A1. Geographic Inquiry: use the geographic inquiry process and the concepts of geographic thinking when investigating issues relating to Canadian geography A1.1 formulate different types of questions to guide investigations into issues in Canadian geography (e.g., factual questions: What factors need to be considered when analysing the impact of expanding a highway?; comparative questions: What are the differences in energy resource availability between Ontario and Alberta?; causal questions: How does the infrastructure of this community support environmental sustainability?) The Formulate Questions GeoInquiry margin feature provides opportunities for formulating questions as part of geographic inquiry (pp. 50, 108, 120, 137, 217, 218, 248) The Analyze an Issue question in each chapter s Reflect and Analyze section provides opportunities to formulate questions while investigating an issue related to that chapter s content Introduction, What Does Geography Have to Do with Your Life?, Figure A-1, p. 2; Developing a Sense of Place: Three Key Questions, p. 3; Formulate Questions, p. 7; Apply It, pp. 11, 16 Skills Tool Kit, Asking Effective Questions, p. 316 A1.2 select and organize relevant data and information on geographic issues from a variety of primary and secondary sources (e.g., primary: raw data from field work, both quantitative and qualitative; statistics; photographs; satellite images; secondary: newspaper columns, books, atlases, geographic magazines, websites, graphs, charts, digital and print maps), ensuring that their sources represent a diverse range of perspectives Other examples: Chapter 3, Apply It, question 6, p. 69; Chapter 5, Go Online, p. 116 The Gather and Organize GeoInquiry margin feature provides opportunities for gathering data as part of geographic inquiry (pp. 19, 26, 53, 73, 88, 93, 97, 106, 123, 162, 181, 184, 192, 207, 214, 234, 271, 279, 286, 303) The Analyze an Issue question in each chapter s Reflect and Analyze section provides opportunities to gather and organize relevant data and information while investigating an issue related to that chapter s content Introduction, Gather and Organize Information, p. 8; Table A-1, p. 8 Skills Tool Kit, Conducting Sound Research, p. 317 Other examples: Chapter 1, Zoom In, Identifying Canadian Communities Using Census Data, pp. 22-23; Chapter 5, The Business of Farming, pp. 110-111; Chapter 8, Zoom In: Matching the Location Factors, pp. 178-179 1
A1.3 assess the credibility of sources and information relevant to their investigations (e.g., by considering how the data are constructed to support the author s point of view, the possible bias of the author, the expertise of the author, the accuracy of the text and supporting data, the intended audience, the purpose of the messaging, the context in which the information was presented) A1.4 interpret and analyse data and information relevant to their investigations, using various tools, strategies, and approaches appropriate for geographic inquiry (e.g., interpret graphs and charts of various statistical indicators to analyse quality of life in Canada and compare it with that in other countries; use graphic organizers, such as cross-classification tables or ranking ladders, to interpret potential economic, political, social, and environmental impacts of a development project) A1.5 use the concepts of geographic thinking (i.e., spatial significance, patterns and trends, interrelationships, geographic perspective) when analysing and evaluating data and information, formulating conclusions, and making judgements about geographic issues relating to Canada (e.g., use the concept of spatial significance to evaluate competing land-use options, such as fruit farming and urban development; apply the concept of patterns and trends to temperature and precipitation data to assess how the climate of a region has changed over time; use the concept of interrelationships to assess how changes in technology affect industry, employment, and the consumption of natural resources; use the concept of geographic perspective to analyse the environmental, social, political, and economic impacts of globalization on various First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities) Introduction, Gather and Organize Information, p. 8 Skills Tool Kit, Evaluating Primary Sources, p. 318; Determining the Accuracy of Sources, p. 319; Detecting Bias in Sources, p. 320 Other examples: Chapter 2, Skill Focus, p. 47 The Interpret and Analyze GeoInquiry margin feature provides opportunities for interpretation and analysis of data as part of geographic inquiry (pp. 49, 59, 65, 87, 91, 93, 118, 126, 146, 195, 235, 241, 259, 297) Introduction, Inquiry Model: The Geography of Your Lunch, pp. 9-11; Apply It, questions 3, 4, p. 11 Skills Tool Kit, Interpreting and Using Statistics, p. 321; Using Graphs for Different Purposes, p. 322; Assessing Opinions on a Controversial Issue, p. 327 Opportunities to analyze and interpret graphs, charts, maps, and graphic organizers appear throughout the text Students are encouraged to use the concepts of geographic thinking throughout the text, particularly through the GeoInquiry margin features and in the Reflect and Analyze: GeoInquiry sections at the end of each chapter; the geographic thinking concepts are indicated in relation to particular questions or features throughout the text (for example, pp. 20, 121) Introduction, Four Ways of Thinking Like a Geographer, p. 4; Apply It, questions 2, 3, p. 4; Apply It, question 1, p. 6; Apply It, questions 1, 4, p. 11; Using Geotechnologies in Geographic Thinking. pp. 12-16 Skills Tool Kit, Evaluating Primary Sources, p. 318; Interpreting and Using Statistics, p. 321 2
