HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 1 1 Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry Atomic structure Relative masses & mass spectrometer Ideal gas equation - ppm calculation Empirical & molecular formulae Oxidation no. & balancing redox equations Titrations involving acid-base & redox rxns 2 Electronic Structure of Atoms Atomic emission spectrum Evidence of electron shells & subshells Atomic orbital Electronic configuration 3 Energetics Standard enthalpy changes - simple calorimetric method Energetics of formation of ionic cpds Bond enthalpy. Bond length Spontaneity of changes I(i) I II-1b II-1b I(i) (i) I(ii) I(i) II-6d(i) (i) (ii) (i) I I(i) (i) (i), I-4a(i), II-2d, II-3d(ii)(II) (i), (i) (iii),, II-1b (iii), (ii) I-7c, I-7c(ii) (i) (i) I I-4c, II-3d I I (iv) (ii), I-3a(i) I-3a(i) I-3a(i) I (i) II-1b(i) I(i) I-3a I I(ii) I I I (ii) I-2c I-4de I, I-1b I-3a(iv), (ii) (iii) (iii) (ii) (ii)iii
HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 2 4 Bonding & Structure Nature of forces holding atoms together (ii) Crystals: metallic, ionic, covalent & molecular II-2c (i) I-2d (i) I-4 I(ii), I Shapes of molecules & polyatomic ions, (ii), I-2c II-1d(i) (i) I-2c(i) (i) (i), (i), 2b, (i-ii), I(i) II-2d, I I I(i), (iii) I-3a(ii) I(ii) (ii) Bonding intermediate % ionic & covalent I I-4b II-2c(ii) I-1b (i) Intermolecular forces I-1b(iii) I-1c II-1d(ii) (ii) I(ii), I(i),4b(i) Structures & properties of substances I-1b(i) (i) (i), (iii) (i) II-1b(i), I-4ade (ii,iii) II-2c(ii) 5 Chemical Kinetics Rate of chemical rxn. Factors affecting rate. (ii) (i) (i-ii), 8a(ii) I(i) Rate equation & order of rxn (ii) (ii), I-2c, I I(iv) Arrhenius equation, I (iii) (iii) Interpretation of rate at molecular level (iii) I-3a (iii) I I-3a(iii), I(iii) Catalysis, (iii) I-4b(ii), (ii), (ii)
HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 3 6 Chemical Equilibrium 6.1 Dynamic equilibrium Equilibrium law. K c & K p Partition coefficient Factors affecting equilibrium 6.2 Ionic equilibrium Concept of acid/base Calculations involving ph, K a & K b Buffer Titration curves & choice of indicator - double indicator method Solubility product 6.3 Redox Equilibrium Electrochemical cell Electrode potential - prediction of feasibility of redox rxns - Nernst equation Secondary cells & fuel cells I-3a I(i, ii) (iii) I II-2c I-2c I I(i) (iii) (iv), I-3a(iii) (iii) I(ii) I-4a I-1b(i, ii) II-1b(ii) (iii) (i) (iii) I-4d, (ii), II-2e(ii) (iii) (i, ii) (iii) (i) I-1b(iii) I-1c(ii) I-1c(i) (i, ii) I-3a, (i) I-3a, (ii) (ii) I-4b I I-4c (ii) I-2c I, I(i) II-3d I-4b, (i, ii) II-1b I-4a(ii) I-4a I-1b II-1b (ii) II-1b II-2c I-1c II-1b(iii) I(ii,iii) (ii,iv) I
HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 4 7 Periodic Properties of Elements in Periodic Table Periodic variation in physical properties Periodic relationship among oxides Anomalous behaviour I,,c II-2c I-1b, I-3a(i), (ii) I (i) II-1b I-1b I I 8 s-block Elements I-1b(ii) I II-2c(ii,iii) II-2d (ii) I-7c II-3d(i) (i) 9 p-block Elements 9.1 Halogens I-3d (i), II-3d(ii)(III),,d II-3d(ii) II-1b(iii) I(ii) 9.2 Group IV elements I-1b(i) (ii) I-3a I-6 I(iii) II-1b(ii) 10 d-block Elements (iii),, I-3a I(i) (iv) I-1b,, I-1b, II-2d I-4b, I-3a, II-1b I(i) II-2c, 3a (i) I-7c II-1b(i) - Qualitative analysis I-7c,d (ii), II-2c II-3d
HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 5 11 Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 11.1 Orbital hybridization 11.2 Functional groups & physical properties 11.3 Systematic nomenclature 11.4 Isomerism 11.5 Organic acids & bases - solvent extraction 11.6 Reaction mechanism - Practical techniques 12 Chemistry of Organic Compounds 12.1 Alkanes & radical substitution 12.2 Alkenes & electrophilic addition 12.3 Benzene & electrophilic substitution I-3a(i) I II-2d (ii) (i) (i) I(i) (i) (i-ii) I(iii) (i) I-6a(i), (i) (i) I(i) (i) I(iii), (i) (ii), (ii) (ii), (ii), I(ii) (iii,iv) I-6a, (ii) (ii) (iv) (ii),, (i) I (i), I I-6a, I (iv),, (ii),, (iii) (i) (ii), I b I(i),, 7b (ii), I-6a, I(iii) (i), I-8c (i), I-6c(i), I(ii-iii) I-6c(ii), (iii) (i) II-6d(i), 8b I-6a,e,f (i),, 6b, (iii) I-4ab, I(i),, 7b, c de, I(iv) (i), II-6d I-4b,, (iv), I(i) I-4ab I-4b(i), (v) (ii-iv) I-6c(i) (iii) (ii,iii) II-6d (ii), I-5c(i), I I, I-6a I-4 (ii) II-2c(iii) I-4, (i), I-4a(ii), I(iii) (i), I-5c,
12.4 Halogeno-cpds & nucleophilic substitution 12.5 Carbonyl cpds & nucleophilic addition 12.6 Acid derivatives & nucleophilic acyl substitution - fats & oils 12.7 Redox reactions 12.8 Structure determination - Identifying unknown substance - Synthesis 13 Chemistry in Action 13.1 Polymers Naturally occurring polymers Synthetic polymers 13.2 Drugs I, I HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 6 II-7d II-5d(iii) (iii), I I-6a II-5d, (i), II-5d,I II-6e, II-6d I I-4b I-6c, (iii), I, I I(i) I(ii) II-6d, (ii) (iii) (i, ii) I-6a,I, II-7d I-6c(ii, iii), (iii) (v),, 7c I I I I I-6a (ii) (i, iv) I, I I-6a(v) I-4, (iv), I (i) I I-8c,,, 7a (iii),,7c(ii) I I-6c(iii) I-6c(ii), 6b I(ii) I-6a,, I-4ef, II-2c, 7b, (iii-iv) II-5, I I I-4ab, (iv),,6c(ii) e: out-syllabus I-4c,, II-6d(i) I-4d II-6d I-6, I I(i) I-4a(v) I-4a(i), I-4a(iii) I-4a(iv),, I I-4a, I I-8, I(ii), II-6d
13.3 Green chemistry HKAL CHEMISTRY Exam Questions Analysis P. 7 (ii) (iii) (iv), (iv), (ii), I-6f, I-8c,, I(iv), (ii-iii) (ii),, I, I(ii)III - practical / lab considerations I-8cd (ii) c, 8f,, 7b (i) - experiment design, I-7c I (ii) X Out of Syllabus Physical chemistry,, I-1b, I b I-4b - radioactivity & C-14 dating II-1b(iii), II-1b,, I I - faraday & mole I,b, I I(ii) I I - 2-component phase eqm / ideal solutions Inorganic chemistry, I-7c, I-7c, II-2c(ii) II-3d(i) - nitrogen / sulphur cpds II-2e II-2c(ii), II-3d Organic chemistry (iv) (iv) (ii) (v), (iii) (iv) [e] - Hofmann rxn, iodoform test, Tollen s test (i) I-5c I-8c(i) I(i) - diazonium salt, free radical addition I(i) Chemistry & society (i, iv) I-6c,, (i) (iv) - pollution, CFCs II-1b(iii),, I (ii) - food additive II-5d(i, ii),b (iii) II-6d(ii)