-a sszhw X\n p \ In-bXv. knwlmk-\-øn Ccn-t - -Xn\v sszhoi ]mx-bn-ep-s mcp ]n X-e-apd Ft mgpw D m-bn-cn pw F pw sszhw hmkvzøw \ In. CXv \n_- -\-I-fn- mø Hcp DS-ºSn Bbn-cp- p, bmsxmcp hn[-ønepw Zmho-Zns \oxn {]hr- Øn-I-sftbm A\p-k-c-W-tØtbm B{i-bn- p- -Xm-bncp- n AXv. tbmtk-^ns hwim-henbn ImWp-s - Sp- -Xp-t]mse (a-øm.1) Zmho-Zns knwlm-k-\-øn\v \nb-a-{]-im-c-ap A\- -cm-h-imin itemtam h-gn-bmbn tbip-{in-kvxp-hm-wv. adn-bbpss hwim-h-en-bn ImWp-s -Sp- -Xp-t]mse (eq-t m.3) \mym hgn ]c-º-cm-k-x-ambn Zmho-Zns k m\ ]c-º-c-bn D -h-\mwv tbip-{i-kvxp. Ah Ft pw Pohn- p- -Xp-sIm v Ahs cmpxzw Ft - p-ap- -Xm-Ip- p. `qan-bnse Bbncw kwh- -c- mesø Ahs `cww \nxycmp-xz-øn-\p- n ebn- pt]m-ipw. item-tam\y DS-ºSn (2 i-ap.7:12 15; 1cmP. 8:4,5 2Zn\. 7:11-22) imiz-x-amb cmp-xzsø kw_- n- n-s-tømfw itemtam-t\m-sp DS-ºSn \n_- -\-I-fn- m-ø-xm-wv, F m item-tams Xe-ap-d-Iƒ knlmw-k-\-øn Ccn- p- - Xn-t\m-Sp _ -Øn Cu DS-ºSn \n_- -\-I-tfmSp IqSn-b-XmWv (1 cmp. 8:4,5 2 Zn\. 7:17,18). item-tams Xe-ap-d-bn sim\ymhv F p t]cp Hcp-h (sbmsjm-\ymhv F p hnfn- -s -Sp- p.) Zmho-Zns knwlmk-\-øn Ccn- p-hm PU-{]-Im-c-ap Hcp k -Xnbpw D m-im-xn-cn- -Ø- -hæw \ntcm-[n- -s p (bn-c.22:30) ta kqnn- n {]Im-c-am-sW- n, tbip-{inkvxp itemtams Xe-ap-d-bn D -h-\-, As - n sim\ym-hns im]-øn Iogn-emWv Ah h -Xv. ]pxnb DS-ºSn (bn-c. 31-:-31 34; F{_m. 8:7 12; eqt m. 22:20) bn{k-mtb Krl-tØmSpw blqzm Krl-tØmSpw hfsc hyxvi-ambn snbvxn-cn- p DS-º-Sn-bmWv ]pxnb DS-ºSn (bn-c. 31:31). bnc-aymhv CXv Fgp-Xn-b-t mƒ `mhnsb kw`-hn- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. bn{km-tb ewln tamssii DS-ºSn t]mse \n_- -\-Iƒ D Hcp DS- º-Sn-b CXv (bn-c. 31:32). bn{km-tb-ens ]p\-cp- oh\w (sbl. 36:25), ]cn-ip- m-flm-hns A[n-hmkw

- 42 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 7,8 (sbl. 36:27), sszh-øns CjvSw snøp-hm B{Kln- -Ø- -hn[w {Iao-I-cn- -s Hcp lrzbw (bnc.31:33f), ssz-hhpw Xs P\hpw XΩn-e sfiy- _ w (bn-c. 31:33) bn{km-tb-ens sszh-sø- p-dn- p km -{Xn-I-amb Adnhv (bn-c. 31:34) tamnn- -s - Sp-Ibpw ad- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvx-]m-]-ßƒ (bn-c.31:34) bn{km-tb P\-X-bpsS Ft - p-ap XpS-c (bn-c. 31:35 37) F nh \n_- -\-Iƒ IqSmsX sszhw hmkvzøw snøp- p. ( Rm snøpw F p Bh Ø\w {i n- p-i.) Hcp PmXn F \nebv v, ]pxnb DS-º-Sn-bpsS \ - I-sfm pw Xs bn{km-tb-en\v CXp-hsc e`n- n- n, F m AXp I Øm-hns c mw hc-hn Ah p e`n- pw. AtX-k-abw, ]pxnb DS-º-Sn-bpsS A\p-{K-lß-fn NneXv bym hnizm-kn-iƒ A\p-`-hn p sim n-cn- p- p. ]pxnb DS-º-Sn-bp-ambn k` _ -s - n-cn- p p F p bmym yw I Øm-hns AØmg-Øn ImW-s -Sp- p. AXv AwKo-I-cn- -s c - tøbpw DS-º-Sn-tbbpamWv ]m\-]m{xw {]Xo-\n-[n-I-cn- p- -Xv. (eqt m. 22:20; 1 simcn.11:25).]pxnb DS-º-SnbpsS ip{iq-j- m-sc \ne-bn-emwv ]utemkv Xs - p-dn pw a pw At m-kvx-e- msc Ipdn pw ]d- n-cn- p- -Xv. (2 simcn. 3:6) Blmcw F -t]mse, Poh-\p F m- n \n pw Hmtcm tpmuo hoxw s] -I-Øn {]th-in n- -s - p. Hcp h jhpw ]Xn-t\gp Znh-khpw ` n- p-hm Bhiy-amb Blm-c-tØm-sSm w F m h -Øn-epw-s] arkßsf Dƒs m- p-hm- axn-bmb hep w s] -I-Øn-\n- m-bn-cp- -sh v hna i-i hmzn- p- p. F m ASnÿm\ h -Øn s ark-ßfpw ] n-ifpw am{xta s] -I-Øn {]th-in- n -s - n-cn- m km[y-x-bp- p. hnh-[-x-c-øn-ep ] n-ar-km-zn-iƒ AXn-\p-tijw D mb-xm-wv. CXn\p th -Xn-e-[nIw hep w s] -I-Øn-\p- m-bn-cp- p. 7:1- - IS F p hm v 1 mw hmiy-øn-emwv BZy-ambn ImWp- Xv AXv at\m-l-c-amb Hcp kphnti-j- -W-am-Wv. c -bpss s] -I-Øn-\p- n-te v IS 7:2-18: ip nbp ark-ß-fn \n v Gtggpw, F m ip n-bn- m-ø-h-bn \n v Cu c pw hoxw s] -I-Øn {]th-in- n- p-hm t\ml-tbmsp I n- sx- p-sim- mwv F p- -Xn\v bmsxmcp Imc-Whpw \ I-s - n- n-. Hcp ]t bmk-øn\v Bh-iy-am-sW- p ap Btem-N-\-{]-Im-chpw Blm-c-Øn-\p-am-bn- mhmw ip n-bp- -hsb A[nIw AIØp {]th-in- Xv (8:20 ImWp-I). ag XpSßp -Xn\pw `qan-bpss A `m- KØv Icp-Xn-h- n-cp sh w ]pd-tø v {]h-ln- p- - Xn\pw aptº Ggp-Zn-hkw sim v s] Iw \nhm-kn-isf sim v \nd-b-s - p. \mev]-xp-cmhpw \mev]xp ]Iepw sh - m w XpS p sim n-cp- p. \mev]xp F p A w thz-]p-kvx-i-tøm-sp _ -Øn ]cn-tim-[- \-bp-ss-bpw ]co- -W-Øn-s bpw Ime-am-Wv. 7:19-24:- -- --Nne Btcm-]-W-ßƒ t]mse CXv {]mtz-in- I-amb Hcp Pe-{]-fbw Bbn-cp- pthm? Xmsg- -d-bp Imcy-ßƒ hnnn- -\w-sn-øp-i. BIm-i-Øn Iosg-ßpap ] -X-ß-sfm-s bpw aqsn-t mbn (hm.19). {]mtzin-i-amb Hcp sh -s m- -Øn \n p c -s -Sp-hm th n 1 1 / 2 ^psvt_mƒ {Ku ns \of-øn\pw 800 Xoh- n-t_mknbpss ]cn-amw-øn\pw Xpey-amb Hcp s] Iw ]Wn-bp-tºmƒ t\ml-tbmsp ]d-tb Bhiyw sszh- Øn-\n- m-bn-cp- p. F p Bfp-I-tfbpw ark-ß-sfbpw as mcp ÿe-tø v am n ]m n- p-hm Ah\v Ffp w Ign-bp-am-bn-cp- p. km -{Xn-I-amb Hcp Pe-{]-f-bsØ kw_- n- p ]c-º-cm-kx A`n-{]mbw temi-øns F m `mk-ß-fn \n pw h n- p- v. Adm-dmØv ] -X- \n-c-iƒ v 17,000 ASn Db-c-ap- v. AXn-t\- mƒ 15 apgw IqSn Db-c-Øn sh w s]mßn (hm.19,20) GXp-X-c- Øn-ep Hcp A pxw sim mwv {]mtz-in-i-ambn Hcp {]txy-i-ÿ-eøv C{X-am{Xw sh w kw`-cn- p- Xv? kie PU-sØbpw \in- n- p Hcp Pe-{]-fbw C\n Hcn- epw D m-ip-i-bn-s v Dev] 9:15 sszhw hmkvzøw snbvxp. AXn\p tijhpw {]mtz-in-i-amb ]e sh -s m- -ßƒ D m-bn- p- v. F m km - {Xn-I-amb H v ]n o-ssm-cn- epw D m-bn- n-. B Pe- {]-fbw {]mtz-in-i-am-bn-cp-s - n sszh-øns hmkvzøw XI -s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. Akm- y-amb Hcp Xocpam\w. sh -Ømep `qan-bpss \misø Xobm-ep \ni-_vz-`mhn \mi-øns {]Xo-I-ambn ]t{xmkv D]- tbm-kn- p- p. (2 ]t{xm 3:6) s] Iw tbip-{in-kvxp-hns Hcp kºq tæm-zm-l-c- W-am-Wv. sh -ßƒ sszh-øns \ymb-hn-[nsb Nn{Xo- I-cn- p- p. Im h-dn-bn I Øm-hmb tbip-{inkvxp sszh-tim-]-øns sh -ßƒ -Sn-bn-eqsS IS p-t]mbn, {InkvXp-hn-ep- -h c n- -s -Sp- p, shfn-bn-ep- h in m-hn-[n-bn AI-s Sp p. (1 ]t{xm. 3:21 ImWp- I) 8:1 19: Pe-{]-f-b-Øns Ime-\n Æbw Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. 1. 7 Znh-k-ßƒ t\ml -s] -IØn {]th-in- Xp apx Pe-{]-fbw XpS-ßp Xp hsc-bp kabw (7:10) 2. \mev]xp cmhpw \mev]xp ]Iepw ag-s]-bvxpsim- n-cp Ime-b-fhv (7:12) 3. 150 Znh-kßƒ ag XpS-ßnb kabw apx sh w Ipd p XpSßn s] Iw Adm-dmØv ] -X- Øn Dd- Xp hsc-bp Ime-b-fhv (7:11, 8:4 F nh Xmc-Xayw snøp-i) 4. 224 Znhkßƒ Pe-{]-fbw XpS-ßp- Xp apx ] -X-ß-fpsS inj-c-ßƒ ImW-s -Sp- Xp hsc-bp kabw (7:11, 8:5) F nh Xmc-Xayw snøp-i) 5. 40 Znh-k-ßƒ ] -Xm-{K- -ßƒ ImW-s - -Xp-ap-

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 8,9 43 X t\ml-a-e- m- sb Ab- Xp hsc-bp kabw (8:7) 6. 7 Znh-k-ßƒ ae- m- sb Ab- -Xp-ap-X BZy-ambn {]mhns\ Ab- Xp hsc-bp Ime-b-fhv (8:6-10, hm. 10- Ggp-Zn-hkw Ign- n- v). 7. Ggp-Zn-h-k-ßƒ IqSn c mw {]mhiyw {]mhv Ab-bv -s - Xp hscbp Imew (8:10) 8. Ggp Znh-k-ßƒ IqSn Ah-km-\-ambn {]mhns\ hnsp- Xphsc-bp Imeb-fhv (8:12) 9. 314 Znh-k-ßƒ Pe-{]-fbw XpS-ßn-bXp apx t\ml s] -I-Øns ta Ø p \o p- -Xp-h-sc-bp Ime-b-fhv (7:11; 8:13) F nh Xmc-Xayw snøp-i) 10. 371 Znh-k-ßƒ Pe-{]-fbw XpS-ßn-bXp apx `qan DW-ßn-bXp hsc-bp Ime-b-fhv (7:11; 8:14) F nh Xmc-Xayw snøp-i). Cu kabw s] -I-Øn-\p- n \n p ]pdøp t]mip-hm t\mlbv v I \ e`n- p.(hm.16). ip n-bn- mø ae- m- bpw (hm.7) ip n-bp {]mhpw (hm.8) hnizm-kn-bpss ]g-bxpw ]pxn-bxpamb kz`m-h-ßfpss \ Hcp hni-zo-i-c-w-am-wv. ]gb kz`mhw No p \mdp ihhpw D n-jvshpw ` n- p-hm CjvSs -Sp-tºmƒ ]pxnb kz`m-h-øn\v ac-ww, \ymb-hn[n F o Zriy-ß-fn Xr]vXn-Im-Wp-hm Ign-bp-Ibn-. Dbn sø-gp-t ns `qan-bn ImepIpØp- -Xp-hsc AXp hn{iaw Is -Øp-I-bn-. 8:20-22:- t\ml Hcp bmk]otw ]WnXp sim v sszh-øns -c- m-im-cp-wy-tømsp {]Xn-I-cn- p. hcp-hm- \n-cn- p almtim]-øn \n pw c n- -s - n-cn- p \mtam-tcm-cp-øcpw AXp-t]mse lrzbw \nd p sszhsø Bcm-[n- Ww t\ml-bpss Ime-sØ- t]mse C pw kzoim-cyhpw sszh-øn\p {]km-z-ap- - Xp-amb Imcy-am-W-Xv. btlm-h-bmb sszhw Xm snbvxxp-t]mse C\n-sbm-cn- epw Poh-\p ki-etøbpw \in- n- -tbm, `qansb i]n- tbm snbvi-bns - p Hcp DS-ºSn snbvxp. Xs -bp-a `qan \ne- \n p- n-s-tømfw Imew {Ia-amb EXp- fpw Xm \ Ipw. 6:5 epw ChnsS 21- mw hmiy-ønepw a\p-jys lrzb-ønse ISpØ ZpjvS-Xsb Ipdn v sszhw kwkm-cn- p-i-bm-wv. BZysØ kw`-h-øn bmkw C m-bn-cp- p, XXv^-e-ambn hn[nbpw C m-bn-cp p; ChnsS Hcp bmk-ap- v, AXn-\m sszhw Icp-W-bn {]h Øn- p- Ibpw snøp- p. F. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\p tijw t\ml (A.9) 9:1 7:- Pe {]f-b-øn\p tij-amwv BZy-ambn amwkw ` n- p- -Xn-\p A\p-hmZw P\-ßƒ v e`n- -sx v 3 mw hmiyw \n t±-in- p- p. c w ` n- p- Xp hne- -s - n-cp p. Imc-Ww, amwk-øns {]mw c -amwv, B Poh sszh-øn-\p- -Xm-Wv. h[-in- -bpss kpÿm- ]nx \nbaw `c-wm-[n-im-c-øns ÿm]-\sø Dt±-in- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p sime-snbvxp ]I-t]m- p GsXmcp-h\pw, AYhm F m-hcpw \in- p-t]m-ipw. apd-{]-imcw \nb-an- -s A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ am{xta AXp snøp-hm ]msp- p. shdp-sx-b Ah hmƒ hln- p- -Xv, (tdma, 13:4) F v A[n-Im-cn-Isf Dt±-in- p-sim v ]pxnb \nbaw ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXp h[-in kpÿn-c-am- p-ibmwv snøp- -Xv. 9:8 17:- sszhw Pe-{]-f-b-Øm C\n-sbm-cn- epw `qansb \in- n- p-i-bn F p- -Xns hmkvzm-\-ambn BIm-i-Øn ag-hn v \ In. 9:18 23: t\ml-b v sszhoi Ir]-e-`n- n p t]mepw Ah azy-]n p el-cn-]n-sn v IqSm-c-Øn \ -\mbn InS p btlm-h-tbmsp ]m]w snbvxp. lmw AXp-I v kwkxn Xs ktlm-z-c- msc Adn-bn- -t mƒ, Xs \ -i-co-c-øn t\m msx Ah Xß-fpsS ]nxmhns \ X ad- p. 9:24,25: t\ml elcn hn p-w -t mƒ, I\ms\ i]n- p. lmans\ i]n- p- -Xn\p ]Icw F p-sim- mwv I\ms\ i]n- Xv? F p tnmzyw ChnsS Dbcp- p. km[y-amb Hcp hni-zo-i-cww C{]-Im-c-am-Wv, lman shfn-s Zpjv{]-h-WX IqSp-X {]I-S-am-bn-cp- Xv I\m-\n-em-bn-cp- p, Aßs\ Ahs A[m ΩnI kz`m-h-øns Hcp {]h-n-\-am-bn-cp p B im]w, AXn- \m AXns in bpw bp -am-bn-cp- p. as mcp hni- Zo-I-c-Ww I\m Xs ]nxm-a-l-s\-xn-cmbn \on-amb Nne {]hrøniƒ snbvxn- p- v, AXn-\m t\ml AXp kw_- n p ]n osv t_m[-hm-\mbn Xo p. t\ml elcn hn p-w -t mƒ Xs Cfb ai snbvxxp Adn- p. Xs Cf-b-a-I-\mb lman\v ]I-cpw, Cfb sim p-a-i-\mb I\m-s\-bmhmw 24- mw hmiyw kqnn- n- p- -Xv. thz-]p-kvx-i-øn ai F ]Zw ]e-t mgpw sim p ai F pw As - n a p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ F pw A -am- m-dp- v. Cu kw`-h-øn I\m ]nxm-hns ]m]w \nan-ø-a i]n- -s - -Xv, Xs kz w ]m]w aqe-am-wv. lmans Xe-ap-d-bn Hcp sndnb AwisØ am{xw i]n- p-hmt\ btlm-h-bmb sszh-øns Ir] t\mlsb A\p-h-Zn- p- p. As - n a\p-jy-h -Øns aq n-sem p `mkw i]n- -s -Sp-am-bn-cp p F p- -XmWv as mcp km[y-x. 9:26 29: tian-t\bpw bmt^-øn-t\bpw tkhn- p- -h-\m-bn-cn- p-hm-\mwv I\m i]n- -s - -Xv. tbmip 9:23, \ymbm. 1:28 F o thz-`m-k-ß-fn bn{k-tb-ey v Zmky-hrØn snøp I\m-\yscbmbn-cp mw ImW-s - Sp- -Xv. Cu thz-`mkw IdpØ h - m-cpss ASn-a- ØsØ kqnn- n- p- -Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn- -s - p-sim- n-cn- p- p. F m Cu ho -W-Øn\p XnI pw bmsxmcp ]n p-wbpw. Cu thz-`m-k-øn-en-. bn{km-tb FØnt -cp- -Xn\p apºp-xs hnip \m n ]m Ø I\m- \y-cpss ]q n-i-\m-bn-cp p I\m. Ah IdpØ h -

44 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 10 m-cm-bn-cp- p-sh- -Xn\p bmsxmcp sxfn-hp-an-. tiapw bmt^øpw B[n-]Xyw sim v A\p-{K-ln- -s - h-cmbn-cp- p. bn{k-tb-ey-cmb tians Xe-ap-d-bn-eqsS Bflobm-\p-{K-l-ßƒ bmt^øv ] p hbv p- -Xm-bn-cn mw 27- mw hmiy-øn kqnn- n- p- -Xv. tiw, bmt^øv F n-h-cn Bcm-bn-cp p t\mlbpss aqø-]p-{x F -Xp kw_- n v Hcp X w \nehn-ep- v. aqø-h-\mb bmt^-øns ktlm-z-c-\mb tiw As - n bmt^-øns tpyjvt-\p-amb tiw. (F.- si.-sp.-hn) F n-ßs\ 10- mw A ymbw 21- mw hmiyw hmbn- p- p. c m-a-tø-xmwv s]mxpsh AwKo-I-cn- s hmb-\. Dev]. 5:32, 1 Zn\.1:4 F o thz`mk-ßfnse hwim-h-en-bn tians t]cmwv BZyw \ Is - n-cn- p- -Xv. G. hwi-ß-fpss ] ni (A.10) 10:1 32: tiw, lmw, bmt^øv F n-h hwi-ß-fpss ]nxm- - m-cmbn Xo p. tiw: tians hwi- m blq-z- m, Ad-_n-Iƒ, A o-cn-b- m, Acm-ay, s^mbn-\o-iy. lmw: lmans hwi- m :- FtXym-]y, an{k-boay, I\m-\y s^en-kvx-b, _m_n-tem-\y, B{^n- -Imcpw, ]q m-zn- p-i-fn-ep- -hcpw CXn s -Sp-hm km y-x-bp- v. F nepw ]e ]fin-x- mcpw Ah bmt^-øns hwi- m-cm-sw v Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- p. bmt^øv: bmt^-øns hwi- m tazy, {Kokp- Im, ssk{]-kp-im apx-em-b-h. bqtdm- nepw hs- Gjy-bn-ep-ap Dƒhn-`m-K- m CXn s]sp-hm k[y- X-bp- v. ]e ]fin-x- mcpw ]q -Zn- p-i-fn-ep- -hsc Ch-cn Dƒs -Sp-Øp- p. bmt^-øns ]p{x- m (hm.2-5), lmans ]p{x- m ) hm.6-20), tians ]p{x- m (hm.21-31) F nßs\bmwv Cu A ym-b-ønse {Iaw. sszh-øns ]cn-ip- -flmhv ]gb \nb-a-øns _m n `mk-ß-fn tianepw Ahs Xe-ap-d-bn-ep-amWv {i -ti-{µo-i-cn- phm t]mip- -Xv. 5 mw hmiy-ønse hnhn[ `mj-iƒ hnc Nq p- Xv (11:1 9) _mt_ tkm]pc \n Ωm-W- Øn\p tij-ap Ime-sØ- B-bn-cn- mw. Cu A ym-b-øn P\-ß-fpsS hn`-p-\-tøm-sp _ -Øn aq p kqn-\-i-fp- Xv {i n- p-i. bmt^øns hwi- msc Ah p hyxykvx {]tzi-ß-fn-te v hn`-pn- m- p- Xp kw_- n v A mw hmiyw hnh-cn- p- p. t]se-kns ImeØv (_m-t_- en ) `qhm-kn-iƒ ]ncn- p- t]m-b-xn-s\-ip-dn v 25- mw hmiy-øn ]d-bp- p. t\ml-bpss ]p{x- m-cpss IpSpw- _-ßƒ hnhn[ `mj-i-fp hnhn[ PmXn-I-fmbn hn`pn s - -t mƒ 11- mw A ym-b-ønse _mt_ tkm]p-c-ønte- p Hcp D]-{I-a-W-sa-t mww 32- mw hmiyw tkh- \-a-\p-jvtn- p- p. \nt{amzv (hm.8-10) F hm ns A w hnπ-imcn F m-wv. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\p tij-ap `qan-bnse BZysØ hoc-\mbn Ah ImW-s -Sp- p. (hm.8); IqSmsX Cu cmpxzw ÿm]n- p BZysØ hy nbpw Xm\m-bn-cp p (hm.10). BZm-ans k m-\-]-c-ºc Xe-ap-dbpsS ] ni >

