Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris (Amphibia) population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains, Romania

HERPETOLOGICA ROMANICA Vol. 5, 2011, pp.7-25 ISSN: 1842-9203 Article No. 111102 Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris (Amphibia) population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains, Romania Horia Vlad BOGDAN*, Raluca Maria IANC, Adina Nicoleta POP, Renata Ştefania SÖLLÖSI, Alexandra Maria POPOVICI and Iulia-Florina POP University of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology; Universităţii str. 1, Oradea 410087, Romania * Corresponding author, H.V. Bogdan, E-mail: curly3@gmail.com Abstract. The food composition of the Ichthyosaura alpestris populations from Nadrag, Poiana Rusca Mountains confirms that this species generally has a less intense feeding in the aquatic period. Although the differences between the two study periods and between the two sexes weren t significant, the feeding was clearly more reduced in the second study period, as well as in the case of the males. A large number of newts presented stomach contents with no animal preys (only shad skin, spawn, vegetal remains), especially in the second period. The poorer feeding from the end of April is a consequence of the fact that during this period the newts were already getting ready to leave the aquatic environment, the number of individuals in water being lower than in the end of March. This result seems to be more important than the composition of their diet, which is similar to that of other populations previously studied from Romania. If these differences were confirmed and they are not a result of some special conditions of the year 2011, this would mean that the I. alpestris populations from Poiana Rusca Mountains have their aquatic phase offset by one month ahead of the populations from the Apuseni Mountains, fact that would confirm their distinct status. Key words: alpine newt, feeding, animal preys, shed-skin. INTRODUCTION Following previous studies conducted in Romania, referring to the feeding of newts in the aquatic phase, it has been observed that Ichthyosaura (Mesotriton) alpestris feeds less than other newt species (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a). However, these conclusions are not completely argued, because the studies that were made Romanian Herpetological Society,Cluj-Napoca / Oradea, Romania, 2011 Herpetol. Rom, 5, http://herpetofauna.uv.ro/herprom.html 2011, Romania

8 Bogdan, H.V. et al. on the food composition of these species were realized on a small number of populations, out of which the majority were situated in the Apuseni Mountains (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003, 2010a, Kovacs et al. 2010a) and one in the Southern Carpathians (Dimanca et al. 2011). Therefore the relevance of these results can be only local, because as a result of more recent studies, the populations of I. alpestris from the Apuseni Mountains are isolated from other comparable groups (Covaciu- Marcov et al. 2009). This fact limits the value of the conclusions formulated on the basis of the populations from the Apuseni Mountains to a general character, because the species is well represented in all the mountain regions of Romania (see in: Fuhn 1960, Cogalniceanu et al. 2000, Ghira et al. 2002, Iftimie 2005). Recently new populations of these species were identified at low altitudes in the Poiana Rusca Mountains, in the south-western area of Romania (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010b). These are isolated from those in the Apuseni Mountains, as in Romania it seems that there are more groups of populations situated at low altitudes and more groups situated at normal altitude, apparently isolated from one-another (Covaciu- Marcov et al. 2010b). Therefore, it s possible that the results from the Apuseni Mountains do not represent a general rule, but only an exception specific to some populations from low altitudes. Accordingly, we decided to study the feeding of a population of I. alpestris from the Poiana Rusca Mountains, a mountain in western Romania isolated from the Apuseni Mountains, where these kinds of studies weren t made before. Our study had three objectives: 1. establishing the food composition of the I. alpestris population from Nadrag, 2. confirm the low feeding rate of these species in comparison with other newt species, 3. establishing the differences between the feeding of other populations from Romania. MATERIALS AND METHODS The alpine newt s habitat (Fig.1, 2) is found in the Poiana Rusca Mountains, in the vicinity of the town Nadrag, at an altitude of only 340 m, in the western part of this massif, where the presence of I. aplestris populations at low altitudes was registered (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010b). The habitat is a swamp region formed by a torrent fueled by rain and a very small stream. This area is separated from a nearby river by a forest road. The slopes that are bordering de area are steep, covered by beech forests, with damp alder near the river. The depth of the water is very low, not going over 30

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 9 Figure 1. Aspect of the studied habitat.

