Subject ASTINGS IG SCOOL YEAR 11 EXAMINATION GUIDE 2017-19 COMBINED SCIENCE: TRILOGY- BIOLOGY Course code AQA GCSE BIOLOGY 8464 Website address Provisional examination dates http://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/science/gcse/combined-science-trilogy- 8464 Paper 1: s 1 4: Cell biology; Organisation; Infection and response; and Bioenergetics. 14 T May 2019 (higher and foundation) Paper 2: s 5 7: omeostasis and response; Inheritance, variation and evolution; and Ecology. 7 th June 2019 (higher and foundation) GCSE grade type awarded Coursework Paper 1 Paper 2 9-1 igher (New 2016 Specification) 5-1 oundation (New 2016 Specification) There is no coursework but students are tested on 7 key practical investigations completed during the course in both examination papers. A minimum of 15% of the questions will be based upon these investigations. Paper 1: Written exam: 1 hour 15 minutes oundation and igher Tiers 70 marks in total 50% of GCSE Paper 2: Written exam: 1 hour 45 minutes oundation and igher Tier 70 marks in total 50% of GCSE Multiple choice, structured, closed short answer and open response style questions will be given in the examinations. 10% of the Biology examinations as a minimum will be Mathematically based questions. Extra Support The class will use past papers extensively throughout the course. We will focus on the extended style questions in particular. Students have also been provided with a Required Practical andbook. Revision book Revision Guide oundation ISBN: 978 1 78294560 4 Revision Guide igher ISBN: 978 1 78294 559 8 Useful websites http://www.hastings.leics.sch.uk/gcse-support/
https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/subjects/z9ddmp3 https://revisionworld.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw6ww-n1zg https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/examspecs/z8r997h KNOWLEDGE GAPS ANALYSIS Unit 1: Cell Biology P11-23 P11-23 Use the terms 'eukaryotic' and 'prokaryotic' to describe types of cells B4.1.1 Cell Structure 11 11 Describe the features of bacterial (prokaryotic) cells Demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, including standard form Recall the structures found in animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells inc. algal cells 11 11 12/ 13 12/13 11 11 Use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures Required practical 1: use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells Describe the functions of the structures in animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells Describe what a specialised cell is, including examples for plants and animals Describe what differentiation is, including differences between animals and plants Define the terms magnification and resolution Compare electron and light microscopes in terms of their magnification and resolution Carry out calculations involving magnification using the formula: magnification = size of image/ size of real object -inc standard form 12/ 13 12/13 12/ 13 12/13 11 11 14 14 14 14 12/ 13 12/13 12/ 13 12/13 12/ 13 12/13 B4.1.2 Cell division Describe how genetic information is stored in the nucleus of a cell (inc genes & chromosomes) 15 15
Describe the processes that happen during the cell cycle, including mitosis (inc. recognise and describe where mitosis occurs and the stages involved via diagrams) Describe stem cells, including sources of stem cells in plants and animals and their roles Describe the use of stem cells in the production of plant clones and therapeutic cloning Discuss the potential risks, benefits and issues with using stem cells in medical research/treatments (inc. diabetes and paralysis) Describe the process of diffusion, including examples Explain how diffusion is affected by different factors Define and explain "surface area to volume ratio", and how this relates to single-celled and multicellular organisms (inc calculations) Explain how the effectiveness of an exchange surface can be increased, inc examples of adaptations for small intestines, lungs, gills, roots & leaves Describe the process of osmosis (inc calculation of water uptake & percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue) 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 B4.1.3 Transport in Cells 17 17 17 17 20 20/21 20/21 20/21 18 18 Required practical 3: investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue Describe the process of active transport, including examples intestines and roots Explain the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport 18 18 19 19 17-19 17-19 Unit 2: Organisation P24-42 P24-41 4.2.1 Principles of Organisation & 4.2.2 Animal Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems Describe the levels of organisation within living organisms P24 P24
