ASSESSMENT CHART FOR INVESTIGATIONS 1 AND 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. STUDENT NAME FOSS Earth History Course The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use. informal notes 1-PUSHING THE ENVELOPE 2-INTO THE GRAND CANYON Assessment Charts No. 1 Assessment Sheet 2.1 Powell Exped. (SS) ASSESSMENT CHART FOR INVESTIGATIONS 1 AND 2 1.2 obs vs. inference (TO) 1.2 logical inference (TO) 1.3 critical review (TO) Mid-summative Exam 1 2.2 GC Field Trip (SS) 2.3 GC Questions (SS) 2.4 sort questions (TO) Mid-summative Exam 2 411

ASSESSMENT CHART FOR INVESTIGATIONS 3 AND 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. STUDENT NAME FOSS Earth History Course The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use. 3-GRAND CANYON ROCKS 4-MY SEDIMENTS EXACTLY informal notes Assessment Charts No. 1 Assessment Sheet Mid-summative Exam 4 (quick write) 4.4 Questions on Video (SS) 4.6 Self-Assess 3.1 explain GC stripes (QW) 3.2 Rock Lineup (SS) 3.2 Rock (SS) Correlations 3.3 Self-Assess (quick write) Mid-summative Exam 3 4.1 Explain rock layers (QW) 4.2 Sand Obs. (SS) 4.2 Multimedia Sand Obs. (SS) 4.2 Sand Questions (SS) 4.3 Stream- Table Map (SS) 4.3 GC Model (SS) 412

ASSESSMENT CHART FOR INVESTIGATIONS 5 AND 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. STUDENT NAME FOSS Earth History Course The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use. informal notes Assessment Charts No. 3 Assessment Sheet 5-LIMESTONE 6-IT S ABOUT TIME 5.2 Seawater Investigation (SS) 5.3 Basin Questions (SS) 5.4 infer environ. (SS) Mid-summative Exam 5 6.1 Personal Time Line (SS) 6.2 It s about Time (RS) 6.3 geological time lines (TO) 6.4 Self-Assess (response sheet) Mid-summative Exam 6 413

ASSESSMENT CHART FOR INVESTIGATIONS 7 AND 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. STUDENT NAME FOSS Earth History Course The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use. 7-FOSSILS AND TIME 8-ONE ROCK TO ANOTHER informal notes Assessment Charts No. 4 Assessment Sheet 7.2 Index-Fossil Correlation (SS) 7.2 Think about Index Fossils (SS) Mid-summative Exam 7 8.2 Crystal-Size Investigation (SS) 8.2 Igneous- Rock Ques. (SS) 8.3 rock analysis (TO) Mid-summative Exam 8 8.3 Presentation Final Summative Exam 414

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 1 Date A student was conducting an experiment with plants. Another student was watching what she was doing several days after seeds had been planted (see illustration) and wrote the statements below. a. There are labels on the containers. b. All of the seeds were planted on the same day. c. Some of the plants are taller than others. d. They put different amounts of salt in the containers. e. One container has smaller plants because it has the most salt. f. This experiment is to determine how salt affects plant growth. g. The students are pleased with the way the experiment is turning out. Directions 1. Write an O next to all the statements above that are observations and an I next to all of the statements above that are inferences. 2. Choose two of the inferences above. Give the letter of that sentence and tell what observations you think led the student to write that inference? 415

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 2 Date Many people have written about the Grand Canyon. Below are examples from two authors. I do not believe that a person can spend two weeks voyaging through the depths of the Grand Canyon and not be in some way altered by the experience. I have never seen a picture that has ever done it justice. Bob Ribokas, Grand Canyon Explorer Those who write about the Grand Canyon generally begin by saying that it is indescribable; then they undertake to describe it. Joseph Wood Krutch, Author of Grand Canyon: Today and All Its Yesterdays Directions: Write a short paragraph below telling why you think people write about the Grand Canyon in this way. What do you think they are trying to tell the reader? 416