A1.6 evaluate and synthesize their findings to formulate conclusions and/or make judgements or predictions about the issues they are investigating The Evaluate and Draw Conclusions GeoInquiry margin feature provides opportunities for evaluating information and drawing conclusions as part of geographic inquiry (pp. 25, 51, 60, 76, 115, 128, 149, 186, 223, 265, 289, 295, 305) Skills Tool Kit, Recognizing Fact, Opinion, and Inference, p. 326 Additional Examples: GeoInquiry, p. 43 A1.7 communicate their ideas, arguments, and conclusions using various formats and styles, as appropriate for the audience and purpose (e.g., a debate for classmates on the criteria that Canada should use to judge the merits of a trade agreement; a video for the local community showing the impact of a natural phenomenon or event in Canada; a written submission to municipal or band councillors recommending or opposing a land-use proposal, using an analysis based on geographic perspective) The Communicate GeoInquiry margin feature provides opportunities for presenting findings as part of geographic inquiry (pp. 20, 45, 58, 64, 69, 72, 114, 136, 239, 267, 291) Introduction, Communicate Your Conclusion to Others, p. 8 Skills Toolkit, Giving a Presentation, p. 328 Additional Examples: GeoInquiry, p. 58 A1.8 use accepted forms of documentation (e.g., footnotes, author/date citations, reference lists, bibliographies, credits) to acknowledge different types of sources (e.g., websites, blogs, books, articles, films, data) Skills Tool Kit, Conducting Sound Research, p. 317 A1.9 use appropriate terminology when communicating the results of their investigations (e.g., vocabulary specific to their inquiry; terminology related to geography and to the concepts of geographic thinking) Introduction, Communicate Your Conclusion to Others, p. 8 3
A2. Developing Transferable Skills: apply in everyday contexts skills, including spatial technology skills, developed through the investigation of Canadian geography, and identify some careers in which a background in geography might be an asset. A2.1 describe ways in which geographic investigation can help them develop skills, including spatial technology skills and the essential skills in the Ontario Skills Passport (e.g., reading text, including graphic text; writing; oral communication; using maps, graphs, charts, and tables; computer use; use of geographic information systems [GIS], satellite imagery; measurement and calculation; data analysis; decision making; planning; organizing; finding information; problem solving), that can be transferred to the world of work and to everyday life A2.2 apply in everyday contexts skills and work habits developed through geographic investigation (e.g., asking questions to deepen their understanding of an issue; listening to and considering multiple perspectives when discussing an issue; collaborating with a team to determine the criteria that need to be considered when making a decision; using quantitative data to support an idea; using spatial skills to determine best routes of travel A2.3 apply the concepts of geographic thinking when analysing current events involving geographic issues (e.g., to identify locational factors that affect the importance of an issue; to identify patterns and trends that provide context for an issue; to identify interrelationships that clarify the factors involved in an issue; to understand the implications of different aspects of an issue and/or different points of view about the issue) in order to enhance their understanding of these issues and their role as informed citizens A2.4 identify careers in which a geography background might be an asset (e.g., urban planner, emergency preparedness coordinator, land surveyor, GIS technician, transportation logistics coordinator, forester, politician, community events organizer) Skills Toolkit: Interpreting and Using Statistics, p. 321; Using Graphs for Different Purposes, p. 322; Interpreting and Comparing Maps, p. 324; Giving a Presentation, p. 328 Introduction, The Role of Geotechnologies in Geographic Thinking, pp. 12-16 GeoFlights features throughout the text offer opportunities for students to use Google Earth and ArcGIS Students will have opportunities to formulate questions, consider different viewpoints on issues, work with a partner or in a group, gather and analyze data and information, and develop spatial skills throughout the text The Viewpoints on an Issue feature provides students with the opportunity to analyze current events through different perspectives, including their own (pp. 26, 66, 94, 138, 144, 176, 206, 228, 244, 266, 287, 293, 309) The Analyze an Issue question in each chapter s Reflect and Analyze section provides opportunities to apply the concepts of geographic thinking while investigating an issue related to that chapter s content The GeoCareers margin feature profiles careers in geography and Canadians working in the discipline (pp. 19, 32, 69, 93, 164, 196, 221, 249, 270, 292, 304) 4
