Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes

Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes

I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a crude microscope 1. He called the boxes cells because they looked like little rooms that priests lived in.

B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) was the first to observe living cells.

II. Cell Theory (Schleiden 1838, Schwann 1839, & Virchow 1855) A. Cell Theory States: 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

3. New cells come from division of preexisting cells. http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/what-is-a-stem-cell.shtml

Who was one of the first people to identify and see cork cells? 1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 2. Robert Hooke 3. Matthias Schleiden 4. Rudolf Virchow 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Matthias Schleiden Rudolf Virchow 20

The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying that 1. all plants are made of cells. 2. all animals are made of cells. 3. plants and animals have specialized cells. 4. all plants and animals are made of cells. Answer Now all plants are made of cells. 0% 0% 0% 0% all animals are made of ce... plants and animals have... all plants and animals ar... 20

B. The cell contains inherited information that is used as instructions for growth & development. -DNA http://www.brown.edu/courses/bi0032/gentherp/introsex1.htm http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/education/2010/lectures/26_dna_transcription.htm

III. Classification of cells (Not all cells are alike 200 different kinds in the human body) according to complexity

A. Prokaryotic cells 1. Most ancient and simplest (unicellular). Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)

2. Do not have an organized nucleus (i.e. naked DNA).

3. Do not have any membrane bound organelles, but they have ribosomes, cell membranes, and usually cell walls. See no nucleus!!! See Cell Wall!!!

4. Bacteria 5. Unicellular Organisms Only 6. Relatively small in size

7. Bad Bacteria -Bacteria that cause illness and disease a. Bacterial diseases examples: tuberculosis, tetanus, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague

b. How do you treat a Bacterial Infection? i. If prevention fails, take antibiotics ii. Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the cells of humans or animals

iii. Many antibiotics are produced naturally by living organisms Ex: penicillin

B. Eukaryotic cells (Have a Nucleus) 1. Relatively younger (evolutionary scale) 2. Have DNA organized into chromosomes in a nucleus.

3. Have membrane bound organelles.

4. Most cells are in this group. a. Plants, Animals, Protists, fungi

3. Have membrane bound organelles.

5. Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular (spider)

6. Relatively large in size 7. Divides duties among the different organelles.

Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they 1. have a cell wall. 2. contain genetic material. 3. have a nucleus. 4. contain chloroplasts. 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now have a cell wall. contain genetic material. have a nucleus. contain chloroplasts. 20

Which cell structure contains the cell s genetic material and controls many of the cell s activities? 1. organelle 2. nucleus 3. cell envelope 4. cytoplasm 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now organelle nucleus cell envelope cytoplasm 20

Cell membrane Contain DNA Section 7-2 Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Prokaryotes Venn Diagrams Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuoles Eukaryotes

Which of the following contain a nucleus? 1. prokaryotes 2. bacteria 3. eukaryotes 4. organelles 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now prokaryotes bacteria eukaryotes organelles 20

Eukaryotes usually contain 1. a nucleus. 2. specialized organelles. 3. genetic material. 4. all of the above 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now a nucleus. specialized organelles. genetic material. all of the above 20

C. Viruses (neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic) 1. Viruses are non-cellular particles made up of genetic material (DNA) and protein 2. Viruses invade living cells Influenza Virus Bacteriophage HIV Virus

3. Are Viruses Alive? a. Like living things, viruses have genetic material and they can pass this on to future generations b. BUT, unlike living things, viruses are not made of cells

c. Outside of a cell, they don't reproduce, feed, or grow d. Therefore, most biologists consider viruses nonliving

IV. Endosymbiote Theory A. Single-celled organisms engulfed other one-celled organisms. 1. Digestion did not occur.

2. The two organisms lived symbiotically. 3. Over millions of generations, these engulfed organisms became organelles.

B. Evidence: 1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA 2. They also divide independent of the cell. http://commonweb.unifr.ch/biol/pub/zoology/homepage/trypanos/projects/mitogeneralities.htm