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 3 Date Directions: Fill in the blank in each sentence with one of the words below. elevation layers rock column samples plateau formation river miles sedimentary correlation 1. Limestone is an example of a rock. 2. A is a large, nearly level area of land that has been uplifted or elevated above the surrounding area. 3. Flat deposits of rock that cover a large area are called. 4. Geologists draw a to show the sequence of rocks they see in a particular area. 5. is vertical distance measured above sea level. 6. Geologists take rock and draw where they came from when they study an area. 7. When geologists work to find a relationship or connection between rock layers from two or more locations, we say that they are making a rock. 8. A is a rock layer composed of more than one kind of rock; the kinds and sequence of the rocks can be recognized from one place to another. Directions: Look at the photograph of a landform called Mexican Hat on page 21 of the Earth History Resources book. 9. Sketch this landform on the back of this sheet. 10. Label which rocks you think might be limestone, sandstone, or shale on the left side of the diagram. 11. Label which rocks are softer and which are harder on the right side of the diagram. 12. Explain how you know from looking at the photo which rocks are harder than others. 417

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 4 Date Directions: Edit sentences 1 3. east For example: The Sun always rises in the west. 1. Sediments that settle in water form a curved, vertical layer. 2. Each new layer of sediments mixes in with earlier layers. 3. The past is the key to the present; geological processes that we observe today most likely did not occur in the same way throughout Earth s history. 4. Put a check next to each rock listed below that is a sedimentary rock. limestone granite obsidian sandstone pumice shale 5. Write a 1 next to the sediments listed below that are usually part of sandstone. Write a 2 next to the sediments listed below that are usually part of shale. pebbles sand silt clay cobbles boulders 6. How do the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition contribute to the formation of rock layers in the Grand Canyon? 418

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 5 Date 1. A geologist discovers a new rock layer. When she observes the rock layer more closely, she finds fossils of corals and shells. She places a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid on the rock and observes fizzing. What inferences can she make about the origin of this rock? 2. These are the notes a geologist made about a sequence of rocks. Top layer: Middle layer: Bottom layer: Limestone (brownish gray, contains fossil corals) Shale (black, contains leaf fossils) Sandstone (light brown, crossbeds, fossils of reptile tracks) Describe the environment that can be inferred from these rocks from the time the sandstone formed to the present. 419

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 6 Date 1. Geological time extends from A. 500 million years ago to the beginning of human history. B. Earth s origin to the present day. C. the beginning of human history to the present day. D. Earth s origin to the beginning of human history. 2. Why don t geologists measure geological time in units such as days or months? Directions: Use the charts on the sheet called Exam 6 Charts to answer items 3 6. 3. During which geological periods were the rocks in the Canadian canyon formed? Alberta Sandstone Marden Creek Shale 420 Columbia Limestone Superior Limestone 4. Use the line below to construct a time line showing the rock layers. Before you begin, think about the scale you should use (the line is 25 units long). 550 mya 5. What do you think happened between the formation of the Columbia Limestone and the Marden Creek Shale? (Write your answer on the back of this sheet.) 6. What do you think happened between the formation of Superior Limestone and the Columbia Limestone? (Write your answer on the back of this sheet.) 300 mya

EXAM 6 CHARTS Mid-summative Exam 6 Charts for items 3 6 Geologists have discovered a new canyon in northern Canada. They have explored the rock layers through which the canyon has eroded. They were able to determine the ages of the samples as shown on this chart. Era Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE Precambrian Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Years before present (mya) 1.6 66 144 208 245 286 320 360 408 438 505 570 4500 421 Information from new canyon found in Canada: Rock name Alberta Sandstone Marden Creek Shale Columbia Limestone Superior Limestone Age (mya) 320 to 300 360 to 320 400 to 360 530 to 505

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 7 Date 1. What is the most important use of index fossils to geologists? A. They show what kind of life existed long ago. B. They can be used as indicators for the age of rock layers. C. They provide the ingredients for sedimentary rocks. D. They provide evidence for the law of horizontality. 2. Geologists have identified fossils in three different rock layers on the Colorado Plateau. Layer A contains fossil trilobites. Layer B contains a fossilized skull from a small horselike animal. Layer C contains fossilized dinosaur bones. Put the layers in order from oldest to youngest. (oldest) (youngest) 3. Explain how you decided on the order in item 2. Directions: Use the charts on the sheet called Exam 7 Index Fossils to answer items 4 8. 4. Which rock layer is oldest Gifford Shale or De Long Shale? 5. How do you know? 6. True or false: The Gifford Shale probably formed during the Jurassic period. 7. True or false: The Berkeley Limestone formed during the Permian period. 8. True or false: The De Long Shale could have formed during the Triassic period. 422