45 BZm-ans k m\ ]c-ºc BZmw Ibo tiøv lmt_ lmt\m v CucmZv salq-btb sayq-i-tb emta v Gt\miv ti\m al-ete bmsczv bm_m bq_m Xq_ Ibo lmt\m v \bam sayq-i-telv emta v t\ml tiw lmw Xe-ap-d-bpsS ] ni kw_- n p Dev]. 10:6 20 ImWpI A - mzv imelv bmt^øv Xe-ap-d-bpsS ] ni kw_- n p Dev].10:2 5 ImWpI Gs_ t]sekv

46 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 11 Dev]Øn 10 mw A ym-b-ønse PmXn-Iƒ Ah sszh-tømsp adp-x-en p _mt_ tkm]pchpw (_m_ntem ) sszh-a- -fpss ÿnc-i-{xp- -fmb Biq-cn \n\-thbpw (hm.11 ImWp-I) ]Wn-Xp. t\ctø {]kvxm-hn- -Xp-t]mse (21- mw hmiyw) bmt^-øns aqø ktlm-z-c-\mbn tians\ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. hnhn[ hwi- m-cmb P\-ßƒ GsX mw tzi-ß-fnemwv IpSn-tb-dn- m Ø-sX v IrXy-ambn a\- n-em- phm km[y-a-. F m ]n os-pff ]T-\-Øn\v Xmsg- -d-bp Imcy-ßƒ klm-b-iamipw. X ioiv (hm.4) kvs]bn InØow (hm.4) ssk{]kv Iqiv (hm.6) FtXym]y an{kbnw (hm.6) CuPn]vXv ]qøv (hm.6) en_nb I\m (hm.6) ]e-kvxo Aiq (hm.11) Akn-dnb Gemw (hm.22) t] jy Bcmw (hm.22) kndn-bnbpw saskm-s m-øm-aybpw H. _mt_ tkm]pcw (A.11) 11:1 4:- Ime-KW\ {]Icmw 11- mw A ym-b-øn\p tijw htc 10- mw A ym-b-øn a\p-jy-h w `mjbpss ASn-ÿm-\-Øn hn`-pn- -s p (hm. 5, 20, 31). Ct mƒ \mw hn`-p-\-øns Imc-W-amWv ]Tn- p- -Xv. sszhw B{K-ln- -Xp-t]mse `qx-e-øn Hs bpw NnXdn- m p- -Xn\p ]Icw a\p-jy in\m-dn (_m-_ntem ) Hcp ] -Whpw tkm]p-chpw ]Wn-Xp. Ah XΩn... hcp-hn, \mw `qx-e-øn Hs bpw NnX-dnt m-im-xn-cn- m Hcp ] -Whpw BIm-i-tØmfw FØp Hcp tkm]pchpw ]Wn-I, \ap v Hcp t]cp-ap- m- pi F p ]d- p. AXp-sIm v AXv Al- m-c-øn-s bpw (A-h v kzbw t]cp- m- p- Xv) B m-ew-l-\-øn-s bpw (`qx-e-øn NnXdn m m-xn-cn- p- Xv) Hcp X{ -ambn-cp- p. Ir]-bm-ep kup\y-c t\sp- -Xn\p ]Icw kz w {]b-x-\vw sim v kz -Øn-se-Øp-hm-\p howpt]mb a\p-jys Ahn-cma {]b-xv\-sø-bmhmw \tωm-sp _ -Øn tkm]pcw Hcp-]t Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- -Xv. 11:5 9: btlm-h-bmb sszhw Ah-cpsS `mj Ie- n-i-f- p-sim v B P\sØ \ymbw hn[n- p. C v `qan-bn \ap- p hnhn[ `mj-i-fpss XpS w CXmbn-cp- p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø Ah-\-h-s kz w `mj-bn sszh-øns A px {]hr-øn-iƒ ti -dn s] t mkvxv Bbn-cp p({]hr.2: 11) Hcp A -Øn _mt_-ens t\ hn]-co-xw. _mt_ F hm ns A w Ie w F m-wv. sszh lnx-{]-imcw A m- Ø-tXm, sszhsø IqSm-sX-bp- txm Bb GXp Iq psi- n-s bpw Ahiyw `mhn-bmb ^e-am-wn-xv. 11: 10-25:- A{_-man-te- p tians hwi]c-ºcbv v Cu hmiy-ßƒ _mly-tc-jbn-sp- p. Aßs\

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 11,12 47 _m_n-tem-wn-b- m Ah-cpsS {][m\ sszh-amb am Zq v tzhs\ Bcm-[n- p-hm ]WnX ÿe-amb knkpc vkv. _mt_ tkm]p-c-tømsp CXn\p kmay-ap- -Xmbn Icp-Xp- p. Ncn{X]c-amb tcj a\p-jy-h -Øn \n pw B h - Øns Hcp imj-bn-te pw (ti-ans hwiw) ]n o-sxv F{_mb PmXn-I-fpsS Xe-h-\m-bn-Øo Hcp hy ntb-te pw A{_mw ]cn-an-x-am- -s -Sp- p. ]g-b-\n-b-a- Øns _m n `mk-ßƒ Cu PmXnsb kw_- n- p henb Ncn-{X-am-Wv. 11:26 32:- A{_mw hnizmk kw_- -ambn hen-sbmcp a\p-jy\pw Ncn-{X-Ønse G hpw {][m-\-s Hcp hy nbpw Bbn-cp- p. aq p temi ax-ß-fmb blq-z-a- Xw, {InkvXp-a-Xw, C mw F nh Xs BZ-cn- p- p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn ]Xn-\mdp ]pkvx-i-ß-fnepw ]pxnb \nba-øn ]Xn-s\m p ]pkvx-i-fnepw Xs -Ip-dn v {]Xn- ]m-zn- n- p- v. Xs t]cns A w t{ijvt]nxmhv F m-wv, AYhm _lp-pm-xn-iƒ v ]nxmhv F ap A{_lmw F v ]n osv am -s - p. Cu `mkøv KWn-X-imkv{X kw_- -amb Hcp {]iv\- ap- v. sudiv InUv\ Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Imcw AXp hni- Zo-I-cn- p- p. txc-lns ac-w-k-a-bøv Xs aqø ]p{x\p 135 hb- m-ip- -Xp-sIm v (26) ac-w-k-a-b-øp Xs hb- mwp {]bm-k-ap- m- p- -Xv. At mƒ A{_man\p 75 hb- p-{]mbw am{x-ta-bp- p. (12:4, {]hr.7:4 F nh HØp-t\m- p-i). aqø ]p{x-\p- m-b- Xn\p Adp-]Xp h j-ßƒ p tij-amwv Cfb ]p{x- \mbn A{_m P\n- -sx pw, Xs {]m[m\yw sim v (a-\-»bv p apºv F{^-bnw-t]m-se) 11:26 epw 27-ep-ap ] n-i-bn BZy-ÿm\w \ In-bn-cn- p-i-bm-sw pw A\p-am-\n- p- -XmWv Hcp ]cn-lm-c-am w as m v kacn- ss nƒ ]d- n-cn- p- Xv ]n Xm-ßp- -Xm-Wv. AhnsS txc-lns Bbp-jv mew 145 kwh- -c-sa- mwv simsp-øn-cn- p- -Xv. 17:17- A{_mw Hc-Xn-ibw kqnn- n- Xv kw`-hy-a- m-ø-xm-bn-cp- p-sh- n am{xta Xs kz w ]nxmhv 130- mw hb- n Xs P\n- n- psh- p- Xv kzoim-cy-ambn ImW-s -Sp- p- p. 12 saskms møm-ay-bnse I Zb ] -W-amb Ducv (hm.31) PmXo-b-amb hn{k-lm-cm-[-\-bpss ti{µ-am-bn-cp- p. txclpw Xs IpSpw-_hpw I\m tzi-tø- p k m-c-øn hs p ]Sn- m-td p bm{x snbvxp lmcm-\n FØn. bn{km-tb-ens tkm{x-]n-xm- - m (A.12-50) F. A{_lmw (12 25:18) 1. A{_-lm-ans hnfn (12:1 9) 12:1 3:- A{_mw Ducn ÿnc-xm-a-k-am-bn-cp- -t mƒ X\n p sszh-hn-fn-bp- mbn (hm.1- Dw, {]hr 7:1,2 Dw Xmc-Xayw snøp-i). tzi-tøbpw Nm - m-tcbpw ]nxr- `-h-\-tøbpw hn p Hcp ]c-tz-i-bm{x Bcw-`n- p-hm-\mwv A{_mw hnfn- -s - Xv (F-{_m.11:9) Xmsg- -d-bp {][m- \-amb hmkvzøw Dƒs ss B -cy-i-c-amb Hcp DS-ºSn sszhw Aht\mSv snbvxp. Hcp tziw AXv I\m tziam-wv, hen-sbmcp PmXn blq-z- m F -dn-b-s -Sp- p, A{_m-an\pw Ahs k -Xn- p-ap `uxo-ihpw Bflo-I-amb A`n-hr- n, A{_m-an\pw Ahs Xe-ap-d- Iƒ p-ambn hen-sbmcp t]cv, Ah a p h v Hc-\p- {K-l-am-bn-cn- pw, bn{km-tb-ens kplr-øp- ƒ A\p- {K-ln- -s -Spw, i{xp- ƒ i]n- -s -Spw, `qan-bnse kie hwi-ßfpw A{_-m-an A\p-{K-ln- -s Spw, A{_m-ans Xe-ap-d- m-c-\mbn hcp tbip{inkvxphns\ aq ta kqnn- n- p-sim- mwv Cu hmkvzøw

48 BZna ss nƒ `q{]-tz-i-ßƒ

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 12,13 49 \ Ip- -Xv. 13:14-17; 15:4 6; 17:10-14; 22:15-18 F o thz- `m-k-ß-fn Cu DS-ºSn ]pxp- p-ibpw hep-xm- p-ibpw snøp- p. 12:4 9: lmcm-\n ]mgm n f h j-ßƒ F p ]n osp hnti-jn- n -s A`n-hr- -bn- mø h j-ßƒ p-ti-jw, A{_mw Xs `mcy-bmb kmdmbn, ktlm-zc ]p{x-\mb temøv, a p Nm - m, kºøv F n-h-bp-ambn I\m-\n-te v bm{x-sn-bvxp. Ah BZyw titj-an FØn, AhnsS btlm-h-bmb sszh-øn\v A{_mw Hcp bmk-]otw ]Wn-Xp. hnizm-k- Øm bm{x-snbvxp sim n-cp Hcp-h\v i{xp- -fmb I\m \nhm-kn-i-fpss km n yw Hcp XS- -am-bn-cp- n-. ]n osv A{_mw s_ty-en\pw (ssz-h-øns `h-\w) lmbn pw at y h p Xma-kn- p. A{_mw X\n p am{x-a IqSm-c-a-Sn- Xv, adn v icn-bmb amxr-i-bn Xs btlm-h-bmb sszh-øn\v Hcp bmk-]o-thpw ]Wn-Xp. Cu sszh a\p-jys ap K-W\Isf Ipdn- p- - Hcp henb ]c-am -amwv CXv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. 9 mw hmiy- Øn A{_mw sxt m- p-bm{x snøp- -Xmbn ]d-bp- p. 2. an{k-bo-an-te- p t]m pw as-ßn-h-chpw (12:10-13:4) 12:10 20: hnizm-k-øn-\m-sw- nepw AXn-t -Xmb {`wi-ap- v. cq -amb maw D mb Ah-k-c-Øn, sszhoi sxc-s -Sp- n {]Im-c-ap tziw-hn v A{_mw temi-øns {]Xo-I-amb an{k-bo-an-te v ]mem-b\w snbvxp. Cu t]m v IjvS- m-sp-iƒ Df-hm- n. A{_mans kpµ-cn-bmb `mcy kmdm-bnsb ^d-thm Xs A : ]pc-øn-te v sim p-t]m-ip-hm B{K-ln- p, Xs sim p-i-f-bp-sa- p `b-øm A{_mw ]oun- n- -s - p, AXp-sIm v kmdmbn Xs ktlm-z-cn-bmsw v I w ]d-bp- -Xn\v A{_mw Ahsf kzm[o\n- p. hmkvx-h-øn Ahƒ Ahs A -k-tlm-z-cnbm-bn-cp p (20:12), ]t AXns Dt±-i-Øn-ep h - \m-kz-`mhw sim v AXv At mgpw I -am-bn-cp- p. B X{ w A{_m-an-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn {]h Øn- p. (A-h\v tbmky-amb \ e`n- p) F m AXv kmdm-bnbv pw (A-hƒ ^d-thms Ac-a-\-bn t]mi- -Xmbn h p.) ^d-thm\pw FXn-cmbn {]h Øn- p. (b-tlmh ^dthmt\bpw Ahs IpSpw-_-tØbpw ZWvUn- n- p.)h -\- sb- p-dn p {Kln- -t mƒ A{_-m-an-t\- mƒ IqSp-X \oxn-bmbn ]n osv ^d-thm {]h Øn- p, A{_-m-ans\ imkn- -tijw, Ahs\ I\m-\n-te v as- n-b-b- p. \mw imco-cni Bbp-[-ßƒ sim v Bflo-b-amb Hcp bp w \S-Ø-cp-Xv, AXns A yw B D]m-[nsb \oxn-i-cn- p- -Xm-bn-cn- p-i-bn-. AXn-\m ]m]w snøphm-t\m, AXp-sIm p c -s -Sp-hmt\m \ap p Ign-bp- I-bn F mwv Cu kw`hw \sω Hm Ωn- n- p- -Xv. sszhw A{_-m-ans\ ssihn- n ; F m ]m]sø kzbw {]h Øn- p ]pdw-x- p-hm Xm A\p-h-Zn- p. A{_mw ^d-thm-\m ]c-ky-ambn am-bm-n\w snøn- -s -Sp-Ibpw A]-am-\n- -s p \msp-i-s-ø-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. ^dthm F Xv Hcp {]txyi t]c-, adn v cmpmhv, N{I-h Øn, {]kn-u v apx-em-b-h p Hcp ÿm\- t]-cm-w-xv. 13:1 4:- an{k-bo-an \n pw _ty-en-te- p A{_mans as-ßn-h-chv sszh-hp-am-bp Iq m-bva-bn-te v asßn-h-cp- -Xns\ Bkv]-Z-am- n-bp XmWv. _ty-ente v as-ßpi F p- Xv sszh-øn \n pw hgn-hn- p-t]m-ip ki-e-tcm-spap ]p\:kwl-snx DZvtLmj-am-Wv. 3. temøv, a otksz v F n-h-cp-am-bp Pohn- Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ (13:5 14:24) 13:5 13: A{_-m-ans I p-im-en-i-fpss CS-b mcpw, temøns CSb- mcpw XΩn ta n ÿe-ßƒ kw_- n p ]nw- -ap- m-bn.-f m tzi-ß-fnepw h v CjvS-ap Xp Xnc-s -Sp- p-hm A{_mw Xs icnbmb acymz {]Im-chpw, Zb-sIm pw, kzm -X-bn- mbva-sim pw temøns\ A\p-h-Zn- p. a\- ns XmgvN sim v Ah a p- -hsc Xt - mƒ t{ijvt-cmbn B- Z-cn- p. (^n-en.2:3)]m]-]- -W-ß-fmb tkmtzmw,-skm-tamd F n-h-tbmsp sxm p-in-s- p tbm ms Xmgvh-cbnse kay- -amb ]p p-d-ßƒ temøv Xnc-s -Sp-Øp. icn- p Hcp hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-s - n Xt bpw (2 ]t{xm.2:7,8) temøv temi-tømsp sxm p-in-s- p Hcph-\m-bn-cp- p. Btcm ]d- n- p- -Xp-t]mse temøn\p Xs I p-im-en-iƒ p ]p p-in- n-b-t mƒ, A{_-man\p e`n- Xv Xs a ƒ p Iy]-bmWv (hm.15,16) tkmtzmw \nhm-kn-iƒ ZpjvS- mcpw btlm-h-bpss apºmsi alm-]m-]n-ifpw Bbn-cp- p- F- p hkvxpxsbm pw temøns\ Xs Xnc-s -Sp- n \n pw hne- n-bn-. euin-i-xz-øn-te v hgp-xn-ho-gp- - Xn-ep Ahs NphSp hbv]p-iƒ {i n- p-i. Ah (A-hs Bfp-Iƒ) ]nw w A\p-`-hn- p(-hm.7); Ah I p.(-hm.10); Ah Xnc-s -SpØp (hm.11); AXn\p t\sc Xs IqSmcw ASn p (hm.12); sszh-øns ]ptcmln-x-\p- m-bn-cp ÿeøv \n v Ah amdn- m Øp; Ah cmjv{so-bm-[n-im-cap ] W hmxn Ccp- p.(19:1).aßs\ Ah tkmtzm-anse Hcp {]mtz-ini A[n-Im-cn-bmbn Xo p. 13:14-18: G hpw \ ta n ÿew Xnc-s -Sn- p- Xp A{_mw ths p h p, F m I\m-\nse kie ÿe-ßfpw sszhw A{_-m-an\pw Ahs k - Xnbv pw Ft - p-ambn \ In. AXn\p ]pdta FÆa Xe-ap-d-tb-bpw-ssZhw Ah\p hmkvzm\w snbvxp. slt{_m-\n Xmakw Bcw-`n- -Xn\p tijw A{_mw btlm-h-bv p Xs aq m-asø bm-k-]otw ]WnXp F m-bn-t mgpw sszh-øn\p bmk-]otw ]WnX A{_mw, X\n p kz -ambn Hcp `h\w Hcn epw D m nbn.

50 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 14 14:13-16: Cu hm Ø A{_mw Adn- -t mƒ, A`ymkn-I-fmb 318 t]sc Iq n-s m v hs v Zm hsc Ahsc ]n Xp-S p. kn-dn-b-bnse Zam-kvtIm-kn\p kao- ]-Øp-h v Ahsc txm n- p, temøn-t\bpw X\n- p ki-e-tøbpw hnsphn p as- n-s m- p-h- p. ]n am- - m X\n v am{x-a a p- -h pw IqSn IjvS- m-sp-iƒ hcp-øn-h-bv p- p. ChnsS A{_mw temøns\ hmfm hnsp-hn- p. F m ]n osp Xm temøns\ a yÿ {]m -\-bn-eqss hnsp-hn p (A.18,19) 14:17,18: hen-sbmcp Bflob hnsp-x-en-\p-tijw ]et mgpw kmøm hnizm-kn-isf {]tem-`n- n- p- -Xpt]mse, `h-\-øn-te p as-ßp-i-bm-bn-cp A{_m-an\v tkmtzmw cmpmhv FXn-tc p sn p. F m AXyp X- \mb sszh-øns ]ptcm-ln-x\pw imtew cmpmhp-amb a o-tk-sz-iv, A{_m-an\v _e-s -Sp-Øp A hpw ho p-am-bn- mwv h -Xv. \ΩpsS c n-xm-hns IjvSm- \p-`-h-ß-fpss {]Xo-I-ß-fmbn Chsb Nn n- msx, A w, ho v F n-h-bpss BZysØ Cu {]kvxmhw \ap- p-hm-bn- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn-. ]m]-øn \n pw \sω hnsp-hn- p-hm Ah \ Inb hne \mw IWhmKvZ-Ø-tZiw sszhw A{_-m-an-t\mSp tzi-sam-s bpw \S p Xs kºøp ImWp-hm \n t -in- Xp {i n- pi. \mapw AXp-t]mse sszhoi hmkvz-ø-ßƒ hnizm-k-øm ssih-i-am- p- -h-cm-i-ww. 14:1 12: Cu A ym-b-ønse {][m\ kw`-h-ßƒ v ]Xn-aq p h j-ßƒ p apºv Gemw (t] jy) cmpmhmb siszm emtbm-sa Nmhp-I-S-en\p (D- p-i-s ) sxm p-in-s- p Xmgvhc-bnse \nc-h-[n-cm-pm- - msc Iog- S- n. ]Xn-aq- m-a-sø h jw ASn-a-I-fm- -s A p cmpm- - m siszm -em-tbm-sa-dn-t\msp FXn Øp. AXpsIm v _m_n-tem tziøp \n p a p aq p cmpm- - m-cpambn Xm kzbw kjr-x-bn-em-bn, Nmhp-I-S-ens Ing- p-`m-køp IqsS sxt m pw AXn-\p-tijw tkmtzmw tkmtam-d-bpss ]Sn mdp `mkøp hst m pw Xmgvhcbnse a p ] -W-ß-fn-te pw ]S-\o- n. Io Ip-gn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap kn±nw Xmgvhcbn-emWv bp w \S- -Xv. A{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ FXn-cm-fn-Isf txm n- v, Xß-fpsS sim -ap-xepw, A{_-m-ans ]n am- - mc\mb ktlm-z-c-]p-{x temøv Dƒs -ss-bp ASn-a- I-tfbpw sim v hs-t m v ]S-\o- n.