10 Bogdan, H.V. et al. Figure 2. I. alpestris individual from the studied habitat. cm, except for one 2 m² area, where the water reaches 0.5 m. The substrate of the basin has a lot of dead leafs and mud, which reaches at some points 30 cm in thickness. On the banks there is a lot of clubrush and in the water a lot of duckweed. The anthropogenic impact is low, only trucks transporting wood pass by the road, the effect of the locality is minimal. The study was conducted in the spring of 2011, in the months of March and April. The total number of analyzed alpine newts was 100, 50 at the end of March and 50 in the beginning of April (Table 1). Initially we were set to analyze the feeding of the populations for as long as possible, drawing samples every 3 weeks. To cover a longer period we started the study in March, as in the Apuseni Mountains, the alpine newt populations are still present in the water in the middle of May (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a, Kovacs et al. 2010a, Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2011a). However, at Nadrag, on our 3 rd sampling, the habitat had only 2 I. aplestris individuals, a male and a female. Therefore, the study intended for 4 5 periods was stopped only after 2 samplings.

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 11 Table 1. The number of studied newts. (M- males, F- females, T- total) 13.IV.2011 M F T M F T No. of studied newts 25 25 50 25 25 50 The newts were captured with nets fitted on long metallic handles, used usually from the banks because of the thick mud. After capturing, the newts were stored in buckets with water. Because we initially wanted to study also the dynamic of the population, at every field trip we captured all the alpine newts from the habitat, using the method of elimination of the individuals from the population (Cogalniceanu 1997). However, for feeding study we used only 50 newts at every outing (25 males and 25 females). The stomach contents were taken with the stomach wash method (Sole et al. 2005), stocked in test tubes and analyzed later in the laboratory. After collecting the samples, all the newts were freed into their habitat. After the determination of the samples in the laboratory, the data was processed statistically, calculating the percentage and consumption frequencies of different stomach contents. We established the environment of origin (aquatic or terrestrial) and the maximal and medium number of preys per individual. The food diversity was estimated with the Shannon-Wiener (1949) diversity index (H). The overlapping of the tropic niches was calculated using the Pianka index (Q) (Pianka 1973), and the significance of the differences between the two sexes was calculated with the Mann-Whitney test and the Kruskall-Wallis test (Zar 1999). The significance between the two periods was calculated with the Chi2 test (Zar 1999), starting from the premises that the consumption frequency from the second period should be similar with the one from the first period. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The food composition of the I. alpestris population from Nadrag is mainly similar to that of other populations from Romania (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003, 2010a, Kovacs et al. 2010a, Dimancea et al. 2011), or even to that of other species of newts (eg: Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2007). Therefore, the components identified in the stomachs of the analyzed newts are the following: animal preys, vegetal fragments,

12 Bogdan, H.V. et al. shad skin fragments, amphibian spawn and inorganic elements (Table 2). The alpine newts from Nadrag have consumed 200 animal preys, belonging to 19 prey taxa. Aparently this number is higher than the one registered in other cases (Kovacs et al. 2010a). The situation is only partially real, because the current study includes 2 periods, in which, if they are separately analyzed the number of prey taxa is lower than in the previous study (14 and 11 taxa, respectively). In other cases also, the number of prey taxa consumed by I. alpestris was reduced, but showing seasonal variations (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003), the highest values being registered in the middle of the aquatic period, in the spawning period (Covaciu- Marcov et al. 2003, 2010a, Kovacs et al. 2010a). Table 2. The frequency of occurrence of empty stomachs, the stomachs with animal content, vegetal fragments, shed-skin, amphibian eggs and mineral parts. (M- males, F- females, T- total) 13.IV.2011 M F T M F T % of empty stomachs - - - 16.00-8.00 % with Animal content 60.00 72.00 66.00 32.00 64.00 48.00 % with non-animal content 40.00 28.00 34.00 52.00 32.00 42.00 % with Vegetal fragments 48.00 64.00 56.00 60.00 76.00 68.00 % with Shed-skin 64.00 48.00 56.00 40.00 48.00 44.00 % with Amphibian eggs - - - 4.00 20.00 12.00 % with Mineral parts 8.00 8.00 8.00-4.00 2.00 % exclusive with non feeding parts 4.00 4.00 4.00 16.00 8.00 12.00 (vegetal fragments) % exclusive with non-animal feeding 36.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 24.00 30.00 parts (shed-skin and/or amphibian eggs) % exclusive with non-animal feeding 36.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 8.00 22.00 parts (shed-skin) % exclusive with non-animal feeding - - - - 8.00 4.00 parts (amphibian eggs) % exclusive with non-animal feeding parts (shed-skin and amphibian eggs) - - - - 8.00 4.00