EXAM 7 INDEX FOSSILS Mid-summative Exam 7 Charts for items 4 8 Geologists have discovered the fossils you see below in the rock layers. Actinocoelia is an example of an index fossil. It is a sponge that lived during the middle Permian. Little Basin State Park Malone Sandstone De Long Shale Reservoir Limestone Kansas Shale Barney Hills State Park Berkeley Limestone Desert Sandstone Gifford Shale Rose Sandstone 423

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 8 Bright Angel Trail Field Trip Take a virtual field trip down the Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon. The Bright Angel Trail starts on the South Rim at Grand Canyon Village. It winds its way down to the Colorado River, ending near Phantom Ranch. Here s how to take this exam. Quickly read through all the directions before you begin. Important note: You will be graded on the notes you write and how well you verify your notes using the field guide. You will not be graded on the name you give to the rock layer. Click the Expeditions Desk. When you see the clipboard, move the arrow to the left of Bright Angel Trail. Click the X. You will see an image of the Bright Angel Trail and four mileage markers. Your task is to identify the rock layer at the four different markers. Click one of the mileage markers. A photo and some text come up on the screen. Read the text and write notes (words or phrases, not sentences) that will help you identify the rock layer. Click the magnifying-glass icon or the arrows. You will see close-up photos of the rocks and possibly some new text. Make notes. Click the other icons to get more information about the rock layer. When you have made all the notes you think you need, go to the field guide (at the top of the screen) and choose the rock layer that you think best fits the notes you have made. On the recording sheet, write the name of that rock layer in the of rock layer column. Click that rock layer in the field-trip guide. Make a check in the Field-guide verification column on your sheet, next to each note you are able to confirm using the field-guide text. Go back to the Bright Angel Trail image and use the pull-down menu below the mileage marker to choose the name of the rock layer that you think is the best answer. Choose a new mileage point and continue this process until you have named the four rock layers at the mileage markers. Check your answers. No fair checking your answers until you have named the four locations you ve been given! Page 1 of 2 424

MID-SUMMATIVE EXAM 8 Date Mileage point Notes Field-guide verification of rock layer 425 Page 2 of 2

Date FINAL SUMMATIVE EXAM 1. Describe the difference between an observation and an inference. 2. Look at the list of questions below. Mark a + next to each question that requires geological knowledge. Mark a next to questions that do not need geological knowledge. What type of rocks are in this formation? How far up am I? How old are these formations? How wide is the canyon? Why does everything look so dry? Do these formations match formations in other areas? Are there fossils in the rocks that can help me tell how old the layers are? Who was the first to see this canyon? 3. Which of the rocks below is a sedimentary rock? A. limestone B. basalt C. granite D. all of the above E. none of the above 4. The paragraph below describes the conditions necessary for limestone to form in the natural environment. Use the word bank to fill in the missing words. The in seawater combines with, which is produced by living organisms to form a new substance called. This material settles to the bottom and after a long time turns to. Fossils that often appear in this rock are from the of animals that fall to the bottom and become part of the rock. 426 Word Bank calcium calcium carbonate carbon dioxide limestone magma obsidian oxygen shells page 1 of 7

Date Grand Canyon Cross-Section Drawing Kaibab Formation Toroweap Formation Coconino Sandstone Hermit Shale Supai Group Redwall Limestone Muav Limestone Bright Angel Shale Tapeats Sandstone Directions: Use the cross-section drawing to answer items 5 8. 5. The Colorado River started eroding the Grand Canyon 6 million years ago. Which two layers did the Colorado River erode through first? 6. Explain why you think those two layers eroded first. 7. If you could return to the Grand Canyon 1 million years from now, what layer of rock might you observe at river level? Explain why you think that layer will be at river level. 8. Change the drawing to show what the rock layers and the Grand Canyon might have looked like 6 million years ago. Explain here why you changed the drawing the way you did. 427 page 2 of 7