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 14,15 51 n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ, ]m]-kw-_- -amb kie {]tem-`- \-ß-sfbpw sndpøp \n p-hm X -hæw \mw _eap- -h-cmbn Xocp p. Xncp-h-N-\-Ønse t]cp-iƒ v A -ß-fp- v. a otk-sz v F v t]cns A w \oxn-bpss cmpmsh pw imtew (sb-cp-i-te-ans Npcp- -t]-cv) F -Xn\v kam-[m\w F p-amw w. AXp-sIm v Ah \oxnbpss cmpmhpw kam-[m-\-øns cmpmhpw BWv. Ah \oxn-bp-ssbpw kam-[m-\-øn-s bpw kxy-cm-pmhpw \ΩpsS t{ijvt alm ]ptcm-ln-x-\p-amb {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-wv. F{_m 7:3 ]d-bp-tºmƒ, a o-tk-sz- n\v ""]nxm-hn-, amxm-hn-, hwim-h-en-bn, Pohm-cw-`hpw Pohmh-km-\-hp-an-.'' Ahs ]utcm-ln-xy-tøm-sp _ - Øn am{xta CXp a\- n-em- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp- p. A[nIw ]ptcm-ln-x- m pw Xß-fpsS HutZym-KnI ÿm\w A\ -cm-h-im-i-ambn e`n- p- -XmWv; \n -bn- -s - -Im-em-h[n hsc am{xta Ah ip{iqj snøp- p- p. F m a n-tk-tz- ns ]utcm-lnxyw e`n- -s tcj-iƒ A\p-k-cn v AXn-t\msS kam\w C m- Ø-Xm-bn-cp- p. AXm-bXv AXp Xs amxm-]n-xm- -fn \n pw e`n- -X m-bn-cp- p; AXn\v Bcw-`tam Ah-km- \tam C. {InkvXp-hns ]utcm-ln-xyw a otk-sz- ns {Ia{]-Im-c-ap- -Xm-Wv. (k- o.110:4; F{_m 7:17) 14:19,20:- a n-tk-sz v A{_m-ans\ A\p-{K-ln- p, AXn-\p-]-I-c-ambn A{_mw, sszh-øns Cu ]ptcm-ln- X\v sim -bpss hntij km[-\-ß-fn ]Øn-sem p simsp-øp. Cu {]hr-øn-iƒ v Bg-amb Bflobm w D m-bn-cp psh v F{_m 7 mw A ym-b-øn \n p \ap v a\- n-em- mw. A{_mw Al-tcms ]q o- I-\m-bn-cp- Xv sim v Al-tcm\y ]utcm-ln-xysø Xm {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -Xmbn ImW-s -Sp- p. a otkm-sz v A{_m-ans\ A\p-{K-ln- p-sh- p hkvxp- X-sIm v A -am- p- Xv, a o-tkm-sz- ns ]utcm-lnxyw Al-tcm\y ]utcm-ln-xysø mƒ t{ijvt-am-bn-cp- p-sh- mwv ImcWw A\p-{K-ln- p- -hs\-t mgpw A\p-{K- -ln- -s -Sp- -h-t\- mƒ t{ijv-t-\mwv. A{_mw a n-tk-sz- n\v Zimwiw simsp-øxv. a n-tk-sz- ns ]utcm-ln-xy-øns t{ijvtx Altcm\y ]utcm-lnxyw Xncn- -dn-bp- p-sh- p- -Xns ka- {K-{]-Xo-Xn-bmWv. ImcWw XmW-h-\mWv Db -h\p Zimwiw simsp- p- -Xv. 14:21 24: Bfp-Isf F\n p Xcn-I, kºøp \o FSpØp simƒi. F v ^e-øn tkmtzmw cmpmhv ]d- p. AXp-t]mse \ap v Np p-ap P\-ßƒ \in p sim n-cn- p-tºmƒ, s]msn-]n-sn Ifn- m- -ßƒ kzmb- Ø-am- p Xn hym]r-x-cm-bn-cn- m kmøm \sω Ft mgpw {]tem-`n- n- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. Hcp NcSv BIs sncp phmdm-is bmsxm pw Xm FSp- -bns pw A{_mw tkmtzmw cmpm-hn-t\msp ]d- p. 4. A{_m-ans hmkvzø Ah-Imin (A.15 ) 15:1: 14 mw A ym-b-øns Ah-km\ `mk-hpambn H mw-hmiyw kq va-ambn _ n- -s - n-cn- p- p. tkmtzmw cmpm-hns kw`m-h-\-iƒ tkm{x-]n-xmhv \nckn- -Xp-sIm v A{_mta `b-s -ts Rm \ns ]cn- Nbpw \ns AXn-a-l-Ømb {]Xn-^-ehpw BIp p F v btlmh Ah-t\mSp ]d p Aß-s\-bmWv A{_mw kwc- n- -s -Sp-Ibpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-bamw hn[- Øn kº- -\mbnøocp-ibpw snbvx-xv. 15:2 6: A{_mw a -fn- m-ø-h-\m-bn-cp- -Xp-sIm v A sø \nb-a-{]-imcw Xs Zmk sztωi- pimc Bb Fte-ky Xs A\- -cm-h-im-in-bm-bn-øocpw F p A{_mw `b-s - p. F m Hcp ai-t\bpw \ - {X-ß-sf-t mse FÆ-a k -Xn-I-tfbpw sszhw Ah\p hmkvzøw snbvxp. kmdmbv v Hcp Ip ns\ DZ-c-Øn hln- p-hm Ign-bp Imew Ign- p-t]m-bn-cp- -XpsIm v am\pjoi-ambn t\m p-tºmƒ CXp Akm- y-ambn-cp- p. F m A{_mw sszhoi hmkvzøw hnizkn p; sszhw AXp \oxn-bmbn IW- n- p. ChnsS {]Jym- ]n- -s hnizm-k-ømep \oxoicww tdma.4:3; Kem.3:6; bmt m 2:23 F n-hn-s-ß-fn Bh Øn- -s - n-cn- p- p. 13:16- k -Xnsb FÆn qsm-sx-hæw s]msn-t]m-sebpw, ChnsS 15:5 FÆ-a \ -{X-ß-sft m-sebpw sszhw hmkvzøw snbvxn-cn- p- p.s]msn A{_mans kzm`m-hni k -Xn-Isf AXm-bXv P\\w sim v blq-z-cm-bn-cn p hsc Nn{Xo-I-cn- p p. \ - {X-ßƒ Xs BfloI k -Xn-Isf AXm-bXv hnizm-k- Øm \oxo-i-cn- -s hsc-bmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. (Kem.3:7 ImWp-I.) 15:7 21: Hcp k -Xn-tbtbm (hm.1 6) tzi-tøtbm (hm.7,8,18-21) kw_- n- p- -Xmb hmkvzøw Dd- m- phm th n sszhw Akm-[m-cWhpw A ]q Æ-hpamb {]Xo-Im-fl-IXzw {]mh Øn-I-am- p p. tuhnuv _mc CXp kw_- n v hni-zo-i-cn- p- Xp t\m p- I. ]pcm-x\ ]uckvxy acym-z-{]-imcw Hcp DS-ºSn snøptºmƒ, DS-º-Sn-bnte s -Sp c p Iq cpw sim -s ayk-ß-fpss c p ]nf p-iƒ pw at[y-iqsn IS- psim v, Ah snbvx Icm-dns \nh Øo-I-c-W-Øn\p th n Xß-fpsS Pohs\Øs ]W-b-s -SpØnbncp- p- p-sh v {]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn km y-s -Sp-Øp- p.(- sbc. 34:18,19 ImWp-I.) Ct mƒ, ChnsS Dev]:15- sszh-øns kup-\y-amb Iy]-bpsS A px{]z i\w I p-sim v tihew Hcp ImgvN- mc-\mbn A{_mw \n p-tºmƒ ]pi-bp Hcp Xo q-ftbm Pzen- p Hcp ] tam Bbn Xs km n yw kqnn- n- p-sim v sszhw H bv v sim -s ayk-ß-fpss ]nf n\p \Sphn-eqsS IS- p-t]m-bn. 13 sszhsø B{i-bn p am{xw k^-eo-iyx-am-ip, \n_- -\-I-fn- mø Hcp DS-º-Sn-bm-bn-cp p AsX- mwv ChnsS kqnn- n- p- -Xv. Cu `mkw kw_- n- p as mcp ho W {]Imcw, bmkw snø-s -Sp ]nf p-iƒ bn{km-tb cmjv{ssø

52 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 16 {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p p. Igp-I- m PmXob cmjv{s-ß-sfbmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. kz -a- mø tziw Xo -bmbpw an{k-bo-am-wv. \memw Xe-ap-d-bn bn{k-tb a ƒ an{kbow ASn-a-Ø-Øn \n pw hnsp-hn- -s v I\m-\nte v as-ßn-hcpw ]pi-bp Xo q-f-bpw Pzen- p ] hpw hnh-cn- p- Xv bn{km-tb-ens tziob `mk-t[- b-amwv, AXm-bXv Ah-cpsS IjvS-Xbpw km yw hln- -epw. Atam-cy-cpsS A{Iaw XnI-bp- -Xp-hsc bn{km-tb-en\p hnsp-x e`n- p-am-bn-cp- n-. I\m-\nse PmXn-I-fmb Cu tzi-hm-kn-iƒ BXy- n-i-ambn \mam-h-ti-j-am- - - p. F m sszhw ZpjvSXsb \ymbw hn[n- p- -Xn-\p-apºv AXns\, Xs P\-Øn\p lm\n hcp-sa p Nne-t mƒ txm -Ø- -hn-[-øn AXns k mcw XpS-cp-hm ]et mgpw A\phZn- p- p. Ah Zo L- -a-bp- -h-\m- Wv, hj-f- m-cmb Atam-cy-cmbm t]mepw, Bcpw \in- p-t]m-ip-hm Xm B{K-ln- p- n-. (2-]-t{Xm. 3:9) ZpjvSX ^e-h-øm-ip-hm\pw Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn Ah A\p-h-Zn- m-dp- v, ImcWw, F n am{xta ZpjvS-X-bpsS `bm-\-i-amb A\- -c-^-e-ßƒ F m-h pw hy -am-ip- I-bp- p. Aßs\ ]q Æambpw \oxn-am-\m-ip- -Xn-\mbn mwv Xs tim]w shfn-s -Sp-Ø-s -Sp- -Xv. 13- Dw 14- Dw hmiy-ßƒ Ime-K-W\w kw_- n- p Hcp {]iv\w Ah-Im-i-s -Sp- p. A{_mans Xe-apd kz -a- mø tziøp \m qdp kwh- cw {]hm-kn-ifm-bn-cp p Ahsc tkhn- p-sa- pw Ah-km\w hfsc kº-tømsp IqsS AhnsS \n pw ]pd-s - p-t]m-cpsa pw Ah Zo L-Z i\w snøp- p. 400 h j-ßƒ F p Cu kwjy Xs As m-kvx-e-{]-hyøn 7:6 Bh Øn- -s - n- p- v. an{k-bo-an ]m Øn-cp bn{km-tb a ƒ B Znhkw hsc 430 kwh- cw {]hm-kn-i-fm-bn-cp- p-sh- mwv ]pd.12:40,41 \mw hmbn- p- -Xv. Kem.3:17- ]utemkv ]d-bp- -Xv, A{_-lm-anI DS- ºSn ÿnco-i-cn- p- Xp apx \nbaw simsp- p- Xp hs-bp Ime-L w 430 kwh- cambn-cp p F m-wv. Cu A ßƒ XΩn s]mcp-ø-s -Sp-Øp-hm Ignbp- -sx-ßs\? Dev].15:13,14; {]hy. 7:6 F o thz`mk-ß-fn {]kvxmhn- n-cn- p 400 kwh- cw bn{km-tb-ens an{k-boanse ]cp-j-amb ]ovm-\p-`-h-ß-fpss Ime-sØ-bmWv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. bmt m_pw Xs IpSpw-_hpw an{kbo-ante v BZy-ambn h -t mƒ Ah AhnsS ASn-a- Ø-Øn-em-bn-cp- n-. IS-I-hn-cp- -ambn, Ah XnI pw cmp-io-b-amb \ne-bn-emwv k -cn- -s - -Xv. bn{km-tb a ƒ ]pd-s B Znhkw hsc an{kbo-an Nne-h-gn samøw ka-b-sø-bmwv ]pd.12:40,41 hmiy-ß-fn ImWp 430 kwh- cw kqnn- n- p- - Xv. CXv Imcy-amb Hcp kwjy-bm-wv. Kem. 3:17 se 430 kwh- cw, ]pd.12:40,41 texp t]mse-bp AtX Ime-b-f-hns\ GI-tZiw H -am- p- p. bmt m_v an{k-bn-an-te v {]thin phm Xømdm-bn-s m- n-cp Ah-k-c-Øn (Dev] 46:1 4), sszhw A{_-lm-anI DS-ºSn bmt m-_n\p ÿncni-cn p simspø kabw apx Ah KWn- -s -Sp ]p-d m- Sn\v GI-tZiw aq p-amkw ap ]v \nbaw simsp- p- - Xp-h-sc- A-h AhnsS ]m Øp. Dev]15:16 se, tehn, IlmØv, A-{_mw, tamsi F o \mep Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ]pd. 6:16-20 epw ImW-s -Sp p. 18-21 hmiy-ß-fn bn{km-tb-en\p hmkvzøw snø-s tziw Ah CXp-h-scbpw ssii-h-i-am- n-bn- n-. itemtam\v AXns ta B{inX-kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf \nebn A[n-Imcw D m-bn-cp- p. (1-cm-P.4:21,24) ]t Xs Bfp-Iƒ v AXp ssih-i-am- p-hm Ign- n-. {InkvXp `c-w-øn-\mbn as-ßn-h-cp-tºmƒ DS-ºSn k^eo-i-cn- -s Spw. AXns k^-eo-i-c-wsø XS-bp-hm H n\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-. CXn-t\m-SIw Xs CXv kw`-hn- n- p- m-bn-cp- p-sh- n sszhw \ Inb hmkvzøßƒ F{X-tØmfw Dd- p -XmWv! an{k-bo-anse \Zn-sb p ]d-bp- Xp (hm.18) ss\ \Znsb Dt -in- adn v, hmun G Bcnjv F v C -dn-b-s -Sp K bv p sx p sndnb Acp-hnbm-bn-cn pw AsX p s]mxpsh hniz-kn- -s -Sp- p. 5. Civam-tb, PU-Øns k Xn (A. 16,17) 16:1 6: ]m]-kz-`m-h-øns hn{i-a-an- m-bva-bmwv ChnsS {]I-S-am-Ip- -Xv. sszhoi hmkvz-ø-øn-\mbn ImØn-cn- msx, an{k-b-oanse aµ-`m-ky-amb {]hm-k-im-eøv kºm- Zn- n-cn- m km[y-x-bp Xs Zmkn- lm-km-dn-\m Hcp ss]x-ens\ t\sp-hm kmdmbn A{_mans\ \n _- n- p. sszhw Xs P\-Øns Zmº-Xy-]-c-amb {Ia-t -Sp- Iƒ Hcn- epw AwKo-I-cn n-cp- n, F n Xt bpw Ah tcj-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn- Xm hniz-kvx-\m-wv. lmkm K `w [cn- -t mƒ Xs bp-am-\øn Ah-fpsS IÆn\p apºmsi \nµn-x-bm-bn. kmdmbn A{_mans\ Ip w NpaØn {]Xn- I-cn- Xn-\p-tijw lmkm-dns\ `h-\-øn \n pw ]pd-øm- p- p. \ymb-{]-am-whpw sszh-iy-]bpw XΩn-ep kwl- -\-sø-bmwv CXv hni-z-am- p- Xv. Ahbv v kl-h-kn- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn- (K-em.4:21-31). Cu hip- n s]- Sp Nne kz`m-h-ßƒ A v kmwkv m-cn-i-ambn AwKo- I-cn- -s -Sp- -Xm-bn-cn- m-sa- nepw, {InkvXob Nn mkxn {]Imcw AXv Xo -bmbpw Hcp {Ia-t -Sm-Wv. 16:7 15: lmkm an{k-bo-an-te- p bm{xm-at y iqcnse acp-`q-an-bn-em-bncp- -t mƒ, sszh-øns ZqX Ahƒ p {]Xy- -\mbn. {InkvXp {]Xy- X F -dn-bs -Sp-, a\p-jym-h-xm-c-øn\p apºp {]Xy- XIfn H n I Øm-hmb tbip{inkvxp shfn-s - -Xm-bn-cp p AXv. (ssz-h-zq-xs\ Ipdn- p hnh-c-w-øn\v \ymb 6 mw A ymbw ImWp-I) as- -ßn-s v kmdm-bnbv v Iog-Sßn-bn-cn- m Ah Ahsf D]-tZ-in- p-ibpw Xs

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 16,17 53 ]p{x hen-sbmcp PmXn-bpsS Xe-h-\m-Ip-sa- p hmkvzøw \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. Xo -bmbpw B hmkvzøw Ad-_n-I-fn k^-eo-i-cn- p. as-ßn-s - p- I...Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn F p hm p-iƒ sszh-hpambn kwk -ap- m-bn-cp- Xp \jvs-s At\-I-cpsS Pohn-X-ß-fn hen-sbmcp am -Øn\p XpS w Ipdn- n- p- v. 13- mw hmiy-ønse lmkm-dns AXn-i-tbm- n v \o ImW-s -Sp Hcp sszh-amwv F `mhm hnhc-whpw \ Imw. Fs ImWp- -hs\ Rm ChnsSbpw I pthm? F mwv Ahƒ ]d- Xv. Ahƒ B InW-dn\v t_ - -e-l-bo- -tcmbo F p t]cn- p.(-a- -cm w Po-hn- p h\pw Fs ImWp h-\pam-bhs InW ) 14 16:16: lmkm-dn\v bnivam-tb P\n- t mƒ A{_mw F ]-Øn-bmdp hb- p- -h-\m-bn-cp- p. bnivam-tb F t]cns b w sszhw tiƒ p- p F m-wv. Cu Imcy-Øn Ah lmkm-dns IjvS- msv ti p. kmdmbn sszh-iy-]sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p-tºmƒ lmkm \ymb- {]-am-w-sø-bmwv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- -sx v Cu hnh-c- W-Øn-ep-S-\ofw \mw Hm t - -Xp- v. (K-em.4 ImWp- I) 17:1 14:- A{_mw kz -i- n-sim v Imcy-ßƒ km[n- p-hm {ian- p- Xp \n Ø-W-sa pw Ah-\p-th n {]h Øn- p-hm k -i- -\mb sszhsø A\p-h-Zn- -W-sa pw ]d-bp- -Xn-\p Hcp B m-z\ coxn-bm-bncp- n-cn mw 1 mw hmiy-ønse A{_-man-t\mSp sszh- Øns hm p-iƒ AXn-\p-tijw A[nIw Xma-kn- msx Xs btlm-hbmb sszhw Xs DS-ºSn ]pxp- p-ibpw tkm{x-]n-xm-hns A{_mw F p t]cv (t{ijvt-\mb ]nxm-hv), A{_lmw (_-lp-pm-xn-iƒ p ]nxmhv) F m n am p-ibpw snbvxp. AXn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv DS- º-Sn-bpsS Hcp AS-bm-f-sa-t mww ]cn-t -Z\ ÿm-]n- s - Xv. B Ip- n-i-fn \S-Øp Cu ikv{x-{in-b, sszh-øns Xnc-s -Sp- -s temi-p-\-ß-fpss Iq - Øn D -h-\mwv Cu hy n F -Xns Hcp imcocni AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp- p. Cu kabw a y-]q -Zn- p-ifn CXn-t\m-SIw CXp \S- n- -em- -s - n-cp- p-sh- nepw A{_-lm-an-t\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw kw_- n- n- StØmfw AXn\p ]pxnb A -am-bn-cp- p. A{_-lmans `h-\-øn-ep- m-bn-cp ]pcp-j-{]-p-i-sf mw A p ]cn-t -Z-\-b- p. AXn\p tij-ap B Ip- n-i-sf mw F mw \mfn ]cn-t -Z-\-tb -W-am-bn-cp- p. As - n Ahs\ P\-Øn \n pw tozn p If-tbWw F p h m bn{km-tb-ens IqSn-h-c-hn \n pw Ahs\ ]pd- Øm- p p F w (hm.14) tozn p If-bpI F p {]kvxm-h\ ac-w-øn-t\ n- pi F mwv Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn AXm-bXv ]pd.31:14,15 hmiy-ß-fn-te- Xp-t]mse A -am- p- -Xv. a p ÿe-ß-fn Chn-SptØ-Xp-t]mse \ntcm-[n- p-i, As - n {`jvsm- pi F p A -amwv ImW-s -Sp- -Xv. A{_lmw ]cn-t -Z\tb p- -Xn\p apºp-xs \oxn-i-cn- -s p (15:16) F p Nq n- m-wn- p- -Xn At m-kvx-e-\mb ]utemkv {i m-ep-hm-wv. Ahs ]cnt -Z\ A{K-N Ω-Øn h p D m-bn-cp hnizm-k-\o- Xnbv p ap{z-bm-bn-cp p (tdm-am.4:11) C p hnizm-kn- Iƒ imco-cn-i-amb Hcp AS-bm-f-Øm ap{z snø-s - -hc-, adn v Ah-cpsS am\-km- -c-k-a-bøv ]cn-ip- m-flmhv Hcp ap{z-bm-bn v Ah p e`n- p- p. (F-t^.4:30) ]cnt -Z\ F AS-bmfw sszhhpw Xs P\hpw XΩn-ep DS-º-Sn-bpsS Hcp imco-cni AS-bmfw F \ne-bn sszh-øm ÿm]n- I- -s Xmbn-cp- p ]cn-t -Z\ (D-ev].17:10-14). Aßs\ A{_-lm-ans Xe-ap-d- m F m-hcpw ]cn-t -Z-\- m ({]-hy.10:45) F pw PmXn-Iƒ A{K-N Ω- m (Ft^.2:11) F pw hnfn- -s -Sp-hm CS-bm-bn. A{_-lman\p hnizm-k-øm D m-bn-cp \oxn-i-c-w-øns ASbm-fhpw ap{zbpw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]cn-t -Z\ (Circumcision), ]cn-t -Z\ m (Circumcised),F o hm p-iƒ v hyxy-kvx- A ßƒ ImW-s -Sp- p.- hm-sskz-`-h-an- m-ø-h (uncircumcised lips) (]pd.6:12) ]c-ky-ambn kwkm-cn- phm\p Ign-hn- m-bva-bmwv kqnn n- p- -Xv. ]cn-t - Z\bn mø snhn-iƒ,-]-cn-t -Z-\-bn- mø lyz-b-ßƒ F nh sszhsø kvt\ln- p-hm\pw, A\pkcn p-hm- \pw, Ahs hm p-iƒ tiƒ p-hm\pw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- -Xn-s\-bmWv ImWn- p- -Xv. (tehy 26:41; Bh.10:16; 30:6; bnc. 6:10; {]hy. 7:51). amwk-øn A{K-N Ωn-Ifm-b-h A -am- -s -Sp- Xv Aip- -sc-bmwv (sbl. 44:7). ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn, {InkvXp-hns ]cn-t -Z\ Ahs Im h-dn-a-c-w-sø-bmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv (simsem. 2:11). hnizm-kn-iƒ {InkvXp-hpambp Ah-cpsS XmZm-fly-Øn-eqsS ]cn-t -Z\tb -h-cm-wv. ]utemkv CXns\-Ip-dn v ]d- -Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv; PU-i-cocw Dcn p If- -Xn\m Xt ssi sim- - mø ]cn-t -Z-\bpw e`n p (sim-sem. 2:11) PU-kz-`m-h-Øns ac-wsø Ipdn- mwv Cu ]cn-t -Z\ kwkm-cn- p- -Xv. F m hnizmkn-isf kw_- n pw ÿm-\-]c-ambn CXp icn-bm-wv. ]t PU-Øns ]m]-{]-hy-øn-i-fn taep {]mtbm- KnI C{µn-b-PbwsIm- p-am-{xta AXp {]-mh Øn-I-am- phm Ign-bp-I-bp- p. (sim-sem. 3:5) ]cn-t - Z\ m F -dn-b-s -Sp Hcp-Iq w blqz axm-\p-km-cn- Iƒ p hncp- -ambn (K-em.2:12) bym ]cn-t -Z-\- m hnizm-kn-i-fm-sw- mwv As m-kvx-e ]d-bp- -Xv. AhcpsS {]Xn-cq-]m-fl-IXzw IqSmsX PmXn-I-fp-sS hym[n-i-fn \n pw Xs P\sØ c n- p-hm-\p Zbm-]-c-amb Nne \nb-a-ßfpw sszhw Bkq-{XWw snbvxn-cp- p. `mcym-` Øm- - m-cn D mtb m-hp Nne-Xcw Im k XS-bp-hm ]cn-t -Z\bv p Ign-bpsa v sshzy-imkv{x hnz-kv ]e-cpw C p hniz-kn- p- p.

