INSPIRE Directive of the European Parliament and the Council establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community Werner Kuhn University of Muenster Geog 176C Class Slides Based on JRC Inspire Documents Thanks to Max Craglia et al.
What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure A framework of data, technology, policies, standards, and human resources, necessary to facilitate the sharing and using of geographic information. The term infrastructure is used to emphasise not just hardware and data (equivalent in the rail system to carriages, power lines, rail tracks, stations) but also the need for coordinating structures and international standards and agreements (on gauges, timetables, safety rules, signalling, etc.) without which the system cannot operate consistently and safely. http://europa.tiscali.it/futuro/speciali/quiz_giovani/374123859quiz.html
Why do we need such infrastructure? Increasing shift from sector-based (silos) policy making towards more integrated, cross-sectoral approaches. Research Environment Transport Impacts Agriculture http://www.wintermantel-lagersysteme.de/uploads/pics/industriesilos.jpg Regional policy This new approach particularly important for environmental policy But very difficult to get to work across sectors and boundaries
State of the Environment in Europe (and elsewhere) Departures in temperature in 0 C from 1990 Source: IPCC Although Kyoto targets achievable, projections up to 2030 for the EU-15 show a 14% rise of greenhouse gas emissions above 1990 levels Energy production, and transport are the main contributors to greenhouse gas emission (30% and 20%) IPCC has calculated that by the end of this century, sea levels could rise by up to 89 centimetres and temperatures could rise by between 1.4 C and 5.8 C.
Coastal Erosion Source: EUROSION Project Visible consequences Forest Fire Risk Source: JRC/IES Sea Level trends in mm/y Source: JRC/IES Source: Marcos & Tsimplis, as quoted in JRC/IES Source: JRC/IES
Less visible but equally important: Environment and Health 20 million Europeans suffer from respiratory problems every day 10% of European children suffer from asthma In the EU in 2000, about 350,000 were seriously affected due to air pollution caused by fine particulate matter. Current levels of groundlevel ozone cause more than 20,000 premature deaths each year and dangerous levels of 'smog', linked with high summer temperatures and nitrous oxide emissions, are on the rise. Source: eea_technical_report_5_2007.pdf
Nature and Biodiversity Since the 1950s, Europe has lost more than half of its wetlands and high-nature-value farmland. At the species level, 42% of Europe's native mammals, 43% of birds, 45% of butterflies, 30% of amphibians, 45% of reptiles and 52% of freshwater fish are threatened with extinction. Most major marine fish stocks are below safe biological limits for their survival. In 2003, 22% of total catches were outside safe biological limits, marking a substantial worsening compared to 2002 (8%). Some 800 plant species in Europe are at risk of global extinction.
Impacts of Flooding In the period 1998-2002 floods comprised 43% of all disaster events in Europe 100 major floods 700 dead Half a million displaced people 25 billion Euros uninsured economic loss Along the Rhine, 10 m people live in areas liable to extreme flooding, potential damage estimated at 165 bn. Euros 101,000 km of coastline, population doubled in last 50 years. Assets within 500 meters of coast = 500-1000 bn euros.
Environmental phenomena do not stop at national borders 20% of the EU citizens (110 billion) live within 50 km from a border. 60 million EU citizens live less than half an hour (25 km) from a border Near - boundary population importance 115 M 82 M 70 M 64 M 60 M 60 M 59 M 45 M 39 M 23 M 22 M 16 M 12 M POP at 50 Km Germany POP at 30 Km France United Kingdom POP at 25 Km Italy Spain Poland POP at 10 Km Romania Netherlands POP at 5 Km
How to address these issues Comprehensive set of policies covering surface and ground water quality, flood assessment, marine and coastal areas, soil, etc. Right geographical scale i.e. river basin for water quality and floods Sound knowledge based on timely, accurate, easily accessed geospatial and environmental information, shared across European, national, and local jurisdictions.
Current GI Situation in Europe A lot of data but difficult to find because they are poorly documented Even if you find data, it is often not possible to access because of policy restrictions Lack of co-ordination across borders and between levels of government Lack of standards and incompatible information and information systems Even if these barriers are overcome, the data is often not re-usable or difficult to integrate with other data
Differences in sea-level across Europe and within a country (in cm) 14.01.2004 Source: BKG Fact: A bridge collapsed! Where: Town of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau located along the river Rhine Why: The already completed bridge on the Swiss side has a difference in altitude (level) of 0,54 meters compared to the German counterpart How: The two neighbouring countries use varying (different) measuring methods Source:http://www.laufenburg.ch
Good policy must be based on sound knowledge Information needs for flood and drought forecasting: Meteorological Rainfall Temperature evapotranspiration Hydrological river courses cross sections observed discharges and water levels location of lakes, incl. size & water levels hydropower reservoirs, polders soil data texture and depth to bedrock soil hydraulic parameters land use data type coverage during the year Population Economic value of properties topographical data elevation location and height of dykes critical infrastructure (hospitals, power stations, elderly homes) 70% of all fresh water bodies in Europe are part of a trans-boundary river basin!!