B1. The Physical Environment and Human Activities: analyse various interactions between physical processes, phenomena, and events and human activities in Canada (FOCUS ON: Interrelationships; Geographic Perspective) B1.1 analyse environmental, economic, social, and/or political implications of different ideas and beliefs about the value of Canada s natural environment, and explain how these ideas/beliefs affect the use and protection of Canada s natural assets Chapter 3, Why Do We Treat Our Soil Like Dirt? pp. 67-68; Apply It, p. 69; Tundra and Climate Change, pp 70-71; Apply It. p. 71 Chapter 4, Rethinking How We View and Use Natural Resources; Resources and the 3Rs, pp. 86-93; Zoom In, Thinking Critically, p. 89; Apply It, questions 2, 4, p. 91; GeoCareers, Trash to Treasure, p. 93; Viewpoints on an Issue, Resource Use: Then and Now, pp. 94-95; Rethinking Our Use of Resources, pp. 96-98 Chapter 5, Aboriginal Peoples and Renewable Resource Development, p. 105; Apply It, question 5, p. 105; Zoom In, The Business of Farming, pp. 110-111; Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Forestry, p. 114; Apply It, question 5, p. 115; Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Fishing, p. 123; Reflect and Analyze, question 1, p. 124 Chapter 6, The Importance of Water, p. 136; GeoInquiry, page 126; Water Issues for Canada s (and Your) Future, pp. 134-140; Apply It, question 3, p. 135; Viewpoints on an Issue, What Should We Do About Bulk Water Sales?, p. 138; Reflect and Analyze, questions 3, 5, p. 141 Chapter 7, Viewpoints on an Issue, Do We Need to Save Resources for the Future?, pp. 144-145; Zoom In, So What About Renewable Energy?, pp. 150-151; Zoom In, Energy Issues, p. 153; Zoom In, What s Next for the Ring of Fire?, pp. 158-159; Importance of the Diamond Mining Industry, p. 163; Reflect and Analyze, question 2, p. 168 5
B1.2 analyse interrelationships between Canada s physical characteristics and various human activities that they support (e.g., mountainous landforms support recreation; water bodies and flat land facilitate urban development and transportation) Chapter 1, Zoom In Feature: Identifying Canadian Communities Using Census Data, pp. 22-23; Rural Settlement Patterns, p. 28 Chapter 2, Why Do Cities Sprawl Over the Best Farmland?, p. 31; Zoom In, Drop, Cover, and Hold On!, p. 33; Apply It, question 2, p. 46; Apply It, question 4, p. 50; GeoInquiry, p. 51 Chapter 3, Viewpoints on an Issue, Which Part of Canada Has the Nicest Climate?, p. 66; Apply It, question 4, p. 69; Zoom In, Tundra and Climate Change, p. 71; Apply It, questions 2b, 7, p. 77; Reflect and Analyze, questions 2, 4, p. 78 Chapter 5, Ensuring Renewable Resources for the Future, pp. 102-105; Apply It, questions 1, 2, p. 105; A Closer Look at Farming, pp. 106-111; A Closer Look at Forestry, pp. 112-114; Apply It, questions 1, 3, p. 108; Apply It, question 2, p. 109; Apply It, questions 1, 3, 4, 5, p. 115; Zoom In, Algonquin Park: An Example of Good Forest Management, pp. 116-117; Atlantic Canada s Fishing Industry, p. 119; Figure 5-18, p. 119 Chapter 6, Who Decides How We Use Our Water?, p. 125; Water Issues for Canada s (and Your) Future, p. 134; Water for Sale! Get your Water! pp. 136-137; Reflect and Analyze, question 2, p. 141 Chapter 7, Diamonds Are the North s Best Friend, pp. 160-166 Chapter 8, Location Factors for Manufacturing, pp. 171-177; Apply It, question 5, p. 180 Chapter 13, Fighting Urban Sprawl, p. 286 6
B1.3 assess environmental, economic, social, and/or political consequences for Canada of changes in some of the Earth s physical processes (e.g., warming in the North is leading to a shorter, less reliable ice season and changes in plant and animal populations [environmental], threatening traditional Inuit culture [social], expanding opportunities for resource exploitation [economic], and creating conflict between nation states over territorial claims [political]) Chapter 3, Climate Change Up Close, p. 55; Thinking Critically, p. 55; Apply It, question 6, p. 61; GeoCareers, p. 69; Zoom In, Tundra and Climate Change, pp. 70-71; Reflect and Analyze, question 3, p. 78 Chapter 5, A Quick Overview of Renewable Resources, pp. 103-105; Figure 5-3, p. 103; Apply It, question 1, p. 105; GeoInquiry, p. 115; Achieving Sustainable Yield Management of Fishing, p. 123 Chapter 6, Global Water Supply, pp. 127-130; Water for Sale! Get Your Water!, pp. 136-137; What About Climate Change and Canada s Water?, p. 140; Apply It, question 3, p. 140 Chapter 7, Zoom In, Should Environmentalists Be Fans of Fracking?, pp. 148-149; Zoom In, So What About Renewable Energy?, pp. 150-151 B1.4 explain how human activities can alter physical processes and contribute to occurrences of natural events and phenomena (e.g., paving over land can alter drainage patterns and cause sink holes; some agricultural practices can contribute to soil erosion; deforestation can make slopes vulnerable to landslides) Chapter 13, Global Connections, p. 297; Apply It, question 6, p. 297 Chapter 3, Climate Change Up Close, p. 55; Apply It, question 2, p. 69; Zoom In, Tundra and Climate Change, pp. 70-71;Reflect and Analyze, question 3, p. 78 Chapter 11, Viewpoints on an Issue, Should Canada Have a One- Child Policy?, p. 244; Reflect and Analyze, questions 2, 3, p. 252 B1.5 analyse the risks that various physical processes and natural events, including disasters, present to Canadian communities, and assess ways of responding to these risks Chapter 13, Zoom In, Urban Growth Issues, pp. 282-283 Chapter 2, Landform Processes, p. 32; GeoCareers, p. 32; Zoom In, Drop, Cover, and Hold On!, p. 33; Forces That Shape the Earth, pp. 34-39; Apply It, question 3, p. 39 B2. Interrelationships between Physical Systems, Processes, and Events: analyse characteristics of various physical processes, phenomena, and events affecting Canada and their interrelationship with global physical systems (FOCUS ON: Patterns and Trends; Interrelationships) B2.1 analyse interrelationships between physical processes, phenomena, and events in Canada and their interaction with global physical systems Chapter 2, Forces That Shape Earth, pp. 34-39; Rock Cycle, pp. 40-42; Glaciation, pp. 43-46; Reflect and Analyze, question 4, p. 54 Chapter 3, Climate Processes, pp. 56-61 7