54 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 17,18,19 17:15 17: sszhw kmdm-bn-bpss t]cv kmdm (cm-p-ipam-cn) F p am p-ibpw, sxmæq-dp-h-b- p Xs `mcybn-eqss X\ns mcp ai D m-ip-sa- p hmkvzøw A{_-lm-an\p \ Ip-Ibpw snbvxp. B tkm{x-]n-xmhv Nncn- p-t]m-bn. AXv Ahn-izmkw sim m-bn-cp- n-, adn v BÀm-Z-]q Æ-amb A pxw sim m-bn-cp- p. Ahs hnizmkw ]X-dn-bn- (tdm-a. 4:18 21) 17:18-27: bnivam-tb sszh-ap-ºmsi Pohn- n-cp- m axn-sb v A{_lmw At]- n- -t mƒ, Xt m-sp DS- ºSn Xs ai\mb bnk-lm- n-eqss am{xta \nd-th- - s -Sp-I-bp- p-sh v sszhw Acp-fn-sNbvXp. F nepw bnivam-tb k- m\]pjvsnbp h\mbn h n pw, IqSmsX Ah hen-sbmcp PmXn-bmbn Xocp-Ibpw snøpw. bnk-lm v {InkvXp-hn\p \ng-em-bn-cp- p. DS-º- Snbv v AXns BXy- n-i-amb k^-eo-i-cww e`n- Xv {In-kvXp-hn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp- p. A{_-lm-ans A\p-k-cWw kw_- n- p Hu piyw t\m p. A{_lmw Xs ai-\mb bnivamtb-en-t\bpw... ho n-ep kie ]pcp-j- mtcbpw Iq n sszhw Xt msp I n- -Xp-t]mse AhcpsS A{K-N ΩsØ A p-xs ]cn-t -Z\ Ign- p. 6. tkmtzmapw skmta-dbpw (A.18,19) 18:1 15: 17- mw A ym-bønse kw`-h-ßƒ p A - Im-e-ti-jw, aq p ]pcp-j- m A{_-lm-an\p {]Xy- cmbn. bym - -Øn Ah-cn c p-t] ZqX- mcpw, aq m-a I Ømhp Xs -bp-am-bn-cp- p. a y-]q BZn- Xy-a-cym-Z-bpsS amxyi{]imcw A{_-lmapw kmdmbpw ZqX- m-sc- -dn-bmsx Ah-tcbpw ZqX- m-tc mƒ t{ijvt- \m-b-h-t\bpw k -cn p (F-{_m. 13:2). h j-øn-\p- n X\n-s mcp Ip p- m-ip-sa v I Ømhp ]dbp Xp ad p \n p ti kmdm D p-sim v Nncn- p, Ah-fpsS B Nncn Xs Ahn-izmkw shfn-s -Sp- Øn. btlm-h-bm Ign-bmØ Imcy-apt m? F p At\z-jW tnmzyw sim v Ahƒ imkn- -s - p. F m Ahƒ kwi-bn- p-sh- nepw B hmkvzøw Bh Øn- -s - p.(hm.9-15) WnI-amb Cu Hc-_ w kw`-hn- p-sh- nepw kmdm ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn hnizm-kap Hcp kv{xobm-bncp- p-sh v F{_m. 11:11 kqnn- n- p- p. 18:16-33:- A{_-lm-an\p {]Xy -cmb ZqX- m-cn c p-t] tkmtzm-an\p t\sc k -cn- p-sim- n-cp- t mƒ, tkmtzmw \in- n- p-hm t]mi-bm-sw- p hkvxp-x, btlm-hbmb sszhw A{_-lm-an\p shfn-s - Sp-Øn. At mƒ a y-ÿ-x-b-w- p-sim- p A{_-lmans ]nt m- -sa-æ Bcw-`n- p. A ]-Xv...-\m-ev]- Øn-b- v...-\m-ev]-xv...-ap Xv...Ccp-]-Xv...-]-Øv. tihew ]Øp \oxn-am- m-cp mbn-cp psh n, Ah p-th n t]mepw sszhw tkmtzmw \in- n- p-am-bn-cp- n! ^e- {]-Z-amb a y-ÿ-x-bp A px DZm-l-c-W-amWv A{_- lm-ans {]m \. k -`q-anbpw \ymbm-[n-]-xn-bm-bhs \oxn-bp kz`m-hsø ASn-ÿm-\-am- n-bp- -Xmbn-cp p AXv (hm.25) sszh-sø-ip-dn- p Bg-amb Adnhn\p am{xw \ Ip-hm Ign-bp AXn-hn-\bw IqSmsX Xs Bfl-hn-izmkw sim p-xm-\xp sxfn-bn- p. A{_lmw Xs At] Ah-km-\n- n- -t mƒ am{xamwv sszhw B hnjbw ]q Øn-bm n AhnSw hn p t]mbxv (hm.33). Pohn- -Ønse At\Iw cl-ky-ßƒ v 25- mw hmiy-ønse kxyw am{x-amwv Xy]vXn-I-cambn p adp-]-sn. {it -b-\mb Hcp IpSpw-_-ÿ-s\ \ne-bn sszhw A{_-lm-an\p \ Inb _lp-am\w hn p-i-f-b-cpxv (hm.19). AXm-bXv B{K-ln- -Ø- -Xmb NneXv! 19:1 11: kzh -c-xn, {]IyXn hncp- -t`mkw apx-emb ]m]-ßƒ p tkmtzmw F t]cv ]cym-b-am-bn-cn- p-ibmwv. F m ] -W-Øns ]X-\-Øn\p ImcWw hgn- ]n-g ssewkni PohnXw am{x-ambncp- n-. K hpw, Xo ]p-f- pw, \n `b-sskz-c-hpw F mwv tkmtzm-ans ]m]sø kw_- n v btlm-h-bmb sszhw sbl.16:49,50- hnh-cn- n-cn- p Xv. temøv B ZqX- msc c p t]scbpw kzoi-cn- p, Xs `h-\-øn cm]m m Ahsc \n _- n p; Ah A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t n hcp A]-I-SsØ Ipdn v temøn\v hfsc \ mbn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. Ah Aßs\, snbvxn p t]m-epw, Cu kz ob kµ i- Isc _em -tcw kzh -t`mkw sntø- -Xn\v tkmtzmw \nhm-kn-iƒ At\z-jn-s -Øn. Xs AXn-Yn- Isf c n- p-hm-\p \ncm-i-p-\-i-amb {]b-xv\-øn, temøv Xs c p ]p{xn-am-scbpw Ah p \ Imsa p e IqSmsX hmkvzm\w snbvxp. Xm m-en-iamb Hcp A X kyjvsn- p-sim v B ZqX- m tkmtzm-aysc Ipg- n- -f- -Xmb A p-x-{]-hy-ønsim p am{x-amwv B Znhkw c -s - -Xv. kzh -cxn ]g-b-\n-b-a-ønepw (D-ev].19:1 26; tehy.18:22; 20:13) ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-ønepw (tdm-a. 1:18 32; 1sImcn. 6:9; 1 Xnsam.1:10) Hcpt]mse kzh -c-xn-sb ]m]sø sszhw in n- p- p. tkmtzmw, skmtamd ] -W-ßsf \in- n- p-sim v AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bp Xs tim]w sszhw {]I-Sn- n- p. tamsi-bpss \ymb-{]-amw {]Imcw {]IyXn hncp t`mkn-iƒ pff in ac-w-am-wv. kzh cxn-bn-te s -Sp- -h sszh cmpyw Ah-Im- -i-am- p-i-bn-. kzh -c-x F p hnfn- -s -Sp Hcp-h, Xs A[m ΩnI Pohn-XcoXnbv v ]cn-lm-c-ambn henb hne simsp-t - -Xp- v. Cßs\ Ah Xß-fpsS hn{`-a- Øn\v tbmky-amb {]Xn-^ew Xß-fn Xt {]m]n p F mwv ]utemkv ]d-bp- Xv (tdm-a. 1:27). ssewkni tcmk-ßƒ, \yqtam sskãn-kv, Imt]m-kn-bqsS k timam (Hcp Xcw A _p-zw),-fbvuvkv F nh AXn s]-sp- p. ho pw ho pw Hm Ω-bn hcp A]-

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 19,20 55 cm-[w, am\-kn-i-hpw sshim-cn-i-hp-am-b {]iv\-ßƒ, hy n- ]-c-am-bp Akzm-`m-hnI am -ßƒ F n-hbpw kzh - c-xn-bpss A\- -c-^-e-ß-fm-wv. a p ]m]n-isft mse-x-s, kzh -c-xn- m-cmb kv{xo ]pcp-j- m pw, Ah-cpsS ]m]-ßsf Ipdn v A- \p-x-]n v G p-]-d- v, Xß-fpsS c n-xm-hmbn I Ømhmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hns\ hy n-]- -c-ambn kzoi-cn- p- psh- n c n- -s -Sp-hm Ign-bpw. sszhw kzh -c- Xn- m-cmb kv{xo ]pcp-j- m-cpss ]m]-ßƒ shdp- p- p. F m Xm Ahsc kvt\ln- p- p. kzh -cxn ioe-am- n-bn-cn- p h\pw, AXn-\p {]h-w-x-bp- -h\pw XΩn hyxym-k-ap- v. thz-]pkvxiw in n- p- Xv B ioesøbmwv, A msx AXn-\p {Iao-I-c-W-sØ-b-. kzh - m-tcmsv Aan- X-amb BI j-w-ap ]e-cp-ap- v. F m Ah AXn- \mbn Xßsf G n p simsp- p- n-. Ah Bflmhns i n-bm, {]-tem-`-\-ß-tfm-ss-xn Øp \n m kzb-in- Ww \ In hnip- n-bn Pohn- p- p. kzh - cxn t{]c-w-bp ]e {InkvXob hy n-ifpw. hyk-\-tømspw ] m-øm-]-tømspw IqsS am p-hm Ign-bmØ Ah-cpsS Ah-ÿsb Ipdn v Nn n v, Xo Øpw ]hn-{x-amb kl-\-i- nbv pw ]mxn-{h-xy-øn- \pap Ignhv e`n-t - -Xn-\p-th n Bflm-hn-em-{ibn- p...{inkvxp-hn-ep ka -W-Øn sszhw Xßsf D]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xn-\mbn Zo L-\m-fp-I-fmbn AhcpsSbp n \ne-\n p Hcp If w Ah G p-]-d- p-t]- n- p. a\p-jys _e-lo-\-x-i-fn B sszhi n XnI p hcp- p. 15 Nne, Xßƒ Cu {]h-w-x-tbmsp IqSn-bmWv P\n- -sx p ]d p sszhsø Ip -s -Sp-Øm-dp- v. F m B sx v sszh-tømsp _ -s - t\sc-a-dn v a\pjys ]mx-i-tømsp _ -s - mwv InS- p- -Xv. BZmans howp-t]mb k -Xn-Iƒs mw Zpjv{]h-W-X-Ifp- v, Nne v Hcp taj-e-bnse- n a p-nn-e v as mcp taj-e-bn _e-lo-\-x-i-fp- v. {]tem-`n- n- -s -Sp- Xn ]m]-an-, ]t AXn\p Iogvs -Sp- -XmWv ]m]w. GXp Xc-Øn-ep PU-tam-l-Øn \n pw hnsp- X-ep- -Xp-t]mse kv{xo]p-cpj kzh -c-xn-bn \n pw hnsp-x-ep- v. XpS am-\-am-bn- p sszhoi D]-tZi klmbw an -hmdpw F m-im-cy-ß-fnepw hfsc AXymh-iy-am-Wv. hnizm-kn-iƒ kzh -c-xn- m-cmb kv{xo]p-cp-j msc hy n-i-sf \ne- -bn, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-coXn AwKo- Icn- m-sx, kzoi-cn- -Ww. ImcWw {InkvXp acn- Xv Aßs\bp -h p th n-bmwv. ip o-i-cww IqSmsX Bcpw I Øm-hns\ ImWp-I-bn F{_m. 12:14). AXp-sIm v ip o-i-c-w-øns B Hcp Pohn-X- Øn-te v Ah-cpsS {]am-w-ßsf t\sp-hm th n km y-amb F m hgn-ifpw hnizm-kn-iƒ Bcm-bWw 19:12-29: B ] Ww hn p-t]m-cp-hm ZqX- m temønt\bpw IpSpw-_-tØbpw \n _- n- p. F m Ah Xs acp-a- sf (A-Yhm `mhn acp-a- ƒ, R.S.V ImWp- I) AXn-\mbn t{]cn- n- p-hm {ian- -t mƒ Ah Ifn- ]-d-bp-i-bm-sw v Ah hnnm-cn- p. Ahs ]n am Pohn-X-am-Wv, {]Xn-k nl -Øn Ahs km ysø hy -am- n- -f- -Xv. Dj- mbt mƒ, temøpw `mcybpw c p-s] a- fpw ZqX- m-cpss AI-º-Sn-tbm- Sp-IqSn tkmtzm-an\p ]pdøp h p. At mgpw ]m]w \nd ] -W-ß-fn-sem- mb tkmh-dn Xma-kn- p-hm B{K-ln- p-sim v temøv ka-tbm-nn-x-ambn {]høn- p. ]Øp \oxn-am- m t]mepw tkmtzmw ]- -W-Øn-en- m-xn-cp- -Xn-\m sszhw AXns\ \in- n- p. sszhw A{_-lm-ans\ Hm Øv, temøns\ B D qe \mi-øn \n pw hnsp-hn- -Xp-sIm v A{_-lm-ans {]m -\bv v adp-]sn e`n- msx t]mbn-. temøns `mcy ] Ww hn p t]ms - nepw, AhcpsS lyzbw At mgpw AXn-em-bn-cp- p, AXn-\m Ahƒ sszhoi-\ymb hn[nbn AI-s - p. temøns `mcysb Hm Øp-sImƒI (eq-t m.17:32) F p hmiy- Øn, {InkvXp Xs c m-zm\w hi-h-bv mø F mh p-ap Hcp ap -dn-bn- mbn Ah-sf Db Øn- n-sn- n-cn- -bm-wv. 19:30-38: tkmh hn temøv, ] -X-Øn-ep Hcp Kpl-bn sn p ]m Øp. AhnsS Ahs ]p-{xn-am Ahs\ ho p-ip-sn- n- p-ibpw Ah-tcmSpIqsS \njn- -kw-kaw snøp-hm X -hæw Ahs\ hio-i-cn- p- Ibpw snbvxp. AXns ^e-ambn aqø-hƒ tamhm_v F p \ma-i-cww snø-s Hcp ]p{x-t\bpw Cf-b-hƒ s_ AΩn F p t]cn Hcp ai-t\bpw K `w [cn- p. bn{km-tb-ens\ \nc- cw iey-s -Sp-Øns m n-cp tamhm-_ycpw AtΩm-\ycpw D -hn- -X-ß-s\bmWv. A[m Ωn-IXzw {]h Øn- p-hm ]n osv bn{km-tb ]pcp-j- msc t{]cn- n- Xv tamhm_y kv{xoi-fm-bn-cp- p. (kwjy 25:1 3) AXp-t]mse inip-_en Dƒs ss, tamse- ns\ Bcm-[n- p- Xp bn{km-tb-eysc ]Tn- n- Xv AtΩm-\y-cmWv (1 cmp.11:33; bnc.32:35) temøv \oxnam-\m-bn-cp- p, ]t Xs euio-ixzw sim v Xs km yw (hm.14), `mcy (hm.26); acp-a- ƒ, Xs kply- Øp- ƒ, Xs Iq bva (tkm-tzm-an Bcpw D m-bn-cp- n- ), Xs kº-øv, (A-h kº- -\m-bn-t m-bn, ]t Zcn-{Z-\mbn as-ßn-h- p), Ahs kz`mh KpWßƒ (hm.35), Pohn-X-Ønse sxmgn, GI-tZiw Xs Poh (hm.22) F n-h-sb mw \jvs-s - p-t]m-b-xmbn 2 ]t{xm 2:7,8 hmiy-ß-fn \n p \ap p a\- nem mw. tkmtzm-ans \niy-jvs-amb kwkv m-c-ßƒ Xs s] a- sf kzm[o- -\n- n-cp- p-sh v Ah-cpsS Zpjn kz`m-h-ßƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. AXn \n p hnsp-x-en- (F-{_m.2:3). 7. A{_-lmapw A_o-ta-se pw (A.20) 20:1 18: A{_lmw kmdmsb Xs ktlm-z-cn-bmbn A`n-\-bn- n p sim v ^d-thms ASp-Øp-Im-Wn

- 56 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 21,22 AtX A_ w, Ccp-]Xp h j-ßƒ p- n ho pw Fgp-s - n- p-hm {ian- p- p-sh- p- Xv \ap v Ahniz-k-\o-b-ambn txm n-tb- mw. ]m]-tømsp Ft mgpap \ΩpsS Xm ]cyw \mw Hm p- Xp hsc AXv \ap v Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambncn pw! an{k-bo-anse A{_- lm-ans h -\-bpss GI-tZi Bh Ø\w Xs -bmwv tkcm-dnse A_o-ta-se- p-amb-p kw`hw. (12:10 17). bnk-lm- ns P\-\-Øn-ep Xs Dt iyw \S- nem p-hm ChnsS sszhw CS-s]- p. A m-ø-] w AXp hn^-e-am- -s -t - p-am-bn-cp- p. Ah A_o-tase- ns\ acww sim p `oj-wn-s -Sp-Øn. Ncn-{X- Øns ]m iz-øn-ep Hcp tihew ImgvN- m-c-t\- mfp-]cnbmb Hcp hy n-bmwp Xm. Bflo-tbm- Xn {]m]n- mø Pohn-X-ß-fn IqSn-bm-bmepw Xs P\- Øns ZpjvSX Akm-[p-hm- p-hm Ign-hp- -h-\mwv sszhw. Cu kw`-høn sszh-øns kvt\ln-x- \mb A{_-lm-an-t\- mƒ PmXo-b-\mb A_otase- mwv IqSp-X \oxn-bmbn {]h Øn - Xv (A-_o-tase v F p- Xv Hcp hy n-bpss t]c-, adn v Hcp ÿm\-t]-cm-wv) Hcp temi-a-\p-jy-\m Hcp hnizmkn \oxn-tbmss imkn- -s -ts- n-h-cp- -Xv e m-i-c-amwv! Hcp A -kxyw ]q Æ-k-Xy-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- ptºmƒ AsXmcp Ak-Xy-am-Wv. BZysØ ÿeøv A{_-lmans\ Dg-ep-am-dm- nb-xns Ip -ß-fn NneXv sszh- Øns taem- p-hm t]mepw Ah {ian- p. Xs A]-cm[w Xmgva-tbmsS a\- n-em- p-hm X -hæw Ah IqSp-X m\ap h\m-i-w-am-bn-cp- p. F nepw At mgp-a-h sszh-a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp- Xp sim mwv A_o-ta-se- ns `h\-øn-ep hcpss h yxzw kujy-am-t - -Xn\v A{_lmw {]m - n- phm th n sszhw Ahs\ A{_-lm-ans ASp-tØ- -b- -Xv. CXn-\m \o \oxn-i-cn- -s - n-cn- p p F p hkvxpx (hm.16) A -cm -Øn CXp IÆp-Iƒ p Hcp Bh-cWw BIp- p. F mwv AXn-s -b w {]own- n- p-hm-\p Dt±-i-tØm-Sp-IqSn \ I-s -Sp Hcp kωm-\w. Aß-s\-sb- n AXp C{]- Imcw hmbn- mw. B sx p Xncp-Øn-Ø F m Bfp- Iƒ pw, \nt m-ssm- -ap F m-h pw km y-ambn kwxy-]vxn-bpss Hcp D]-lm-c-sa-t mww CXp \n\ p \ I-s -Sp- p. 8. bn -lm v, hmkvzø k Xn (A.21) 21:1 10: A{_-lm-an\pw kmdmbv pw hmkvzø k Xn P\n- -t mƒ, B amxm-]n-xm- ƒ kt m-jm- Xn-tc-I-Øm, sszhw I n- Xpt]mse Ah\v bn - lm v (Nn-cn) F p t]cn- p (17:19,20). CXv Ah-cp-tSbpw CtX Ipdn v tiƒ p- -h-cp-tsbpw kt mjw shfn-s - Sp-ØØ- -Xm-bn-cp- p. bnk-lm- ns ape-ipsn amdptºmƒ, Ah\v c n\pw 5 \pw CS-bn {]mb-ap- v, bnivamtb-en\v ]Xn-aq- n\pw ]Xn-t\-gn\pw CS-bn-ep {]mb-hpap- v. ape-ipsn am p hncp \S- p-tºmƒ, bnkvamtb bnkv-lm- ns\ Ifn-bm- p- Xp I n v, lmkm-dnt\bpw Ip n-t\bpw ]pd-øn- -f-bp-hm kmdm A{_- lm-an-t\msp ]d- p. \ymb-{]-amww Iy]sb ]oun- n- p- p F -Xn\v sxfn-hmbn CXns\ ]utemkv Nq n- m-wn- p- p. F m \ymb-{]-am-whpw Iy]bpw XΩn Iq nipg-bv m-hp- -X-. \nb-a-{]-imcap XXzß-fn-t \n p-sim v Bflo-bm-\p-{K-l-ßƒ {]m]ns Sp- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bn (K-em. 4:29). 21:11-13: lmkmdpw bnivam-tbepw \jvs-s -Sp- Xn A{_lmw Zp:Jn p, F m bnivvam-tbens\ Hcp henb PmXn-bpsS ]nxm-hm pw F hmkvz-ø-tøm-sp-iqsn sszhw Ahs\ Biz-kn- n- p. bn -lm- mwv hmkvzø k -Xn-sb pw Ah-\n-eqsSbmWv DS-ºSn \nd-th- -s - Sp- -sx pw A{_-lm-an\p sszhw hy -am nsimsp- Øp. 21:14-21: I\m\v sx p acq-`q-an-bn lmkmdpw ss]xepw Zml-Øm \in- m-dm-b-t mƒ Hcp Ddh Is -Øp- -Xn\v sszhw klm-bn- bpw Ah AXv D]-tbm-Kn- bpw snbvxp. Ct mƒ bnivvam-tb Iuamc-{]m-b- m-c-\mwv; AXp-sIm v, lmkm Ahs\ _elo-\-\m-bn-cp- -Xp-sIm v Hcp Ip n-s -Sn-bpsS Iogn-te v X n-bn p F v 15- mw hmiyw A -am- p-hm km[y- X-bp- v. sszhw tiƒ p p F -ap bnivamtbens t]cv, sszhw ti p, sszhw ti n-cn- p p F n-ßs\ c p {]mhiyw 17- mw hmiy-øn ImW-s -Sp- p. sszhw tiƒ p-ibpw DØ-c-a-cp-fp-Ibpw snøp- -Xn-\m Ip n-i-tfbpw bu -\- m-tcbpw {]m n- m D km-ln- n- -Ww. 21:22-34: 22- mw hmiy-ønse A_o-ta-se pw 20- mw A ym-b-øn ]d- n-cn- p A_o-ta-se pw Htc hy n-bm- -bn-cn- -W-sa- n-. Cu apjys Zmk- m A{_-lm-ans Bfp-I-fn \n pw Hcp InW ]nsn-s - Sp-Øp. kuly-z-øns Hcp DS-ºSn A{_-lmapw A_ota-se pw XΩn snbv-xt mƒ, tkm{x-]n-xmhv Xs InW ]nsn-s -SpØ hnhcw A_o-ta-se nt\msp ]d- p. At mƒ Hcp InW X\n p \ In-sIm v Ah Hcp DS-ºSn ÿm]n- p. AXp-sIm v B InWdn\v IyXyambn t_ ti_ (D-S-º-Sn-bpsS InW ) F p t]cn- p. Ah-cpsS `q{]-tz-i-øns sxt A sø AXn-cmbn tcj-s -Sp-Øp Hcp ] -W-am-bn B ÿew ]n osp amdn. A{_lmw Hm Ω-bv mbn AhnsS Hcp hnnp-e-hy w \ p. 9. bn -lm- ns\ bmkw Ign- p- p(-a.22) 22:1 10: Im h-dn-bnse cwkw HgnsI CXn-t\- mƒ Zp:Jtam `btam Df-hm- p as mcp kw`hw thz-]pkvx-i-ønseßpan-. sszh-øns GI-Pm-X-\mb {]nb ]p{xs Im h-dn-a-c-w-øn\v hy -amb \ng-em-bn-cn- p as m pw CXpt]mse-bn-. tamdnbm tziøv bn - lm- ns\ Hcp Zl-\-bm-K-ambn A n- p-hm sszhw I n- -t mƒ, Xs hnizmkw kw_- n- p G hpw henb ]co- -bm-bn- -cp p AXv. A{_-lm-ans\ sim v Cß-s\-sbms snøn- -W-sa v sszh-øn\v Dt±-iy-