Describe the digestive system and how it works as an organ system (from KS3) Describe basic features of enzymes (inc rate calculations for chemical reactions) Describe the lock and key theory as a model of enzyme action and explain how the shape a of the active sites makes the enzyme specific Explain the effect of temperature and p on enzymes Describe the digestive enzymes, including their names, sites of production and actions Describe how the products of digestion are used Describe the features and functions of bile and state where it is produced and released from Required practical : use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins Required practical: investigate the effect of p on the rate of reaction of amylase enzyme Describe the structure of the human heart and lungs (inc how lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange) Explain how the heart moves blood around the body (inc role and position of the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery & vein and coronary arteries) Explain how the natural resting heart rate is controlled and how irregularities can be corrected Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries Use simple compound measures such as rate and carry out rate calculations for blood flow Describe blood and identify its different components, inc identifying blood cells from photographs/diagrams Describe the functions of blood components, including adaptations to function Describe what happens in coronary heart disease and what statins are used for P27-28 P27 P27-28 P25-26 P25-26 P25-26 P25-26 P26 P27-28 P27 P27 P27 P27-28 P27 P29 P28 P27-28 P25-26 P30-31 P29-30 P31-32 P30-31 P31 P32 P32 P33 P33 P30 P31 P31 P32 P32 P34-35 P33-34
Describe and evaluate treatments for coronary heart disease and heart failure (inc drugs, mechanical devices or transplant) Recall that heart valves can become faulty and describe the consequences of this Describe how patients can be treated in the case of heart failure Describe health and the explain causes of ill-health and the relationship between health and disease Describe how different types of diseases may interact and translate disease incidence information between graphical and numerical forms Describe what risk factors are and give examples discussing human and financial costs of non communicable diseases at local, national and global levels Describe what cancer is and explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours Describe the known risk factors for cancer, including genetic and lifestyle risk factors P34-35 P33-34 P35 P35 P35 P35 P36-37 P35 P36-37 P35-36 P37 P38 P38 P36 P37 P37 4.2.3 Plant Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems Describe plant tissues (epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem and meristem) and describe their functions Explain how the structure of plant tissues are related to their function within the leaf (plant organ) inc stomata and guard cells Recall the plant parts that form a plant organ system that transports substances around the plant Explain how root hair cells, xylem and phloem are adapted to their functions Describe the process of transpiration and translocation inluding the role of the different plant tissues Explain how the rate of transpiration can be affected by different factors (inc naming the factors) Describe the role of stomata and guard cells in the control of gas exchange and water loss P39 P39 P39 P39 P40 P40 P41 P38 P38 P38 P38 P39 P39 P40
Unit 3: Infection and Response P43-49 P42-49 4.3.1 Communicable Diseases Explain what a pathogen is and how P43 P42 pathogens are spread (inc how viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi are spread in animals and plants) Explain how pathogenic bacteria and P45 P43-44 viruses cause damage in the body Explain how the spread of diseases can P45 P42-44 be reduced or prevented Describe measles, IV and tobacco P44 P44 mosaic virus as examples of viral pathogens Describe salmonella food poisoning and P45 43 gonorrhoea as examples of bacterial pathogens Describe the signs, transmission and P44 P45 treatment of rose black spot infection in plants as an example of fungal pathogens Describe the symptoms, transmission and P44 P45 control of malaria, including knowledge of the mosquito vector as an example of a protist pathogen Describe defences that stop pathogens P46 P46 entering the human body (inc skin, nose, trachea & windpipe, stomach) Recall the role of the immune system P46 P46 Describe how white blood cells destroy pathogens Describe how vaccination works, including at the population level Explain how antibiotics and painkillers are used to treat diseases, including their limitations Describe how sources for drugs have changed over time and give some examples Describe how new drugs are tested, including pre-clinical testing and clinical trials (inc double blind trials and placebos) P46 P47 P48 P49 P49 P46 P47 P48 P49 P49 Unit 4: Bioenergetics P50-57 P50-56