Date 9. A geologist finds a rock layer that is tilted. The fossils in the rock include brachiopods and coral. It fizzes when acid is dropped on it. Mark a next to the three statements below that are probably true about this rock. It formed on a slope. It formed on a flat area. It was originally part of a sand dune. It formed in shallow water. It contains salt deposits. It contains calcite. It might have fossilized insect tracks. It formed in deep water (more than 200 m). Rock Formation Type of Rocks Other Features 1. Cedar Mountain sandstone, shale petrified wood, Formation ferns, waterlilies, palm leaves 2. Entrada sandstone crossbedding, frosted Sandstone sand grains, reptile tracks 3. Callville limestone brachiopods, corals, Limestone crinoids Directions: Use the chart above to answer items 10 and 11. 10. What ancient environment do you think produced the Entrada Sandstone? A. Swamp or floodplain B. Sand dunes C. Marine or ocean 11. What evidence from the chart proves that your answer is correct? A. Crossbedding and frosted sand indicate this environment. B. This rock forms in water, and the fossils are all sea organisms. C. This type of rock indicates a basin with standing or slow-moving water. D. The fossils indicate a swamp or forested, wet area. 428 page 3 of 7

Date Directions: In the blank next to each statement, write a T if the statement is true, an F if the statement is false. 12. Igneous rocks form from layers of sediment that have been cemented with a matrix. 13. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools below Earth s surface. 14. Metamorphic rocks are rocks changed by the effects of heat and pressure. 15. Only igneous and sedimentary rocks can change from one kind to another over time. 16. The rock cycle explains how igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks can change from one to another over time. 17. When you see an igneous rock that has large crystals, what does that tell you about how the rock was formed? 18. Look at the picture below. Some students are using acid to test rock samples they collected. What are they testing for? 19. What can the students in the picture say about each of the rocks after completing this test? 20. Which of the following is NOT true about the geological time scale? A. It arranges geological events in order from oldest to youngest. B. It is a scale used by geologists to measure the diameter of rocks. C. It describes the history of Earth in millions of years. D. It shows geological time divided into eras, periods, and epochs. 429 page 4 of 7

Date Kaibab Formation Toroweap Limestone Coconino Sandstone Carmel Sandstone Navajo Sandstone Hermit Shale Supai Group Kayenta Formation Wingate Sandstone Redwall Limestone Chinle Formation Muav Limestone Bright Angel Shale Tapeats Sandstone Grand Canyon Moenkopi Formation Kaibab Formation Zion Canyon Directions: Use the rock columns above to answer items 21 and 22. 21. Which is older, the Moenkopi Formation or the Navajo Sandstone? How did you decide which was older? 22. Which is older, the Moenkopi Formation or the Coconino Sandstone? How did you decide which was older? 23. Fossils that help geologists determine the age of rock layers are called A. prehistoric fossils. B. paleozoic fossils. C. ancient fossils. D. index fossils. 24. Granite and sandstone are two different kinds of rocks. Something has to happen in order for one type of rock to turn into another type. Use your knowledge of the rock cycle to explain how granite might change into sandstone. Write your answer on the back of this page. 430 page 5 of 7

Date A B C D E These are rock layers found on the Colorado Plateau. Layer A: Limestone with brachiopods and corals. Age: 240 million years. Layer B: Sandstone with crossbedding and some animal tracks. Age: 250 million years. Layer C: Shale with fossil plant leaves. Age: 265 million years. Layer D: A thick layer of limestone with a few shell fossils. Age: 350 million years. Layer E: Shale with trilobite fossils. Age: 530 million years. Directions: Use the information above and the geological time scale on page 37 in Earth History Resources to answer items 25 30. 25. Which rock layers are older than layer D? 26. Which rock layers are younger than layer D? 27. During which period of geological time did rock layer E form? 28. During which period of geological time did rock layer B form? 29. Geologists think there is an unconformity between rock layers F and E. What does that mean? 30. Which of these environmental sequences could represent what happened in layers A to D, from oldest to youngest? A. tropical sea, swamp or floodplain, sand dunes, tropical sea B. sand dune, swamp, tropical sea, tidal flat, sand dune C. tropical sea, sand dune, swamp or floodplain, sand dune D. swamp or floodplain, sand dune, swamp or floodplain, tropical sea 431 page 6 of 7

Date 31. Something has to happen in order for one type of rock to turn into another type. Choose the best words and phrases from the following list to describe the processes that must occur for one rock to change to another. Write the words in the appropriate boxes. The same words may be used in more than one box. Some may not be used at all. Make sure you pay attention to the direction of the arrows. erosion and deposition division heat and pressure evaporation melting explosions growth IGNEOUS ROCK SEDIMENTARY ROCK 32. A cycle is a series of events that happen in the same order each time. Geologists call the sequence in the image above the rock cycle. Do you think that is a good way to describe it? Give reasons for your answer. 432 METAMORPHIC ROCK page 7 of 7