B2.2 describe patterns (e.g., spatial distribution of earthquakes, floods, ice storms) and trends (e.g., increased frequency of forest fires in British Columbia and northern Ontario, increased rainfall in most parts of Canada) in the occurrence of a variety of natural phenomena and events in Canada Chapter 2, Forces That Shape Earth, pp. 34-39; Rock Cycle, pp. 40-42, Glaciation, pp. 43-46; Landform Patterns, pp. 47-50; Apply It, questions 1, 2, p. 50; Landform Regions of Canada, pp. 50-53 Chapter 3, Zoom In, Reading Climate Graphs, pp. 62-63; Climate Regions of Canada, pp. 64-65; Soil Patterns, pp. 68-69; Vegetation Patterns, pp. 72-77 B3. The Characteristics of Canada s Natural Environment: describe various characteristics of the natural environment and the spatial distribution of physical features in Canada, and explain the role of physical processes, phenomena, and events in shaping them (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Patterns and Trends) B3.1 explain how various characteristics of Canada s natural environment (e.g., landforms, such as mountains and hills; drainage basins; bodies of water) can be used to divide the country into different physical regions B3.2 explain how geological, hydrological, and climatic processes formed and continue to shape Canada s landscape (e.g., folding and faulting formed and continue to shape Canada s western mountains; glacial recession left scoured landscape in Ontario s north and fertile landscape in the south and shaped the Great Lakes drainage system; winds continue to change landform features in the badlands of Alberta) Chapter 2, Landform Regions of Canada, pp. 50-53; Apply It, p. 53, Questions 1, 4; Reflect and Analyze, question 3 Chapter 3, Zoom In, Reading Climate Graphs, pp. 62-63; Climate Regions of Canada, pp. 64-65; Soil Regions of Canada, p. 69; Figure 3-15, p. 69; Vegetation Patterns, pp. 72-77; Figure 3-19, p. 73; Apply It, questions 1, 7, p. 77 Chapter 2, Landform Processes, pp. 32-39; Rock Cycle, pp. 40-42, Apply It, p. 42, questions 1, 2; Glaciation, pp. 45-46; Apply It, question 1, p. 46; Reflect and Analyze, question 4 Chapter 3, Climate Processes, pp. 56-61 C1. The Sustainability of Resources: analyse impacts of resource policy, resource management, and consumer choices on resource sustainability in Canada (FOCUS ON: Interrelationships; Geographic Perspective) C1.1 describe strategies that industries and governments have implemented to increase the sustainability of Canada s natural resources (e.g., green belts, tourism restrictions in environmentally fragile regions, wildlife culling, rehabilitation of aggregate quarries, Chapter 4, Resources and the 3Rs, pp. 86-93; GeoInquiry, p. 87; Zoom In, The Rise of Recycling, pp. 87-89; GeoInquiry, p. 91; GeoInquiry, p. 93 (top); Viewpoints on an Issue, Resource Use, Then and Now, pp. 94-95; Rethinking by Companies, p. 97; Rethinking by Governments, p. 98; Apply It, questions 2, 3, 6, p. 99 8
sustainable yield management of forests and fisheries, recovery of minerals from mine tailings, community composting, recycling and recovery), and evaluate their effectiveness Chapter 5, Ensuring Renewable Resources for the Future, pp. 102-105; Apply It, questions 3, 4, p. 105; Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Forestry, pp. 114-115; Zoom In, Algonquin Park: An Example of Good Forest Management, pp. 116-117; Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Fishing, p. 123; Reflect and Analyze, question 3 Chapter 7, Zoom In, So What About Renewable Energy?, pp. 150-151; Zoom In, Energy Issues, p. 153; Zoom In, What s Next for the Ring of Fire?, pp. 158-159; Apply It, p. 160 C1.2 assess the impact of Canada s participation in international trade agreements and of globalization on the development and management of human and natural resources in Canada (e.g., participation in international organizations and accords related to deforestation, pesticide use, cross-border pollution, species protection, free trade, labour standards, intellectual property) C1.3 analyse the influence of governments, advocacy groups, and industries on the sustainable development and use of selected Canadian resources (e.g., International Joint Commission; Niagara Escarpment Commission; Ministry of Natural Resources; First Nations, Métis, Inuit organizations; individual industries; transnational corporations; trade unions; advocacy groups, such as the Forest Stewardship Council, Greenpeace, engineering nongovernmental organizations) Chapter 13, Protecting Farmland and Fighting Urban Sprawl, pp. 285-286, GeoInquiry, p. 286; Urban Growth and Respect for Traditional Lifestyles, pp. 289-290 Chapter 8, Free Trade and Manufacturing, pp. 184-186; Manufacturing and Canada s Foreign Trade, pp. 186-188; Table 8-3, p. 187; What is Causing the Manufacturing decline? Is There a Solution?, pp. 188-192; Reflect and Analyze, questions 3, 4, p. 193 Chapter 4, Resources and the 3Rs, pp. 86-93; GeoInquiry, p. 91; Apply It, question 4, p. 91; GeoInquiry, p. 93 (top); Apply It, question 2, p. 93; Rethinking Our Use of Resources, pp. 96-98 Chapter 5, Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Forestry, p. 114; Figure 5-15, p. 114; Apply It, question 5, p. 115; Zoom In, What Happened to the East Coast Cod?, pp. 121-122; Achieving Sustained Yield Management of Fishing, p. 123; Figure 5-20, p. 123 Chapter 13, Fighting Urban Sprawl, p. 286; Figures 13-11. 13-12, p. 286; How Do We Build Greener Communities?, p. 291; Figure 13-17, p. 291 9