4.1.1 Photosynthesis Describe what happens in photosynthesis, including using a word equation and recognise the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, water, oxygen & glucose Explain why photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction Recall the limiting factors of photosynthesis Explain how limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis, including graphical interpretation (limited to one factor) T ONLY: Explain how the limiting factors of photosynthesis interact, inc graphical interpretation (two/three factors) P50 P50 P50-51 P50-51 P50-51 P50-51 P50-51 P50-51 P50-51 - T ONLY: Explain how limiting factors P50-51 - are important to the economics of greenhouses, including data interpretation T ONLY: Explain and use inverse P50-51 - proportion in the context of photosynthesis Required practical: investigate the effect P50-51 P50-51 of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis using an aquatic organism such as pondweed Describe how the glucose produced in photosynthesis is used by plants P50-51 P50-51 4.2.2 Respiration Describe what happens in respiration including using a word equation and recognise the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, water, oxygen & glucose Describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration with regard to the need for oxygen, the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred Recognise the equations for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration in muscles and anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells. Recall what type of respiration fermentation is and its economic importance. P54 P55 P55 P55 P53 P54 P54 P54
Describe what happens to heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume during exercise and why these changes occur Explain what happens when muscles do not have enough oxygen and define the term oxygen dept T ONLY: Explain what happens to accumulated lactic acid in the body Explain the importance of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids Explain what metabolism is, including examples P56 P55 P55-56 P55 P55-56 - P54 P54 P53 P53 PAPER 2 Unit 5: omeostasis and Response P58-67 P57-65 4.5.1. omeostasis Describe what homeostasis is and why it P58 P57 is important stating specific examples from the human body Describe the common features of all control systems P58, 59, 61 P57, 58, 61 4.5.2 The uman Nervous System State the function of the nervous system P59 P58 and name its important components Describe how information passes through P59-60 P58-59 the nervous system Describe what happens in a reflex action P60 P59 and why reflex actions are important Explain how features of the nervous P59-60 P58-59 system are adapted to their function, including a reflex arc (inc all types of neurone and the synapse) Required practical: plan and carry out an investigation into the effect of a factor on human reaction time P61 P60 4.5.3 ormonal Coordination in umans Describe the endocrine system, including the location of the pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, aderenal gland, ovary and testis and the role of hormones State that blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas Describe the body's response when blood glucose concentration is too high P62 P63 P63 P61 P62 P62
Explain what type 1 and type 2 diabetes are and how they are treated T ONLY: Describe the body's response when blood glucose concentration is too low T ONLY: Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin to control blood glucose levels in the body P63 P63 - P63 - P62 Describe what happens at puberty in males and females, inc knowledge of reproductive hormones Describe the roles of the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle (S, L and oestrogen) P64 P64 P63 P63 T ONLY: Explain how the different hormones interact to control the menstrual cycle and ovulation Describe how fertility can be controlled by hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception (giving specific examples from the spec) T ONLY: Explain how hormones are used to treat infertility, inc the steps in IV T ONLY: Evaluate the risks and benefits of fertility treatments T ONLY: Describe the functions of adrenaline and thyroxine in the body, and recall where they are produced T ONLY: Explain the roles of thyroxine and adrenaline in the body as negative feedback systems P64 - P65-66 P64-65 P65-66 - P65-66 - P67 - P67 Unit 6: Inheritance, Variation and Evolution P68-82 P66-82 4.6.1 Reproduction Describe features of sexual and asexual P69 P67 reproduction Describe what happens during meiosis and compare to mitosis P70, 15 P68, 15 Describe what happens at fertilisation P69 P67
