Table of contents RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 43 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 45 Two-dimensional (2D) materials... 45 Graphene... 46 Short term opportunities... 48 Medium-Long term opportunities... 48 Remarkable properties... 49 Global funding... 50 Products and applications... 51 Production... 54 Market drivers and trends... 56 Production exceeds demand... 56 Market revenues remain small... 58 Scalability and cost... 59 Applications hitting the market... 61 Wait and see?... 62 Asia and US lead the race... 63 Competition from other materials... 63
Market and technical challenges... 64 Inconsistent supply quality... 64 Cost... 66 Product integration... 66 Regulation and standards... 66 Lack of a band gap... 67 PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS... 67 Categorization... 69 GRAPHENE... 71 3D Graphene... 75 Graphene Quantum Dots... 76 Properties... 76 CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE... 78 Comparative properties... 80 Cost and production... 82 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids... 84 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene... 85 OTHER 2D MATERIALS... 87
Phosphorene... 89 Properties... 90 Applications... 91 Electronics... 92 Thermoelectrics... 92 Batteries... 92 Photodetectors... 93 Recent research news... 93 Silicene... 94 Properties... 95 Applications... 97 Electronics... 97 Photovoltaics... 99 Thermoelectrics... 99 Batteries... 99 Sensors... 100 Recent research news... 100 Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )... 101 Properties... 102
Applications... 102 Electronics... 103 Photovoltaics... 104 Piezoelectrics... 104 Sensors... 105 Filtration... 105 Recent research news... 106 Hexagonal boron nitride... 108 Properties... 109 Applications... 110 Electronics... 110 Capacitors and fuel cells... 110 Recent research news... 111 Germanene... 111 Properties... 112 Applications... 113 Electronics... 113 Recent research news... 114 Graphdiyne... 115 Properties... 116
Applications... 116 Batteries... 116 Separation membranes... 117 Photocatalysts... 117 Electronics... 117 Photovoltaics... 118 Graphane... 118 Properties... 119 Applications... 119 Electronics... 120 Hydrogen storage... 120 Stanene/tinene... 121 Properties... 121 Applications... 122 Electronics... 122 Recent research news... 123 Tungsten diselenide... 123 Properties... 124 Applications... 124
Electronics... 124 Recent research news... 125 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2... 126 Properties... 127 Applications... 127 Electronics... 127 C 2 N... 127 Properties... 128 Applications... 129 Electronics... 129 Filtration... 130 Photocatalysts... 130 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials... 131 GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS... 133 Large area graphene films... 133 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets... 134 Production methods... 136 Production directly from natural graphite ore... 138
Quality... 139 Synthesis and production by types of graphene... 140 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)... 141 Graphene nanoribbons... 142 Large-area graphene films... 144 Graphene oxide flakes (GO)... 145 Pros and cons of graphene production methods... 146 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)... 147 Exfoliation method... 148 Epitaxial growth method... 149 Wet chemistry method... 149 Micromechanical cleavage method... 151 Green reduction of graphene oxide... 152 Plasma... 153 Recent synthesis methods... 154 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and University of Western Australia 154 Graphene Frontiers... 154 MIT and the University of Michigan... 155 Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Texas/General Graphene 156
University of Florida/Donghua University... 157 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Case Western Reserve University 157 Trinity College Dublin... 157 Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) 158 Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chonbuk National University and KRICT 158 NanoXplore... 159 Carbon Sciences Inc... 159 California Institute of Technology... 159 Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology... 160 Oxford University... 160 University of Tokyo... 160 Synthesis methods by company... 162 GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE... 165 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS... 169 Standards... 169 Environmental, health and safety regulation... 170 Europe... 170
United States... 171 Asia... 172 Workplace exposure... 173 PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS... 173 Fabrication processes... 174 Academia... 174 Regional leaders... 175 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL... 180 GRAPHENE INDUSTRY 2013-2016... 181-226 END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS... 226 Graphene production volumes 2010-2025... 228 Graphene producers and production capacities... 230 ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS... 239 TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS... 240 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 240
ITO replacement for flexible electronics... 240 Wearable electronics market growing... 244 Touch technology requirements... 246 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 246 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 248 CHALLENGES... 252 Competing materials... 252 Cost in comparison to ITO... 252 Problems with transfer and growth... 253 Improving sheet resistance... 254 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 256 CONDUCTIVE INKS... 258 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 258 Increased demand for printed electronics... 258 Limitations of existing conductive inks... 259 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 260
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 263 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 265 TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS... 267 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 268 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 269 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 270 CHALLENGES... 271 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 274 MEMORY DEVICES... 276 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 276 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 279 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 279 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 281
PHOTONICS... 283 Optical modulators... 283 Photodetectors... 284 Plasmonics... 286 Challenges... 287 POLYMER COMPOSITES... 288 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 289 Improved performance... 289 Multi-functionality... 291 Growth in wind energy market... 291 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 291 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 292 CHALLENGES... 296 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 296 AEROSPACE... 298