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy http://www.rite.or.jp/english/lab/pamphlet_plants.html http://www.wacotrib.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/01/15/01152008wacbrokenpromise3web.html

V. Why are most cells about the same (tiny) size? A. To maximize the surface area to volume ratio. http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/locked/media/lab/limits/

What is the surface area and volume of the 4 cm cube below? Volume = 64 cm 3 ; V= l w h = 4 4 4 = 16 4 = 64 cm 3 Surface Area = cm 2 SA = 6 s 2 96 = 6 (4 4) = 6 (16) = 96 cm 2 4 cm 4 cm 4 cm

What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm squares? V= l w h = 2 2 2 = 4 2 = 8 (8 squares) = 64 cm 3 SA = 6 s 2 = 6 (2 2) = 6 (4) = 24 (8 squares) = 192 cm 2

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/fallspring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Plasma membrane Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane Controls what comes in and out Section 7-3 (semi-permeable); Made of a phospholipid bilayer Outside of cell Cell membrane Proteins Carbohydrate chains Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer

Cell wall (animal cells lack cell wall) Found in some cells, including plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes

Provides support & protection Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and gases to pass through)

Nucleus (pl. Nuclei) Controls cell functions by controlling protein synthesis, contains the genetic information (DNA) http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html

Nucleolus Dense region within nucleus; produces ribosomes (ribosome assembly begins here)

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus? 1. stores DNA 2. controls most of the cell s processes 3. contains the information needed to make proteins 4. all of the above Answer Now stores DNA 0% 0% 0% 0% controls most of the cell... contains the information... all of the above 20

Which of the following statements explains why the nucleus is important to cells? 1. Only eukaryotes have nuclei. 2. Only prokaryotes have nuclei. 3. The nucleus contains coded instructions for making proteins. 4. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. 25% 25% 25% 25% Answer Now 25

Nuclear Envelope Double membrane layer which surrounds the nucleus; thousands of pores allow material into and out of the nucleus

Chromatin/Chromosomes Chromatin = loose DNA Chromosome = condensed DNA (wound tightly around proteins and coiled up), Visible under microscope (Seen during cell division)

Cytoplasm Material surrounding nucleus includes the fluid & organelles, site of important chemical reactions; Cytosol-fluid portion

http://www2.puc.edu/faculty/gilbert_muth/botglosn.htm

Ribosomes Made of RNA and proteins; Sites of protein synthesis (proteins are made here); http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar331/lecture3/

Ribosomes Instructions on how to make the specific protein come from the DNA; Found free in the cytosol or associated with ER

http://www.ehow.com/about_4752555_role-does-ribosome-play-translation.html

Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus? 1. cytoplasm 2. nucleolus 3. chromatin 4. DNA 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now cytoplasm nucleolus chromatin DNA 20

Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? 1. Golgi apparatus 2. mitochondrion 3. vacuole 4. ribosome 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now Golgi apparatus mitochondrion vacuole ribosome 20

Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough- ribosomes) (Smooth- no ribosomes) Rough: Assembles, Prepares & Transports proteins for export via the Golgi apparatus Smooth: Lipid (steroids) synthesis site; Breaks down toxic substances; parts of the cell membrane are made here

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/class/iphy3730/02nervestructure.html http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s08/lec-note/intracellularcompa.htm

Golgi apparatus Membrane sacs that receive, chemically modify, and repackage proteins into forms the cell can use, expel, or store.

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/fallspring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell? 1. rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, released from the cell 2. ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast 3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus 4. mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, 25% 25% 25% 25% cell membrane 25 Answer Now

Vacuole Temporary stores water, nutrients (proteins & carbs), salts, or wastes; enlarged in plant cells; provides support and structure in plants (turgor pressure-rigid)

http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/english/content/gene_cc1.html

Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes that break down food particles (carbs, lipids, & proteins), viruses, bacteria, and worn out cell parts (Cellular stomach) http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/fallspring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn110608_01.html

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_d502/d502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html