C1.4 analyse the roles and responsibilities of individuals in promoting the sustainable use of resources (e.g., managing one s own ecological footprint, making responsible consumer choices, recycling, advocating sustainable resource-use policies and practices) Chapter 4, Rethinking Our Use of Resources, pp. 96-99; We Need a Balanced Approach, p. 99; Apply It, question 1, p. 99; Reflect and Analyze, questions 1, 4, p. 100 Chapter 14, Viewpoints on an Issue, Is a Much Smaller Ecological Footprint Part of Canada s Future?, p. 309 C2. The Development of Resources: analyse issues related to the distribution, availability, and development of natural resources in Canada from a geographic perspective (FOCUS ON: Interrelationships; Geographic Perspective) C2.1 explain how the availability and spatial distribution of key natural resources, including water, in Canada are related to the physical geography of the country, and assess the significance of their availability and distribution, nationally and globally (e.g., the amount of bright sunshine in a region determines the potential viability of solar energy development; a region s rock type determines which mineral resources are available and the way they are mined; a region s precipitation, temperature, and soil type determine the type of agriculture that is practised there) C2.2 analyse, from a geographic perspective, issues relating to the development, extraction, and management of various natural resources found in Canada (e.g., export of icebergs for fresh water and potential political controversies relating to ownership of the resource; development of oil and gas pipelines and related economic pressures and social and environmental concerns; management of wild fish stocks and related economic, environmental, social, and political concerns) Chapter 3, Climate Regions of Canada, pp. 64-65; Soil Patterns, pp. 68-69; Vegetation Patterns, pp. 72-77 Chapter 5, A Quick Overview of Renewable Resources, pp. 103-105; A Closer Look at Farming, pp. 106-109, A Closer Look at Forestry, pp. 112-115; A Closer Look at Fishing, pp. 118-123 Chapter 6, Canada s Water Resources, pp. 132-133; Reflect and Analyze, question 2, p. 141 Chapter 5, A Quick Overview of Renewable resources, pp. 103-105; Aboriginal Peoples and Renewable Resource Development, p. 105; Apply It, question 4, p. 105; Zoom In, What Happened to the East Coast Cod?, p. 121-122 Chapter 6, Who Decides How We Use Our Water?, p. 125; The Importance of Water, p. 126; Global Water Demand, pp. 130-131; Water Issues for Canada s (and Your) Future, pp. 134-140; Viewpoints on an Issue, What Should We Do About Bulk Water Sales?, p. 138 Chapter 7, Viewpoints on an Issue, Do We Need to Save Resources for the Future?, pp. 144-145; A Closer Look at Fossil Fuels, pp. 146-153; Zoom In, Should Environmentalists Be Fans of Fracking? pp. 148-149; Zoom In, So What About Renewable Energy? 10
C2.3 assess the renewability and non-renewability of various natural resources in Canada pp. 150-151; Zoom In, Energy Issues, p. 153; A Closer Look at Mining, pp. 154-157; Apply It, questions 1, 3, p. 160; Diamonds are the North s Best Friends, pp. 160-166; NIMBY or Not: Finding a Balance, p. 167; Reflect and Analyze, questions 1, 5 Chapter 4, Types of Resources, pp. 85; Rethinking Our Use of Resources, pp. 96-98 C2.4 assess the feasibility of using selected renewable and alternative energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, hydro) to augment or replace existing power sources in various parts of Canada Chapter 5, Rethinking Our Seafood Choices, p. 101; A Quick Overview of Renewable Resources, pp. 103-105; Zoom In, What Happened to the East Coast Cod?, pp. 121-122; GeoInquiry, p. 123; Reflect and Analyze, questions 4, 5, p. 124 Chapter 7, Zoom In, So What About Renewable Energy?, pp. 150-151; Zoom In, Energy Issues, p. 153 C3. Industries and Economic Development: assess the relative importance of different industrial sectors to the Canadian economy and Canada s place in the global economy, and analyse factors that influence the location of industries in these sectors (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Patterns and Trends) C3.1 compare the economic importance (e.g., in terms of contribution to gross domestic product [GDP], employment) of different sectors of the Canadian economy (i.e., primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Chapter 8, Do You And Should We Try to Buy Canadian-Made Products?, p. 169; Breaking Down the Economy Into Sectors, p. 170; Viewpoints on an Issue, Should Governments Give Auto Companies Money?, p. 176; Table 8-3, p. 187; Reflect and Analyze, question 2, p. 193 Chapter 9, Why Does the Service Sector Get So Little Attention?, p. 194; Looking at Canada s Biggest Companies, pp. 195-196; Why You Will Likely Work in the Tertiary Sector, pp. 197-198; Zoom In, What Happens When a Community s Basic Jobs Disappear?, pp. 204-205; Viewpoints on an Issue, Is the Tertiary Sector the Most or Least Important Part of the Economy?, p. 206; Apply It, questions 4, 5,p. 207; GeoInquiry, p. 207 11