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 13 The diet of the population from Nadrag shows a difference from other newt populations. Thus, at least in the second period, the high frequency of stomach contents that don t contain animal preys, but only vegetal fragments, shad skin or amphibians spawn is striking (Table 2). Even if normally the amphibians present this type of stomach contents (eg: Sas et al. 2007, Yu et al. 2009, Lima et al. 2010, Cicek 2011), they appear alongside animal preys. Also, in other cases these non animal contents have higher frequencies at the beginning of the activity, due to the unfavorable weather conditions (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003). At Nadrag the situation is exactly the opposite; the frequencies are higher in the second period. The higher frequency of the non animal contents indicate firstly the poor feeding of the species, and secondly it could be an indicator of the trophic opportunism of the species, which is useful in a small habitat as the one in Nadrag. Therefore, the shad skins and the spawn can represent important trophic elements in the absence of other prey (Kovacs et al. 2010b). We can consider that the high frequency of non animal contents is a mechanism used by newts to compensate the poor offer of edible elements of the habitat that requires no effort to capture. The situation is different in the case of vegetable fragments, which are not considered actual trophic elements, and are usually consumed by accident (eg: Kovacs et al. 2007, Mollov 2008, Mollov et al. 2010, Sas et al. 2009). The frequency of consumption of non animal contents is different in the two periods (Table 2). For example, spawn were consumed only in the second period. Also in other cases the consumption of spawn is seasonally different depending on their presence in the habitat, but when they are present they are heavily consummated (e.g. Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2002, 2010a, Denoël & Demars 2008). Also, at Nadrag, in the second period the spawn have a high consumption rate. Their absence in the first period is a consequence of the absence in the habitat. In the second period even the spawn of their own species is present. Tadpoles were consumed in a large number in the second period, too, due to their presence in the habitat. However, the percentage and the frequency of consumption of the tadpoles are far from reaching the values registered in other cases (Dimancea et al. 2011), or species (Kovács et al. 2010b). The other stomach contents were consumed in both periods, but had different values between them (Table 2). Both the maximum and average numbers of preys / individual were lower in the second period of study (Table 3). However, the maximum number of preys /

14 Bogdan, H.V. et al. individual had higher values in the last period. This fact is an accident caused by a female that ingested a lot of tadpoles. Table 3. The number of animal preys, the maximum and average number of animal preys / individual, the percentage abundance of aquatic and terrestrial preys. (M- males, F- females, T- total) 13.IV.2011 M F T M F T No. of animal preys 34 82 116 14 70 84 % of aquatic preys 97.06 84.15 87.93 92.86 94.29 94.05 % of terrestrial preys 2.94 15.90 12.1 7.14 5.71 5.95 Maximum no. of preys / individual 8 24 24 5 31 31 Average no. of preys / individual 1.36 3.28 2.32 0.56 2.8 1.68 2 1.8 1.6789 1.8217 1.6731 1.6577 1.7562 1.6 1.4 1.4099 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 M F T M F T 13.IV.2011 Figure 3. The feeding diversity index (Shannon Weaver s H ) (M- males, F- females, T- total)

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 15 In both periods and for both sexes, the highest percentage is registered by the aquatic preys. This fact is almost general for newts during their aquatic period (eg: Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2009, David et al. 2009a, Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a, c). However, as in other cases (e.g. Kuzmin 1990, Kovacs et al. 2010a), at Nadrag the alpine newts have consumed also terrestrial preys. From these terrestrial preys, some groups, like terrestrial snails, are tied to the moist areas neighboring the habitat. Others, like ants and spiders are not necessarily linked to the wet areas. Probably at Nadrag the small aquatic habitat, with shallow water, has facilitated the newts access to the terrestrial prey. In the same time, the biotopes like this, with small water puddles, allow the forms related to wet areas to reach the vicinity of the newts habitat. From the 19 prey taxa, only 3 were constantly consumed, by both sexes in both periods, namely the gastropods, bivalves and the Plecoptera larvae. The other taxa appear either at one of the sexes, either in only one period of the study (Tables 4 and 5). The majority of prey taxa have registered low consumption percentages and frequencies. The exceptions are the 3 taxa that were consumed constantly and with them the tadpoles consumed in the second period. Although there are big differences between the percentages of prey taxa, in both periods, the bivalves occupy an important place, followed by the Plecoptera larvae and in the second period, by the tadpoles. As for frequency, the Plecoptera larvae, the gastropods and the bivalves occupy the important positions. Therefore, even if in the second period the tadpoles registered a higher percentage, their frequency is reduced. Probably the tadpoles have occupied certain areas of the habitat, being encountered by few newts. Some differences were signaled between the percentage and frequency of consumption of tadpoles both in the case of newts (Kovacs et al. 2010b) and other amphibians (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2011b). Also, there is an I. alpestris population in which all individuals have consumed tadpoles (Dimancea et al. 2011). A novelty in I. alpestris s diet, from our knowledge, is the consumption of Salamandra salamandra larvae. The salamander larvae are abundant in the habitat, but probably because of the relatively large dimensions they are harder to capture and swallow. Probably the small habitat has facilitated the contact between the salamander larvae and the alpine newts, but the size of the larvae managed to limit their consumption, the newts selecting preys according to their size (Fasola & Canova 1992). There were previously documented cases in which I. alpestris have