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 22 57 an- m-bn-cp- p. ImcWw sszhw \c-_en CjvS-s -Sp- n-. Im hdn \ne-sim- p- Xpw bcp-itew ÿnxn-snøp- -Xp-amb ] -X-\n-cbmWp tamdnb (2 Zn\.3:1) \o kvt\ln- p \ns GI-Pm-X-\mb ai bn lm ns\ Xs bmkw Ign-t Ww F p sszho-i-hm- p-iƒ Bgv n-d-ßn-s m- n-cn- p Hcp apdn-hp-t]mse A{_-lm-ans lyz-b-øn-te v Xpf- p-i-b-dn. hmkvz-ø- {]-Im-c-ap GI k m-\-am-bn-cp p bn -lm- v, AXmbXv A p-x-i-c-amb P\\w sim v AZzo-Xob\mb ]p{x, Cu A -Øn-emWv bn -lm v A{_-lm-ans GI ]p{x-\m-b-xv. thz-]p-kvx-i-øn BZy-ambn h p IqSp Hcp hm v ]e-t mgpw thz-]p-kvx-i-øneps-\ofw AXns {]tbmkw kw_- n- p amxy-ibv v Bcw- `-an-sp- -Xm-Wv. kvt\lw (hm.2), Bcm-[\ (hm.5) F o hm -piƒ Chn-sS-bmWv BZyw ImWs Sp- Xv. I Ømhmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hn-t\m-sp sszh-kvt\-l-øns Ahy- -amb Hcp Nn{X-amWv A{_-lm-an\p Xs ]p{xt\m-sp kvt\lw. Bcm-[\ kw_- n- p G hpw henb {]hy-øn-bpss Hcp Nn{X-amWv bn -lm- - ns bmkw sszh-lnxw \nd-th- p- -Xn-\p- c n- - Xm-hns kz-b-_-en-a-c-w-am-bn-cp p B henb {]hy-øn. 22:11 12: thz-]p-kvx-i-øn t]cp-i-fpss Cc- n- n- ]sø-æap CXn BZy-tØ-XmWv A{_- lm-ta, A{_-lmta F p hnfn AXn GsgÆw sszhw a\p-jysc hnfn- Xpw (D-ev].22:11;46:2;]pd.3:4; iap.3:10; eqt m. 10:41;22:31; {]hy.9:4) a p aqs Æw aømbn hnfn- -XpamWv. (7:21,22; 23:37; a t m.15:34). Ah-sb mw Xs hf-sc-b-[niw {][m-\y-ap Imcy-ßfmWv DZvtLm-jn- p- -Xv. sszh-øns ZqX sszhw Xs bmbn-cp p (hm.11,12). 22:13-15: A{_-lm-ans hnizm-k-kw-_- -ambp ]co- -I-fn ]c-tam- -X-amb H m-bn-cp p bn -lm- ns bmkw F p Xv Xo -bm-wv. Xs ]p{x-\neqss AkwJyw A-\p-{K-l-ßƒ A{_lman\p simsp- p-sa v sszhw hmkvzøw snbvxn p- v. B kabw bn -lm v Ahn-hm-ln-X\pw 25 hb-t mfw {]mb-ap- h-\p-am-bn-cp p. A{_lmw Ahs\ sim n-cp-s - n hmkvzøw Fßs\ \nd-th- -s -Sp-am-bn-cp- p? F{_m.11:19 A\p-k-cn v A{_lmw Xs ais\ sim mepw sszhw Ahs\ Dbn tø-gp-t n pw F v Ah hniz-kn- p. Cu hnizmkw FSp-Øp-]-d-b- Ø- -Xm-Wv, Imc-Ww-tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn AXp-h-tcbpw Bcpw Dbn sø-gp-t - -Xmbn tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- n-. 22:5 epw D Xs hnizmkw {i n- pi; Rm\pw _me\pw Ahn-S-tØmfw sn p Bcm-[\ Ign v as-ßnhcmw A{_lmw hnizm-k-øm BZyw \oxn-i-cn- s p (15:6), ]n osv ChnsS {]hy-øn-bm \oxn-i-cn- s p (-\n-c-]-cm-[n-sb p sxfn-bn- p-i(bmt m.2:21) Xs hnizm-k-øns bmym y-øn\v sxfn-hmbn {]hyøn \n p-tºmƒ Xs hnizmkw c bv p Imc- W-am-Ip- p. B n Ip n FhnsS? F v bn -lm v tnmzn- -Xn\v, sszhw X\n p th n Hcp B n Ip- nsb Icp-Xn-s m pw F p Xs ]nxmhv adp-]sn ]d- p. 13- mw hmiy-øn ImW-s -Sp timem p sim - s\-s m- adn v sszh-øns Ip msn-\m-emwv Cu hmkvzøw BXy- n-i-ambn \nd-th- -s -Sp- -Xv. (tbml.1:29) {InkvXp-hns t{ijvt-amb c p {]Xo-I-ßƒ Cu A ym-b-øn-ep- v. BZy-tØXv bn -lm v; GI-]p-{X, ]nxm-hn\m kvt\ln- -s - -h, ]nxm-hns CjvSw snøp-hm C n- -h, {]Xm-]-tØmsS ac-w-øn \n pw XncnsI h h. c m-a-tøxv timem- p-sim- as m- n\p ]I-c-ambn _en-bm- -s \njvi-f- -amb B n Ip- n, c w Nn -s p, sszh-øn\p th n ]q Æambn Zln- -s Zl-\-bm-K-am-bn-cp p Cu B n Ip n bn -lm- n\p ]I-c-ambn Hcp timem p sim s\ Icp- Xp XneqsS sszhw X\n- p-kzbw hn\ntbm- Kn phm Ign-bm-Xn-cp {]mw-th-z\ A{_-lm-ans lyz-b-øn \n pw Hgn-hm n F v Btcm ]d- n- p v. ]g-b-\n-b-a-øn-se- m-bn-s-øpw ImW-s -Sp- -Xpt]mse 11,15 hmiy-ß-fn ImW-s -Sp btlm-h-bpss ZqX I Øm-hmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hm-wv. A{_lmw B ÿeøn\v btlmh Icp-Xn-s m pw (b-tlm-h- -bn-sc) F p t]cn- p(-hm.14) ]g-b-\n-b-a-ønse sszh-øns Ggp-kw-L-Sn-X-\m-a-ßfn H m-wn-xv. Xmsg- -d-bp- -hbmwv a p- -h. btlm-h- -sdm-t^jm btlm-h- \ns kujy-am- p p (]p-d.15:26) btlmh \n n btlmh Fs simsn (]p-d.17;8 15) btlm-h imtemw btlmh Fs kam-[m\w (\ym-bm.6:24) btlm-h tdmbn- btlmh Fs CS-b-\m-Ip p (k- o.23:1) btlmh knsz- o btlmh Fs \oxn (bn-c.23:6) btlmh iω btlmh AhnsS (sb-l.48:35) 22:16 19: Xt - mƒ hen-b-h-\mb Hcp-hs\ sim p kxyw snøm C m-ø-xn-\m sszhw Xs sim p Xs kxyw snbvxp. (F-{_m.6:13) Xs DS-º-Sn-bm Dd- n- -s sszhoi hmkvz-øøn {InkvXp aqew PmXo-b-cm-Py-ßƒ p A\p-{K-lhpw Dƒs -Sp p (Kem.3:16) 17- mw hmiyøns aq mw `mk- -Øn, CXn-t\m- SIw simsp-øn- p hf-sc-b-[niw A\p-{K-l-ß-fpsS hmkvzøtømsp-iqss sszhw Nne-Xp-IqSn tn p- p. A{_-lm-ans k Xn Ahs i{xp- -fpss hmxn ssihiam pw F m-bn-cp p AXv. Ahsc FXn p- -h-cpss taep A[n-Im-c-ÿm\w Xs Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ssih-i-am pw F m-wn-xns A w. ] W hmxn ]nsn-s -Sp pw F psh m ] Ww howp-t]mipw F w 16

58 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 22,23,24 22:20 24: A{_-lm-an\v bnivvam-tb, bn -lm v F o c p ]p{x- m am{x-ap- m-bn-cp- -t mƒ, Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb \mtlm-cn\v 12 ]p{x- m-cp- m-bn-cp- p. BIm-i-Ønse \ -{X-ß-sf-t mse Xe-ap-d-I-sf-bm pw F p sszhoi hmkvzøw IW- n-se-sp- p-tºmƒ, A{_-lm-ans hnizmkw F{Xam{Xw ]co- n- -s - n-cn- Ww! bn -lm- n\v Hcp `mcysb At\z-jn- p- -Xn-\pth n Fe-bm-k-dns\ hnsp-hm Xs t{]cn- n- Xv CXmbn-cn mw (A.24) 22:23- ]d- n-cn- p dnt_ F t]cv {i n- p-i. 10. IpSpw-_ -iva-im\ `qan (A.23) 23:1 16: \q n Ccp-]-Øn-tbgp hb- p- -h-fmbn kmdm acn- -t mƒ, Ahsf AS- p- -Xn\p ivaim-\-`qanbmbn aivt]e Kpl hmßp- Xp kw_- n p slt{_m-\nse \nhm-kn-i-fmb lnxy-tcmsv A{_lmw hne-]-d p At\I h j-ß-fnse Xo m-s\ Pohn-X-Øn-\n-S-bn hmßn GI-kz-Øm-Wn-Xv. Ing- tzi-ß-fnse amxy- I-bn-ep hne ]d- nens Aaq-ey-amb Hcp sndp-hn-hcww Cu `mkøv \mw Im-Wp- p. lnxy-cpss ivaim\ ÿe-ß-fn-sem v A{_lmw Xnc-s -SpØpsIm p-hm- \mwv Ah BZyw ]d- -Xv. hfsc `hyx-tbmss A{_lmw AXp Xnc-kv -cn bpw F{^ms Kpl apgph hnebpw \ In hmßn-s m mw F p \n _- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. Kpl-am-{X-a B ÿew apgp-h Hcp kωm\ambn A{_-lm-an\p \ Imw F v Ft{^m BZyw hmkvzm\w snbvxp. F m CXv tihew kmam- \y-a-cym-z-bpss Hcp AS-bmfw am{x-am-sw v A{_lmw a\- n-e- n. AXv shdpsx simsp-øp-i-f-bp-hm B DS-a-ÿ\v Xm ]-cy-an- m-bn-cp- p. A{_mlmw AXp Xnckv -cn- p-ibpw CXv hne-sim-sp-øp hmßp-hm-\p B{K-l-tØmsS \n _- n- p-ibpw snbvx-t mƒ Hcp henb hne-t]-i-embn \Sn- p-sim v 400 ti sh n CXns hne-bmbn Ft{^m \n t -in- p. kxy-øn CXp A\ym-b-amb hne-bm-wv, am{x-a km[m-c-w-bmbn hmßp- bmƒ C\nbpw hne-t]-i XpS-cp-am-bn-cp- p. Ft{^m BZyw tnmzn hne Xs A{_lmw simsp mw F p kω-xn- -XpsIm v AXv F m-h pw Hcp A pxambn-cp p Hcp Ahn-izm-knbv p IS- m-c- \m-bn-cn- p-hm A{_-lm-an\v B{K-l-an- m-bn-cp p, \ap v D m-bn-cn -cp-xv. 23:17-20: teb, bmt m-_v, dnt_-, bnk-lm- v, A{_lmw apx-em-b-h-cpss ih-i-co-c-ßƒ AS- nb ÿeambn ]n m-eøv aivt]-e- Kp-l amdn. ]c-º-cm-k- X-ambn AwKo-I-cn- -s CXns ÿm\øv Ct mƒ Hcp B[p-\nI ap nw ] n ÿnxn-sn-øp- p. 11. bnk-lm n\v Hcp h[p (A.24) 24:1 9: saskm-s m-øm-ay-bn Xma-kn- p- -Xn-t\m, Hcp I\m\y kv{xosb hnhmlw snøp- -Xnt\m A{_lmw bnk-lm- ns\ A\p-h-Zn- m-bvi-bm bnklm- n-\p-th n Hcp h[p-hns\ At\z-jn p Is -Øphm Xs G hpw {]mb-ap Zmk-\p-ambn A{_lmw Hcp kxy-{]-xn sn-bvxp. 2 4 hsc hmiy-ßfnepw 9 mw hmiy-ønepw {]Xn- -]m-zn- -s - n-cn- p BW-bn-Sens ]pcm-x\ cq]sø Ipdn v Nmƒkv F^v s]bvs^ hnhcn- n-cn- p- Xv Xmsg ]dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv. thz-]p-kvxi `mjm ssien-{]-imcw a ƒ Ah-cpsS ]nxm-hns ISn-{]-tZ-i-Øp-\nt m As - n XpS-bn - \nt m BWv Dev]m-Zn- n- -s -Sp- -sx p ]d-b-s -Sp- p. (D-ev].46:26 t\m p-i). Hcp DS-ºSn \nd-th- msx sx n- p kw`-h-ap- m-bm XpS-bn \n pw D -hn- txm D -hn- p- txm Bb a ƒ B A\o-Xnbv v {]Xn- Imcw snøww F mwv BW-bn-Sp ka-bøv ssi XpS-bn hbv p- -Xp-sIm v A am p- -Xv. CXns\ Xe-ap-d-sb-s m v BW-bn-S F mwv ]d-bp- -Xv. AXv ChnsS {]txy-im A\z -am-wv, ImcWw bnklm- n-eqss A{_-lm-an\p Xe-ap-d-Isf Dd- m- p ZuXyw Zmk-t -Xm-Wv. 17 24:10 14: tbip {InkvXp-hm-Ip kz ob bnklm- n\v th n Hcp aw-hm- nsb Hc-p p-hm Ab- s ]cn-ip- -flmhn\v \ng-emwv ({]-Xo-Iw) Cu Zmk bm{x-bv p Hcp- -ßfpw, Zmk- m-cpss ] -ep- m-bncp kωm-\-ß-fpw, IqSmsX sszh-øm Xnc-s -Sp- -s kv{xo GsX v a\- n-em- p-hm-\p AS-bmfhpw hfsc kq va-ambn Cu hnh-c-w-øn tcj-s -Sp- Øn-bn- p- v. a tzm v Iymsº hnh-cn- p- p. bp-am-\s ]p{x-\p-th- n-bp s] Ip- n-bpss kz`m-hw,kl-p-kpww F n-h-bn-te v shfn w hoip Xc-Øn IW v Iq n-bpff Hcp AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp p AXv. Ah tihew X\n p th n am{xw A w sh w tnmzn- m axn; F m hen-sbmcp PmXn-bpsS amxm-hm-bn-cn m\pw, tbip-{in-kvxp-hns Zq-sc-bp Hcp ]q n-i-bm-bn-cn- m\pw sszh-øm Xnc-s -Sp- -s - hƒ, Ah\v tihew Hcp Ihnƒ sh w simsp-øp-sim- -, adn v [mcm-f-ambn IpSn- m simsp-øp-sim v a p- hsc ip{iq-jn- m-\p Xs Xm ]cyhpw HuZm-cy-at\m-`m-hhpw shfn-s -Sp-Øpw. H -I-ßƒ v IpSn sh w timcn-s m-sp mw F p Xs B cyp\-i-amb kwkmcw ta -d kz`m-h-tømsp A w IqSn Iq nt p- -Xm-Wv. ChnsS Cu ]Øp ayk-ßsf \mw IW- n-se-sp-øm \o acp-`q-an-bm-{x-bpss IjvS- m- Sn\p tijw, Ipd- -] w Ah-sb mw IqSn \mep ho - sh- - -sa- nepw IpSn p Xo Øp ImWpw. D X \ne-hmc-ap Ah-fpsS kz`m-h-tø-bpw, kzm -X-bn- mø Zbm-a-t\m-`m-h-tØ-bp-am-Wv, Cu a\p-jy-t\bpw ayk-ßtfbpw ip{iq-jn- p-hm-\p Xs {]m -\-bn-se s] Ip- n-bpss kza-\- m-se-bp Xm ]cyw kqnn- n- p- -Xv.18 24:15-52: Zmks \n_- -\-Iƒ- A-\p-k-cn- bpw X qew kωm-\-ßƒ e`n- bpw snbvx-hƒ Xo bmbpw kpµ-cn-bmb dnt_- -bm-bn-cp- p. Ahƒ Ahs\ Xs A s `h- -\-Øn-te v \bn- -t mƒ, Xs At\zjWw ]q Øn-bm-bn-cn- p- p-sh v A{_-lm-ans

- Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 24,25 59 Zmk\v a\- n-em-bn. dnt_ Imcy-ß-sf mw Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb em_m-t\msp ]d- -t mƒ, em-_m Ahs\ Xm ]-cy-tømss kzmkxw snøp-ibpw bnklm- n\p aw-hm- n-bmbn dnt_- sb simsp- -W-sa- p Xs At] kzoi-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Zmks {]m -\-bv p adp-]-sn-bn kml-n-cy-ßfpss A p-x-i-c-amb HØp-tN-c D m-b-t mƒ, CsX mw sszh-øm {Iao-I-cn- -s - -Xm-sW v dnt_- -bpss ]nxm-hmb s_yp-th-en\pw em_m\pw t_m yam-bn. 24:53-61: hnhml \n -bsø ÿnco-i-cn- p kωm- \-ßƒ Zmk sim p-h- Xv dnt_- pw em_m\pw Ah-fpsS amxm-hn\pw simsp-øp. {]`m-x-øn Ah-fpsS ]pd-s -S Xma-kn- - p-hm IpSpw- -_- m t\m n, F m t]mip-hm-\p dnt_- -bpss Xm ]cyw Imcyßƒ ]cn-l-cn- p-ibpw Ah-cpsS A\p-{Kl-ß-tfmsS Ahƒ bm{x-bm-ip-ibpw snbvxp. 24:62 67: tamdnbm ae-bnse bnk-lm- ns A\p-`h-Øn\p tijw \mw Xs ImWp- Xv dnt_- sb FXntc m hcp kµ `-Øn-emWv. AXp-t]mse I Ømhmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hns ac-ww, AS- w, Dbn tø-gpt v, kz mtcm-lww F o kw`-h-ßƒ ptijw \mw BZy-ambn c -Is\ ImWp-hm t]mip- Xv Xncs -Sp- -s aw-hm- nsb FXn-tc m Xm asßn hcp-tºm-gmwv (1 sx. 4:13-18) dnt_- -bp-am-bp-ff bnklm- ns IqSn- mgvn at\m-l-c-am-bn-cp- p. CXn-\p-apºv Hcn- epw I n- n- mø Ahsf hnhmlw snøp-ibpw kvt\ln- p-ibw snbvxp. a v tkm{x-]n-xm- - m-cn \n pw hyxy-kvx-\mbn, bnk-lm- n\v Ah-f- msx as mcp `mcy-bp-an- m-bn-cp- p. 12. A{_-lm-ans Xe-ap-d-Iƒ (25:1 18) 25:1 6: 1 Zn\ 1:32- A{_-lm-ans sh m- n-bmbn siøpd Adn-b-s -Sp- p. 6 mw hmiy-øn CXv ÿnco- I-cn- -s -Sp- p. `h-\-øn Hcp `mcy-bv p F m ku`m-ky-ßfpw A\p-`-hn- m Ign- n- n- mø Hcp Ipd `mcy-bm- -bn-c- p Ahƒ. sszhw Hcn- epw AwKo- I-cn- mø sshhm-lni {Ia-t -Sp-Iƒ Hcn- IqSn ChnsS tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p p. 25:7 18: A{_lmw 175- mw hb- n acn- p. slt{_m- \nse aivt]e Kpl-bn AS w snø-s -Sp c masø hy n-bm-bn-cp p Xm. Ah ]{ p {]`p- - msc P\n- - n pw F v A{_-lm-an-t\mSv hmkvzøw snbvxn-cp- Xv (17:20) 12-16 hmiy-ß-fn tcj-s -Sp-Ønbn-cn- p bnivam-tb-ens ]{ p ]p{x- m-cn-eqss \ndth-dn. bnivam-tb-ens ac-wtømss, XpS p hnh-c- W-Øns ti{µ-ÿm-\-tø v bnk-lm v h p. B. bn -lm- v. (25:19-26:35) 1. bn -lm- ns IpSpw_w (25:19 34) 25:19 26: dnt_ hnhm-l-tijw GI-tZiw 25 h jtømfw a n-bm-bn-cp- p. bn -lm- ns {]m -\-bpss adp-]-sn-bmbn Ahƒ K `w [cn- p. Ah-fpsS a ƒ c pt]cpw (bn{km-tb, GtZmw) {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmb c p PmXn-I-fpsS Xe-h- m-cmbn Xocpw) F v Adn-bp- -Xp-hsc Xs D n-ep- mbn-cp c p ]p{x m aqe-ap t isø Ipdn v Ahƒ Nm -ey-ap- -h-fm-bn-cp p. Cc- -I-fn H m-a\v Gimhv (tcm-a-ap- -h ) F pw a -h\v bmt m_v (D-]m-bn) F pw t]cn- p. P\\ ka-b-øpt]mepw Gim-hns IpXn-Im ]nsn- p-sim v bmt m_v Xs ktlm-z-cs ta ÿm\w t\sp-hm {ian- n-cp- p. Cc- -Iƒ P\n ka-bøv bn -lm- n\v 60 hb- p- m-bn-cp- p. 25:27,28: Ip n-iƒ apxn -t mƒ, Gimhv ]pd-øp Imcy-ßƒ t\m p- -h\pw AtXm-sSm w ss\]p-wy-ap Hcp th - m-c\pambn Xo p. CXn \n pw hyxy-kvx- \m-bn, bmt m_v im -\pw, ho n-\p- n Ign-bp Hcp IqSmc hmkn-bp-am-bn-cp- p. bn -lm v Gim-hns\ A[nIw kvt\ln- p, F m dnt_ bmt m-_n-s\- bmwv IqSp-X kvt\ln- Xv. Hcp-]t Ah Hcp AΩ-tam Bbn-cp- n-cn- mw. 25:29-34: BZy-Pm-X-s\ \nebv v ]nxm-hns kzøns Cc n Hmlcn AXm-bXv a v B a- ƒ p kzøns Cc n ] v Ah-Imiw Gim-hn-\p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. CXv tpjvtm-h-imiw F mwv Adn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv. Ah tkm{x-øn-t bpw IpSpw-_-Øn-t bpw Xe-h-\pambn Xo p. Gim-hns Imcy-Øn anin-lm-bpss Hcp ]q n-i Bbn-cn- pi F ÿm\w IqsS AXn-e-Sßn-bn- p- v. Hcp Znhkw th Ign v own v ho n h Gim-hv, Xs ktlm-z-c Nph ]mbkw D m- p- Xp I p; Ah B Nph ]mbkw AXym ØntbmsS tnmzn- p-sim v Ah\v Nph- - -h (G-tZmw) F ]cn-lm-k-t -cp-in- n. Xs Xe-ap-d-I-tfbpw GtZmay F mwv hnfn- p- -Xv. Gim-hns tpyjvtm-h-im-i- Øn\p ]I-c-ambn Nph ]mbkw \ Im-sa v bmt m_v ]d -t mƒ, Gimhv Xs hnvn-ø-øn kω-xn- p. hne- -s I\n HgnsI Cu kq p-t]mse CjvS-I-c-amb Hcp Blm-chpw C 19 23- mw hmiy-ønse hmkvzøw `mko-i-ambn 29-34 hmiy-ß-fn \nd-th-dn. sszhw bmt m-_ns kxy-k- -X-bn- mø CS-]m-Sp- Iƒ v am p-sim-sp-øn-, F m Hcp Imcyw hy - amwv, Gimhv Bflob A\p-{K-l- -ßƒ p ]Icw Xs imco-cni hni p kw_- n- p Xy]vXn Xncs Sp ptºmƒ, bmt m_v tpyjvtm-h-im-i-øn\p hne-i n- bpw sszhoi hwim-hen Hcp ÿm\w Is -Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. bmt m_v Xs ktlm-z-c-t\msv CS-s coxn-iƒ -, adn v Gimhv Xs tpyjvtm-h-imiw ssiimcyw snbvx- -sx-ß-s\-bmwv F Xn\v Du simsp-øpsim v Cu A ymbw Ah-km-\n- n- p-i-bm-wv. ]n meøv Gim-hns k -Xn-Iƒ bn{km-tb-ens _ i{xp- -fmbn Xo p. H_-Zym-hns ]pkvx-i-øn AhcpsS A n-a-hn[n ]d- n- p v.

60 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 26,27 2. bn -lm pw A_o-ta-se pw (A.26) 26:1-6: Xs ]nxmhp snbvxn- p Xpt]m-se-bmWv (A.12,20) bn -lm pw ma-tømsp {]Xn-I-cn- -Xv. Ah sx m v bm{x-sn-bvx-t mƒ skcm-dn h v sszhw Ah\p {]Xy- -\m-ibpw an{k-bo-an-te p t]micp-sx p ap -dn-bn p simsp- p-ibpw snbvxp. CuPn- ]vxn-te- p ]mx-bn-se,- h-gn-b-ºew t]msebp Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp- p. skcmdn Xm men-i-ambn Xma-kn- p-hm bn -lm- n-t\msp sszhw ]d- p 20. F m bn lm v ÿnc-ambn AhnsS Xma- -kn- p. sszhw A{_- lm-an-t\msp snbvx \n_- -\-I-fn- mø DS-ºSn bn - lm- n-t\m-sp _ -Ønepw ÿnco-i-cn- p. 26:7 17: Xs ]nxmhp snbvx-t]m-se-x-s -bmwv bn -lm pw `b-tømsp _ -Øn {]Xn-I-cn- -Xv. Xs `mcy Xs ktlm-z-cn-bm-sw v ]d v skcmdnse P\-ßsf sx n- -cn- n- p. ]nxm-hns AtX ]m]w Xs ]p{x-\n Bh Øn s -Sp Xp hfsc Zp:JIc-amb IY-bm-Wv. B h \ I p ]nsn- -s - p, imkn- -s - -t mƒ bn -lm v ] m-ø-]n- p G p ]d- p. G p-]-d- n A\p-{K-l-Øn-te v \bn- p- p. Kcm-dnse `c-w-i Øm-hm-bn-cp A_o-tase v, ChnSw hn p t]mtiww F v Bh-iy-s Spamdv bn -lm v kº- \mbn Xo p. AXp-sIm v skcm-dn \n pw A[nIw Zqc-Ø- m-ø, AXns Xmgvhc-bn-te v bn -lm v amdn- Øm-a-kn- p. 26:18-25: A{_lmw Ipgn- n-cp InW-dp-Iƒ s^enkvxy aqsn- -f- p. kuly-z-]-c-a- mø Cu {]hyøn, ]pxnb Bfp-Isf kzmkxw snøp- n F -Xns kqn-\-bm-bn-cp p. bn -lm v B InW-dp-Iƒ ho pw Ipgn- p hyøn-bm- n. kn-xv\m-bnepw (i-{xp-xzw) Gsi- nepw (i-wvt) s^en-kvxy-cp-am-bp kwl- -\m-hÿ XpS p-t]m- p. HSp-hn bn -lm v s^en-kvxy-cpss CS-bn \n pw amdn-t mbn. ChnsS h v Ah InW Ipgn- -t mƒ kwl- -\-ßƒ D m-bn ; AXpsIm v AXn\v sclt_møv (hn-im-e-ÿ-ew,-c-sw) F v t] hnfn- p. AhnsS \n pw Xm t]mbxv t_ - -ti-_bnte- m-wv. AhnsS Xs A\p-{K-l-Øns hmkvz- -Øßƒ sszhw ho pw Dd- n- p, bn -lm v Hcp bmk- ]otw ]Wn-Xp.(B-cm-[-\), Iq-Smcw ASn p (Xm-a-kn- phm ), Bflob Pohn-X-Øn\v sszh-h-n-\-øns sh w Bh-iy-am-bn-cn- p- -Xp-t]mse `uxoi temiøv sh w Hcp AXym-h-iy-L-S-I-am-bn-cn- p- -Xn-\m Hcp InWdpw ( oww Xo m ) Xm Ipgn- p. 26:26-33: 26-31 hmiy-ßsf Ipdn v hneywkv ]d-bp- -Xn-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. bn -lm v skcm-cn \n pw ]q Æ-ambpw th s - -t mƒ skcm-cnse P\-ßƒ sszh-øns A\p-{Klw At\z-jn p sim v Ahs ASp- h p...-tem-i- Øn \n pw ]q Æ-ambpw th s - p-\n p-tºmƒ am{xta Hcp {InkvXym-\n v temisø \ mbn klmbn- p-hm Ign-bp-I-bp- p 21 bn -lm v A_o-ta-se- p-ambn A\m-{I-a-W-]-c-amb Hcp DS-ºSn snbvx B Znhkw Xs bn -lm- ns Zmk- m sh w Is Øn A{_lmw Cu ÿeøn\v t\csø t_ ti_ F p t]cn- p, ImcWw Xs ka- Im-en-I-\mb A_o-ta-se- p-ambn Xm AhnsS h v Hcp DS-ºSn snbvxn-cp- p.(21:31) Ct mƒ, AXn-t\mSp kam- \-amb Cu kml- -N-cy-Øn bn -lm v in_ AYhm t_ ti_ F v ]p\ \m-a-i-cww snbvxp. 26:34,35: PmXo-b kv{xoifmb sblq-zn-øv, _mkaøv F nhcpam-bp Gim-hns hnhm-lw, Xs amxm- ]n-xm- -fpss Zp:JØn\p Imc-W-ambn Xo p; At mƒ Xs hn`n- -ß-fmb ]e \pi-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Npa-en-ep- v. CXpw Xs tpyjvtm-hm-imiw kw_- n- p Atbm-KyX h n- - n- p- -Xm-bn-cp- p. C. bmt m-_v. (27:1 36:43) 1. bmt m_v Gim-hns\ NXn- p- p. (A.27) 27:1 22: Ign A ym-b-ønse kw`- -h-ßƒ ptijw GI-tZiw 37 h j-ßƒ IS- p-t]m-bn. bn - lm n\v Ct mƒ 137 hb- p- v. Xs ImgvN aßn; Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb bnivvam-tb Cu {]mb-øn acn- -Xp-sIm- mimw (D-ev].25:17) Xm acn- m-dm-bncn p p F Nn Xs `cn p XpS-ßn. F m Ah \mev]- Øn-aq p h j-ßƒ IqSn ]ns bpw Pohn- n-cn pw A\p-{Klw \ Im-sa hmkvzm-\-tømsp IqSn bn - lm v A w th -bn-d n Xs ai-\mb Gim-hn-t\mSp tnmzn -t mƒ, dnt_-, Xm A[nIw kvt\ln- p ai-\mb bmt m-_n\v A\p-{Klw In p- -Xn\v th n Xs ` Øm-hns\ I_-fn- n- p-hm Btem-Nn- p. sszhw bmt m-_n\v A\p-{Klw \ Imw F v CXnt\m-SIw hmkvzøw snbvxn-cn- sim v Ah-fpsS Cu X{ -ß-fpsS Bh-iy-an- m-bn-cp p (25:23 b ). cpnn-i-c-amb th -bn-d n t]mse Ahƒ BSns amwkw ]miw snbvxp, F n v B BSns txm, tcmam-hy-xamb Gim-hns ssit]mse txm -Ø- -hn-[-øn, bmt m_ns ssii-fn s]mxn- p. tcmamhy-xamb ssi Gim-hn-t -Xp-t]mse A\p-`-h-s p F p kv] i-\m\p`h-øn am{xw hniz-kn- Xv kw_- n- p A_- -amwv bnk-lm- n-\p- m-bxv. Bflob Imcy-ß-tfm-Sp _ -Øn \mw \ΩpsS sshim-cni A\p-`-h-ß-fn am{xw B{i-bn- -cp-xv. am n eqy \nco- n {]Im-cw. hnim-c-ßƒhcp- p, hnim-c-ßƒ t]mip- p, hnim-c-ßƒ NXn- p- -h-bmwv; \ΩpsS Dd v sszh-h-n-\-am-ip p \n m-c-amb a p bmsxm pw hniz-kn- m tbmky-a-.22 dnt_ bmwv Cu h \ kq{x-[m-cww snbvx-sx-

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 27,28 61 nepw CXp \S- n-em- p- -Xnt\mSp _ -Øn bmt m_pw Hcp-t]mse Ip - m-c-\m-wv. Ah hnx- Xp Xt simbvxp. kn.-f- v. am n tsmjv AXns\ \nco- n- Xp...]nXm-hns A\p-{K-l-ßƒ KqV-ambn {]m]n- -tijw bmt m-_n\v temi-]-c-ambp kujyw hfsc Ipd p am{xta A\p-`-hn- m Ign- p- p-sh v Xs PohnXw \nco- n- p B pw {Kln- p-hm Ign-bpw. Xs ktlm-z- -c Xs sim p-hm At\zjn p; A-sXm-gn-hm- p-hm th n ]nxy-`-h-\-øn \n pw HmSn-t m-ip-hm \n _- n- s p. Xs AΩmh-\mb em_m Xs h n p... AXp-sIm v AhnsS \n pw cl-ky-øn HmSn-t m-i kml-n-cy-ap- mbn... Xs ]p{x cqt_s A[-aX A\p-`-hnt - n-h- p... tehn-bp-tsbpw insa-tbm-t bpw titjay-tcm-sp {Iqc-Xbpw hnizm-k-h- -\bpw ImtW- nh p; AXn-\p-tijw kvt\-l-\n-[n-bmb Xs `mcy-bpss ac-w-\jvsw A\p-`-hn-t - n-h p... hnnm-cn- -Xnepw t\csøbp tbmtk-^ns km ni A yw... F m-øn-t bpw ]q Øo-I-c-W-ambn, maw aqew an{kbo-an-te v t]mip-hm \n _- n-x-\m- -s -Sp-Ibpw A\y-tZ-iØp h p acn- bpw snbvxp...23 27:23-29: kay- n, A[n-Im-cw, kwc- Ww F n-hbn bnk-lm v bmt m-_ns\ A\p-{K-ln p tkm{x- ]n-xm-hn-\m AcpƒsN-ø-s A\p-{K-l-h-N-\-ßƒ {]hm-ni i_vz-am-bn-cp p F p- Xv ckm-h-lam-wv. Ah A -co-i-ambn kw`-hn pibpw snbvxp. ImcWw bym -Øn Ch kwkm-cn- p- Xv sszhmfl {]tnm-z-\-øm-em-wv. 27:30-40: Gimhv Xncn- p-h v h -\sb Ipdn v {Kln- -t mƒ Hcp A\p-{Kl-Øn-\p-th n Ic- p. ]t A\p- -{K-l-ß-sf mw bmt m-_n\v simsp-øp t]mbn. C\n AXp Xncn-s -Sp- m-\m-hn-. (F-{_m.12:16,17) F ncp- mepw Gim-hn-\p-th n Hcp hn-\w bnk-lm- n-\p- m-bn-cp- p. AXp Xmsg ImWp- -Xm-Wv. \ns hmkw `qan-bnse ]pjvsn-iq-sm-sxbpw, aosx BIm-i-Øn-se- a p IqSm-sXbpw Ccn- pw,\ns hmfp sim p \o D]-Po-hn- pw. \ns ktlm-z-cs\ \o tkhn pw; F m \ns si v Agn p t]mip-tºmƒ \o Ahs \piw Igp-Øn \n p IpS- p-i-fbpw (hm.39,40) Cu hmiy-ßfn ]d-bp- -Xn-\\p-k-cn v, GtZmay acp-`q-an-bn ]m pw, Ah tbm m- -fm-bn-cn pw, bn{k-tb-ey v Iogvs - n-cn pw; F m Hcn- Cu \nb-a-øn-s\-xnsc adpx-en pw blq-z-cm-pm-hmb tbmcmans hmgvn-im-eøv Cu {]h-n\w \nd-th s p (2-cm- P.8:20-22) 27:41-46: Gimhv, Xs ]nxmhv acn v hnem-]-imew Ah-km-\n- p-tºmƒ Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb bmt m- _ns\ sim p-hm ] -Xn-bn- p. Cu hkvxpx Adn dnt_-, lmcm-\n-ep-ff Xs ktlm-z-c, em_ms ho n-te v HmSn-t m-ip-hm bmt m-_ns\ D]-tZ-in- p. A{]-Imcw snbvxn-s - n, bmt m_v sim -s -SpI am{x-a-, Gimhpw AXp apjm- cw Hfn-t m-sp-itbm, c -]-I-bm sim -s -Sp-Itbm snbvxn v Htc kabw Xs c p a fpw X\n p \jvs-amipsa v Ahƒ `b p F m bmt m_v ]pd-s p t]mbxp kw_- n p Ahƒ bnk-lm- n-t\msp hnh-cn- p- Xv; Gimhp snbvx-xp-t]mse bmt m_pw Hcp lnxy kv{xosb hnhmlw snøpw F p `b- Xp sim mwv Ahs\ Ahn-tS v Ab- Xv F -t{x. bmt m_v DSs\ asßn hc-w-sa- m-bn-cp p B{K-ln- n-cp- -Xv, F- m AXp Ccp-]Xp h jw Nnezm\ambn-cp- n-. Xs ]nxmhv Ct mgpw Poh-t\m-sS-bn-cn- p- p- m-hpw, ]t amxmhv acn- n- p- m-hpw. 2. bmt m-_ns lmcm-\n-te- p HmSn-t m v (A.28) 28:1 9: bn -lm v bmt m-_ns\ hnfn v A\p-{Kln- -tijw, satkm-s m-øym-ay-bnse Hcp Pn -bmb ]± -B-ecm-ante v ]d- -b- p. I\m\y kv{xoi-fn \n pw `mcysb FSp- msx Xs AΩ-bpsS `h- \Øn \n pw Hcp-hsf `mcy-bmbn sxc-s -Sp-t - - Xn-\mWv bmt m-_ns\ Ahn-tS v Ab- Xv. bnivam-tbens Hcp aisf hnhmlw Ign v Xs A s A\p- {Klw t\sn-sb-sp- p -Xn\v ]cn-{i-an- m CXv Gimhns\ DtØ-Pn- n- p. \ -hcpw F {]Xo- -tbmss Xn snøp Hcp kw`-h-am-wnxv (`m-cy-am-cpss FÆw h n n- p- -Xv). 28:10-19: ]± Bcm-an-te- p bm{xm-at y s_tyen FØnb bmt m_v kz -tømfw FØp Hcp timhwn kz]v\-øn I p. kz -Øn\pw `qanbv pw at y {]txy-in v sszh-øns al-xz-øn\pw a\p-jys GIm- -Xbv pw at ybp bym hpw,xs- -ß-fn- m-ø-xp-amb At`-Zy-amb Iq m-bva-sb-bmwv Cu hkvxpx Nq n- m-wn- n-cn- p- -Xv 24 I Øm-hmb tbip-{inkvxp \Y-\-tb-ep-ambn I p-ap- ptºmƒ Cu kw`-h-øn\v kam- -c-amb Hcp Imcyw ]d-bp- p v. IqSmsX CXv Xs c mw hc-hn-t\mspw kl-{km_vz hmgvn-tbmspw _ -s -Sp-Øn-bmWv kwkm-cn- -Xv. (tbml.1:51). F m hnizm-kn-iƒ v Hmtcm-\n-an-jhpw sszhhp-am-bp Iq mbva Bkz-Zn- p-hm Ign-bpw. Ign p t]mb-xns\ Hm Øp Zp:Jn bpw Ct mƒ GIm- X A\p-`-hn- bpw `mhnsb Ipdn v Ahy- X \ne-\n p- Ibpw snøp Cu ka-bøv, sszhw A{_-lm-an-t\mSpw bn -lm- n-t\mspw snbvx-xp-t]msebp Hcp Zbm-]-camb DS-ºSn bmt m-_n-t\mspw snbvxp. Rm \nt msp IqsS-bp v F kjn-xzøns hmkvzøw; \o t]mip- n-s-søm- bpw Rm \ns Im pw F kpc- n-xxzw; Cu cmpy-tø v \ns as n hcpøpw F \S-Øn v. Rm \ns ssihn-smsx \nt msp Acp-fn-s bvxp \nh Øn pw F hy n-]-c-amb Dd v F nh sszhw \ In. Xm sszhsø I p F Nn -tbmss eqkv (th ]msvv) F B ÿe-øns