C3.2 identify patterns and trends in imports and exports for various sectors of the Canadian economy Chapter 6, Water for Sale! Get Your Water!, pp. 136-137; Viewpoints on an Issue, What Should We Do About Bulk Water Sales?, p. 138 C3.3 assess the national and global importance of Canada s service and knowledge-based industries and other industries based on human capital (e.g., banking, culture and entertainment, education, information technology, scientific research) C3.4 analyse the main factors (e.g., availability of resources, distance to market, transportation costs, government incentives, labour force) that need to be considered when determining the location of sites for different types of industries (e.g., resource extraction industries, manufacturing industries, service industries, knowledge-based industries, cultural industries) Chapter 7, Apply It, question 3, p. 145; Energy Issues, p. 153; A Closer Look at Mining, p. 154; Reflect and Analyze, question 1, p. 168 Chapter 8, Manufacturing and Canada s Foreign Trade, pp.186-187; Integrated Global Marketplace, p. 189; The Expensive Loonie and Dutch Disease, p. 190-191; Figure 8-20, p. 191; Apply It, question 1, p. 192 Chapter 9, Why Does the Service Sector of the Economy Get So Little Attention? p. 194; Looking at Canada s Biggest Companies, p. 195-196; Figure 9-1, p. 196; Why You Will Likely Work in the Tertiary Sector, pp. 197-199; Apply It, questions 1, 2, 4, pp. 198-199; Zoom In: Service Industries All Shapes and Sizes, pp. 202-203; Viewpoints on an Issue, Is the Tertiary Sector the Most or Least Important Part of the Economy?, pp. 206-207 Chapter 7, A Closer Look at Mining, pp. 154-166 Chapter 8, Location Factors for Manufacturing, pp. 171-177; Zoom In, Matching the Location Factors, pp. 178-179; Apply It, question 5, p. 180 D1. Population Issues: analyse selected national and global population issues and their implications for Canada (FOCUS ON: Interrelationships; Patterns and Trends) D1.1 analyse the impact of selected population trends on people living in Canadian communities (e.g., aging population increases demand for health care and institutional support; increasing population density affects housing, job, and transportation needs; increased number of working parents with responsibilities for both child and elder care affects family life and housing needs; Chapter 10, Understanding Canada's Population Growth, p. 212; Zoom In: Trends in Canada s Natural Increase History, p. 216; Immigration: A 400-Year Tradition, pp. 217-219; Canada s Immigration History, pp. 219-221; Where Immigrants Settle, pp. 225-227; Internal Migration, pp. 230-232; Different Ages, Different Roles, p. 234; Apply It, question 2, p. 235 12
neighbourhoods that consist largely of a single ethnic or cultural group pose challenges to social integration; growth of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit populations increases need for education, housing, health care, infrastructure, and resolution of land claims and rights disputes) and their implications for the future (e.g., aging population will further increase demand for health care, retirement housing, and transit support; increased diversity of newcomers will increase demand for language training) Chapter 11, Demographic Change: Problems For Your Future or Opportunities?, pp. 238-239; Viewpoints on an Issue: Should Canada Have a One-Child Policy?, p. 244; Zoom In, Get on the Carousel with Population Issues, pp. 250-251; Reflect and Analyze, questions 2, 3, p. 252 Chapter 13, Combining Urban Growth and Respect for Traditional Lifestyles, pp. 289-290; Figure 13-14, p. 289 D1.2 identify global demographic disparities that are of concern to people living in Canada, and assess the roles of individuals, organizations, and governments in Canada in addressing them (e.g., role of individuals in contributing to charities that provide relief and support to developing countries or in volunteering to assist with aid programs; role of non-governmental organizations in providing relief and supporting development in developing countries; role of federal government in setting immigration and refugee policies and practices, providing aid to developing countries, and contributing to work of UN agencies such as the World Food Programme and UNESCO) Chapter 11, Can Governments Control Population Growth? Should They?, p. 217; The Demographic Transition Model, pp. 239-243; Global Population and Poverty, pp. 245-246; Canada s Role in Reducing Global Population Issues, pp. 246-249; GeoInquiry, p. 248; GeoCareers, p. 249; Zoom In, Get on the Carousel with Population Issues, pp. 250-251; Reflect and Analyze, question 3 D1.3 determine criteria (e.g., number of people affected, type of political leadership in region of need, degree and type of support required from Canada, ability to make a difference for the long term) that should be used to assess Canada s responses to global population issues (e.g., food and water shortages, lack of health care, illiteracy, displacement, poverty, overcrowding) Chapter 10, Social and Humanitarian Immigration, p. 224; Apply It, questions 4, 5, p. 225; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Canada Accept Too Many Immigrants? pp. 228-229 Chapter 11, Viewpoints on an Issue: Should Canada Have a One-Child Policy?, p. 244; Canada s Role in Reducing Global Population Issues, pp. 246-249; GeoInquiry, p. 247; Zoom In, Get on the Carousel with Population Issues, pp. 250-251 13
