A Multi-beamlet Injector for Heavy Ion Fusion: Experiments and Modeling G.A. Westenskow, D.P. Grote; LLNL J.W. Kwan, F. Bieniosek; LBNL PAC07 - FRYAB01 Albuquerque, New Mexico June 29, 2007 This work has been performed under the auspices of the US DOE by UC-LBNL under contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by UC-LLNL under contract W-7405-ENG-48, for the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory. Westenskow PAC07 1
In our proposed Heavy Ion Fusion driver we accelerate ~ 100 heavy ion beams to ~ 8 GeV. All beam pass through each induction cell. Multiple Beam Injector Induction Cells (with ESQ focusing elements) At the injector, each beam has ~ 1 A of current, and is ~ 20 μs in duration. Heavy ions are chosen to couple energy to the target without having large space charge fields in the final focus. Our challenge is to provide a suitable compact ion source. Westenskow PAC07 2
Funneling 100 large sources does not work well. A surface-ionization source produces alkali metal Ions, J 20 ma/cm 2. Westenskow PAC07 3
Beam extraction scaling law J CL = χ V 3 2 Source Filament d 2 I CL = πχ a d Extraction Electrodes a d V 2 3 2 V CL Space-charge-limited flow in the extraction diode is governed by Child- Langmuir equation. where χ = (4ε o /9)(2q/M) 1/2 with q and M being the charge and mass of the ions respectively, a is the aperture radius, d the diode length, and V is the extraction voltage. V is limited by breakdown V ~ d for d < 1 cm V ~ d 0.5 for d > 1 cm so large ion diode needs high V but produces low J. Spherical aberration depends on the aspect ratio a/d (typically < 0.5) thus I max ~ V 3/2 Conclusion: high current needs large V and d but results in low J, so the brightness is limited. Westenskow PAC07 4
We propose forming each beam from ~200 beamlets. Beamlets are accelerated to ~ 1.6 MeV before entering the ESQs 200 beamlets are merged to form a 1-A beam Beamlets are aimed and steered to rapidly match into an ESQ channel. Lens ESQ ESQ ESQ Merge Region Westenskow PAC07 5
We first needed to demonstrated that we could produce suitable beamlets. The merging beamlet approach requires a high current density ion source. A surface-ionization source produces alkali metal ions (with low ionization potential) from a solid surface with high work function (e.g. tungsten) at high temperature. Ion temperature 0.3 ev and J 20 ma/cm 2. RF plasma sources can source high current density. This approach can tolerate a higher intrinsic ion temperature, so there are more ion source options. RF plasma sources can provide many different ion species. We have measured the temperature for our source. Westenskow PAC07 6
Issues of using an RF Plasma Source were investigated. Issues Results Reaching high enough current density 100 ma/cm 2 (5 ma) Obtaining a low emittance beamlet T eff < 2 ev Charge state purity > 90% in Ar + Energy spread from charge exchange < 0.5% beam spread over 2kV (50 kv beam) Westenskow PAC07 7 STS100 Diagnostics
Plasma chamber Pressure: ~ 1 to 20 mtorr Argon RF power: 4-20 kw RF Frequency: 13.6 MHz Permanent Magnets Westenskow PAC07 8 14 cm 100 ma/cm 2 Multiple extraction holes each ~ 2.5 mm diameter
We obtained the best beamlet optics when the plasma was slightly underdriven. Under-driven Matched Over-driven plasma gap Lower current Higher emission current, but may not transport Westenskow PAC07 9
Our Argon Plasma Source has produced beamlets at the required current density Current peaks when the beam fills the exit aperture. Optimum optics at perveance = 5.3 ma / 80 kv (3/2) Obtained 5 ma from a ¼ cm hole 100 ma/cm 2. (compare to ~10 ma/cm 2 for a typical hot-plate source) 6.00 5.00 4.50 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 80kV 70kV 60kV 50kV 40kV Beam current (ma) 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 RF @ 8 kv RF @ 5 kv 80 kv, ~ 5 mt 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 RF drive (kw) 030117 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Time (us) 7/26/02 Westenskow PAC07 10
