Continued Work toward XHV for the Jefferson Lab Polarized Electron Source

Continued Work toward XHV for the Jefferson Lab Polarized Electron Source Marcy Stutzman, Philip Adderley, Matt Poelker Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News, VA 23601

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility 6 (12) GeV Electron accelerator for Nuclear Physics 85-90% polarization, up to ~250μA beam (CW) to 3 (4) experimental halls DC photoemission electron source Strained superlattice GaAs/GaAsP photocathode NEG and on pumps Residual gasses are ionized, back-accelerated and degrade the photocathode Future accelerators (CLC, EC, LC) require higher currents

Cryopumped gun project nvestigate adding bakable cryopump into system Leybold Coolvac 2000 BL, special order Cryosorber panel can be chilled with LN 2 during bakeout solation valve for regeneration Chamber: currently in heat treatment Can we measure improvement in vacuum due to cryopump? Characterize UHV/XHV gauges

onization gauge current contributions measured real x ray heating ESD inv. x ray ESDneut. real : pressure dependent gas phase ions species sensitive x-ray : x-ray induced electron desorption from collector reduce by geometry ESD : ions arriving at collector from electron stimulated desorption (ESD) of molecules on the grid reduce by degassing grid heating : pressure rise due to filament heating species sensitive reduce by material selection, geometry, long duration

Deep UHV/XHV gauges Extractor gauge available for decades x-ray limit reduced through geometry x-ray limit quote: 7.5x10-13 Torr extractor Axtran gauge Bessel box energy discrimination electron multiplier to assist in low current measurements Purchased, not yet installed Measurement limit quote: <7.5e-15 Torr Watanabe BBB (Bent Belt Beam) gauge Newly designed (JVSTA 28 (2010) p. 486) Operates with Leybold E540 controller 230 degree deflector (similar to Helmer) BeCu housing to reduce heating Manufacturer s lower limit: 4x10-14 Torr Axtran BBB

Gauge characterization chamber Heat treated twice 400 C 10 days Outgassing (Q) 3x10-14 Torr L/s cm 2 Q following 250 C bake 6.3x10-14 Torr L/s cm 2 3800 cm 2, 12L Pumping 4 WP1250 NEGs, 60% 1300 L/s 40 L/s ion pump (behind right angle valve) Predicted pressure 2x10-13 Torr Extractor Gauge BBB Gauge 2 Leybold E540 controllers 2 Keithley electrometers UHV ion pump power supply Diagnostic cross with RGA and ion pump NEG activation flange

BBB (Torr) Linearity between gauges 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11 1.E-12 1E-12 1E-11 1E-10 1E-09 Extractor (Torr) cooling runs heating runs BBB and Extractor compared vs. pressure Leybold E 540 control Keithley Electrometer Pressure varied in chamber by heating NEGs or chilling Conversion to Torr using manufacturer calibration factor / sensitivity Depends on species onization energy onization current Geometry Gauge responses linear response over decades, possible deviation at lowest pressures

BBB current (Amps) Sensitivity Sensitivity (1/Torr) S i P e on current Emission current BBB and Extractor 120V electron energy 1.6 ma emission current geometry, collection efficiency vary hydrogen pressure rise BBB sensitivity vs. SRG 1.E-07 10 8.E-08 6.E-08 4.E-08 2.E-08 8 6 4 2 0.E+00 0.E+00 1.E-06 2.E-06 3.E-06 4.E-06 5.E-06 6.E-06 SRG (Torr, Hydrogen) 0 0.E+00 1.E-06 2.E-06 3.E-06 4.E-06 5.E-06 6.E-06 SRG measured hydrogen pressure BBB vs. SRG data from previous setup

BBB Sensitivity (1/Torr) BBB sensitivity calculated using extractor SRG Data: pressure 10 5 higher than our area of concern Calculate BBB sensitivity from Extractor gauge pressure? 14 12 10 8 6 P Calculated Extractor pressure relies on sensitivity of extractor gauge. S i e 4 2 0 1E-12 1E-11 1E-10 1E-09 Extractor Pressure (Torr) Gauge sensitivity depends on onization energy Gas species Geometry Collection efficiency same constant

S(BBB) / S(Ext.) relative sensitivity Define sensitivity ratio - should be constant S S BBB EXT BBB EXT 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ratio of manufacturer quoted sensitivities: 1.21=8/6.6 0.0 1.E-14 1.E-13 1.E-12 1.E-11 Extractor current (Amps) Can the deviation from constant behavior be explained by gauge backgrounds?

Collector Current (fa) Collector current (fa) Background current measurements 30 20 10 Extractor x-ray current accounts for 3/5 of total measured signal 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Reflector voltage (V) 50 40 30 20 BBB signal of 35 fa with background of -1 fa 10 0-10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Deflector Voltage (V) Gauge backgrounds measured at different times, different pressures

Sensitivity BBB / Sensitivity Extractor Sensitivity ratio: x-ray limit correction 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Subtraction of x-ray background for extractor gauge overcorrects What else? ESD limits Load due to gauges Small current measurement errors nonlinearity in gauge response? 0.0 1.E-15 1.E-14 1.E-13 1.E-12 1.E-11 Extractor current (Amps)

Electron stimulated desorption measured real xray heating ESD... Electrons can liberate elements adsorbed on the grid f grid - filament potential equal to electron energy, ESD difficult to separate Methods to reduce ESD high energy electron bombardment (degas mode) operate grid at elevated temperature grid material optimization (BBB) stabilize for months Axtran: energy analysis since electron energy grid-filament potential

Gauge current (Amps) Current due to heating by filaments 5.E-14 4.E-14 measured real xray heating ESD... 3.E-14 Extractor 2.E-14 1.E-14 BBB 0.E+00 BBB turned off 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Time (hours) Use one gauge to measure the additional current generated by other hot filament Δ (BBB) = 4.8 fa Δ (Extractor) = 5.6 fa BeCu BBB housing should reduce effect Difference minimized after 6 months?

Calculated pressure (Torr) So what is our pressure? measured real xray heating ESD... 2.5E-12 x-ray background * pressures nitrogen equivalent, S vendor 2.0E-12 1.5E-12 extractor BBB 1.0E-12 Ext. heating BBB heating 5.0E-13 0.0E+00 predicted BBB (Torr) Extractor Measured 1.4 x10-12 1.9 x 10-12 Corrected 1.1 x 10-12 5x10-14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Current (fa) Predicted 6x10-13

Conclusions Pressure in our systems (nitrogen equivalent) corrected for gauge effects is near 1x10-12 Torr BBB signal to noise good: Noise < 10% signal Extractor gauge: measurements at lowest pressures dominated by background BBB and extractor agree very well above 1x10-11 Torr The BBB gauge should be able to quantify pressure improvements in the bakable cryopump system.

Verify outgassing rate of chamber Future work s our predicted pressure correct? Does measured pressure agree? Add Axtran gauge to the system Compare gauge with electron multiplier to avoid some small signal measurement issues ESD ion discrimination capability Determine which of the BBB and extractor is deviating from linear response Gauge calibration to verify / determine sensitivity Repeat comparison with SRG (hydrogen vs. nitrogen) UHV calibration at NST, PTB XHV calibration (its own research project!) Add cryopump to NEG / ion pumping system Can we use the cryopump alone to achieve better pressures? Can we better activate NEGs? s NEG / on pumping system limiting our pressure?