Real information problems Data sets exist either at European level (soil data (ESB), land use data (CORINE), river courses) or at national levels Typical problems: finding the right contact person is difficult, due to frequent staff & political changes; the technical responsible is not the political responsible no clear data access and pricing policy data are not documented: knowledge is with a limited number of technical persons If one obtains the data, it may be fit for the purpose, but requires substantial work to convert in formats and semantics it took 2.5 years to get 70% of the data for the Danube, but the remaining part is still extremely difficult to get even if one is prepared to pay for it this does not yet include the time to harmonize the data!
Why we need data for analysis Acquiring remotely sensed data Modelling it with in-situ data Mapping it by Census zone Calculating mortality rates
Limitations of Past Approaches CORINE Coordination of Information on the Environment Council Decision of 1985 Experimental project for gathering, coordinating and ensuring the consistency of information on the state of the environment and natural resources in the Community Problems: Variable data access policy Lack of consistency with other data Semantic heterogeneities Irregular updating No long term perspective Lack of quality/reliability Lack of synchronization with other data
NATURA 2000 1990 s directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora SCI (Sites of community importance) SAC (Special Areas of Conservation) Natura 2000 22.500 areas, 12-15% of the EU15 Directive on the conservation of wild birds SPA (Special Protection Areas)
Different quality and different types of attribute information Data compiled by Member States: Paper map / site Descriptive database Digital spatial data Data get validated and integrated at European level Data sources: In general 1/100.000, on topographic maps Exceptionally 1/250.000 (very large sites) Often 1/25.000 1/1.500 (cadastre) Species Falco Subbuteo Rhinolophus Hipposideros Lycaena Dispar Bombina Variegata Activities Agricultural structures Landfill, land reclamation and drying out Professional fishing Modification of cultivation practices Continuous urbanisation Area = 67 ha
Data utilization problems Natura2000 Typical Questions In which administrative region is the site? Major roads running through the area? Variation of altitude and slope? Location of nearest villages and cities? How are the land cover and land use distributed? Where are potentially polluting nucleus situated? Is there an area eligible for Community funding? Only data of poor quality are available to answer those questions.
In Summary Environmental Needs Better information needed to support policies [6EAP] Improvement of existing information flows Diversity across regions to be considered Revision of approach to reporting and monitoring, moving to concept of sharing of information Situation in Europe Data policy restrictions Lack of co-ordination across borders and between levels of government Lack of standards incompatible information and information systems Existing data not re-usable fragmentation of information, redundancy, inability to integrate Environmental data 90% of is linked to geography Out of 58 data components needed for environmental policy : 32 are multi-sectoral 16 are environmental only 10 are related to other sectors These 32 components allow to: link different ENV themes together: policy coherence link with other sectors: integration source EEA EC Proposal for a Directive establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in the Community INSPIRE
INSPIRE Directive General Provisions INSPIRE lays down general rules to establish an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe for the purposes of Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. This infrastructure shall build upon infrastructures for spatial information established and operated by the Member States. INSPIRE does not require collection of new spatial data INSPIRE does not affect Intellectual Property Rights
What Kind of Spatial Data? Whose? - Spatial data held by or on behalf of a public authority operating down to the lowest level of government when laws or regulations require their collection or dissemination Which data? - INSPIRE covers 34 Spatial Data Themes laid down in 3 Annexes (required to successfully build environmental information systems)
INSPIRE Components Metadata Interoperability of spatial data sets and services Network services (discover, view, download, invoke) Data and Service sharing (policy) Coordination and measures for Monitoring & Reporting INSPIRE is a Framework Directive Detailed technical provisions for the issues above will be laid down in Implementing Rules (IR)
INSPIRE Spatial Data Scope Annex I 1. Coordinate reference systems 2. Geographical grid systems 3. Geographical names 4. Administrative units 5. Addresses 6. Cadastral parcels 7. Transport networks 8. Hydrography 9. Protected sites Annex II 1. Elevation 2. Land cover 3. Ortho-imagery 4. Geology Harmonised spatial data specifications more stringent for Annex I and II than for Annex III
INSPIRE Thematic Scope Annex III 1. Statistical units 2. Buildings 3. Soil 4. Land use 5. Human health and safety 6. Utility and governmental services 7. Environmental monitoring facilities 8. Production and industrial facilities 9. Agricultural and aquaculture facilities 10.Population distribution demography 11. Area management/restriction /regulation zones & reporting units 12. Natural risk zones 13. Atmospheric conditions 14. Meteorological geographical features 15. Oceanographic geographical features 16. Sea regions 17. Bio-geographical regions 18. Habitats and biotopes 19. Species distribution 20. Energy Resources 21. Mineral resources
INSPIRE Data Sharing Policy Member States shall adopt measures for the sharing of data and services between public authorities for public tasks relating to the environment without restrictions occurring at the point of use. Public authorities may charge, license each other and Community institutions provided this does not create an obstacle to sharing. When spatial data or services are provided to Community institutions for reporting obligations under Community law relating to the environment then this will not be subject to charging. Member States shall provide the institutions and bodies of the Community with access to spatial data sets and services in accordance with harmonised conditions.