Mitochondria Breaks down food (organic) molecules releasing the energy stored in chemical bonds to produce ATP (energy currency) Adenosine Triphosphate Power House Bound by a double membrane

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html

Which organelle breaks down compounds into small particles that the cell can use? 1. Golgi apparatus 2. lysosome 3. endoplasmic reticulum 4. mitochondrion 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now Golgi apparatus lysosome endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion 20

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use? 1. chloroplast 2. Golgi apparatus 3. endoplasmic reticulum 4. mitochondrion 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now chloroplast Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion 20

Chloroplasts (Autotrophs)(Heterotrophs organisms that cannot produce its own food lack chloroplasts) Contain green pigment-chlorophyll which traps the sun s light energy. http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?cid=301 http://207.239.98.140/upperschool/science/classes/allbiology/bio/biotext/biowilson/main%20info/helpful%20websites.htm

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy into chemical energy and stores that energy in food molecules (sugars & starches- carbohydrates).

Bound by a double membrane http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/c/chloroplasts.html

Which organelles help provide cells with 1. mitochondria and chloroplasts energy? 2. rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4. Golgi apparatus and ribosomes Answer Now mitochondria and chloro... 0% 0% 0% 0% rough endoplasmic reti... smooth endoplasmic ret... Golgi apparatus and rib... 20

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? 1. mitochondrion 2. ribosome 3. chloroplast 4. smooth endoplasmic reticulum Answer Now mitochondrion 0% 0% 0% 0% ribosome chloroplast smooth endoplasmic ret... 20

Cytoskeleton Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that helps the cell Section 7-2 maintain shape and move around; Includes Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect06.htm

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cpath=61_78&products_id=456

Cilia (microtubules) Hair-like projections; Propel unicellular organisms & helps fluids to move over the cell surface in multicellular organisms

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19533.htm

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/fallspring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Which structures carry out cell movement? 1. cytoplasm and ribosomes 2. nucleolus and nucleus 3. microtubules and microfilaments 4. chromosomes Answer Now cytoplasm and ribosomes 0% 0% 0% 0% nucleolus and nucleus microtubules and micro... chromosomes 20

Flagella (microtubules) Whip-like tail; Propels organisms (& sperm)

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/fallspring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Centrioles (microtubules) Organelles believed to aid in movement of chromosomes in animal cells during cell division

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Cell Membrane Cell wall Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Plant Cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nucleolus Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell

Cell membrane Cell Wall Centrioles Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton Animal Cells Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Venn Diagrams Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuoles Plant Cells

VI. Organization A. Cell Tissue Organ Organ System

B. Tissue = Group of cells that perform the same function 1. Examples: nerve tissue, muscle tissue http://bioliscious.blogspot.com/2008/02/compendium-of-chapters-1-4-chpt-1-1.html

C. Organ = two or more tissues that function together 1. Examples: Brain, leaf, heart http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm

D. Organ System = group of organs that work together 1. Examples: Nervous system, circulatory system

Which of the following is a logical organization? 1. cell, tissue, organ system, organ, 25% organism 2. tissue, organ, cell, organism, organ 25% system 3. organism, cell, tissue, organ 25% system, organ 4. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, 25% organism Answer Now 20

A group of cells with similar structure and function, together form a(n) 1. organism. 2. organelle. 3. tissue. 4. organ. 5. organ system. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now organism. organelle. tissue. organ. organ system. 20

The basic living unit of all plants and animals is the 1. cell. 2. chemical. 3. organ. 4. organelle. 5. tissue. 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Answer Now cell. chemical. organ. organelle. tissue. 20

Levels of Organization Section 7-4 Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system

Practice Labeling Structures http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/inde x.cfm?wcprefix=cbd&wcsuffix=3072&fu seaction=home.gotowebcode&x=0&y=0

Label (In your Head) Cell Model a specific function that contributes to cell survival.

A B C D

Leaf Cell

Images from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golg iapparatus.html

Are All Cells Alike? All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells. 1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism? 2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells? Think of the Answers; Discuss with a partner; Write on Separate piece of paper