In Table 3.2 we give you the classes insulating materials, sorted by their operational temperature, according to IEC85. Table 3.2

In Table 3.2 we give you the classes insulating materials, sorted by their operational temperature, according to IEC85. Table 3.2 CLASS LIST INSULATING MATERIALS Y A E B F H C Cotton, natural silk, synthetic wool, Rayon, paper and its products, wood, polyamide thread, urea resin, compressed paper, etc. Polyethylene, polystyrene, vulcanized rubber, etc. The materials of the Y class ingrained in varnishes or oils, seluzolic film, polyester resin, etc. Elastormers of butadieneacrylnitride, elastormers of polychloroprene. Bakelite, polypropylene, acetic resin, polyester, polycarmonated film, polyurethane, polyamide resin. Whitewash, mica and its products, glass fibers, glass fibers ingrained in varnishes and oils. Polymonochlorofluoroethylene, crystallized polycarmonated film Glass fibers, whitewash Inorganic materials ingrained in resins for endurance against high temperatures What is mentioned previously in the secondary list but in base of silicone resin Smalted polyamide All inorganic materials without additional soldering materials, glasses, mica, crystals, ceramics, porcelains. Polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon), etc. MAXIMUM OPERATIONAL TEMPERATURE 90 C 05 C 20 C 30 C 55 C 80 C >220 C

3.5 EQUIVALENT OF CAPACITOR CIRCUITS 3.5. Equivalent circuit of dielectric capacitors In Fig. 3.7 we show the circuit in which ESR is the Equivalent Series Resistance, C is the capacity of the capacitor and L is the parasitic selfinductance owed to the connectors and the armor of the capacitor. The loss power P in such a capacitor is: Figure 3.7 As shown in Fig. 3.8, P follows this equation: There is also the equation: Figure 3.8 or From the circuit of Fig 3.7 we have: where Z is the total resistance of the capacitors in AC, ω is the circular frequency and where f 0 is the resonance frequency of the capacitor. Finally, the phase variation is provided by the relation:

For example, the resonance frequency of an oil capacitor with ESR=2.mΩ, L=80nH and C=0μF is almost.8mhz and produces phase sliding in this frequency of almost 90%. This is why it s not used in high frequencies. 3.5.2 Equivalent circuits of electrolytic capacitors These capacitors, due to their manufacturing, show ohmic and inductive resistance, which, instead of the efforts of the manufacturers to minimize them, cannot be eliminated because of the way they operate. In Fig. 3.9, you can see the equivalent circuit of nonpolarized capacitor in DC, where R μ is the insulating resistor, R s is the resistor of electrodes, of connections, of plates and of dielectric losses, R δ is the resistor of the electrolyte, ESL is the parasitic series selfinductance and C is the capacity of the capacitor. Figure 3.9 Figure 3.0 In Fig. 3.0 you can see the equivalent circuit of polarized capacitor in DC where R μα is the resistor of the anode insulation, R μκ is the resistor of cathode insulation, C A is the anode capacity, C K is the cathode capacity, R δ, R S and ESL as previously. Figure 3.0 is explained because actually there are formed two capacitors, one in anode and one in cathode. Consequently, the total capacity will be: because C A is in series with C K. The total capacity is owed to C A for manufacturing reasons. If the capacitor of Fig. 3.0 is not polarized, then goes the equation: and this is happening because this capacitor is the same in anode and in cathode, something that doesn t apply to the polarized capacitors. It s now obvious that the general equivalent of Fig. 3.0 converts to that of Fig. 3.9, as long as R μ =R μα +R μκ and C=C A in series with C A =C A /2. In Fig. 3., you can see the simplified equivalent of electrolytic capacitors in DC, where R L is the leak resistor and ESR is the equivalent series resistor.

Figure 3. Figure 3.2 In fig. 3.2, we show the equivalent of electrolytic capacitors in AC, where ESL is the equivalent series selfinductance. The similarity with Fig. 3.7 of the dielectric capacitors is obvious. 3.5.3 Tantamount circuit of super capacitors (power storage) Those capacitors are differently constructed and operating form the rest, that s why their equivalent is different, as well as their use. Figure 3.3 In Fig. 3.3, which is the simplified equivalent, R L represents the loss resistor, the R, R 2, R n the total passage resistors and C, C 2, C n the total capacities of the fundamental capacitors. We refer to them as total because they (resistors and capacitors) exist on both sides of an ionpassed film which lies between the two armors. Fig. 3.3 shows that a supercapacitor can be considered as a parallel combination of many, in series networks, which we can imagine as Ω/0μF, 0Ω/00μF, 00Ω/F, KΩ, 0F, etc. This why the capacity is experimentally specified and much depended on the conditions of the measurements. One of their attributes, besides the large capacity, is the proportionally very big equivalent series resistance ESR, which depends on the measurement frequency. The manufacturers give an estimated ESR, which because of its size, doesn t recommend the use of supercapacitors in AC.