16 Bogdan, H.V. et al. consumed Urodela larvae (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a). The crested newts, a bigger species, have also consumed urodele larvae (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2005a, Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a), common newts (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2005a, b), or even fish corpses (Iftimie & Iftimie 2011). Table 4. The percentage abundance of animal preys (M- males, F- females, T- total, l.- larvae, ter.- terrestrial) 13.IV.2011 M F T M F T Mollusca - Gasteropoda [snails] 8.82 17.07 14.66 21.43 17.14 17.86 Mollusca - Gasteropoda [snails] [ter.] - 8.54 6.03 - - - Mollusca - Gasteropoda [slugs] 2.94-0.86 - - - Mollusca - Bivalvia 2.94 20.73 15.52 28.57 24.29 25.00 Crustacea - Copepoda 23.53-6.90 - - - Crustacea - Isopoda [ter.] - 7.32 5.17 7.14-1.19 Crustacea - Amphipoda - 3.66 2.59 - - - Arachnida - Araneae - 1.22 0.86 - - - Coleoptera - Dytiscidae [l.] - 1.22 0.86 - - - Coleoptera [l.] [ter.] - - - - 1.43 1.19 Coleoptera - undet. [ter.] - - - - 4.29 3.57 Plecoptera [l.] 52.94 39.02 43.10 21.43 5.71 8.33 Plecoptera [ter.] - - - - 5.71 4.76 Trichoptera [l.] - 1.22 0.86-1.43 1.19 Dipetra - Nematocera [l.] 2.94-0.86 - - - Diptera - Brahicera [l.] 2.94-0.86 7.14-1.19 Hymenoptera - Formicidae [ter.] 2.94-0.86 - - - Urodela [l.] - - - - 1.43 1.19 Anura [l.] - - - 14.29 38.57 34.52 The overlapping of trophic niches differs a lot between the two sexes and periods (Table 6). Between the totals of the two periods the value of the Pianka index is 0,446, which is smaller than in the cases of other newt species (Cicort- Lucaciu et al. 2009). The trophic niches are overlapping between the two sexes more in the same period, than between the same sexes in the two periods. In terms of the differences between the two sexes and the two periods, they aren t at all significant (Table 7). The differences are not significant both in the analysis of

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 17 animal origin stomach contents, and in the analysis of all content categories. The significant differences appear only in the case of the Chi2 test, when the null hypothesis was that in the two periods the frequency of trophic elements was the same (Table 8). The fact was expectable, since the seasonal variations are a general phenomenon for the food composition of amphibians (eg: Dasgupta 1996, Covaciu- Marcov et al. 2005, Kovacs et al. 2007, Yu et al. 2009). Table 5. The frequency of occurrence of animal preys (M- males, F- females, T- total, l.- larvae, ter.- terrestrial) 13.IV.2011 M F T M F T Mollusca - Gasteropoda [snails] 12.00 20.00 16.00 8.00 12.00 10.00 Mollusca - Gasteropoda [snails] [ter.] - 8.00 4.00 - - - Mollusca - Gasteropoda [slugs] 4.00-2.00 - - - Mollusca - Bivalvia 4.00 16.00 10.00 12.00 20.00 16.00 Crustacea - Copepoda 8.00-4.00 - - - Crustacea - Isopoda [ter.] - 8.00 4.00 4.00-2.00 Crustacea - Amphipoda - 8.00 4.00 - - - Arachnida - Araneae - 4.00 2.00 - - - Coleoptera - Dytiscidae [l.] - 4.00 2.00 - - - Coleoptera [l.] [ter.] - - - - 4.00 2.00 Coleoptera - undet. [ter.] - - - - 12.00 6.00 Plecoptera [l.] 40.00 48.00 44.00 8.00 16.00 12.00 Plecoptera [ter.] - - - - 16.00 8.00 Trichoptera [l.] - 4.00 2.00-4.00 2.00 Dipetra - Nematocera [l.] 4.00-2.00 - - - Diptera - Brahicera [l.] 4.00-2.00 4.00-2.00 Hymenoptera - Formicidae [ter.] 4.00-2.00 - - - Urodela [l.] - - - - 4.00 2.00 Anura [l.] - - - 4.00 4.00 4.00 There are some differences in the food composition between the two study periods, but they are not significant (p=0,743). The existence of differences in the feeding of this species according to the period was signaled in other cases, as well (e.g. Denoël & Andreone 2003, Vignoli et al. 2007). The seasonal variation of the food composition for newts was documented before (eg: Fasola & Canova 1992,

