TABLE OF CONTENTS T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s D O M A I N I READING AND LANGUAGE ARTS... 1 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 FOUNDATIONS OF READING... 3 Skill 1.1: Understands the foundations of literacy and reading development (e.g. language acquisition, support of second-language learners, concept of print)...3 Skill 1.2: Understands the role of phonological awareness (e.g., rhyming, segmenting) and phonics (e.g., decoding, letter-sound correspondence, syllabication) in literacy development...7 Skill 1.3: Understands the role of fluency (e.g., rate, accuracy) in literacy development...9 Skill 1.4: Understands the role of vocabulary (e.g., affixes, root words, context clues) in literacy development... 12 Skill 1.5: Understands the role of comprehension (e.g., role of prior knowledge, literal and critical comprehension, metacognition) in literacy development... 14 Skill 1.6: Understands the basic elements of fiction and nonfiction texts for children... 16 Skill 1.7: Understands the basic elements of poetry (e.g., mood, rhythm) and drama (e.g., puppetry, story theater) for children... 21 Skill 1.8: Understands the uses of figurative language (e.g., types of resources, graphic organizers) in reading and language arts... 27 Skill 1.9: Understands how to use resource material (e.g., types of resources, graphic organizers) in reading and language arts... 30 C O M P E T E N C Y 2 LANGUAGE IN WRITING... 33 Skill 2.1: Knows the components of written language (e.g., elements of grammar, usage, syntax)... 33 Skill 2.2: Knows types (e.g., narrative, persuasive, journaling) and traits (e.g., tone, purpose, audience) of writing... 42 Skill 2.3: Knows the stages of the writing process (e.g., draft, edit, publish)... 45 Skill 2.4: Knows the stages of writing development (e.g., picture, scribble, letter for words)... 52 Skill 2.5: Knows sentence types (e.g., declarative, imperative) and sentence structure (e.g., simple, compound, complex)... 53 Skill 2.6: Knows structures (e.g. description, definition, examples) and organization (e.g., descriptive comparison/ contrast, persuasion) of writing... 54 T E A C h e r C e r t i f i C A T i O N S t u d y G u i d e iii
praxis C O M P E T E N C Y 3 COMMUNICATION SKILLS (Speaking, Listening, and Viewing)...57 Skill 3.1: Understands different aspects of speaking (e.g., purpose, audience, tone)... 57 Skill 3.2: Understands different aspects of listening (e.g., following directions, responding to questions appropriately, focusing on the speaker)... 60 Skill 3.3: Understands different aspects of viewing (e.g., interpreting images, evaluating media techniques, understanding the message)... 64 Skill 3.4: Understands the role that speaking, listening, and viewing play in language acquisition for secondlanguage learners... 65 D O M A I N I I MATHEMATICS...69 C O M P E T E N C Y 4 MATHEMATICAL PROCESSES...71 Skill 4.1: Understands mathematical processes (e.g., representation, problem solving, making connections)... 71 C O M P E T E N C Y 5 NUMBER SENSE AND NUMERATION...76 Skill 5.1: Understands prenumeration concepts (e.g., informal counting, meaning of number, patterns)... 76 Skill 5.2: Understands basic number systems (e.g., whole numbers, integers, fractions, decimals)... 80 Skill 5.3: Understands basic four operations (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and their properties (e.g., commutativity, order of operations)... 84 Skill 5.4: Understands basic concepts of number theory (e.g., factors, multiples, prime and composite)... 91 Skill 5.5: Understands how to solve problems (e.g., modeling, estimation, algorithms) and recognize the reasonableness of results... 93 Skill 5.6: Understands how to make, describe, and explore numerical patterns and engage in mathematical investigations... 94 C O M P E T E N C Y 6 ALGEBRAIC CONCEPTS...99 Skill 6.1: Understands basic algebraic methods and representations... 99 Skill 6.2: Understands the associative, commutative, and distributive properties...101 Skill 6.3: Understands additive and multiplicative inverses...103 Skill 6.4: Understands the special properties of zero and one...105 iv P R A X I S E L E M E N T A R Y E D U C A T I O N 0 0 1 4, 5 0 1 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS Skill 6.5: Understands equalities and inequalities...105 Skill 6.6: Understands the appropriate application of formulas...109 C O M P E T E N C Y 7 INFORMAL GEOMETRY AND MEASUREMENT... 111 Skill 7.1: Understands properties of figures and relationships in two- and three-dimensional objects...111 Skill 7.2: Understands transformations (e.g., slides, flips, and turns), geometric models, and nets...113 Skill 7.3: Understands nonstandard, customary, and metric units of measurement (e.g., length, time, temperature)...118 C O M P E T E N C Y 8 DATA ORGANIZATION AND INTERPRETATION... 132 Skill 8.1: Understands visual displays of quantitative information (e.g., bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs)...132 Skill 8.2: Understands simple probability and intuitive concepts of chance (e.g., flipping a coin, spinning a spinner, rolling a number cube)...135 Skill 8.3: Understands fundamental counting techniques (e.g., permutations, combinations, tree diagrams)...138 Skill 8.4: Understands basic descriptive statistics (e.g., mean, median, and mode)...143 D O M A I N I I I SOCIAL STUDIES... 147 C O M P E T E N C Y 9 GEOGRAPHY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND SOCIOLOGY... 149 Skill 9.1: Knows world and regional geography (e.g., spatial terms, places, and regions)...149 Skill 9.2: Understands the interaction of physical and human systems (e.g., how humans change the environment, how the environment changes humans, importance of natural and human resources)...156 Skill 9.3: Knows the uses of geography (e.g., apply geography to interpret past, to interpret present, to plan for future)...159 Skill 9.4: Knows how people of different cultural backgrounds interact with their environment, self, family, neighborhoods, and communities...161 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 0 WORLD HISTORY... 163 Skill 10.1: Knows the major contributions of classical civilizations (e.g., Egypt, Greece, Rome)...163 Skill 10.2: Understands twentieth-century developments and transformations in World history...167 Skill 10.3: Understands the role of cross-cultural comparisons in World history instruction...169 T e a c h e r C e r t i f i c a t i o n S t u d y G u i d e v
