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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE. Marginal Marine Depositional Environment Basics Depositional Environments Processes and examples from modern and ancient environments with oil field examples Subaerial Alluvial fan Fluvial braided and meandering Aeolian wind and desert Marginal marine Delta river, wave, tide dominated, fan delta, braid delta Beach and barrier island Marine Submarine fan channel-levee complex, Bouma sequence Carbonates limestone, dolomite Reef, platform, pinnacle, pelagic Diagenesis 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 2 1
R IG H T Marginal Marine Clastic Depositional Environments 3 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Objectives of the Deltaic Environments Session You should learn: C Formation of distributary channels, distributary mouth bars, bar fingers, crevasse splays About delta morphology related to shelf slope Control of reservoir morphology and orientation by sediment input, wave energy, and tidal range About delta type related to river type fan, braid, and common deltas 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 4 2
Selected Major Deltas in the World 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 5 What is a Delta? A River Delta is a landform that is created by deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot transport away the supplied sediment. 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 6 3
A Delta Forming in a Mountain Lake 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 7 End Members of Delta Types 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 8 4
The Mississippi Delta Over the Last 7 8,000 Years Over the past ~7000 8000 years there have been 7 delta lobes of the Mississippi, i.e. delta switching every ~1000 years or so. Bed load of Mississippi only about 5%... Most sed. is suspended An Example: 60 ft channel depth... 50 ft thick Distributary Mouth Bar 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 9 Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 10 5
Delta Mouth Deposition R IG H T Note: Distributary channel width small relative to overall size of associated distributary mouth bar complex i.e. distributary mouth bar sands can become coalesced 11 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. C Cross-Section Through Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 12 6
Diagrammatic of Delta Mouth Deposition 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 13 Aerial View of Mississippi Delta Mouth Deposition A breach in the levee during flood can result in a sub-delta or crevasse splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 14 7
Aerial View of Delta Mouth Deposition West Bay A short-lived Crevasse Splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 15 Development of a Crevasse Splay 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 16 8
West Bay Crevasse Splay in Late 1980s R IG H T Crevasse Splay is mostly submerged 17 O PY 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Example of a Productive Crevasse Splay C Admire 650 ss 25+ ft sands with up to 24% porosity and 1500 md 400+ mmbor; 15 x 9 mile near Wichita, Kansas 1915.. 10% of world production 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 18 9
End Members of Delta Types 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 19 Profiles of Shelves Off Seven Deltas 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 20 10
Nile Delta: Wave Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 21 Nile Delta: Wave Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 22 11
Niger Delta: Wave and Tidal Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 23 Niger Delta: Wave Dominated Portion Smooth Niger Delta coastline Escravos, Nigeria Would you know you were on a delta? 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 24 12
NNE SSW Cross Section Through the Niger Delta 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 25 End Members of Delta Types 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 26 13
Tidal Delta Features Fly River Delta, Paupua New Guinea Tidal delta 5 6 m tides Good Reservoir potential 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 27 Fly River Delta: Tide Dominated 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 28 14
Deltaic Structural Styles 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 29 SW Iceland: 50 miles wide, 30 mile long braid plain X See next slide for close-up 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 30 15
Close-up of Vertical Section of Braid Delta 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 31 Braid/Fan Delta, Peyto Lake, Alberta, Canada 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 32 16
Fan Delta Prograding into Indian Ocean, Betty s Bay, South Africa Note Concave Upward profile of Alluvial Fan 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 33 Fan Delta, Atlantic Ocean Side Capetown South Africa Notice effect of relatively high energy wave action on poorly sorted Alluvial Fan sediments Potentially good reservoir rock? 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 34 17
Brae Field, North Sea: Productive Example of a Fan Delta 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 35 Brae Field, North Sea: Structure Map 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 36 18
Brae Field, North Sea: Geologic Cross Section 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 37 Brae Field, North Sea: Stratigraphic Column 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 38 19
Brae Field, North Sea: Geologic Model 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 39 Fan Delta, Modern Day Analogue for Brae Field Laguna Salida, NW Mexico 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 40 20
Objectives of the Deltaic Environments Session You should have learned: Formation of distributary channels, distributary mouth bars, bar fingers, crevasse splays About delta morphology related to shelf slope Control of reservoir morphology and orientation by sediment input, wave energy, and tidal range About delta type related to river type fan, braid, and common deltas 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. Exercise Deltaic Exercises 41 2015 PetroSkills, LLC. All rights reserved. 42 21