Organic Chemistry. A brief introduction

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Transcription:

Organic Chemistry A brief introduction

Organic Chemistry the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties excluding: CO, CO 2, CS 2, carbonates and cyanides eight million known organic compounds

ydrocarbons compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon Aromatic hydrocarbons contain one or more benzene rings (C 6 6 ) Aliphatic hydrocarbons have no benzene rings

Alkanes The simplest hydrocarbon

Alkanes a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds generic chemical formula C n 2n+2 where n = 1,2,3... Methane C 4 C sp 3 hybridization

Alkanes Methane C 4 C these molecules are said to be saturated Saturated: no more hydrogen atoms can be added to the molecule

Methane Ethane Propane Butane Alkanes C 4 C C 2 6 C C C 3 8 C C C C 4 10 Two possible schemes

n-butane C C C C C C C C Structural Isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different constitutions Structural Isomers exhibit different chemical and physical properties isobutane

Levels of Structure Elemental Composition Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Constitution Conformation Configuration the order in which the atoms are connected

Alkane Nomenclature the names of alkanes beyond butane are obtained by adding the suffix -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbon atoms C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 (C 2 ) 3 C 3 (C 2 ) 4 C 3 (C 2 ) 5 C 3 (C 2 ) 6 C 3 (C 2 ) 7 C 3 (C 2 ) 8 C 3 pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms determines the root name

Alkane Nomenclature When alkane groups appear as substitutents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. C 3 C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 Methyl Ethyl Propyl C 3 C C 3 Isopropyl C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 Butyl

Alkane Nomenclature When alkane groups appear as substitutents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. C 3 C 2 C C 3 sec- Butyl C C 2 C 3 C 3 iso-butyl C C 3 C 3 C 3 tert-butyl

Alkane Nomenclature The position of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the substituent. C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 3 1 2 3 4 5 2-methylpentane The location and name of each substituent is followed by the root alkane name.

Example C 3 C 2 C C 2 C 3 3-methylpentane C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 2 3-methylhexane

Example C 3 C 2 C C 2 C 3 3-methylpentane C 3 C 3 C 2 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 3 3-methylhexane

Alkane Nomenclature The substituents are listed in alphabetical order, and the prefixes di-, tri-, and so on are used to indicate multiple, identical substituents. C 3 C 3 C C 2 C 2 C 3 2,2-Dimethylpentane C 3

Example C 3 C 3 C 3 C C 2 C C 2 C 3 2,4-dimethylhexane C 3 C C 2 C 2 C C 3 C 3 2-methylhexane

Example C 3 C 2 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane C 3 C 2 C C C C2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 3-ethyl-3-methyloctane C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C C2 C 3 C 3

Example C 3 C 2 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane C 3 C 2 C C C C2 C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3 3-ethyl-3-methyloctane C 3 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C C2 C 3 C 3

Example 4-tert-butylheptane C 3 C 3 C 2 C 2 C C 2 C 2 C 3 C C 3 C 3

Alkane Nomenclature If two chains of equal length are present, choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the parent. C 3 C 2 C 3 C C C 2 C 3 C 2 C 3 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane

Alkane Nomenclature If two chains of equal length are present, choose the one with the larger number of branch points as the parent. Not C 3 C 2 C 3 C C C 2 C 3 C 2 C 3 3-isopropyl-hexane

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