Used time-of-flight technique to measure charge state purity 8 7 6 5 4 3 Time of flight data for charge states identification Ar ++ 4 kv rf + 0.0 5 kv rf + 1.0 6 kv rf + 2.0 7 kv rf + 3.0 8 kv rf + 4.0 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 RF Plasma Source Charge State Fractions Ar norm +3 Z3 Ar norm +2 Z2 Ar norm +1 Z1 2 0.3 0.2 1 0.1 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time after pulser triggered (us) 0 8 13 18 23 RF power (kw) Drift ~ 1.7 m 020924Zi.xls Westenskow PAC07 11
Used to a 2-slit emittance measurement technique Measured emittance showed T eff 2 ev, which is adequate for use in merging beamlets. Possible emittance reduction by improving beam optics. matched optics x (mrad) 0.05000 0.04000 RF@9.9kW RF@15.6kW x (mm) 0.03000 Overdense optics 0.02000 0.01000 0.00000 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Beam Fraction of a simulated flat source 8/19/02 Westenskow PAC07 12
Extraction and Acceleration of Beamlets Using Einzel Lenses To minimize emittance growth, we want more than 100 beamlets, thus 5 ma (of K + ) per beamlet. The maximum current density that can be focussed by the Einzel lenses has 100 ma/cm 2 at the source aperture. 1100 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 0kV 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 kv r (m) Z (m) Westenskow PAC07 13
We tested the first four gaps of an Einzel Lens array at full gradient. Designed for high vacuum gap voltage gradient >100kV/cm to reach >100 ma/cm 2 All but the last gap operated at design voltages. Thin stainless steel flat electrodes. High Gradient Insulators Top view Westenskow PAC07 14
The measured beam current from the 61 beamlets scaled with extraction voltage. Total Beam Current (ma) 1000 100 10 10 100 1000 Beam Voltage (kv) simulation higher pressure lower pressure Current density projects to >100 ma/cm 2 (or 3.835 ma per beamlet) when at full voltage. By shorting out the fields in the last gap we achieved full gradient on the other gaps and reached a current density of 100 ma/cm 2. Westenskow PAC07 15
Comparison of the beam s profile with a simulation (at the exit of the lens assembly). Simulation result Scintillator data original cluster size 150 kv, RF 4.5 kv, sup - 5 kv (file 041109-18) The overall cluster size and beamlet positions at z=15 cm agree with simulation prediction but the individual beamlet profile is less sharp leading to slight overlapping at the central region. Westenskow PAC07 16
Why did we perform the full-gradient test? Do learn how high of an operating gradient can be used. Want to operate at high-as-possible gradient to produce high-current low-emittance beams. Operation in a harsh environment: During the switch-on time most of the ions are loss to the walls, where they produce secondary particles. Plasma source is operated at about 2 mtorr. Gas flows through the first few gaps before it can be removed from the beam path. Working with 20 μs pulses. Can we operate at ~100 kv/cm? Yes, but we were near the threshold with present mode of operation. Westenskow PAC07 17
Elements of the Merging Experiment (¼ voltage) Extraction gap Plasma Chamber Electrostatic Quadruples (ESQs) Westenskow PAC07 18 RF Antenna Top of Column (+ 400 kv) Curved Einzel Lens 65 cm Merge Region Bottom Lens Plate (+ 240 kv) 162.5 cm Top Plate of ESQs ( +20 kv) Bottom of Column ( 0 kv) Diagnostic Chamber
Einzel Lens Assembly Lens Connection bars Hole Pattern Lens provides transverse focusing as the beamlets are accelerated. 119 Holes Westenskow PAC07 19