Describe the structure of DNA and its role in storing genetic information inside the cell P68 P66 Explain the term 'genome' and the importance of the human genome (specific examples from spec only) Describe how characteristics are controlled by one or more genes, including examples Explain important genetic terms: gamete, chromosome, gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous P68 P68, 72 P71,72, 73 P66 P66, 70 P70 Explain and use Punnet square diagrams, P72-73 P70 genetic crosses and family trees T ONLY: Construct Punnet square P72-73 - diagrams to predict the outcomes of a monohybrid cross Describe cystic fibrosis and polydactyly as P74 P71 examples of inherited disorders Evaluate social, economic and ethical P74 P71 issues concerning embryo screening when given appropriate information Describe how the chromosomes are P71 P68 arranged in human body cells, including the function of the sex chromosomes Explain how sex is determined and carry out a genetic cross to show sex inheritance P71-72 P68 4.6.2 Variation and Evolution Describe what variation is and how it can P75 P73 be caused within a population Describe mutations and explain their P75 P73 influence on phenotype and changes in a species Explain the theory of evolution by natural P76 P74-76 selection Describe how new species can be formed P76 P74-76 Describe what selective breeding is P77 P77 Explain the process of selective breeding, including examples of desired characteristics and risks associated with selective breeding P77 P77
Describe what genetic engineering is, including examples, and how it is carried out Explain some benefits, risks and concerns related to genetic engineering T ONLY: Explain the process of genetic engineering, to include knowledge of enzymes and vectors P78 P78 P78 - P78 P78 4.6.3 The Development of Understanding of Genetics and Evolution Describe some sources of evidence for P76, P74 evolution 79 Describe what fossils are, how they are P79 P79 formed and what we can learn from them Explain why there are few traces of the P79 P79 early life forms, and the consequences of this in terms of our understanding of how life began Describe some of the causes of extinction P79 P79 Describe how antibiotic-resistant strains P80 P74 of bacteria can arise and spread (inc MRSA) Describe how the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be reduced and controlled, to include the limitations of antibiotic development P80 P74 4.6.4 Classification Describe how organisms are named and classified in the Linnaean system Explain how scientific advances have led to the proposal of new models of classification, inc three-domain system P81 P81 P80 P80 Describe and interpret evolutionary trees P81 P80 Unit 7: Ecology P83-95 P83-95 4.7.1 Adaptations, Interdependence and Competition Recall what an ecosystem is P83 P83 Describe which resources animals and plants compete for, and why they do this Explain the terms 'interdependence' and 'stable community' Name some abiotic and biotic factors that affect communities P83 P83 P83-84 P83-84 P84 P84
Explain how a change in an abiotic or biotic factor might affect a community P84 P84 Describe structural, behavioural and functional adaptations of organisms P85 P85 Describe what an extremophile is P85 P85 4.7.2 Organisation of an ecosystem Represent the feeding relationships within a community using a food chain and describe these relationships Explain how and why ecologists use quadrats and transects Describe and interpret predator-prey cycles Required practical: measure the population size of a common species in a habitat. Use sampling to investigate the effect of one factor on distribution Describe the processes involved in the carbon cycle P86 P87 P86 P87 P90 P86 P87 P86 P87 P90 Describe the processes involved in the water cycle P89 P89 4.7.3 Biodiversity and the Effect of uman Interaction on Ecosystems Describe what biodiversity is, why it is important, and how human activities affect it Describe the impact of human population growth and increased living standards on resource use and waste production Explain how pollution can occur, and the impacts of pollution Describe how humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants Explain the consequences of peat bog destruction Describe what deforestation is and why it has occurred in tropical areas Explain the consequences of deforestation Describe how the composition of the atmosphere is changing, and the impact of this on global warming P91 P91 P91-93 P91-93 P91-93 P91-93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93 P93
Describe some biological consequences of global warming Describe both positive and negative human interactions in an ecosystem and explain their impact on biodiversity P93 P94 P93 P94 Describe programmes that aim to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity P94 P94
1. OVERVIEW O TE COURSE Unit s Brief summary