D2. Immigration and Cultural Diversity: describe the diversity of Canada s population, and assess some social, economic, political, and environmental implications of immigration and diversity for Canada (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Geographic Perspective) D2.1 identify factors that influence where immigrants settle in Canada, and assess the opportunities and challenges presented by immigration and cultural diversity in Canada (e.g., expansion of business opportunities, cultural enrichment, global engagement and citizenship; neighbourhood segregation and lack of social integration, hate crimes) D2.2 evaluate strategies used to address the needs of various immigrant groups within communities (e.g., provision of language training, celebration of traditions from various cultures, provision of cultural and social support services in several languages, addressing hate crimes through community policing and education) D2.3 analyse social, political, and economic impacts of Canada s immigration and refugee policies Chapter 10, Canada s Immigration History, pp. 219-221; Where Immigrants Settle, pp. 225-227; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Canada Accept Too Many Immigrants?, pp. 228-229 Chapter 10, Supports for Immigrants, pp. 226-227; Apply It, question 3, p. 227 Chapter 10, What About Immigration?, p. 214; Immigration: A 400-Year Tradition, pp. 217-219; Canada s Immigration History, pp. 219-221; How to Become an Immigrant, pp. 222-225; GeoInquiry, p. 223; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Canada Accept Too Many Immigrants? pp. 228-229 D3. Demographic Patterns and Trends: analyse patterns of population settlement and various demographic characteristics of the Canadian population (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Patterns and Trends) D3.1 describe patterns of population settlement in Canada (e.g., linear, scattered, clustered), and assess the importance of various factors in determining population size, distribution, and density (e.g., landforms; climate; proximity to food and water sources; connections to transportation, communications, energy, and economic networks) Chapter 1, Big Country, Small Population, pp. 19-21; Zoom In, Identifying Canadian Communities Using Census Data, pp. 22-23; People Patterns and Terminology, pp. 24-25; Rural Settlement Patterns, pp. 28-29; Reflect and Analyze, questions 1, 2, 3, p. 30 Chapter 12, What Makes a Community Liveable? p. 257; Residential Land Use, pp. 236-269; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Living on the 34 th Floor Contribute to Sustainability and Liveability?, pp. 266-267 14
D3.2 identify factors (e.g., job opportunities, accessibility of transportation and communication networks, availability of social services, availability of natural resources, cultural attitudes) that influence the demographic characteristics of settlements across Canada (e.g., ethnic composition, age-sex distribution, types of employment, levels of education) D3.3 analyse the major demographic characteristics of the Canadian population (e.g., rate of natural increase, growth rate, age-sex distribution, dependency load, doubling time, cultural background) D3.4 compare settlement and population characteristics of selected communities in Canada with those in other parts of the country and the world Chapter 1, Viewpoints on an Issue, Does It Matter If Areas Far from Large Cities Lose Population?, pp. 26-27; Rural Settlement Patterns, pp. 28-29; Reflect and Analyze, questions 3 and 4, p. 30 Chapter 10, Where Immigrants Settle, pp. 225-227; Internal Migration, pp. 230-232 Chapter 10, Understanding Canada s Population Growth, p. 212; On an Average Day, pp. 213-215; Zoom In, Trends in Canada s Natural Increase History, p. 216; Dependency Ratios and What They Mean for You, pp. 233-235; GeoInquiry, p. 235 Chapter 1, Population Concentrations in Canada, p. 21; Zoom In: Identifying Canadian Communities Using Census Data, pp. 22-23 Chapter 11, The Demographic Transition Model, pp. 239-242; GeoInquiry, p. 241, 243 D3.5 analyse trends in the migration of people within Canada (e.g., increase in First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples moving into urban centres, rural residents moving to urban centres, people from central and eastern provinces moving to northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories) Chapter 10, Internal Migration, pp. 230-232; Figure 10-17, p. 230; Figure 10-18, p. 231; Migration of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Peoples, p. 231-232 E1. The Sustainability of Human Systems: analyse issues relating to the sustainability of human systems in Canada (FOCUS ON: Interrelationships; Geographic Perspective) E1.1 analyse the effects of food production practices, distribution methods, and consumer choices on the sustainability of Canada s food system Chapter 6, A Closer Look at Farming, pp. 106-109; Zoom In, The Business of Farming, pp. 110-111; A Closer Look at Fishing, pp. 118-123 Chapter 13, Building Better Communities: Urban Agriculture, p. 277; Viewpoints on an Issue, Eat Locally vs. Eat Globally, pp. 287-288; Apply It, questions 2, 3, p. 289; Figure 13 16, p. 290 15