3.7.6.6 Codes of ceramic capacitors From the beginning we must point out the fact that the encoding of ceramics capacitors is different for the categories I, II and III. On the level discs without connectors and on the trapezoidal ones their value, tolerance and operational voltage are read on them. On the cylindrical with or without connectors, on the hydrocooled, the feedthrough and the level discs of low or high voltage or of temperature compensation, their value, tolerance, named operational voltage DC or AC, temperature coefficient, named operational current and other attributes are read on their box. Last, on the level rectangular or radial discs and on the cylindrical miniature types, several codes are applied for reading more or less of their attributes. In Fig. 3.26 the color code and other symbols for the type I and II capacitors are presented. We notice that there are two ways of encoding; color encoding or numbers and letters encoding. Figure 3.26 COLOR CODE OF CERAMIC CAPACITORS OF TYPE I AND II Temperat CAPACITY VALUE (pf) CAPACITY TOLERANCE ure TYPE I TYPE II COLOR coefficien st digit 2 nd digit Multiplier C 0PF± C 0PF± t ppm/ C ±(%) (pf) (%) Red/Purple Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Gray White Black/Brown Light green Orange/Orange Yellow/Orange Blue/Orange P00 NP0 N033 N075 N50 N220 N330 N470 N750 P033 N47 N0 N500 N2200 N4700 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 2 0 ±2 ±0. ±0.25* ±0.5 ± ±20 ± ±2 ±2.5 ±5 ±0 ±20 0~+00 20~+80 ±0

C 0PF C>0PF Code Spraque Code EIA** Tolerance (pf) Tolerance ±(pf) Code EIA** Code Spraque F F2 X X2 A B C D F G 0.05 0. 0.25 0.5 2 2 2.5 5 0 5 20 30 0~+00 20~+40 20~+50 20~+80 0~+200 F G H J K L M N P V S or Y Z GMV* X X2 X7 X5 X9 X8 X0 G3 A8 D4 D5 D8 * In the American code the tolerance ±0.25pF is shown with gray color and the tolerance GMV is 0~+% (Guaranteed Minimum Value). ** EIA (Electronic Industries Association) For the level rectangular or radial discs, the colors of the temperature coefficient are the same and symbolized with a bullet on the top of the capacitor; in type I they are color. They can also have the symbols of the Table 3.6. and 3.6.2. The types of capacitors we just mentioned, if they belong to type II, they will be brown or bister (earthen color) and if they belong to type III, they will be blue. The codes for each category are presented in Tables 3.6.3, 3.6.4, 3.6.5 and 3.6.6 respectively.

