Earth & Environmental Science Final Test Study List Use this study list to review your notes and completed work for Earth & Environmental Science. The final test is 50 multiple-choice questions long and is 20% of your grade. The final test is OPEN NOTE! Unit 1 Earth s Composition 1. Describe (and be able to locate) the following layers of the Earth: a. Inner Core (is it liquid or solid? What s it made of?) b. Outer Core (is it liquid or solid? What s it made of?)) c. Mantle i. Mesosphere ii. Asthenosphere d. Crust e. Lithosphere 2. Describe convection currents. Supporting Life: Earth s Surface and Landforms 1. Define, be able to locate on a diagram and give examples of what is found in the following spheres of the Earth: a. Lithosphere b. Atmosphere c. Hydrosphere d. Biosphere 2. What is the difference between a constructive and destructive process? Give an example of each. Mapping 1. What is a topographical map used for? 2. Be able to find the highest point on a topographical map. 3. Be able to fill in the points on a compass (where is North, South, East and West) 4. How many time zones are in the continental United States? 5. How many hours different is the Eastern Time Zone compared to the Central Time Zone? 6. Be able to read longitude and latitude coordinates on a map. 7. One degree of latitude is equal to how many kilometers?
Unit 2 Plate Tectonics and Earth Movements 1. What is the difference between divergent, convergent and transform plate boundaries? 2. What type of structure(s)/event(s) occur as a result of divergent boundaries? 3. What type of structure(s)/event(s) occur as a result of convergent boundaries? 4. What type of structure(s)/event(s) occur as a result of transform boundaries? 5. What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas fault? Earthquakes 1. Describe the differences between a normal fault, reverse fault and a strike-slip fault. 2. Compare and contrast P-Wave, S-Wave and Surface Waves. a. Which is the fastest? b. Which causes the most damage? 3. What is a seismograph? 4. What is the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale? 5. Where on the map do most earthquakes occur? 6. In 1958 a large earthquake in Alaska produced a tsunami. What was the approximate height of the tsunami? Volcanoes 1. Where is the ring of fire located? 2. Define and describe the following types of volcanoes: a. Fissure b. Cinder Cone c. Composite d. Shield 3. What is the difference between magma and lava? Unit 3 Rocks and The Rock Cycle 1. Understand the rock cycle and how the three different types of rocks can be formed. 2. Describe the size of crystals in igneous rocks: a. Do intrusive (rocks below the surface) igneous rocks have large or small crystals? b. Do extrusive (rocks above the surface) igneous rocks have large or small crystals? 3. Describe the following properties of rocks: a. Luster b. Hardness c. Streak Color
Fossils and the Geologic Time Scale 1. Describe the differences between a mold, trace, imprint, and cast fossil. 2. Know the order of the Era s on the Geologic Time Scale: Weathering, Soil and Erosion 1. What is the difference between mechanical weathering and chemical weathering? 2. Give examples of mechanical weathering. 3. Give examples of chemical weathering. 4. What is the difference between weathering and erosion? Unit 4 The Cycle and Movements of Water 1. Describe the water cycle. 2. What is the difference between wavelength and amplitude? 3. What is the equation for the speed of a wave? (Use wave length and wave period in your equation) Oceans 1. How is wave height measured? (use crest and trough in your answer) 2. What is the thermocline? What happens to temperature as you go deeper? What happens to pressure as you go deeper? 3. What is a sea stack? How is it different from a sea arch? 4. Be able to label the oceans of the Earth. Fresh Water 1. What is the difference between permeable rocks and impermeable rocks? 2. Define deposition 3. Where is most of the Earth s fresh water? 4. What is a tributary? 5. What is the water table? Where is it located?
Unit 5 Atmosphere 1. What are the layers of the atmosphere? Where is each located in respect to the crust? 2. Which layer is the lowest and where we live in? 3. Which layer is where the ozone layer is? 4. Which layer protects Earth from meteoroids? 5. Which layer is the highest? Weather 1. What are the names and descriptions of the different types of air masses? 2. Explain the process of how clouds are formed. 3. Define dew point 4. Compare and contrast an occluded front, cold front, stationary front and warm front (sketch diagrams to help!) Climate 1. Name the main biomes on the Earth s surface. Which is the coldest? Which is the warmest? 2. What is the average temperature in the polar zones? 3. In which climate do you usually see all four seasons? 4. How is climate different than weather? 5. What is the Coriolis effect? 6. What are some causes of global climate change? Unit 6 Flow of Energy and Matter in Nature 1. Define omnivore 2. Define herbivore 3. Define carnivore 4. Describe the role of a decomposer in the ecosystem 5. Describe the role of a consumer in the ecosystem 6. How can you distinguish between a primary consumer and a secondary consumer? Living with the Environment 1. What is a biotic factor in an ecosystem? Give an example. 2. What is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem? Give an example 3. Therefore, what is the main difference between biotic and abiotic factors? 4. What is the definition of habitat? 5. What is the definition of niche? 6. What information is shown on a food web? 7. What information is shown on an energy pyramid?
Biomes and Biodiversity 1. Define biodiversity 2. Describe the difference between the coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. Unit 7 The Solar System 1. Be able to name the planets in order (closest to the sun to farthest). Also, know where the asteroid belt is located! 2. What is an astronomical unit? 3. What is an astrolabe used for? 4. What is a comet made up of? How is a comet different than an asteroid? 5. What is the difference between the geocentric theory and the heliocentric theory? The Sun, Earth, and Moon 1. Describe the process of nuclear fusion that occurs in the sun. 2. Describe the magnetic field around the Earth. 3. Define Earth s rotation. 4. Define Earth s revolution. 5. Why does the tilt of the Earth create seasons? 6. What is the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse? Space: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe 1. Describe a white dwarf star. 2. What is an example of a binary star from the lesson? (Hint: Starts with an A ) 3. Which type of star is our Sun? 4. What is another name for the North Star? In which constellation is it located? 5. What is the significance of Alpha Centauri? 6. What is an optical telescope used for? How is an infrared telescope different?