62 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 28,29,30 t]cv bmt m_v am n s_ty (ssz-h-øns `h-\w) F m n. kt m-j-øm A p-x-s -Sp-I-bpw `b-øm kvxw`n- n- -s -Sp-Ibpw snbvx s_ty-ense A\p-`-hßƒ v ap ]v sszh-hp-ambn hy n-]-c-amb Hcp _ w X\n- - n- m-bn-cp- p. BZym-\p-`-h-a- m-ø-xmbn- mwv F mw X\n v D m-bn- p- Xv (kv{in-]v bqwn-bs ssz\w- Zn\ Ipdn- p-iƒ). 28:20-22: ASp-Ø-Xmbn, bmt m_v sszh-hp-ambn hne-t]-ip-i-bm-wv. bym -Øn sszhw hmkvzøw snbvx-xn-t\- mƒ Ipd-hmWv Xm tnmzn- Xv (hm.14). sszh-øns hm p-iƒ AtX-]Sn Gs -Sp- p-hm X h-æ-ap hnizm-kw X\n n mbn-cp- p. AXp-sIm v ]ckv]-c-ap hyhÿbn sszh-øns `mkw \nh Øn- p- -Xn-\p-th n bmt m_v Xs Zimwiw kw_- - amb \n_- -\-Iƒ h p. F n F ]Zw tihew F m F{_mb {]Xn- -bp-tsbpw Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amsW pw,b-i-bm bmt m_v Zimwiw simsp- m-sa v Xocp-am-\n- p- Xv \n_- -\-I-sfm pan msxbm-sw v as mcp hymjym-\-ap v (kw-jy.21:2; \ymbm. 11:30,31; 1iap.1:11. kam-\-amb F{_mb DS-º-Sn-Iƒ v Cu hmiyßƒ t\m p-i). 3. bmt m_pw `mcy-amcpw k m-\-ßfpw (29:1 30:24) 29:1 14: t_ ti-_-bn \n pw lmcm-\n-te v t]mip-tºmƒ bmt m-_n\v 77 hb- p- m-bn-cp- p. AΩmh-\mb em_ms\ 20 kwh- cw tkhn- p, 33 h jw I\m-\n Xma-kn- p, Ah-km-\sØ 17 h jw Xs PohnXw an{k-bo-an-em-bn-cp- p. ]± Bcm-an FØn-bt mƒ lmcm-\n \n p CS-b- m Xß-fpsS BSp- Isf tabn p sim n-cp hb-ente p Xs Xm \bn- -s - p. bmt m_v B CS-b- m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn- p-sim- n-cn- ptºmƒ dmtl Xs BSp-I-fpambn h p; sszh-øns kabw F{X IyXy-am-bn-cn- p- p. Hcp \ CS-b- -\m-bn-cn-s, BSp-Isf tabn- p-hm Bhiy-Øn\v ]I shfn w D m-bn-cn- p-tºmƒ Ahsb tabn msx, InW-cn-\-cnsI Ah ImØp \n p- sx- p-sim- msw v bmt m_v A p-x-s - p. F m BSp-Ifpw FØn-t cp- Xp hsc InW-dns aqsn FSp- Øp-am- p-i-bn F -h ]d p. Xs Nm - m-cnbmb dmtl-ens\ I -t mƒ bmt m_pw, A -k-a-bßƒ p-tijw, Xs A\- -c-h bmt m-_ns\ I t mƒ em_m\pw hnim-c-`-cn-x-cmbn Xo p. 29:15-35: Ggp-h jw Xs tkhn- -Xn\p ]I-c-ambn bmt m-_n\p dmtl-ens\ simsp- m-sa v em_m kω- Xn- p. Ah-tfm-Sp kvt\lw \nanøw 7 h j-ßƒ tihew Nne Znh-k-ß-fmbn bmt m-_n\v txm n. I Øm-hns ip{iqj-tbm-sp _ -Øn \mapw C{]- Im-c-amWv Bbn-cn-t - -Xv. teb-bpss IÆv tim`-bn- m-øxpw BI j-wo-b-a- m-øxpambn-cp- p, F m dmtl kpµ-cn-bm-bn-cp- p. BNm-c-a-\p-k-cn- v, hnhm-l-zn-hkw cm{xn-x-s, awhm n aqsp-]sw C p-sim v aw-hm-fs ho n t]mi-w-am-bncp- p, Hcp ]t AXv apdn-bn Ccp- p- -t mƒ Bbncp- n-cn- mw. Xs aw-hm n teb-bm-sw v ASpØ {]`m-x-øn Adn- -t mƒ bmt m_v F{X Ip]n-X- \m-bn- mwpw F v \ap v Duln m-at m! em_m X{ -ß-fm Ahs\ NXn- p; F m {]mtz-ini BNmc-a-\p-k-cn v aqø-h-sf-bmwv BZyw hnhmlw Ign- n-t - Xv F \ne-bn Xs X{ -Øn\v am-]-w-ambn em_m ]d- p; Ch-fpsS BgvN-h w \nh Øn (A-Xm-bXv teb-bp-am-bp hnhml PohnXw \nd-th- p- I), F m \o C\nbpw Fs ASp- snøp tkh-bv p-th n Ah-tfbpw (dm-tl ) \n\ p Xcmw. Hcm-gv sø hnhm-l-hn-cp- n-s\m-sp-hn Ggp-h jw IqSn dmtl-en\p th n Ahs\ tkhn- -tijw Ah-sfbpw hnhmlw Ign- p. bmt m_v h \ hnx- p, Ct mƒ AXp-Xs simøp p! teb \nµn-x-bm-bn-cn- p p (A- Xm-bXv dmt-ent\ mƒ Ipd p kvt\ln- -s -Sp-I) F p I Ømhp I -t mƒ, Ahƒ v a sf \ In AXp ]cn-l-cn p CØ-c-Øn-ep sszhoi D]-im n \nbaw Ct mgpw \S- p- p- v. Hcp Imcy-Øn Ipd-hp- -h v sszhw as mcp Imcy-Øn A[nIw \ Ip- p. Xs a ƒ v t]cn- -t mƒ teb btlm-hsb Hm Øp (hm.32,33,35). Ah-fn \n pw ]utcm-ln-xyhpw (te-hn), cmp-iob hwihpw (b-lq-z), BXy n-iambn {InkvXphpw hcp- p. Cu A ym-b-øn bmt m-_ns ]p{x- m-cn BZysØ \mep-t]sc ImWp- p. bmt m-_ns ]p{x- mcpsssb mw ] ni Xmsg tn Øn-cn- p- p. tebbv v P\n ]p{x- m : cqt_ (Im-Wp-I, Hcp ai ) - (29:32) ina-tbm (tiƒ p- p) (29:33) tehn (]- n-t p) (29:34) blqz (kvxp-xn) (29:35) bn m-jm (Iq-en) (30:18) sk_q-e (h-kn- p- p) (30:20) dmtlens Zmkn-bmb _n lbv v P\n ]p{x- m : Zm (\ym-bm-[n-] ) (30;6) \]vxm-en (a- -bp- w)- (30:8) teb-bpss Zmk-nbmb inev]-bpss ]p{x- m :- KmZv (Hcp ssk\yw AYhm \ -`m-kw) (30:11) Bti (k-t m-jw) (30:13) dmtl-en\v P\n ]p{x- m : tbmtk^v (tn p p Xcp- p) (30:24) _\ym-an (h-e- -bpss ]p{x ) (35:18) 30:1 13: dmtl, Xs asn-bn Ifn p ckn- p-hm Hcp Ip n- mø \ncm-i-bn, Xs Zmknbmb _n lsb bmt m-_n\p `mcy-bmbn simspøp AYhm

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 30,31 63 sh m- n-bmbn \ In. Aß-s\-bp {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ A m-e-l- -Øn ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-s - nepw sszh-ln-x- Øn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp p Ah Zm,\-^vXmen F o c p a sf _n l -{]-k-hn- p. dmtl-en-\m \nµn- -s -Sm- Xn-cn-t - -Xn\v teb Xs Zmkn-bmb inev sb bmt m-_n\v simsp-øp. Ah-fn-eqsS KmZv, Bti, F o c p ]p{x- m IqSn bmt m-_n\v P\n- p. 30:14-24: cqt_ Is -Ønb ZqXm-bn- gw Hcp-Xcw kvt\l B nƒ Bbn-cp- p, AXv k m-t\m m-z- -\Øn- \p-x-ip XmsW v A -ambn hniz-kn- n-cp- p.-dm-tl a n-bm-bn-cp- -Xp-sIm v B ZqXm-bn- -g-øn Ipd p In phm B{K-ln- p, AXn\p]-I-c-ambn bmt m-_n-t\msp IqsS `mcy-bmbn Pohn- p-hm tebsb A\p-h-Zn- m-sa v dmtl kω-xn p (hn-i-zo-i-cn- m Ign-bmØ Nne Imc- W-ß-fm teb-bpss `mcym-]zw {]Xy- -ambn \jvs-am-bncp- p). CXn\ptijw bn m-jm, sk_p-eq F o c p ]p{x- mcpw Zo\m F aifpw P\n- p. HSp-hn dmtl Hcp ais\ {]k-hn- p, sszhw X\n v C\nbpw \ Ipw F hnizm-k-tømss Ah\v tbmtk^v F t]cn- p. 4. bmt m_v em_ms\ X{ -ß-fm h -n p- p. (30;25-43) 30:25-36: I\m-\n-ep Xs ]nxy-`-h-\-øn-te v asßnt mi-w-sa v bmt m_v ]d- -t mƒ Xs AΩmh\mb em_m t]mim-xn-cn- phm Ahs\ \n _- n p. bmt m_v apjm- cw sszhw Xs [mcmf-ambn A\p-{K-ln- Xp Xm A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS a\- n- em- nsb pw hn p-t]m-imsx Xt msp IqsS ]m Øm Iqen kw_- -amb Xs F m \n_- -\-Ifpw AwKo- I-cn mw F pw Xm ]d- p. ]p nbpw hc-bp-ap F m timem- p-i-tfbpw snω-cn-bm-sp-i-tfbpw, F m-idpø B n Ip n-i-tfbpw X\n p \ Im-sa- n AhnsS XpScmw F v bmt m_v kω-xn- p. Iq -Ønep a p ayk-ß-sf mw em_m-t -Xmbn Adnbs Spw. CXv AwKo-I-cn em_m ; \o ]d- -Xp-t]mse BIs F p ]d- p. ]p nbpw AS-bm-f-ßƒ D h-bm-bn-cn- p-sa v a\- n-em- ns m v Aß-s\-bp- h-sb mw bmt m-_n\mbn th Xncn v Ahsb tabv p- -Xn-\mbn Xs ]p{x- msc G n- p. AXn-\p-tijw em_m X\n- p ayk-ßsf bmt m-_ns\ G n- -bpw, Xs ]p{x- m-scbpw bmt m-_n-s\bpw XΩn aq p Znhkw hgn Zqcw AI-e-Øn-te v th Xn-cn- -bbv p-i-bpw snbvxp. em_ms a ƒ tabv n-cp ]p nbp BSp-Ifpw bmt m_v tabn- n-cp em_ms ]p n-bn- mø BSp-I-fpw XΩn- CS-I-e v ]p n-bp- h IqSp-X DXv]m-Zn- n- -s -Sp- -Xn\v Cu \S-]Sn XS- -ambn. 30:37-43: em_ms B n Iq- sø tabn psim ncn p-tºmƒ, bmt m_v sh -h-c-im-w-ø- -hæw txep-cn- -sim-ºp-isf sh w IpSn- p-hm hcp BSp- Iƒ v apºn C p. AXp I p N\-tb BSp-Iƒ hcbpw ]p nbpw adpip-ap Ip n-isf {]k-hn- p. Xo bmbpw Ch-sb mw bmt m-_n-\p XmsW- w. hmkvx-h-øn Cu AS-bm-f-ßƒ hogp-hm Imc-W-ambXv Cu simºp-i-fm-bn-cp- pthm? Cu coxnbv v imkv{xo-b-amb ASn-ÿm\w Hcp ]t D m-tb mw, C m-bn-cp-t mw (B-[p-\nI P\n-XI sxfn-hp-iƒ Aßs\ \S-t mw F v \n t in- p- p) as m v bmt m_v B{K-ln ]p n-tbm-sp-iqss ayk-ßƒ P\n- -sx-ß-s\-bmwv? H m-a-xmbn, CsXmcp A p-x-am-bn-cn mw (31:12 ImWp-I) As - n bmt m-_ns _p n-]-c-amb Hcp X{ -am-bn-cn mw CXv. Xnc-s -Sp- -s DXv]m-Z\w \S- Øp- -Xn-\p imkv{xo-b-coxn X\n v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp- p-sh v Cu kw`-hhnh-c-w-øn \n pw kqn-\-i-fp- v. kq va-x-tbm-sp DXv]m-Z\w aqew Xm B{Kln \ne-bn ]p n-bp ayk-ßsf am{x-a X\n- pth n i n-bp- -Xn-t\bpw em_m-\p-th n i n-lo- \-am-b-xn-t\bpw DXv]m-Zn- n- p-hm X\n p Ign- p. txmep-cn Iºp-Iƒ, Xs DXv]m-Z\ clkyw a p- -hcn \n pw ad p hbv p-hm-\p tihew Hcp X{ -ambn-cn- n-cn- mw. AXns hni-zo-icwßƒ F p-x-s bm-bn-cp- mepw em_ms\ tkhn Ah-km\ Bdp h jß-fn bmt m-_ns [\w hf-sc-b-[niw h n- p. 5. I\m-\n-te- p bmt m-_ns as-ßn-h-chv (A.31) 31:1 18: em_m\pw ]p{x- m pw Xt m-sp Akqbbpw hntzz-jhpw h n p hcp- p-sh v bmt m_v a\- n-em- n-b-xn\p tijw, I\m-\n-te p as-ßn-t m-ip-hm- \p ka-b-ambn F v btlmh bmt m-_n-t\msp ]d- p. Cu sszh-i_vzw ti bmt m_v BZyw Xs `mcy-am-cmb dmtl-en-t\bpw teb-tbbpw hnfn v Imcyßƒ Ah-cp-ambn N -sn-bvxp. em_m Xs NXn p; ]Øp-{]m-hiyw {]Xn-^ew am nbxns\ Ipdn- pw, X\n- -\p-iq-e-ambn BSp-I-fn h -\-bp- m-ip- -Xn\v sszhw klm-bn- -sx-ß-s\-sb pw, Ccp-]Xp h jw ap ]v sszh-tømsp snbvx DS-ºSn (28:20-22) sszhw Xs ho pw Hm Ωn- n- -sx-ß-s\-sb pw, Ct mƒ I\m-\n-te- p as-ßn-t -Ip-hm sszhw Xt msp ]d Imcyhpw Xm `mcy-am-tcmsp hnh-cn p ]d- p. XßfpsS ]nxmhv kxy-k- -ambn CS-s -Sm-ØXp aqew ]nxmhns\ hn p bmt m-_n-t\msp IqsS t]mip-hm Xs `mcy-am kω-xn- p. sszh-øns \S-Øn- p-iƒ {Kln- p- -Xn-\p ck- I-c-amb At\Iw XXz-ß {Kn^nØv txmakv ChnsS Nq n- m-wn- p- p. H v, bmt m-_n\v Hcp B{K-lap mbn(30:25), c m-a-xmbn Nne ssien-i-fpss hyxnbm\w kml-n-cy-ßƒ AXy mt] n-x-am n Xo Øp; aq m-axv, sszh-i_vzw i n-bmbn Xm ti p. Ahkm-\-ambn em_m-\p-ambn kzm`m-hni IS- m-sp-ifpw _ - ßfpw X\n- p- m-bn-cp-s - nepw Xs Xocp-am-\sØ ÿnco-i-cn- p klmbw Xs `mcy-am-cn \n pw e`n- p...25 hmiyw 11- ImW-s -Sp- p- sszh-øns ZqX s_ty-en {]Xy- -s - (-hm.13) sszh-am-bn-cp p F p Xv {i n- p-i.

64 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 31,32 31:19-21: cl-ky-am-bp Ah-cpsS ]pd- m-sn\p ap ]v dmtl Xs A s Kyl-_nw-_-ßƒ tamjvsn p H - I- p-døv `mwvu-øn Hfn- n p h p. Kyl-hn-{K-l-ßfmIp Cu kzøv ssih-i-an-cn- p- -Xv, IpSpw-_- Øns \mb-i-xz-sø-bmwv kqnn- n- p- -Xv, hnhm-ln- X-bmb ai-tfm-sp _ -Øn, ]nxy-kz-øn-ep Xs Ah-Im-isØ ` Øm-hn\v Dd- n- p-sim-sp- p- - XmWn-Xv.26 bmt m_v I\m-\n-te v HmSn-t m-b-t mƒ em_m\v kz w ]p{x- m D -Xp-sIm v, ]nxm-hns kzøn\v Ah-Im-in-Iƒ Ah am{x-amwv AXp-sIm v em_ms kzøv kw_- n- p apjy DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw Xs ` Øm-hn\v th n Icp-Xn-s m- p-ff dmtl-ens Cu tamjww hfsc Kuc-h-I-c-amb Hcp hkvxp-x-bm- Wv. 31:22-30: bmt m_v HmSn-t m-bxv em_m Adn- t mƒ, em_m\pw Xs Bfp-Ifpw IqSn Ggp-Zn-hkw Ahsc ]n p-s p bm{x-sn-bvxp, F m kz]v\- Øn, btlm-hbmb sszhw bmt m-_n-t\tbm Xs IqsS-bp- -h-tctbm bmsxm pw snø-cp-sx v em_mt\msv Acp-fn-sN-bvXp. bmt m-_n-t\-bpw Iq -tøbpw hgn-at y I p ap nb em_m, Xßƒ p e`n- p-ambn-cp cmp-io-b-amb Hcp bm{x-b-b v \jvs-am- n-b-xnep ]cmxn Ahsc Adn-bn- p-ibpw tihew Xs hn{klw tamjvsn- -s - Imcyw am{xw Ah-tcmSv Adnbn- p-ibpw snbvxp. 31:31-35: H m-asø ]cm-xnbv v bmt m_v C{]- Imcw adp-]sn ]d- p, _e-{]-tbm-k-øm Xs a sf (dm-tl-en-t\bpw teb-tb-bpw) em_m Xs Iøn \n pw FSp-Øp-I-fbpw F v `b-s - -Xp-sIm mwv clky-øn HmSn-t m-b-xv. sszhsø tamjvsn- n- n F v \ntj-[n- bpw AXp-sN-bvX-h\p ac-w-in hn[n- -bpw snbvxpsim m-bn-cp p c m-asø ]cm-xnbv p adp-]- Sn. B bm{x- m-cn em_m kq va-amb Xnc- n \S- Øn, ]t AXp \njv^-e-am-bn-cp- p. dmtl H -I- pdsø Ccn- ns-øn Ccp- p-sim v ]nxm-hn-t\msp ]d- p, X\n v kv{xoiƒ p apd h n-cn- p- -XpsIm v Aßsb _lp-am-\n-t - -Xn\v Fgp-t m Ign-bm-Ø-Xn an- -Ww. 31:36-42: bmt m_v em_m-t\msv tim]n- p. Xm hn{klw tamjvsn- p F m-tcm-]n- -Xn\pw, hniz-kvxxtbmspw Bflm -X-tbmSpw IqsS 20 h jw em_ms\ tkhn- n pw XnI pw A\o-Xn-bmbn Xt msp s]cp-am-dnb-xn\pw bmt m_v em_ms\ \nµn p kwkm-cn- p. bmt m_v Hcp ITn-\m- zm-\n-bm-bn-cp-s pw Xm snbvxxnsem-s bpw sszhw Xs A\p-{K-ln- psh pw Cu Xncp-h-N-\-`mKw shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. \ΩpsS apx-em-fn-am v \mw hniz-kvx-cmb tpmen- m-cmtwm? \ΩpsS A zm\-ßfnt sszho-im-\p-{klw ]I-c-s - Sp- pt m? 31:43-50: em_m, Xm Xs kz w ]p{xn-amtctbm, sim p-a- -tftbm, ayk-ß-tftbm D]-{Z-hn- p-tamsb v A\p-\b kzc-øn {]Xn-tj-[n- p-sim v B hmzw Hgn-hm- p-ibpw, ]pxn-sbmcp DS-ºSn snøp- -Xn- \mbn \n t -in- p-ibpw snbvxp. CXv Xßƒ th ]ncn p Ign-bp-tºmƒ Xßsf kq n-t - Xn\v sszhtøm-s-t]- n- p,a\p-i-º-]-c-am-b-txm. kuly-z-]-cam-bp- txm Bb Hcp DS-ºSn Bbn-cp- n-. adn v Ah At\ym\yw AI- n-cp- t mƒ icn-bm-bxp am{x-amwv snbvx-sx v sszh-ap-ºmsi Dd- m- p c p h -IcpsS CS-bn-ep Hcp Icm-dm-bn-cp p AXv! hmkvx-h- Øn CXv {]Xn-Im-cm-fl-I-a- mø Hcp DS-º-Sn-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- n Xt bpw em_ms ]p{xn-am-tcmsv ITn-\-ambn CS-s]-Sp-Itbm, a p kv{xoisf hnhmlw snbvitbm Acp-sX v bmt m-_ns\ t_m y-s -Sp-Øp-I-bpam-Wn- Xv. Cu DS-º-Sn-bpsS AS-bm-f-ambn \m nb I Øq-Wn\v em_m Acm-ay-`m-j-bn sbk kml-`qym F pw bmt m_v KteZv F pw t] hn-fn p. Ch c n\pw km y-øns Iqºmcw F m-w w. Hcp-h as mcp-hs\ B{Ian- p-hm th n Bcpw CXns\ adn-i-s- p-hm ]msn- m-bn-cp- p. 31:51 55:- A{_lmw, \mtlm, Xß-fpsS ]nxm-hmb txclv F n-h-cpss sszh-øns \ma-øn em_m kxyw snbvxp. A{_lmw Adn-bp-hm-\n-S-bmb GI kxy-ssz-h-sø-bmwv em_m ChnsS kqnn- n- p- sx v hnh Ø v A\p-`-h-s - n-cn- p- - -Xm-bn- mwv \yq Inßv spbnwkv th j-\n (sam^ v, F.-sF.-hn. apxem-b-h) sszhw F ]Z-Øn\v hen-b- cw D]-tbm-Kp- p- -Xn-eqsS a\- n-em-ip- -Xv. F m F{_mb `mjbv v hen-b- -c-sa pw sndn-b- -c-sa pw Xcw-Xncn-hn- m-ø-xn-\m Du \n-hm-kn-iƒ Bcm-[n- p-h-cp PmXob sszh-ß-sf-bmtwm em_m ChnsS Dt -in- -sx v ]d-bpi Akm- y-am-wv. bmt m_v, Xs ]nxmhmb bn -lm- ns `b-am-b-hs\s m n, AYhm bn - lm v `b-s sszh-øns \ma-øn kxyw snbvxp. bn -lm v Hcn- epw Hcp hn{k-lm-cm-[n-bm-bn-cp- n-. ]ns bmt m_v AhnsS Hcp bmkw A n- bpw B cm{xn-bn ] -X-Øn Xmh-f-a-Sn- n-cp F m-h pw th n Hcp hncp-s m-cp- p-i-bpw snbvxp. ASpØ {]`m- X-Øn Xs ]p{xn-am-tcbpw sim p a -tfbpw Npw_n bm{x-]-d- v, em_m Xs `h-\-øn-te v bm{x-bm-bn. 6. bmt m_pw Gimhpw \nc- n- -s - p(-a.32,33) 32:1 8: I\m-\n-te- p bm{xm-at y bmt m_v Hcp- Iq w sszh-zq-x- msc I p, B ÿe-øn\v Xm al- \bow (c p tk\-iƒ, As - n Cc IqSm-cw) F v t] hnfn- p.-sszhøns ssk\yhpw (hm.2) bm-t m- _ns ]cn-hm-chpw Bbn-cn mw c p IqSm-c-ßƒ. AYhm c p tk\-sb p Xv hen-sbmcp P\-k-aqlsØ kw_- n- p Be- m-cn-i-amb Hcp {]kvxm-h- \-bm-bn-cn mw(hm.10) ÿew ASp- p-t mdpw bmt m_v Xs ktlm-z-c-\mb Gim-hns\ Hm p-ibpw Xs {]Xn-Imcw kw_- n v `b-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. A\p-