praxis C O M P E T E N C Y 1 1 UNITED STATES HISTORY... 170 Skill 11.1: Knows European exploration and colonization in United States history and growth and expansion of the United States...170 Skill 11.2: Knows about the American Revolution and the founding of the nation in United States History...173 Skill 11.3: Knows the major events and developments in United States history from founding to present (e.g., westward expansion, industrialization, Great Depression)...176 Skill 11.4: Knows about twentieth-century developments and transformations in the United States (e.g., assembly line, space age)...191 Skill 11.5: Understands connections between causes and effects of events...198 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 2 GOVERNMENT, CITIZENSHIP, AND DEMOCRACY... 199 Skill 12.1: Understands the nature, purpose, and forms (e.g., federal, state, local) of government...199 Skill 12.2: Knows key documents and speeches in the history of the United States (e.g., United States Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Gettysburg Address)...204 Skill 12.3: Knows the rights and responsibilities of citizenship in a democracy...209 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 3 ECONOMICS... 210 Skill 13.1: Knows key terms and basic concepts of economics (e.g., supply and demand, scarcity and choice, money and resources)...210 Skill 13.2: Understands how economics effects population, resources, and technology...212 Skill 13.3: Understands the government s role in economics and impact of economics on government...214 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 4 SOCIAL STUDIES AS INQUIRY AND SOCIAL STUDIES PROCESSES... 217 Skill 14.1: Understands social studies as inquiry (e.g., questioning, gathering data, drawing reasonable conclusions)...217 Skill 14.2: Understands how to use resource and research material in social studies...220 Skill 14.3: Understands process skills in social studies (e.g., interpreting different types of information; evaluating relationships; drawing conclusions using tools of the field)...224 vi P R A X I S E L E M E N T A R Y E D U C A T I O N 0 0 1 4, 5 0 1 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS D O M A I N I V SCIENCE... 229 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 5 EARTH SCIENCE... 231 Skill 15.1: Understands the structure of the Earth system (e.g., structure and properties of the solid Earth, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere)...231 Skill 15.2: Understands the processes of the Earth system (e.g., earth processes of the solid Earth, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere)...233 Skill 15.3: Understands Earth history (e.g., origin of Earth, paleontology, the rock record)...240 Skill 15.4: Understands Earth and the universe (e.g., stars and galaxies, the solar system and planets; Earth, Sun, and Moon relationships)...243 Skill 15.5: Understands Earth patterns, cycles, and change...250 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 6 LIFE SCIENCE... 252 Skill 16.1: Understands the structure and function of living systems (e.g., living characteristics and cells, tissues and organs, life processes)...252 Skill 16.2: Understands reproduction and heredity (e.g., growth and development, patterns of inheritance of traits, molecular basis of heredity)...256 Skill 16.3: Understands change over time in living things (e.g., life cycles, mutations, adaptations and natural selection)...263 Skill 16.4: Understands regulation and behavior (e.g., life cycles, responses to external stimuli, controlling the internal environment)...265 Skill 16.5: Understands unity and diversity of life, adaptation, and classification...268 Skill 16.6: Understands the interdependence of organisms (e.g., ecosystems, populations, communities)...272 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 7 PHYSICAL SCIENCE... 276 Skill 17.1: Understands the physical and chemical properties and structure of matter (e.g., changes of states, mixtures and solutions, atoms and elements)...276 Skill 17.2: Understands forces and motions (e.g., types of motion, laws of motion, forces and equilibrium)...281 Skill 17.3: Understands energy (e.g., forms of energy, transfer and conservation of energy, simple machines)...284 Skill 17.4: Understands interactions of energy and matter (e.g., electricity, magnetism, sound)...288 T e a c h e r C e r t i f i c a t i o n S t u d y G u i d e vii
praxis C O M P E T E N C Y 1 8 SCIENCE IN PERSONAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES... 290 Skill 18.1: Knows about personal health (e.g., nutrition, communicable diseases, substance abuse)...290 Skill 18.2: Understands science as a human endeavor, process, and career...292 C O M P E T E N C Y 1 9 SCIENCE AS INQUIRY AND SCIENCE PROCESSES... 296 Skill 19.1: Understands science as inquiry (e.g., questioning, gathering data, drawing reasonable conclusions)...296 Skill 19.2: Understands how to use resource and research material in science...299 Skill 19.3: Understands the unifying processes of science (e.g., systems, order, and organization)...301 S A M P L E T E S T Sample Test...305 Answer Key...324 Rigor Table...324 Constructed Response Sample Questions...325 viii P R A X I S E L E M E N T A R Y E D U C A T I O N 0 0 1 4, 5 0 1 4