Table 3.6. Table 3.6.2 MIL CODES OF THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT AND OF ITS TOLERANCE. TYPE I A = +00 ppm/ C B = +33» C = ±0» H = 33» L = 75» P = 50» R = 220» S = 330» T = 470» U = 750» V = 500» K = 2200» Example: CH = 0±60 ppm/ C VK = 500±250 ppm/ C F = ±5 G = ±30» H = ±60» J = ±20» K = ±250» L = ±500» M = ±000» N = ±2500» ppm/ C EIA CODES OF THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT AND OF ITS TOLERANCE. TYPE I TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT ppm/ C DIGIT C = 0.0 M =.0 P =.5 R = 2.2 S = 3.3 T = 4.7 U = 7.5 MULTIPLIER 0 = = 0 2 = 00 3 = 000 5 = + 6 = +0 7 = +00 8 = +000 Example: COG = 0±30 ppm/ C VK = 330±000 ppm/ C TOLERANCE ppm/ C G = ±30 H = ±60 J = ±20 K = ±250 L = ±500 M = ±000 N = ±2500 Table 3.6.3 Table 3.6.4 MIL CODES OF MAXIMUM CHANGE OF OPERATING CAPACITY AND TEMPERATURES OF HIGHK CAPACITORS. TYPE II RANGE OF OPERATIONAL MAXIMUM CHANGE OF CAPACITY RANGE OF OPERATIONA TEMPERATURE S ( C) WITHOUT VOLTAGE WITH VOLTAGE L TEMPERATUR A = 55 ~ +85 B = 55 ~ +25 C = 55 ~ +50 P = 0±30ppm/ C B = ±0% X = ±5% R = ±5% C = ±20% D = (30~+20)% E = (55~+20)% W = (56~+22)% Y = (70~+30)% F = (80~+30)% FZ = (85~+30)% TF = (90~+30)% 0±30ppm/ C (5~+0)% (25~+0)% (40~+5)% (30~+20)% (40~+20)% (70~+22)% (66~+22)% (80~+30)% (80~+30)% ES ( C) = 55 ~ +254 2 = 55 ~ +85 3 = 40 ~ +85 4 = 25 ~ +85 5 = 0 ~ +70 6 = 5 ~ +70 CODES OF DIELECTRIC HIGHK CONSTANT. TYPE II Yellow Blue Without color Black Green Z E 2000 5000 6000 0000 4000

Table 3.6.5 Table 3.6.6 EIA CODES OF DIELECTRIC MATERIALS HIGHK. TYPE II CODES OF MAXIMUM MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXIMUM CHANGE OF CHANGE OF CAPACITY. TYPE III TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE CAPACITY SF = ±7.5% X = 55 C 2 = +45 C A = ±% B or BC = ±0% Y = 30 C 4 = +65 C B = ±.5% X or SR = ±5% Z = +0 C 5 = +85 C C = ±2.2% E = (55~+20)% 6 = +05 C D = ±3.3% F = (80~+30)% 7 = +25 C E = ±4.7% F = ±7.5% P = ±0% R = ±5% S = ±22% T = (33~+22)% U = (56~+22)% V = (82~+22)% Notes I) Table 3.6.3 gives us dielectrics as BX or AR or CF etc. BX=tolerance ±5% without voltage or (25~+5)% with voltage in temperatures (55~+25) C. We also have dielectrics from the combination of the second and the last column, i.e. 2C5=type ii, Max ΔC/C=±20% in temperatures (0~+70) C or similarly 2E4 II) Table 3.6.5 gives us dielectrics as X7R, Y5R etc. III) Exceptions in Table 3.6.2: S2L = 750 TC 00ppm/ C U2M = 500 TC 50ppm/ C They can take any value inside those areas. S3N = 5200 TC 000ppm/ C Figure 3.27

Examples Table 3.6.3 gives us dielectrics as the 2F4 which represents a type II capacitor with maximum change of capacity (80~+30)% and operational temperatures in the area (25~+85) C. Similarly, we have the dielectrics 2C, IC4 etc. Table 3.6.5 gives us dielectrics as the X7R which represents a capacitor with operational temperatures in the area (55~+25) C an equal to ±5%. Similarly, we have dielectrics the Z5U, Z5T, Y5P, X5R etc. The manufacturers provide in their manuals the codes we mentioned, for each capacitor they produce with those dielectrics. A capacitor colored gray, as the one in Fig. 3.27a or b, with a bullet colored purple and the symbol 3p9, shows that it belongs to type I, with capacity 3.9pF and. A corresponding one, on the other side, can be, for example, 5000; that means it works until it reaches 500V DC. A third one, with yellow color, a blue bullet and the symbol n0 belongs to type II, it has dielectric material equal to 5000 and capacity of nf. They can also be gray, with an orange bullet and the symbol 5J, namely of type I, with temperature coefficient 50ppm/ C, capacity 50pF and tolerance ±5%. They may not have a bullet but just the symbol, for example, 223Z, which means capacity of 22000pF and tolerance (20~+80)%. If they have symbols like X9/332, with brown body color, they belong to type II, with capacity 3300pF and tolerance ±0%. They can also be gray with the symbols CH/22, that is type I, temperature coefficient 0~±60ppm/ C and capacity 22pF. Last, they can be brown with a yellow bullet and the symbols n8/500, that is type II with dielectric material 2000, capacity.8nf and operational voltage 500V DC. With the bullet and with symbol, for example, 5n6, it belongs to type II, with dielectric material 6000 and capacity 5.6nF.