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 32,33 65 {Klw X n-sb-sp-ø-xn-t\m-sp _ -Øn Gimhv Ct mgpw tim]n-jvs-\m-iptam? BZyw kam-[m\ ktµi-hp-ambn Xs ZqX- msc X\n p apºmbn bmt m_v Ab- p. F m Gimhv \m\qdv Bfp-I-fp-ambn Xs ImWp-hm hcp- p-sh- -dn- -t mƒ, bmt m_v G hpw `b-s v Xs IpSpw-_-tØbpw BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw c p Iq -am n Xncn p, ImcWw Gimhv BZysØ Iq sø \in- n- p-i-bm-sw- n at Iq -Øn\v HmSn c -s -Sma-t m. 32:9 12: \ncm-i-p-\-i-amb kml-n-cy-øn sszhoi kwc- Ww Bh-iy-s - p-sim- p bmt m-_ns {]m \ Db p. Bflm-hns XmgvN-tbmSpw sszhw Xt mspw Xs ]nxm- - m-tcmspw ÿm]n DS-ºSn _ -Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp p B {]m - \. Xs At]- -Iƒ sszh-h-n-\m-sn-ÿm-\-øn hmkvz- Ø-ßƒ AhImi-s - p-sim p Xm-bn-cp- p. Xo{h-amb B -coi Bh-iy-Øn \n p-amwv G hpw \ {]m \ Db-cp- -Xv. am\p-jo-i-amb kpc m kwhn-[m- \-ß-fm, \mw ]e-t mgpw i -amb {]m \m Pohn- X-Øn \n pw \sω-øs kwc n- m-dp- v. Cu sx mb Imcyw \mw kzbw snøp- -sx- p-sim v? 32:13 21: AXn-\p-tijw Gim-hns\ im -\m- msa {]Xo- -tbmss, samø-øn 580 ayk-ß-f-s-ßnb aq p {]txyi Iq sø Gim-hn-\p-ff kωm-\-ambn bmt m_v Ab- p. aq p {]mh-iy-ambn Cu kωm-\- ßƒ Gim-hn\p e`n- pw. bmt m-_ns am\p-jo-i-amb Cu {]hy-øn-iƒ, Xs Ahn-izmkw, AYhm Ipd - ] w hnizm-khpw Ahn-izm-khpw IqSn-tN v kωn- {i-amb Hc-h-ÿ-sb-bmWv shfn-s -Sp-Øp- Xv. 32:22-32: bmt m_v X\n- p- -sxm-s bpw bt m v (A-h iq\yambpw) IS-hn-\- sc IS-Øn-btijw, Xs Pohn-X-Ønse t{ijvt-amb A\p-`-hßfm H mbxn-\p-th n s]\n-tb-en B cm{xnbn GI-\mbn Ign- p. Hcp ]pcp-j Ah-\p-ambn a ]n- SpØw \S-Øn. B ]pcp-j Hcp ZqX-\m-bn-cp- p(-tlmi.12:4), btlm-h-bpss Hcp ZqX, AYhm AXp sszhw Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. Ahs Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h aps- n- \-S- -Ø- -hæw sszhw Xs XpS-bpsS XSw-sXm- p. Cu G p-ap- -en bmt m_v imco-cn-i-ambn ]cm-p-b-s s - nepw X\n v Hcp henb Bflob hnp-b-ap- m-bn. ]cm-p-b-øn-eqss hnp-bhpw _e-lo-\-x-bn-eqss i nbpw {]m]n- m Xm ]Tn- p. Xs hy nxzhpw kz w kma y-øn-ep Bfl-hn-izmkhpw Xm Dt]- n- bpw NXn-b\pw D]m-bn-bp-am-b bmt m-_mwv Xms\ v sszh-ap-ºmsi kω-xn bpw snbvxp. sszhw Xs t]cv am n bn{km-tb F m n ( sszhw `cn- p- p, sszh-tømsp IqsS ]cn-{i-an- p- -h, sszh- Øns {]`p F n-ßs\ hyxykvx A -ß-fn ]cn- `m-j-s -Sp-Øn- -bn-cn- p- p). Xm sszhsø apjm-apjw I ÿesa v a\- n-em- nb bmt m_v B ÿe Øn\v s]\n-tb (ssz-h-ap-jw) F p t]cn- p. 32- mw hmiyw blq-z- m-cpss CS-bn Ct mgpw bmym y-amsw v s]bv^ kqnn- n- p- p. bmym-ÿn-xn-i-cmb blq-z- m sim -s ayk- Øns XpS-bpsS `mkw ]miw snbvxp Ign- p- -Xn\p aptº AXns CSp- n-\n-s-bnse Rcºv AYhm XpSbnse Rcºv \o w snbvxn-cn- -Ww.27 33:1 11: Gimhv Xt msp ASp- p- -X-\p-k-cn v bmt m-_ns `bw h n- p-ibpw tihew am\p-jo-iamb kz`m-h-co-xn-b-\p-k-cn v Xm G hpw A[nIw kvt\ln- p hbvs mw ]c-am-h[n kpc- -D-d- m- p \ne-bn Kyl-Im-cy-ß-sf mw {Iao-I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Gim-hns\ I -t mƒ bmt m_v Ggp-{]mhiyw Xe `qan-bn ap n v Xs ktlm-z-cs\ hw-ßn. Chsc XΩn Xmc-Xayw snbvxp-t\m- p-tºmƒ, Gimhv, bmt m-_n-t\bpw ]n osv Xs `mcy-am-scbpw a -tfbpw I -t mƒ D m-k-hm\pw, im -\pw, Aan-Xm-th-iap- -h-\p-am-bn-cp- p. AXncp Ihn ayk-k-ºøv kωm- \-ambn \ Ip- -Xns\ BZyw Xm kvt\l-]q w \nckn-s - nepw Ah-km\w AXp kzoi-cn- m-sa v kω- Xn- p. bmt m-_m-is Zmky-Øns {]I-S-\-ßƒ Aan- X-ambn ImWn- p-ibpw Xm ktlm-z-c-\mb Gim-hns Zmk-\m-sW \ne-bn kwkm-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Gim-hns apjw ImWp- Xp sszh-øns apjw ImWp- -Xp-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp- p-sh- p bmt m-_ns kwkmcw apj-kvxp-xnbpw AXn-i-tbm- nbpw {]I-Sn- n- p- -Xn-\m-bn-cp- p-sh v Nne Nn n- p- p. sszh- Øns apjw F n-hnss ]d- n-cn- p- Xv \nc p {]m]n Hcp apjsø Ipdn- m-sw v a p Nne Nn n- p- p. 33:12-17: Hcp-an v as- -bm{x snømw F v Gimhv \n t±-in- -t mƒ, Ip p-ßƒ pw {]mbw Ipd aykßƒ pw thk-øn \S- p-hm Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm v AXv Akm-[y-am-sW v bmt m_v \Sn- p. X\n v Aßs\ snøp-hm-\p B{Klw a\- n-en- m-xn-cp- n pw tkbn-co (G-tZmw) h v Gim-hns\ I pap mw F v bmt m_v hm p ]d- p. `bw, kwi-bw, F o bym Imc-Wßƒ shfn-s -Sp-Øm-sX, bmt m- _ns Iq -tømsp IqsS bm{x-sn-øp-hm Gimhv Xs Nne Bfp-Isf \n Ømw F p ]d- -t mƒ AXpw bmt m_v \nc-kn- p. 33:13-20: sx v, skbn ] -X-Øn-te v t]mip- -Xn\p ]Icw bmt m_v hs p ]Sn- mdp `mk-tø v bm{xsn-bvxp. hfsc Zqcw bm{x-snbvxv Xm titjan FØn. AhnsS Hcp bmk-]otw ]Wn-Xp, AXn\v (Hcp ]t Al- mc]q w) G Ftemsl bn{kmtb (sszhw bn{km-tb-ens I Øm-hm-Ip- p) F p t]cn- p, AhnsS Xm Xma-k-am-cw-`n- p. Ccp-]Xp h jßƒ p ap ]v _ty-en h v sszhw X\n p {]Xy- -\m-b-t mƒ, Cu sszhw Xs sszh-am-bn-cn- psa pw, X\n- p ki-e-k-º-øn-t bpw ]Øn-sem p sszh-øn\p simsp- p-sa pw, s_ty sszh-`-h-\- am n Xo p-sa pw bmt m_v kxyw snbvxn-cp p.

66 Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 34,35 (28:20-22) F m Ct mƒ s_ty-en-te v as-ßn-t m- ImsX, Xs ayk-k-º-øn-t\m-sp _ -Øn titjans ^e-`q-bn-jvt-amb tziøv AXm-bXv s_ty-en\v ap Xp ssa AIse Xma-k-ap-d- n p (titjw temisø {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp- p.) 35- mw A ym-b- Øn, Xm snbvx {]Xn \nd-th-t - -Xn\v bmt m- _ns\ hnfn- p- -Xp-h-sc-bp- At\I h j- mew sszhw bmt m-_n-t\msp t\cn p kwkmcn n-. CXn-\n- S-bn `oxn-s -Sp-Øp Nne kw`-h-ß-ƒ ap -Øn-\memw A ym-b-øn ImWmw. 7. titj-anse ]m]-ßƒ (A.34) 34:1 12: Cu A ym-b-øn sszh-øns \maw D]- tbm-kn- nt bn. bmt m_pw IpSpw-_hpw titj-an Xmakn- p-tºmƒ, Ahn-iz-mkn-I-fp-ambn CW-bn- m- nw IqS-cp-sX- p, th ]m-sns \nbaewl-\-sa \nebn,xs ai-fmb Zo\ Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmb kv{xoi-fpambn CS-]-gIn Pohn- p-t]m- p. Aß-s\-bp Hc-h-k-c- Øn, lmtam-cns ai-\mb titjw Ahsf ssewko- I-ambn ]oun- n- p-ibpw ]n osv Ahsf hnhmlw Ignbv p-hm B{K-ln- bpw snbvxp. bmt m_pw a fpw p`n-x-cm-bn-cn- p- p-sh pw a\- n-em- nb lmtam Hcp kam-[m-\-am w \n t±-in p; bn{km-tb-eycpw I\m\ycpw XΩn an{i-hn-hmlw \S-Øp-Ibpw, bn{km-tb-ey v B tzi kw_- -amb ]uc-xy-øns F m Ah-Im-ißfpw \ Ip-Ibpw snømw F -Xm-bn-cp p AXv (sszhoi hwim-h-ensb Aip- -am- p-hm sim p h kmøms ]e D y-a-ß-fn H mbn 9 mw hmiysø ImWmw.) Bh-iy-s -Sp kv{xo[-\hpw kωm-\-ßfpw simsp- m-sa v titjw kω-xn- p. 34:13-24: titj-an\v Zo\msb simsp- p-hm-\p Dt±iw bmt m-_ns ]p{x- m n- m-bn-cp p; F m, ] WØn-ep- -h-sc mw ]cn-t -Z-\-tb p- p-sh- n, Zo\sb titj-an\p simsp- m-sa v Ah \pw ]d p. sszhoi DS-º-Sn-bpsS ]cn-]m-h-\-amb ASbmfw A[m Ωn-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- -s -Sp-I-bm- -Wn-hn-sS. lmtamcpw, titjw ] W \nhm-kn-ifpw Cu hyh-ÿ-iƒ \ hnizm-k-tømss ]men- p. 34:25-31: F m B ikv{x-{in-b-bn \n pw ]q Æ-ambn kujyw {]m]n p hcp- -Xn\p aptº, AXmbXv Ah thz-\-tbm-sn-cn- p-tºmƒ,ina-tbm\pw tehnbpw \n `bw Ahsc h[n- p-ibpw, Ah-cpsS [\w sim bn- Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. bmt m_v Ahsc sn-dp-xmbn imkn- -t mƒ, Xß-fpsS ktlm-z-cn-tbmsp Hcp thiy-tbm-ss- -t]mse s]cp-am-d-cp-xm-bn-cp psh v Ah ]d- p. bym -Øn, titj-anse ]pcp-j- -tcmsp snbvx lo\amb A\o-Xn-tb- mƒ kz w IpSpw-_-Øns `{Z- X-bmWv bmt m_v Dt±-in- -Xv. 30- mw hmiy-øn Rm, Fs, F n-ß-s\-bp ]Z-ßƒ ]e-{]m-hiyw D]-tbm- Kn- n-cn- p- Xp {i n- p-i. 8. s_ty-en-te- p as-ßn-h-chv (A.35) 35:1 8: GI-tZiw ap Xp h j-ßƒ p apºv bmt m_v snbvx kxy{]xn \nd-th-t - -Xn-\p sszhoi I -\-tbmsp IqSn-bmWv 35- mw A ymbw Bcw- `n- p- Xv (28:20 22). Ign A ym-b-ønse Zpc- kw`- -h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- mwv tkm{x-]n-xm-hns\ CXn-\pth n sszhw Hcp- n-sb-sp-ø-xv. 34- mw A ym-b-øn sszh-øns \maw D]-tbm-Kn- n- n- m-sb- nepw, 35- mw A ym-b-øn 20 {]mhiyw sszh-\maw {]kvxmhn s n-cn- p- Xp t\m p-i. s_ty-en-te p as-ßnt m-ip-hm-\p sszhoi I \ A\p-k-cn- p- -Xn\p apt m-sn-bmbn, A\y-ssZ-h-ß-sf-sb mw \o n-i-f p ip n-bp hkv{xw [cn- p-hm bmt m_v Xs IpSpw- _tømsv Bh-iy-s - p. Ah A{]-Imcw snbvx-t mƒ Xs PmXn-I-fmb Ab m vv Ah Hcp `b-ambn Xo p. G s_ty-en Hcp bmk-]otw ]Wn-Xv, Xs ktlm-z-c\mb Gim-hn \n pw Xs kwc- n sszhsø Bcm-[n- Ww F p- Xp bmt m-_ns\ kw_- n- n-stømfw DNn-X-amb Imcy-am-bn-cp- p. 35:9 15: bmt m-_ns t]cv C\n-ap-X bn{km-tb F m-sw v sszhw ho pw ]d-bp-ibpw A{_-lm-ant\mSpw bn -lm- n-t\mspw snbvx DS-ºSn H p-iqsn ]pxp- p-ibpw snbvxp. tkm{x-]n-xmhv B ÿeøv Hcp XqWp-\m- n, AXn\v s_ty F v Hcn- IqSn \ma- I-cWw snbvxp. 35:16-20 bmt m-_ns IpSpw_w s_ty-en \n pw sxt m p bm{x-sn-bvxp-sim- n-cp- -t mƒ {]k-h-tøm-sp _ -Øn dmtl acn- pt]m-bn. dmtl B ss]x-en\v s_t\m\n (Fs Zp:JØns ]p{x ) F p t]cn- n-cp- p, F m Cu ]{ - m-asø ]p{x\v bmt m_v s_\ym-an (Fs he- -bpss ]p{x ) F mwv t]cn- -Xv. Cu c p t]cp- Ifpw {InkvXp-hns IjvSm-\p-`-h-ß-tfbpw XpS p al-xz-tø-bp-amwv ap Nn{Xo-I-cn- p- -Xv. sbcp-i-tean \n pw t_xve-tl-an-te- p ]mx-bn dmtlens ]c-º-cm-k-x- ivaim\ `qan (H-cp-]t B[n-Im-cn- I-am-bn-cn- n- ) C pw ImWmw. A{_-lm-an-t\mSpw, kmdmtbmspw, dnt_- -tbmspw IqsS slt{_m Kpl-bn dmtl-ens\ AS- m-xn-cp- Xv F p-sim- m-bn-cp p Hcp ]t IpSpw-_-Øn-te v hn{k-l-ßsf sim p-h- -Xn- \m-em-bn-cn mw F v Icp-Xp- p. 35:21-29: cqt_\v,xs tpyjvtm-h-imiw \jvs-s - Sp-hm-\n-S-bmb Hcp ]m]w Xs ]nxm-hns sh m- n-bmb _n ltbm-sp _ -Øn snbvx-xns\ Ipdn v ChnsS A -ambn kqnn- n- p- p (49:3,4). bmt m- _ns ]p{x- m ]{ p t]cm-bn-cp p F v 23- mw hmiy-øns Bcw-`-Øn ]d- n-cn- p hmniw ]p- Xn-sbmcp JWvUn-I-bpsS XpS- -am-wv. ASpØ c p hmiy-ß-fn-embn Ah-cpsS t]cp-iƒ tn Øn-cn- p- p. s_\ym-an Hgn-sI-bp (hm.24), Cu a -sf mw ]± Bcm-an h mwv bmt m-_n\v P\n- -sx v 26- mw hmiy- Øn ]d- n- p v. s_\ym-an I\m-\n h v P\n- p (hm.16-19).xs ]nxm-hmb bn lm v acn- p- -Xn\p apºv Xs ImWp-hm-\mbn bmt m_v slt{_m-\n-te v bym-k-abw Xs t]mbn. Xs amxm-hmb dnt_ m

Dev]Øn ]pkvxiw 36,37 67 Nne h j-ßƒ p apºp-xs acn- n-cp- p. Cu A ymb-øn aq p ih-a-s- -ßsf Ipdn v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. dnt_- -bpss txmgn szt_mc (hm.8), dmtl (hm.19), bn -lm v (hm.29) 9. bmt m-_ns ktlm-z-c-\mb Gim-hns Xe-ap-dIƒ (A.36) 36:1 30: Nmhp-I-S-en\v sx p Ing- p GtZm-an hkn- n-cp Gim-hns Xe-ap-d-Isf Ipdn v Cu A ymbw ]Tn- n- p- p. PmXn-I-fpsS Xe-h Gim-hmbn-cn- p-sa- p sszhoi hmkvz-ø-øns \nh Øo- I-c-W-amWv Cu hwim-hen {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- Xv (25:23) Gim-hn\v aqt m As - n Hcp ]t \mtem `mcy-amcp- m-bn-cp p; Ahcn Nne kv{xoiƒ v c p-t]-cp- Iƒ D m-bn-cpt m F -Xns\ B{i-bn- mwv (26:34;28:9;36:2,3 Ch Xmc-Xayw snøp-i.) 24- mw hmiy- Øn AXm sh w (A-Yhm NqSp-d-h) Is Øn F p ]d- n- p- v. 36:31-43: Dev]Øn ]pkvx-i-øns Fgp-Øp-Im-c- \mb tamsi, sszhoi shfn- m-sn-\m bn{km-tb-en\v Ime-{I-taW Hcp cmpm-hp- mipw F v Adn- ncp p (35:11 ImWp-I). Ibos sszho-i-a- mø hwimhenbnse Ggp Xe-ap-d-Isf Ipdn v Dev].4- mw A ymb-øn ]d- n-cn- - p- -Xp-t]mse, Gim-hns sszho- I-a- mø hwim-h-en-bnse Ggp cmpm- - msc Ipdn p 36:33-39 hmiy-ß-fn {]Xn-]m-Zn- n-cn- p- p. ]q Æ-XbbpsS kwjy-bmb Ggv Hcp-]t samøw hwim-h-ensb Dt -in- p- -Xm-bn-cn mw. Gim-hns k m-\ßfn Bcpw Xs sszh-øns hniz-kvx-x-cpss ] n-i-bn tcj-s -Sp-Ø-s - n n ; F m-hcpw Poh-\p sszh-øn \n pw AI- p-t]m-b-h-cpss Nn m-k-xn-bn \jvs-s - p-t]m-bn. Ah v Xm m-eni kºøpw t]mbvt m- Ip s]cp-abpw temi-øn-ep- m-bn-cp p. F m \nxy- X-tbm-Sp _ -Øn H- p-an- m-bn-cp- p. D. tbmtk^v (37:1 50:26) 1. ASn-a-Ø-Øn-te v hn -s -Sp tbmtk^v (A.37) 37:1 17: CXv bmt m-_ns Ncn{Xw Fs -gp-xnb hm p-iƒ s]s - p Hcp Ah-km-\-ambn ImW-s -Sp- p. bmt m-_ns Ncn{Xw(A.25-35), Gim-hns Xeap-d-I-fm XS- -s n v (A.36), ap -Øn-tbgp apx Cu ]pkvx-i-øns Ah-km\w hsc bmt m-_ns ]p{x- \mb tbmtk-^n\v {]m[m\yw \ In-sIm v Fgp-Xn-bncn- p- p. thz-]p-kvxiw Hcn- epw tbmtk-^ns\ Hcp {]Xn-cq- ]-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn- n- n- m-sb- nepw ]g-b-\n-b-aøn I Øm-hmb tbip-{in-kvxp-hns AXn-a-t\m-l-c-{]-Xn-cq- ]-ß-fn H mwv tbmtk-^v. tbiphpw tbmtk^pw XΩn-ep 101 kmzy-iy-ßƒ F.-U-ªq.-]n v tcj-s -Sp- Øn-bn-cp- p- p.28 BZ-lm-t_ j 121 km[ Ωyßfpw tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- p. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, tbmtk-^ns an{k-bo-an-te- p bm{x tbmtk^v Xs ]nxm-hn-\m kvt\ln- -s p (hm.3); Xs ktlm-z-c- m-cpss ]m]-ßƒ imkn p (hm.2); ktlm-z-c- m-cm shdp- -s v i{xp- -fpss Iøn-te v hn -s - p (hm.4,26-28); A\ym-b-ambn in n- -s - p (A.39); Ah Db Ø-s - p. kie temi-øn-t bpw c -I-\mbn Xo p, Fß-s\-sb- m, Blm-c-Øn-\pth n temi-ønse ki-ecpw Xs ASp- hc-wam-bn-cp- p (41:57); ktlm-z-c- m-cm XyPn- -s kabøvhcp PmXob `mcysb kzoi- -cn p (41:45). ]e-\n-d-ß-tfmsp IqSnb A n (I-tøm-Sp-Iq-Snb \of Ip mbw,rsv) ]nxm-hns {]txyi hm -ey- Øns AS-bm-f-am-bn-cp- p, AXp Xs ktlm-z-c- mcpss Akq-bm-]-c-amb shdp- ns\ h n- n- p. hb-en F m-hcpw I -si- n-s m ncn- p-tºmƒ ]{ - m-asø I -bmb Xs I sb _m n ]Xns\m p I -Ifpw \akvi-cn- p- XmbmWv H m-asø kz]v\-øn Xm I -Xv. Hcn- Xs ktlm-z-c- m Xs hwßpw F p- -Xns Hcp {]h-n-\-am-bn-cp p AXv. Xs c masø kz]v\-øn, kqcy\pw N{µ\pw ]Xn-s\m p \ - {X-ßfpw tbmtk-^ns\ \a-kvi-cn- p- p. kqcy N{µ- m Xs amxm-]n-xm- -fmb bmt m_n-t\bpw tebtbbpw (dm-tl CXn-t\m-SIw acn- n-cp- p) ]Xns\m v \ -{X-ßƒ Xs ktlm-z-c mscbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp p (hm.9-11).