C2 / Chemistry for Physiology / MC3 What is an atom? What three sub-atomic particles make up an atom? What are the characteristics of these subatomic paricles? What is the relationship between atoms and elements? How do we organize elements? What is the difference between the atomic number and atomic weight? How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other? Are isotopes stable? Explain Carbon 12 vs Carbon 14 What is an ion? What causes an atom to either have a positive or negative charge? What do we call atoms with a positive or negative charge? What are free radicals? Are free radicals good or bad for your body? Explain How do we eliminate free radicles?
What is the difference between an element, a molecule, and a compound? What is an isomer? Draw the molecule structure of H2O and show the relative relationship between individual water molecules: Explain a glass of water in terms of hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds. Why do water molecules interact like little magnets? What three type of mixtures are possible in water? Give reference examples. In these mixtures, what is the difference between the solute and the solvent? What is the difference in the physical characteristics of these mixtures? (particle size / light scattering)
What do we call a substance that can resist the change in the ph? How does the distribution of electrons differ between a polar and non-polar covalent bond? Give Examples: What do we call substances that easily dissolve into water? Why? What do we call substances that do not easily dissolve into water? Why? What is ph? What is the ph of a neutral solution? What is the relative concentration of hydrogen to hydroxyl ions in neutral water? What holds molecules together? What are the four primary type of forces that hold molecules together? Explain What is a hydration sphere? Explain
What is a mixture? What is an acid? What is our reference acid? What is the relative concentration of hydrogen to hydroxyl ions in water of an acid? What is a chemical reaction? Give three examples how chemical reactions can be classified: What is the law of mass action? What is metabolism? What are the two divisions of metabolism? What happens to the net number of electrons these metabolic reactions? Explain the dual role of individual mol ecules as they may be used either to build structures or be burned for energy: Structural vs Energy
What is a macromolecule? What are the four major macromolecules? How do we use these macromolecules? Carbohydrate: structure / function. Explain: Gycogen vs Starch vs Cellulose Lipids (triglycerides): structure / function. Explain: saturated vs unsaturated What is an enzyme? (fig 2.28 / p70) What is a metabolic pathway? Nucleotides: structure / function: What is ATP? What is DNA? Lipids (steroid): structure / function. What is cholesterol?
Organic vs Inorganic What are the two methods used by our cells to make ATP? Where are these metabolic pathways located within the cell? Protein: structure / function. Monomer vs Polymer What is a peptide bond? What happens when a protein is denatured? Chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis Acidoisis vs Alkalosis