18 Bogdan, H.V. et al. Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a). Normally the feeding of amphibians is more reduced in the beginning of the activity period, due to environmental conditions (Covaciu- Marcov et al. 2002b, Sas et al. 2003, Kovacs et al. 2007), the rule being applicable also for I. alpestris (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003). However, at Nadrag, the situation is exactly the opposite, the feeding being poor in the second period, when there are more newts without stomach contents, the frequency of those Table 6. The Pianka s index (Q) pair wise values. (M- males, F- females) 13.IV.2011 F M F M 0.7902445 0.5362272 0.1794165 F 0.8364185 0.4210057 13.IV.2011 M 0.7740500 Table 7. The Mann-Whitney test pair wise values and their significance. (M- males, F- females) 13.IV.2011 F M F M Z=-0.628222, Z=0.611469 P=0.529859 P=0.540889 F Z=0.063435 P=0.949420 13.IV.2011 M Z=-1.21300 P=0.225132 without animal origin prey grows, or of those that consumed only vegetal waste. The poor feeding registered in the second period is a consequence of the fact that in this interval the newts were already preparing to leave the aquatic habitat. The reduction of the feeding intensity of the newts before leaving the aquatic habitat was signaled also in the case of I. alpestris (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2003, 2010a), but also in other species of newts (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2006). It is interesting that during the time in which the alpine newt population from Nadrag left the water,

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 19 the populations from the Apuseni Mountains were in full mating period (Cicort- Lucaciu et al. 2011a). In both periods, the feeding of males was poorer than that of the females, although the differences between the two sexes weren t significant. The poor feeding of males was signaled before in the case of this species (e.g. Kovacs et al. 2010a, Dimancea at el. 2011) and also in the case of other species of newts (e.g. Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2006, Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010c). There are differences in the consumption of prey taxa between male and female individuals. Therefore, the males have consumed a larger amount of Copepoda crustaceans in the first period, a prey that lacked from the females diet. On the opposite, in this interval only the females have consumed bivalves. This fact shows that even in a small habitat, there are some differences in the hunting grounds of the two sexes. Although in the case of I. alpestris the males crest is reduced (Fuhn 1960), they feed more in the water body, while females feed more closer to the substrate, similar to other newt species with better developed crest (e.g. Cicort-Marcov et al. 2005a, Dobre et al. 2007). Table 8. The Chi square (Χ 2 ) test pair wise significance values and the significance. (M- males, F- females, T- total) 13.IV.2011 M F T M Χ 2 18 = 62.93333 p < 0.000001 F Χ 2 18 = 57.53333 p < 0.000005 T Χ 2 18 = 52.12273 p < 0.000036 The diet of the I. alpestris population from Nadrag confirms the fact that in general, during the aquatic period, the feeding of this species isn t too intense (Covaciu-Lucaciu et al. 2010a, Dimancea et al. 2011). This fact can be observed by the comparison of the obtained results with the previous data referring to the feeding of other newt species (e.g. Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2005a, b, 2006, David et al. 2009b, Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010a). However there are cases in which the feeding of this species was more intense (Kovacs et al. 2010a). The explanation of these

