Water, that currently bathes Site 593, forms between the two fronts. Map adapted from

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Supplementary Figure 1. Location bathymetry map of DSDP Site 593 (this study) in the Tasman Sea. Position of important frontal regions is also shown. Antarctic Intermediate Water, that currently bathes Site 593, forms between the two fronts. Map adapted from Elmore et al. (ref. 1).

Supplementary Figure 2. Summary of previously-published Mid Pleistocene nannoplankton records. a, Orbital eccentricity 2, showing prolonged insolation minima at ~0.8 Ma due to minimum tilt. b, assemblage % small placoliths (which includes small Gephyrocapsa, along with other small species) from various sites 3,4,5. c, % of small Gephyrocapsa from Sites 1087 (South Atlantic 6 ), MD 97-2114 (SW Pacific 7 ) and 1209 (North Pacific 8 ). Yellow bar indicates the approximate position of the diachronous global benthic foraminiferal extinction (as in Fig. 1).

Supplementary Figure 3. Nannoplankton and extinct benthic foraminiferal assemblages compared at the same sites. a-b, DSDP Site 593 (this study). c, ODP Site 980 (ref. 9). d, ODP Site 980 (this study). Note how dominance of small Gephyrocapsa within nannoplankton is coincident with low abundance of the benthic foraminifera extinction group in both ocean basins in distal locations. Yellow bar indicates the approximate position of the diachronous global benthic foraminiferal extinction.

Supplementary Figure 4. Age model for DSDP Site 593. Plots show the correspondence between δ 18 O C. wuellerstorfi from DSDP Site 593 (blue; left axis; this study) with the LR04 10 benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O global stack (black; right axis). Average analytical reproducibility for 18 O of the calcite standard is <0.1. Numbers refer to isotope stages.

Supplementary Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope photographs of selected abundant taxa from the elongate uniserial Extinction Group. 1. Chrysalogonium deceptorum (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 2-3. Cribroconica stimulea (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 4. Chrysalogonium rudis (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 5. Chrysalogonium rudis

(593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 6. Orthomorphina perversa (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 7. Orthomorphina perversa (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 8. Mucronina compressa (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 9. Mucronina compressa (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 10. Staffia tostata (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 11. Staffia tostata (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 12. Siphonodosaria pomuligera (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 13. Siphonodosaria pomuligera (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 14. Strictocostella matanzana (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 15-16. Siphonodosaria jacksonensis (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 17. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 18. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 19. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 20-21. Siphonodosaria lepidula (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 22. Stilostomella fistuca (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 23. Stilostomella parexilis (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 24-25. Strictocostella scharbergana (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 26. Strictocostella scharbergana (593Z, 3H, 6W, 40-42 cm); 27. Ellipsoglandulina labiate (593Z, 3H, 4W, 100-102 cm); 28. Pleurostomella alternans (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm); 29. Pleurostomella alternans (593Z, 3H, 2W, 130-132 cm). Scale bars in μm.

Supplementary Table 1. Age/depth tie points used to construct the age model between 0.4 and 1.1 Ma for DSDP Site 593. These are based on visual comparison to the LR04 benthic foraminiferal 18 O stack 10 unless noted above, see Supplementary Fig. 4. Core Depth (m) Age (Ma) Reference 0.00 0 Ref. 1 0.31 0.0159 AMS- 14 C (refs. 11,12) 0.81 0.088 Ref. 1 1.80 0.123 Ref. 1 2.31 0.138 Ref. 1 3.18 0.186 Ref. 1 3.86 0.237 Ref. 1 4.89 0.252 Ref. 1 5.28 0.295 Ref. 1 5.60 0.332 Ref. 1 5.80 0.341 Ref. 1 7.61 0.370 Ref. 1 8.07 0.421 Ref. 1 9.81 0.491 This study 10.31 0.513 This study 10.51 0.530 This study 11.01 0.584 This study 11.12 0.600 This study 12.00 0.650 This study 12.26 0.695 This study 12.81 0.706 This study 14.90 0.718 This study 15.10 0.735 This study 15.67 0.766 This study 15.88 0.790 This study 16.80 0.809 This study 17.17 0.831 This study 17.70 0.858 This study 18.10 0.874 This study 18.35 0.907 This study 18.56 0.92 This study 19.59 0.954 This study 21.20 0.987 This study 21.50 1.000 Potaka Tephra (This study) 23.50 1.070 Base of Jaramillo (ref. 13) 25.22 1.128 This study

Supplementary References 1. Elmore. A. C. et al. Antarctic Intermediate Water properties since 400ka recorded in infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina) and epifaunal (Planulina wuellerstorfi) benthic foraminifera. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428, 193 203 (2015). 2. Laskar, J. et al. A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 428, 261 285 (2004). 3. Marino, M., Maiorano, P. & Lirer, F. Changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages during the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution. Mar. Micropaleontol. 69, 70 90 (2008). 4. Marino, M., Maiorano, P., Lirer, F. & Pelosi, N. Response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to paleoenvironmental changes through the mid-pleistocene revolution at Site 1090 (Southern Ocean). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280, 333 349 (2009). 5. Marino, M., Maiorano, P. & Flower, B. P. Calcareous nannofossil changes during the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution: Paleoecologic and paleoceanographic evidence from North Atlantic Site 980/981. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 306, 58 69 (2011). 6. McClymont, E. L. et al. Alkenone and coccolith records of the mid-pleistocene in the south-east Atlantic: Implications for the U K 37 index and South African climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 24, 1559 1572 (2005). 7. Mancin, N., Hayward, B. W., Trattenero, I., Cobianchi, M. & Lupi, C. Can the morphology of deep-sea benthic foraminifera reveal what caused their extinction during the mid-pleistocene Climate Transition? Mar. Micropaleontol. 104, 53 70 (2013). 8. Lupi, C., Bordiga, M. & Cobianchi, M. Gephyrocapsa occurrence during the Middle Pleistocene transition in the Northern Pacific Ocean (Shatsky Rise). Geobios 45, 209 217 (2012).

9. Hayward, B. W. et al. The last global extinction (Mid-Pleistocene) of deep-sea benthic foraminifera, Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Spec. Publ. 408 (2012). 10. Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ 18 O records. Paleoceanography 20, PA1003 (2005). 11. Nelson, C. S. in Initial Reports DSDP 90 (eds Kennett, J. P. et al.) 1471 1491 (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986). 12. Dudley, W. C. & Nelson, C. S. Quaternary surface-water stable isotope signal from calcareous nannofossils at DSDP Site 593, Southern Tasman Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol. 13, 353 373 (1989). 13. Cooke, P. J., Nelson, C. S. & Crundwell, M. P. Miocene isotope zones, paleotemperatures, and carbon maxima events at intermediate water-depth, Site 593, Southwest Pacific. New Zeal. J. of Geol. Geop. 51, 1 22 (2008).

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