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 298 Safety... 298 Reduced fuel consumption and costs... 298 Increased durability... 299 Multi-functionality... 299 Need for new de-icing solutions... 300 Weight reduction... 301 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 301 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 303 Composites... 303 Coatings... 304 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 305 AUTOMOTIVE... 307 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS... 308 Environmental... 308 Safety... 309 Lightweighting... 309
Cost... 309 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 310 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 311 Composites... 311 Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles... 312 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 313 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE... 315 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 315 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy... 316 Shortcomings of chemotherapies... 317 Biocompatibility of medical implants... 317 Anti-biotic resistance... 318 Growth in advanced woundcare market... 318 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 318 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 319 Cancer therapy... 321 Medical implants and devices... 324
Wound dressings... 325 Biosensors... 326 Medical imaging... 328 Dental... 329 CHALLENGES... 329 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 330 COATINGS... 332 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 332 Sustainability and regulation... 332 Cost of corrosion... 333 Improved hygiene... 335 Cost of weather-related damage... 336 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 338 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 340 Anti-corrosion coatings... 342 Anti-microbial... 345 Anti-icing... 346
Barrier coatings... 348 Heat protection... 350 Anti-fouling... 352 Wear and abrasion resistance... 354 Smart windows... 355 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 355 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION... 357 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 357 Need for improved membrane technology... 357 Water shortage and population growth... 357 Contamination... 358 Cost... 359 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 359 PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS... 359 CHALLENGES... 363 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 364
ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION... 366 BATTERIES... 367 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 367 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 370 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 372 CHALLENGES... 374 SUPERCAPACITORS... 374 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 374 Problems with activated carbon... 376 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 376 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 377 Challenges... 379 PHOTOVOLTAICS... 380 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 380
MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 381 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 382 FUEL CELLS... 383 MARKET DRIVERS... 383 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 384 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 385 Challenges... 386 LED LIGHTING AND UVC... 386 Market drivers and trends... 387 Market size... 388 Properties and applications... 388 OIL AND GAS... 388 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 388 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 390
PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 391 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 392 SENSORS... 398 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 398 Increased power and performance with reduced cost... 398 Enhanced sensitivity... 399 Replacing silver electrodes... 400 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market... 400 Improved thermal stability... 400 Environmental conditions... 401 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 401 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 402 Infrared (IR) sensors... 405 Electrochemical and gas sensors... 405 Pressure sensors... 407 Biosensors... 408 Optical sensors... 411
Humidity sensors... 411 Acoustic sensors... 411 Wireless sensors... 412 Challenges... 412 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 413 3D PRINTING... 415 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 416 Improved materials at lower cost... 416 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 416 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 417 CHALLENGES... 418 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 419 ADHESIVES... 420 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 420 Thermal management in electronics... 421
Environmental sustainability... 421 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 421 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 422 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 423 LUBRICANTS... 424 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 424 Cost effective alternatives... 424 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency... 424 Environmental concerns... 424 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS... 425 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 426 CHALLENGES... 427 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 427 TEXTILES... 428
MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS... 428 Growth in the wearable electronics market... 428 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS... 429 Conductive coatings... 431 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY... 432 GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS... 433 Producers and types of graphene produced matrix... 433 Graphene industrial collaborations... 436 COMPANY PROFILES 438-585 TABLES Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene... 47 Table 2: Graphene target markets-applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size... 53 Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities... 56 Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 57 Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg... 61
Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials... 70 Table 7: Properties of graphene... 78 Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials... 82 Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 84 Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025... 86 Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS 2. 92 Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news... 94 Table 13: Recent silicene research news... 101 Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news... 107 Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news... 112 Table 16: Recent germanane research news... 115 Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news... 124 Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news... 126 Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132