20 Bogdan, H.V. et al. differences is apparently difficult, because the only acceptable option is that of the different behavior of the two populations. Therefore, in the Apuseni Mountains, in the middle of the May, the newts were in, or at the end of the mating period, so they were feeding intensely (Kovacs et al. 2010a), while at Nadrag, in the middle of April the newts were already leaving the water. This fact indicates important differences in the relationship towards the aquatic habitat of the I. alpestris populations from the Apuseni and Poiana Rusca Mountains. In the case of the newts from Romania it has been documented that the maximum number of individuals from a population are present in the water during the peak of the mating period (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2011a). The conclusion is valid also in the case of I. alpestris, a species for which in the Apuseni Mountains the mating peak is at the beginning of May (Cicort-Lucaciu et al. 2011a). All this while at Nadrag, in the beginning of the month, there were only 2 newts present in the water. Furthermore, on the 13th of April many of the alpine newts were already rough, getting ready to leave the water. In the same time, the population was reduced from the first sampling, when there were 217 newts in the water (111 females and 106 males), to 134 newts present on the 13th of April (71 female and 63 males). These numbers show that on the 13th of April the newts were leaving the water massively. The result suggests the existences of some important differences between the I. alpestris population from Nadrag and the one from Madrigesti in the Apuseni Mountains, although they are found at less than 100 km apart and only 100 m higher in altitude. If these differences are confirmed, they will validate the previous speculations regarding the past of the populations from the Apuseni and the Poiana Rusca Mountains (Covaciu-Marcov et al. 2010b). CONCLUSIONS The studies hypotheses were partially verified. Therefore, the feeding of alpine newts in the aquatic period seems to be more reduced in the Poiana Rusca Mountains as well, in comparison with the data in the literature regarding other newt species. This seems to be a truly general characteristic of the feeding of a newt species with a short aquatic period. However between the population from Nadrag and the populations from the Apuseni Mountains there are some important differences. Unlike in the Apuseni Mountains, the feeding in Nadrag is

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 21 offset by approximately one month. At Nadrag the aquatic phase moves more quickly, the population leaving the water in the period when in the Apuseni Mountain the newts are in full mating season. So there are important regional differences of the mating period and automatically of the feeding in the aquatic phase between different areas of Romania. This fact underlines the importance of some regional studies to determine the influence of actual local conditions or of the factors from the past on the various I. alpestris populations. The differences between the two sexes and the two periods of study weren t significant. However, the feeding of the male was poorer than that of the females. Also, in the second period the feeding was poorer altogether, the newts getting ready to leave the aquatic habitat. Unlike other populations, at Nadrag the frequency of individuals with non animal stomach contents was high. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This work was partially supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/88/1.5/S/53501, Project ID53501 (2009), co-financed by the European Social Fund-Investing in People, within the Sectorial Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013. Also, the authors would like to thank I. Sas for the support given in the statistic processing of the data and S.-D. Covaciu-Marcov and A.-S. Cicort-Lucaciu for the help given on the field. We are grateful to all of them for the suggestions offered for drawing this material. REFERENCES Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cupşa, D., Purgea, I., Sas, I. (2005a): Research upon the trophic spectrum of a Triturus cristatus population in the Briheni area (County of Bihor, Romania). Scientific annals of the Danube Delta Institute for research and development, Tulcea-Romania 11: 2-8. Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Ardeleanu, A., Cupşa, D., Naghi, N., Dalea, A. (2005b): The trophic spectrum of a Triturus cristatus (Laurentus 1768) population from Plopiş Mountains area (Bihor County, Romania). North-Western Journal of Zoology 1: 31-40. Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Bogdan, L., Toth, A., Orban, I., Băbuţa, O. (2006a): Notă asupra hrănirii unei populaţii de Triturus cristatus de la Şuştiu (jud. Bihor, Romania). Analele Universitatii din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie 13: 24-28.

