Part 8- Chemistry Paper 2 Using Resources Triple Science How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic Bonding Structure, and the Properties of Matter Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances Quantitative Chemistry Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (Triple) Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3 (Triple) Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation The periodic table Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Paper 1 Chemical Changes Reactions of acids Reactivity of metals Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change Chemistry Paper 2 Energy Changes Chemical cells and fuel cells (Triple) Exothermic and endothermic reactions Electrolysis Rate of reaction Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (Triple) Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock Organic Chemistry Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (Triple) Purity, formulations and chromatograph & 4.8.2 ID of gases Chemical Analysis Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (Triple) Chemistry of the Atmosphere Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases Using Resources Life cycle assessment and recycling Using materials (Triple) Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (Triple)
AQA Chemistry (8462) from 2016 Topics C4.10 Using resources Topic Student Checklist R A G 4.10.1 Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water 4.10.2 Life cycle assessment and recycling 4.10.3 Using materials 4.10.4 The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers State what humans use Earth's resources for, give some examples of natural resources that they use Define the term finite and distinguish between finite and renewable resources Explain what sustainable development is and discuss the role chemistry plays in sustainable development, including improving agricultural and industrial processes State examples of natural products that are supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products Discuss the importance of water quality for human life, including defining potable water Describe methods to produce potable water, including desalination of salty water or sea water and the potential problems of desalination Required practical 8: analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including ph, dissolved solids and distillation. Describe waste water as a product of urban lifestyles and industrial processes that includes organic matter, harmful microbes and harmful chemicals Describe the process of sewage treatment and compare the ease of obtaining potable water from waste water as opposed to ground or salt water HT ONLY: Name and describe alternative biological methods for extracting metals, including phytomining and bioleaching HT ONLY: Evaluate alternative methods for extracting metals Describe, carry out and interpret a simple comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of materials or products Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of LCAs Carry out simple comparative LCAs for shopping bags made from plastic and paper Discuss how to reduce the consumption of raw resources and explain how reusing and recycling reduces energy use (inc environmental impacts) Chem ONLY: Define corrosion and describe rusting as an example of corrosion Chem ONLY: Describe ways to prevent corrosion, including providing coatings, sacrificial protection and explain how sacrificial protection works Chem ONLY: Describe the following alloys bronze, gold, steels and aluminium, their uses and describe the benefits of using alloys instead of pure metals Chem ONLY: Compare the properties of materials, including glass and clay ceramics, polymers and composites and explain how their properties are related to their uses Chem ONLY: Discuss the different types of polymers and how their composition affects their properties, including thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers Chem ONLY: Explain what composites are and provide examples of composites and their benefits over other types of materials Chem ONLY: Describe the Haber process, including the reactants and products, recycling of remaining hydrogen and nitrogen and the chemical equation Chem & HT ONLY: For the Haber process interpret graphs of reaction conditions versus rate Chem ONLY: Apply the principles of dynamic equilibrium to the Haber process and discuss the trade-off between the rate of production and the position of equilibrium Chem ONLY: Explain how the commercially used conditions for the Haber process are related to the availability and cost of raw materials and energy supplies Chem ONL: Recall the names of the salts produced when phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid Chem ONLY: Describe NPK fertilisers and the compounds they are composed of and compare the industrial production of fertilisers with the laboratory preparations
A. Using the Earth s resources and sustainable development 1. Give two ways that humans utilise the Earth s natural resources? (2) 2. What is meant by the term finite resources? (2) 3. Extended response question: Look at the table below. Fuel Reserves in billions of tonnes Amount used annually in billions of tonnes Natural gas 200,000 5 Oil 240 6 Coal 880 8 Show by calculation which fuel, oil or gas will last longer. Explain why the amount of reserves may change and state why the above table does not show that these reserves are finite. (6)
4. What is meant by the term sustainable development and give an example with a justification (4) B. Potable water 1. The two graphs below show the temperature as two samples of ice are heated until they melt. Which of these samples A or B is most likely to show potable water? Explain your choice. (3) A B
2. Extended response question: Describe and explain the stages used in the production of potable water from ground water. (6) 3. Extended response question: Describe the two most common methods of producing potable water from salty water and explain why these methods are not used in areas with adequate supplies of ground water. (6)
C. Waste water treatment 1. Describe the similarities and differences between the processing of sewage, agricultural and industrial waste water. (4) 2. Give the four stages in the treatment of sewage. (4) D. Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only) 1. Extended response question: Describe how phytomining and bioleaching are now being used to extract copper and why these methods are being used. (6)
E. Life cycle assessment 1. In the given stages below compare the life cycle assessments for a plastic and a paper bag used for shopping, the first stage has been completed for you. Extracting and processing raw materials Plastic bag crude oil needs to be extracted from the Earth, this requires energy and may cause pollution Paper bag trees need to be cut down and removed, this causes destruction of forests and loss of habitats, but can be sustainable Manufacturing and packaging (2) Use and operation during its lifetime (2) Disposal at the end of its useful life (2) F. Ways of reducing the use of resources 1. Many councils now provide recycling bins to promote recycling. Give three reasons why they do this. (3)
2. Glass bottles can be reused, whereas metal is recycled describe the similarities and differences in these two processes (3) G. Corrosion and its prevention, alloys as useful materials (Chemistry only) 1. Explain how rusting can be prevented (3). 2. Explain why aluminium does not corrode in the same way as iron (2). 3. Explain what is meant by sacrificial protection (2). 4. Design an investigation to show that both air and water are necessary for rusting (4).
5. Explain how to galvanise iron and why this helps to prevent corrosion (4). 6. Steels are alloys of iron containing specific amounts of carbon and other metals. Different steels have different properties and can therefore have different uses. Describe the properties of the following steels and give a use for each (6). a. High carbon steel b. Low carbon steel c. Steel containing chromium and nickel H. Ceramics, polymers and composites (Chemistry only) 1. Explain the difference between soda-lime glass and borosilicate glass (3). 2. Explain how clay ceramics are made, give two examples of a clay ceramic (4).
3. What factors impact upon the properties of polymers? (2) 4. Explain the difference between thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers in terms of their structure (5). 5. Explain how composites are made (4).
I. The Haber process and NPK (Chemistry only) 1. Ammonia can be used to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers. It is manufactured on an industrial scale using the Haber process. Explain how ammonia is produced using the Haber process, you should include the following in your response: An equation A source for each raw material The reaction conditions. (6) 2. The following graph outlines the impact of reaction conditions on the percentage yield of ammonia from the Haber process. Describe the conditions which give the highest yield and explain why there is a compromise on these conditions in industry [4].
3. Explain what NPK fertilisers are, include the names of the three main elements they contain (3). 4. Describe how ammonia is used in industry. Write a balanced symbol equation for the production of ammonium nitrate (NH 4NO 3) from ammonia and nitric acid (3). 5. Calculate the percentage (%) of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate (NH 4NO 3) (3). Relative atomic masses: N 14; H 1; O 16 6. Explain how the soluble fertiliser calcium nitrate is obtained from insoluble phosphate rock (1).