Welcome to CSE370 Special Thanks!! Instructor: ruce Hemingway " Ts: ryan Nelson and John Hwang " Tool Specialist: Cory Crawford Lecture Materials:! Chris Diorio! Class web " http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/courses/370/currentqtr/ " dd yourself to the mailing list see the web page! Gaetano orrielo! Carl Ebeling! Today s lecture " Course overview " The Digital ge! Stephen rown and Zvonko Vranesic, Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog Design, st Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003 2 Why you are here The Digital ge! Required class! To learn about digital design " Design process and techniques " The basis for digital computing! Exposure to new ideas " Emergent behavior # Complex functions from simple elements # With only NORs and wire you can build a computer " Parallel computation # Digital hardware is inherently parallel! Computing is in its infancy " Processing power # Doubles every 8 months # Factor of 00 / decade " Disk capacity # Doubles every 2 months # Factor of 000 / decade " Optical fiber transmission capacity # Doubles every 9 months # Factor of 0,000 / decade! The bases are mathematics and switches " How did we get here? 3 4 Diophantus of lexandria b. ~200 CE 850 D! Known as the father of algebra! rithmetica is a collection of 30 problems that gives numerical solutions of determinate equations, which have a unique solution, and indeterminate equations.! The Later lexandrian ge was a time when mathematicians were discovering many ideas that lead to our concept of mathematics today.! bu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-khwarizmi! Lived in aghdad, 780 to 850 D. One of the first to write on algebra (using words, not letters) and also Hindu-rabic numbers (, 2, 3,...).! From his name and writings came the words "algebra" and "algorithm".! ook:hisab al-jabr w al-muqabala 5 6
822! Charles abbage " Father of computing! 822 Difference Engine " calculator! 834 nalytical Engine " computer " mable nalytical Engine 7 854! George oole " oolean algebra! Number system with 2 values " 0/ false/true " Do math on logic statements " 3 operations (NOT, ND, OR) NOT ND OR 0 0 0 0 0 0 ll computers use oolean algebra 0 0 8 938 Computer Hardware! Claude Shannon " Implemented oolean algebra using switches " Described information using binary digits (bits) 0 0 0 0 NOT ND OR 0 0 0 0 9!Components " Logic " Memory NOR dder Carry Sum dder Sum Carry 0 0 0 0 0 0 Latch 0 937 945! lan Turing " Turing Machines! John von Neumann " First stored computer program! Simple computer model " Can something be computed? lso pioneered artificial intelligence! sequence of operations " Read from memory " Operate using logic gates " Store result into memory Other contributions: Quantum Mechanics Cellular utomata Game Theory 2
Stored s = Software Hardware + Software lgorithm Memory Logic (CPU) Problem Data ill Gates and Paul llen, Lakeside, 968 3 computer 4 946 947! ENIC the first computer " Vacuum tubes for switches 000x faster than anything before... 9,000 tubes 200 kilowatts 357 multiplies per second! ardeen, rattain, Shockley invent the transistor 947 2000 0.3µm 5 CSE370, Nobel Prize, Lecture 956 Courtesy Mark ohr, Intel 6 958 Pentium 965! Kilby and Noyce invent the integrated circuit 2000! Gordon Moore " Moore s Law: The transistor density of silicon chips doubles every 8 months 958 Nobel Prize, 2000 Courtesy Yan orodovsky, Intel 7 8
97! Ted Hoff invents the microprocessor! Intel 4004 " 2,300 transistors " 3 mm by 4 mm " s powerful as the ENIC Hardware + Software + Technology lgorithm Problem Memory Logic (CPU) Data 9 computer 20 977 and 98 modern example Tritonia and seapen! pple II and IM PC " The first microcomputers! Goal: Interface a computer to an animal brain " Measure brain signals in intact animals Tritonia diomedea MEMS probe tip, amplifier brain rain with implanted chip visceral cavity tether memory battery microcontroller, /D, cache 2 Courtesy Jim eck and Russell Wyeth 22 More modern examples What is logic design?! Computing everywhere " Wireless/wired networking " Wearable devices " Smart sensors! Using digital logic... " The underlying basis is oolean algebra " The physical basis is transistor switches! to solve a problem... " Within size, cost, and other bounds " Within the constraints imposed by our bases # Encode as logical statements # Compile into physical hardware! with logical values encoded as physical quantities " If (0V < voltage < 0.8V) then symbol is a 0 " If (2.0V < voltage < 5V) then symbol is a 23 24
Terminology! Digital: Discrete-valued " Usually binary " Transistor switches have 2 states (on/off)! Combinational: Without memory " put depends on present input! Sequential: With memory (state) " put depends on present and/or past inputs! Synchronous: Values change at discrete timesteps " Synchronous clocked What you will learn in CSE370! Physical devices (transistors, resistors, wires)! Switches! Truth tables! oolean algebra! Combinational logic! Sequential logic! State in digital systems! Finite-state machines! Hardware description languages! Register-transfer description! Concurrent abstract specifications CSE 370 25 26