22 Bogdan, H.V. et al. Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Dimancea, N., Blaga-Lungulescu, R.M., Hodişan, O., Benko, A. (2009): Diet composition of a Triturus dobrogicus (Amphibia) population from Arad county, western Romania. Biharean Biologist (3)1: 77-82. Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Radu, N.R., Paina, C., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Sas, I. (2011a): Data on population Dynamics of Three Syntopic Newt Species from Western Romania. Ecologia Balkanica 3(2): 49-55. Cicort-Lucaciu, A.S., Cupsa, D., Ilies, D., Ilies, A., Baias, S., Sas, I (2011b): Feeding of two amphibian specieis (Bombina variegata and Pelophylax ridibundus) from artificial habitats from Padurea Craiului Mountains (Romania). North-Western Journal of Zoology 7 (2): 297-303. Cogălniceanu, D. (1997): Practicum de ecologie a Amfibienilor - metode şi tehnici în studiul ecologiei Amfibienilor. Ed. Universităţii din Bucureşti. [in Romanian]. Cogălniceanu, D., Aioanei, F., Bogdan, M. (2000): Amfibienii din România, Determinator. Ed. Ars Docendi, Bucharest. [in Romanian]. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cupşa, D., Telcean, I., Cicort, A. (2002a): Spectrul trofic al unei populaţii de Triturus cristatus (Amfibia, Urodela) din zona Şerghiş, jud. Bihor, România. Oltenia, Studii şi Comunicări, Ştiinţele Naturii 18: 188-194. [in Romanian]. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cupşa, D., Sas, I., Ghira I. (2002b): The study of the trophic spectrum of two populations of Rana arvalis Nils., 1842 from the north of Bihor county. Analele Ştiinţifice ale Universităţii Al. I. Cuza Iaşi, 48: 160-171. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cupşa, D., Cicort, A., Naghi, N., Vesea, L. (2003): Date despre spectrul trofic al unor populaţii de Triturus alpestris din zona Muntelui Şes (jud. Bihor, România). Oltenia, Studii şi Comunicări Ştiinţele Naturii 19: 171-176. [in Romanian]. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Sas, I., Cupşa, D., Rois, R., Bogdan, H. (2005): The trophic spectrum of a population of Bufo viridis (Amphibia) from the campus of the University of Oradea, Romania. Biota 6(1-2): 5-12. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Sas, I., Ilieş, D.C., Josan, I. (2009): Explaining the presence of low altitude Mesotriton alpestris (Laurenti, 1768) populations from the Apuseni Mountains, Western Romania - a possible zoogeographical scenario. North- Western Journal of Zoology 5(2): 406-419. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Mitrea, I., Sas, I., Căuş, A.V., Cupşa, D. (2010a): Feeding of three syntopic newt species (Triturus cristatus, Mesotriton alpestris and Lissotriton vulgaris) from Western Romania. North-Western Journal of Zoology 6(1): 95-108. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Ilieş, A., Bogdan, H.V., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Ferenţi, S. (2010b): Ichthyosaura (Mesotriton) alpestris Low Altitude Population from Poiana Ruscă

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 23 Mountains, Western Romania, Another Apuseni Mountains Scenario? Pakistan Journal of Zoology 42(6): 781-785. Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Sas, I., Cupşa, D., Kovács, É.H., Ferenţi, S. (2010c): Food composition of some low altitude Lissotriton montandoni (Amphibia, Caudata) populations from north-western Romania. Archives of Biological Sciences (Belgrade) 62(2): 479-488. David, A., Ferenti, S., Hodisan, O., Bogdan, H.V., Gale, O. (2009a): The food analysis of a Triturus cristatus population near Ignesti locality, Arad County, Romania. Herpetologica Romanica 3: 47-52. David, A., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.S., Roxin, M., Pal, A., Nagy-Zachari, A.S. (2009b): Comparative trophic spectrum of two newt species, Triturus cristatus and Lissotriton vulgaris from Mehedinti County, Romania. Biharean Biologist 3(2): 133-137. Denoël, M., Andreone, F. (2003): Trophic habits and aquatic microhabitat use in gilled immature, paedomorphic and metamorphic Alpine newt Triturus alpestris apuanus in a pond in central Italy. Belgian Journal of Zoology 133(2): 95-102. Denoël, M., Demars, B. (2008): The benefits of heterospecific oophagy in a top predator. Acta Oecologica 34: 74-79. Çiçek, K. (2011): Food composition of Uludağ frog, Rana macronemis Boulenger, 1885 in Uludağ (Bursa, Turkey). Acta Herpetologica 6(1): 87-99. Dasgupta, R. (1996): Feeding ecology of the adult Himalayan Salamander Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson, 1871 (Caudata: Salamandridae). Herpetozoa 9(1/2): 19-29. Dimancea, N., Cicort-Lucaciu, A.Ş., Fazacas, R., Ianc, R., Boros, A. (2011): The trophic spectrum analysis of a Mesotriton alpestris (Laurentus 1768) population from Voineasa locality, Valcea County, Romania. South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment 2(1): 65-73. Dobre, F., Bucur, D.M., Mihuţ, R., Birceanu, M., Gale, O. (2007): Date asupra compoziţiei hranei a unei populaţii de Triturus cristatus (Laur. 1768) din Parcul Naţional Defileul Jiulul, România. Biharean Biologist 1: 23-28. Fasola, M., Canova, L. (1992): Feeding habits of Triturus vulgaris, T. cristatus and T. alpestris (Amphibia, Urodela) in the northern Apennines (Italy). Bolletino di zoologia 59(3): 273-280. Kovács, É.H., Sas, I., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Hartel, T., Cupşa, D., Groza, M. (2007): Seasonal variation in the diet of a population of Hyla arborea from Romania. Amphibia-Reptilia. 28: 485-491. Kovács, I., Paina, C., Benţ, F.C. (2010a): Notes on the trophic spectrum of a Mesotriton alpestris (Amphibia) population from Salaj County, Romania. Biharean Biologist 4(2): 133-137.