Table 20: Large area graphene films-markets, applications and current global market. 134 Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-markets, applications and current global market... 135 Table 22: Main production methods for graphene... 137 Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company... 163 Table 24: Graphene market structure... 166 Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014... 176 Table 26: Leading graphene patentees... 178 Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014... 179 Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 228 Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230 Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets... 231 Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 240 Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements... 244
Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 257 Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks... 260 Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 262 Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 266 Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 275 Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 282 Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 285 Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers... 291 Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 292 Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites. 293 Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 294 Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 297 Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 303
Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 306 Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 311 Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 314 Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 320 Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 321 Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry. 331 Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 339 Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings... 341 Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 355 Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 364 Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 367 Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 378
Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 392 Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size... 398 Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors... 403 Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 410 Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 413 Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing... 418 Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 419 Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives... 422 Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 423 Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants... 425 Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 427 Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials...... 430 Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced... 433 Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets... 436
FIGURES Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene... 51 Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year... 58 Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic... 72 Figure 4: Graphite and graphene... 73 Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74 Figure 6: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite... 80 Figure 7: Phosphorene structure... 90 Figure 8: Silicene structure... 95 Figure 9: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate... 97 Figure 10: Silicene transistor... 98 Figure 11: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide... 102 Figure 12: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 104
Figure 13: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge... 105 Figure 14: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride... 109 Figure 15: Schematic of germanene... 112 Figure 16: Graphdiyne structure... 115 Figure 17: Schematic of Graphane crystal... 119 Figure 18: Crystal structure for stanene... 121 Figure 19: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)... 122 Figure 20: Schematic of tungsten diselenide... 124 Figure 21: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide... 126 Figure 22: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal... 128 Figure 23: Graphene synthesis methods... 138 Figure 24: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium... 143 Figure 25: Roll-to-roll graphene production process... 155
Figure 26: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process... 156 Figure 27: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 161 Figure 28: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014... 176 Figure 29: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene... 180 Figure 30: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230 Figure 31: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 243 Figure 32: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel... 247 Figure 33: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte... 250 Figure 34: Flexible transistor sheet... 251 Figure 35: The transmittance of glass/ito, glass/ito/four organic layers, and glass/ito/four organic layers/4-layer graphene... 255 Figure 36: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products... 261 Figure 37: Graphene printed antenna... 264
Figure 38: BGT Materials graphene ink product... 265 Figure 39: Schematic cross-section of a graphene base transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)... 269 Figure 40: Graphene IC in wafer tester... 271 Figure 41: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 278 Figure 42: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/go/pt. 281 Figure 43: Hybrid graphene phototransistors... 286 Figure 44: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 339 Figure 45: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT... 341 Figure 46: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) graphene paint coating...... 350 Figure 47: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 363 Figure 48: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor... 375 Figure 49: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger... 377 Figure 50: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode... 383
Figure 51: GFET sensors... 407 Figure 52: First generation point of care diagnostics... 409 Figure 53: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic... 410 Figure 54: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 417