E1.2 analyse the sustainability of existing and proposed transportation systems, locally, provincially, nationally, and internationally, and assess options for their future development (e.g., widening highways, creating high occupancy vehicle lanes, creating bike lanes, improving mass transit infrastructure, upgrading train corridors, opening the Northwest Passage to international shipping) E1.3 analyse the effects of individual lifestyle choices on energy consumption and production, and assess the implications for sustainability in Canada E1.4 analyse factors that affect the social and economic sustainability of communities (e.g., diversified economy; investment in public services and infrastructure, such as transportation networks, health and social services, recreational and cultural facilities; educational opportunities; recognition of heritage; diverse neighbourhoods) E1.5 propose courses of action that would make a community more sustainable (e.g., improving community/neighbourhood amenities, establishing local markets, replacing individual ownership of equipment with cooperative ownership, sharing cars, introducing a rental bike network, expanding the amount of green space) Chapter 12, Transportation Land Use, pp. 261-262; Apply It, question 4, p. 263 Chapter 13, How Do We Build More Effective Transportation Systems?, pp. 295-300; Apply It, questions 1, 4, 5, 6, p. 297; Apply It, question 1b, p. 299; Zoom In, The Big Move in Southern Ontario, p. 300 Chapter 7, Canada s Energy Use Today, pp. 147-152; Energy Issues, p. 153; Reflect and Analyze, question 4, p. 168 Chapter 13, Reflect and Analyze, p. 301, questions 4, 5 Chapter 14, Can We Combine a High Quality of Life with Environmental Sustainability?, p. 302; Liveability, Sustainability, and Canada s (and Your) Future, p. 308; Viewpoints on an Issue, Is a Much Smaller Ecological Footprint Part of Canada s Future?, p. 309 Chapter 12, Viewpoints on an Issue: Does Living on the 34th Floor Contribute to Sustainability and Liveability?, pp. 266-267; Zoom In, Conflicts as a City Evolves, p. 275; Reflect and Analyze, question 4, p. 276 Chapter 13, How Do We Balance Liveability and Urban Growth?, pp. 278-291; Zoom In, Urban Growth Issues in Canada, pp. 282-283; How Can Communities Be Made More Sustainable?, pp. 291-292; Reflect and Analyze, questions 4, 5, p. 301 Chapter 12, What Makes a Community Liveable? pp. 257-258; Balancing Liveability and Sustainability, p. 259; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Living on the 34th Floor Contribute to Sustainability and Liveability?, pp. 266-267 Chapter 13, Viewpoints on an Issue, Eat Locally vs. Eat Globally, pp. 287-288; How Can Communities Be Made More Sustainable? pp. 291-292, Apply It, question 1, p. 292; Viewpoints on an Issue, Is Compact Growth Really Better? pp. 293-294 16
E2. Impacts of Urban Growth: analyse impacts of urban growth in Canada (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Geographic Perspective) E2.1 assess the impact of urban growth on natural systems (e.g., impact of urban sprawl, vehicle use, and waste disposal on water and air quality) E2.2 analyse various economic, social, and political impacts of urban growth (e.g., cost of expanding infrastructure and public services; health impacts, such as faster spread of disease in densely populated communities, increases in asthma attacks as a result of poor air quality, and stress related to crowding; traffic congestion and related economic costs; conflict over development priorities) E2.3 describe strategies that urban planners use to control urban sprawl (e.g., green belts, high density residential infill, gentrification), and analyse examples of their implementation Chapter 13, Urban Sprawl, pp. 285; Protecting Farmland, pp. 285-286; Apply It, questions 1, 2, p. 289 Chapter 12, Types of Land Use, pp. 260-274; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Living on the 34th Floor Contribute to Sustainability and Liveability?, pp. 266-267 Chapter 13, What s Happening in the Developing World?, pp. 279-281; Zoom In, Urban Growth Issues in Canada, pp 282-283; Apply It p. 284; Urban Growth and Respect for Traditional Lifestyles, pp. 289-290; Viewpoints on an Issue, Is Compact Growth Really Better? pp. 293-294 Chapter 12, Residential Land Use, pp. 263-268; Viewpoints on an Issue, Does Living in the 34th Floor Contribute to Sustainability and Liveability?, pp. 266-267 Chapter 13, Zoom In, Urban Growth Issues in Canada, p. 282-283; Urban Sprawl, pp. 285-289; Apply It, question 1, p. 289; Combining Urban Growth and Respect for Traditional Lifestyles, pp. 290-291, Viewpoints on an Issue, Is Compact Growth Really Better? pp. 293-294; The 20-minute Neighbourhood, p. 296; Apply It, question 2, p. 297 E3. Characteristics of Land Use in Canada: analyse characteristics of land use in various Canadian communities, and explain how some factors influence land-use patterns (FOCUS ON: Spatial Significance; Patterns and Trends) E3.1 analyse the characteristics of different land uses in a community (e.g., size and distribution of transportation corridors, differences in residential types, location of industrial land), and explain how these characteristics and their spatial distribution affect the community Chapter 12, Types of Land Use, pp. 260-274; Zoom In, Conflicts as a City Evolves, p. 275 17
E3.2 explain how the natural environment may influence land-use patterns within the built environment (e.g., roads tend to be on flatter land; parks are often near water) Chapter 1, Apply It, question 2e, p. 25; Rural Settlement Patterns, pp. 28-29; Reflect and Analyze, question 3, p. 30 Chapter 2, Why Do Cities Sprawl over the Best Farmland?, p. 31; Patterns and Processes, p. 32; Figure 2-1, p. 32; Apply It, question 3, p. 33; Apply It, question 4, p. 39; Apply It, question 4, p. 53; Reflect and Analyze, question 4b, p. 54 Chapter 3, GeoInquiry, p. 64, p. 76; Apply It, questions 5, 6, p. 77 Chapter 12, Apply It, question 2f, p. 261; Apply It, question 3, p. 263; Open Space and Recreational Land Use, p. 273; Figure 12-17, p. 272; Apply It, question 3b, p 273 E3.3 analyse a land-use map or official plan for a specific community, and describe the spatial significance of the community s land-use pattern Chapter 13, Figure 13 22, p. 298 Chapter 12, Land-Use Zoning, pp. 273-274; Figure 12-18, Apply It, questions 1, 2, p. 274; Reflect and Analyze, question 3, p. 276 18