Example of a plate in the Einzel Lens Assembly 20 cm OD plates 3.2 mm thick SS material ~ 60 cm curvature 119 beamlets beamlet direction Westenskow PAC07 20
Beam current scaled according to space charge limit. 100 Beam Current (ma) Current (ma) 10 Measured Simulation 100 1000 Voltage (kv) Westenskow PAC07 21
Images show that merged beam has substructure. Experiment Simulation Y (mm) X (mm) (taken about 20 cm below the slit) (at the slit) Westenskow PAC07 22
Measurement of the X-X phase space after the ESQs Slit scanner 20 Optical scan X (mrad) 0-20 Code prediction -12-6 0 6 12 X (mm) Westenskow PAC07 23
Unnormalized emittance is constant ESQ fields were adjusted for each beam energy measured. Unnormalized x emittance (π-mm-mrad) 250 150 0 100 Slit scanner Optical scan Simulation 200 300 400 Beam Voltage (kv) Westenskow PAC07 24
Summary for the Merging Beamlet Experiments The merging experiments were in support of a compact, high-current high-brightness injector for use in a HIF Fusion Driver. The experiments have added to our knowledge base, so that we could now build a multi-beam source. An RF-driven multi-cusp plasma source produced satisfactory high-current-density beamlets. Good agreement with simulations. Westenskow PAC07 25
Backup Slides Westenskow PAC07 26
Ion Beams for Heavy Ion Inertial Fusion ~ Standard design possible recirculation target ion source and injector acceleration with electric focusing acceleration with magnetic focusing chamber transport final focusing matching beam combining compression bending 2-3 MeV ~100 MeV ~10 GeV ~10 GeV ~1 A/beam ~10 μs ~10 A/beam ~ 4 μs ~400 A/beam ~100 ns ~4000 A/beam ~10 ns Power amplification to the required 10 14-10 15 W is achieved by beam combining, acceleration and longitudinal bunching. Heavy ion beams have significant space-charge effects Multiple beams provide better target illumination symmetry and a better match to the beam transport limits. Westenskow PAC07 27
Why Ion beams? Why heavy Ions? Ion accelerators can operate at > 10 Hz, 30% efficient, and with radiation-hardened final focusing. Desirable ion range for fusion target is ~ 0.1 g/cm 2 so want ~ 80 MeV light ions (e.g. 7 Li) or ~ 8 GeV heavy ions (e.g. 207 Pb). For a given power on target, light ions would need ~ 100 times more current. Total required heavy ion charge on target is ~ 1 mc. Westenskow PAC07 28
Typical HIF Driver Injector Requirements Ion mass > 100 amu for driver, 39 amu for HCX Total charge delivered ~ 1 mc Beam current per beam ~ 0.5 ampere (transport limit) Delta I/ I ± 0.2 % Total beam current 50 ampere Number of beams 100 Injector voltage ~ 1.5-2.0 MV (Delta V)/ V ± 0.1% Line charge density per beam 0.2 μc/m Pulse length 10-20 μs Rise time < 1 μs Current density uniformity ±10% Achieved parameters are in red fonts Emittance (each 0.5 A beam) < 1 π-mm-mrad (adequate, but smaller is better) Life time ~ 5 Hz x 3.15x10 7 sec/yr = 1.6x10 8 pulses Westenskow PAC07 29
Energy dispersion is a consequence of charge exchange loss inside the pre-accelerator Dipole E field beam slit movable slit 0.5% beam spread over 2kV (50kV beam energy) 4 ms gas puff equals 2 mtorr. Westenskow PAC07 30
Phase space of the 119-beamlet merged beam Current = 70 ma, Final energy = 400 KeV Normalized emittance Westenskow PAC07 31
WARP s prediction at the emittance slit. Westenskow PAC07 32
Other types of ion sources for HIF Large Ionizer Miniionizer ECR/ EBIS MEVVA Laser Gas arc Discharge Converter Packing factor O O X X? Life-time X X X X O?? Reproducibility? X X? Current density O X? Transparancy -- X Ion Temp O O O? X O Uniformity X X X? Gas load?? O O Low noise? X X? Purity (A & Z) O X X? Rise-time O? X Power Efficiency O X O? Contamination O OO O O? Simplicity X O X? Reliability X X? X X?? Innovation should make use of HIF s short pulse nature. Key: -- not applicable, = good, X=improvement needed, O=bad Westenskow PAC07 33