From Commission proposal to Community Directive implementation Preparatory phase (2004-2006) Co-decision procedure Preparation of Implementing Rules 2005 2008 Transposition phase (2007-2008) Directive enters into force Transposition into national legislation INSPIRE Committee starts its activities Adoption of Implementation Rules by Comitology Implementation phase (2009-2013) implementation and monitoring of measures
Metadata Member States shall create metadata and keep them up to date Metadata shall include: Conformity with rules on interoperability Conditions for access and use Quality and validity The public authorities responsible Limitations on public access Once Implementing Rules adopted: Created within 2 years for Annex I, II Created within 5 years for Annex III
Interoperability of spatial data sets and services Implementing Rules shall be adopted for interoperability and where practical for harmonisation of spatial data sets and services Harmonised data specifications Annex I, II, III: definition and classification of spatial objects geo-referencing Annex I, II: common system of unique identifiers for spatial objects; relationship between spatial objects; key attributes and corresponding multilingual thesauri; how to exchange the temporal dimension of the data; how to exchange updates of the data. 3rd parties shall have access to these specifications at conditions not restricting their use Cross-border issues shall be agreed on
Network Services Member States shall operate a network of the following services available to the public for data sets and services for which metadata has been created: Discovery services No charge Viewing services No charge (exceptions) Download services Transformation services Services allowing spatial data services to be invoked - Access to services may be restricted - Services shall be available on request to 3rd parties under conditions - Implementing Rules will be adopted for which cost-benefit considerations are to be taken into account - INSPIRE Geo-portal shall be established Member States geoportals
Implementing INSPIRE Needs to consider the broader context of existing initiatives which could contribute Interfaces with initiatives GMES, GEO/GEOSS, GALILEO, global developments of spatial data infrastructures Bottom-up implementation by Spatial Data Interest Communities, SDIC SDIC bundle the human expertise of users, producers and transformers of spatial information, technical competence, financial resources and policies. Many SDIC exist today, generally organised by region, thematic issue or sector (industry).
INSPIRE process 2005-2009 Commission Services co-ordinate INSPIRE Expert Group advises INSPIRE Committee votes EC adopts Call for Interest Existing Reference Material Drafting Teams Consolidation Team Prototypes test Review Formal Internet Consultation Draft Implementing Rules Implementing Rules Experts are proposed Projects contribute Pilots validate LMOs review Spatial Data Interest Communities participate CEN, ISO, OGC contribute Public reviews MS apply Association phase Drafting phase Review phase
The role of SDIC Spatial Data Interest Communities To collect and describe user requirements, To submit/develop reference materials To allocate experts to the drafting teams, To participate in the review process, To implement pilot projects to test/revise/develop the draft Implementing Rules, To contribute to cost/benefit analysis to assess costs of the draft Implementing Rules, To contribute to awareness raising and training
The role of Drafting Teams (DT) To analyse and review the reference material To write draft INSPIRE Implementing Rules To provide recommendations to the Consolidation Team, CT (EC) - in case of conflicting technical specifications To provide suggestions to the CT for testing any proposed specification
The role of projects, pilots and prototypes To develop representative use-case scenarios To develop/test specifications for IR development To demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of interoperability-based solutions To acquire experience in implementing interoperability-based solutions To determine cost and benefit of interoperability based solutions on the basis of real cases
Conclusions INSPIRE is a framework Directive with top-down Implementing Rules developed But Bottom-up development of Implementing Rules through stakeholder participation - the Spatial Data Interest Communities Open and transparent drafting and review of Implementing Rules Pilots and Projects play a key role to define and validate the Implementing Rules INSPIRE is a pillar of GMES INSPIRE is a major EU contribution to GEO/GEOSS
Thank you for your attention http://www.ec-gis.org/inspire/
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