24 Bogdan, H.V. et al. Kovács, I., Bodenciu, E., Bodenciu, C., Nagy, R., Pintea, C. (2010b): Data upon the feeding of some newt populations (Triturus cristatus and Lissotriton vulgaris) from Almas-Agrij Depression, Salaj County, Romania. South-Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment 1(1): 29-55. Kuzmin, S. L. (1990): Trophic niche overlap in syntopic postmetamorphic amphibians of the Carpathian Mountains (Ukraine: Soviet Union). Herpetozoa 3 (1/2): 13-24. Fuhn, I. (1960): Fauna R.P.R., vol. XIV, Fascicola I, Amphibia. Editura Academiei R.P.R., Bucharest. [in Romanian]. Ghira, I., Venczel, M., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Mara, Gy., Ghile, P., Hartel, T., Török, Zs., Farkas, L., Rácz, T., Farkas, Z., Brad, T. (2002): Mapping of Transylvanian Herpetofauna. Nymphaea, Folia Naturae Bihariae 29: 145-203. Iftime, A. (2005): Amfibieni. În: Cartea Roşie a Vertebratelor din România, editori: Botnariuc & Tatole. Ed. Academiei Române, Bucharest. Iftime, A., Iftime O. (2011): Triturus cristatus (Caudata: Salamandridae) feeds upon dead fishes. Salamandra 47(1): 43-44. Lima, J.E de P., Rödder, D., Solé, M. (2010): Diet of two sympatric Phyllomedusa (Anura: Hylidae) species from a cacao plantation in southern Bahia, Brazil. North-Western Journal of Zoology 6(1): 13-24. Mollov, I.A. (2008): Sex Based Differences in the Trophic Niche of Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (Amphibia: Anura) from Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 60(3): 277-284. Mollov, I.A., Boyadzhiev, P., Donev, A. (2010): Trophic role of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) (Amphibia: Anura) in the aquatic ecosystems. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 16(3): 298-306. Ovlachi, K.B., Ilona, H.R., Erdei, A., Blaga-Lungulescu, R., Petruţ, M. (2007): The trophic spectrum of a Triturus vulgaris population from Cărand area (Arad county, Romania). Analele Universitatii din Craiova, s. Horticultura, Biologie 12: 199-203. Pianka, E.R. (1973): The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 268-271. Sas, I., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Cupşa, D., Aszalos, L., Kovacs, E.H., Telcean, I. C. (2003): Data about the trophic spectrum of a population of Rana arvalis of the Andrid area (Satu - Mare county, România). Universitatea din Bacau, Studii şi Cercetări Ştiinţifice, Biologie, 8: 216-223. Sas, I., Kovács, É.H., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Strugariu, A., Covaci, R., Ferenţi, S. (2007): Food habits of a Pool frog Pelophylax lessonae - Edible frog Pelophylax kl. esculentus population from North-Western Romania. Biota 8(1-2): 71-78. Sas, I., Covaciu-Marcov, S.D., Strugariu, A., David, A., Ilea, C. (2009): Food Habit of Rana (Phelophylax) kl. esculenta Females in a New recorded E-System Population from a Forested Habitat in North-Western Romania. Turkish Journal of Zoology 33: 1-5.

Food composition of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population from the Poiana Rusca Mountains 25 Shannon, C.E., Wiener, W. (1949): The mathematical theory of communication. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana. Solé, M., Beckmann, O., Pelz, B., Kwet, A., Engels. W. (2005): Stomach-flushing for diet analysis in anurans: an improved protocol evaluated in a case study in Araucaria forests, southern Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 40 (1): 23-28. Vignoli, L.,Bombi, P., D`Amen, M., Bologna, M.A. (2007): Seasonal variation in the trophic niche of a heterochronic population of Triturus alpestris apuanus from the south-western Alps. Herpetological Journal 17(3): 183-191. Yu, T.L., Gu, Y.S., Du, J., Lu, X. (2009): Seasonal variation and ontogenetic change in the diet of a population of Bufo gargarizans from the farmland, Sichuan, China. Biharean Biologist 3(2): 99-104. Zar J.H. (1999): Biostatistical analysis, 4nd Edition. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.