Title: Sponsor: Fall Pest Management Meeting University of Arizona Date: 8-11-4 Location: Yuma Civic and Convention Center
Fall Produce Insect Pest Management Review John C. Palumbo
Whiteflies Aphid Complex I. Review of 23/24 II. III. Research and New Products Recommendations Worm Complex Thrips
Fall / Winter Temperatures Yuma Valley - AZMET Avg. Daily Temperature ( o F) 9 8 7 6 5 27 Aug 1998-1999 1999-2 2-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 1 Sep 24 Sep 8 22 Date (week ending) 5 Nov 19 Nov 9 8 7 6 5 3 Dec
Winter / Spring Temperatures Yuma Valley - AZMET Avg. Daily Temperature ( o F) 8 7 6 5 1998-1999 1999-2 2-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 8 7 6 5 3 Dec 17 Dec 1 Jan 14 Jan 28 Jan 11 Feb 25 Feb 11 Mar 25 Mar Date (week ending)
3.49 1.37.41.6.69.73 1.9 Avg..85.1.2.1.4.5 3-4 1.25.64.57.2.2 2-3.12.1.1.1 1-2 3.52 2.54.2.31.63.2-1 1.6.21.5.8 99-1.85.53.5.26 1.1 98-99 Avg. Mar Feb Jan Dec Nov Sep Yr Avg Seasonal Rainfall (in.) Seasonal Rainfall Yuma Valley - AZMET
Silverleaf Whitefly 2 2-21 21-22 15 22-23 23-24 1 Whitefly Adults 5 23 Aug 1 Sep 8 Sep 15 22 Sep 29 Sep 6 13 2 27 3 Nov 1 Nov 17 Nov 24 Nov 1 Dec 8 Dec 15 Dec
Field Performance of Admire in Commercial Lettuce Yuma, Gila, & Dome Valleys 5 Admire - 16 oz Untreated Nymphs / cm 2 4 3 2 1 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 1 2 3
Fall Broccoli 25 Nymphs / cm 2 Admire Untreated n =5 Nymphs / cm 2 15 1 5 98 99 1 2 3 Fall Cantaloupes 2 Nymphs / cm 2 n =4 Admire Untreated n =4 Nymphs / cm 15 1 5 98 99 1 2 3
Oberon A new IGR like compound from Bayer Crop Sciences. Inhibits lipid biosynthesis. Spiromesifen (BSN 24) Foliar contact activity against whiteflies and mites. Highly effective on nymphs and pupal stage. Picture of whiteflies Considered harmless to pollinators. Excellent IRM tool.
21 Large and Red-eyed nymphs Spring Melons, 23 Nymphs / cm 2 18 15 12 9 6 Assail 1.7 oz Courier 4SC 13.5 oz Oberon 2SC 8.5 oz Untreated 3 Pre-spray 7 14 21 DAT - 1 st Spray 7 14 DAT - 2 nd
Management Options Admire 16-2 oz 1.5 to 2 below seed line 1-2 gpa Pyrethroid combinations Capture, Danitol Orthene Endosulfan Provado
BAW and CL Populations in Untreated head Lettuce Yuma Ag Center Avg. Total Worms / Plant 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 17 Sep 27 Sep 7 17 27 6 Nov
Avg. Ambient Temp ( o F) 9 9 BAW and CL Populations in Untreated 23 head Lettuce 85 85 8 Yuma Ag Center 8 75 7 65 1998 75 7 65 16 Avg. Total Worms / Plant 16 14 12 1 23 14 12 1 8 6 1998 8 6 4 4 2 2 17 Sep 27 Sep 7 17 27 6 Nov
Avg. Ambient Temp ( o F) 9 85 8 75 23 9 85 8 75 7 65 1998 7 65 16 Avg. Total Worms / Plant 16 14 12 1 23 14 12 1 8 6 1998 8 6 4 4 2 2 17 Sep 27 Sep 7 17 27 6 Nov
Pyridalyl (S-1812) A new chemistry, active on worms Unknown Mode of Action Translaminar activity / contact and Ingestion Considered an OP replacement (EPA)
Pyridalyl (S-1812) Fall 23 Head Lettuce 86 7 5 6 5 4 43 3 2 2 1 Large CL BAW / 5 Plants / 5 Plants 3 DAT #1 S 1812 data Intrepid 6 oz + Renounce 3.5 oz S- 1812 (.15 lb ai) Success 5 oz Untreated 7 DAT #1 Intrepid 6 oz + Renounce 3.5 oz S- 1812 (.15 lb ai) Success 5 oz Untreated 3 DAT #2 7 DAT #2
Entrust vs. Success in Lettuce Large Larvae / Plant 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5 Large BAW Large Larvae / Plant. 5 4 3 2 1 Untreated Success -.78 lb ai/ac ( 5 oz) Entrust -.78 lb ai/ac ( 1.6 oz) Large CL 22 Sep 29 Sep 2 7 11 17 21 27 3
Interaction between Entrust and Aza-Direct Trial 1 1.4 Large BAW YAC, Fall 23 Large Larvae / Plant 1.2 1..8.6.4.2. 24 Sep 3 Sep 3 9 17 Untreated Dipel 1 lb AzaDirect 42 oz Entrust 1.6 oz Entrust + AZA
The Big 4 Effective, Residual control Environmentally soft Short REI and PHI Selective Activity Unique modes of action New Insecticide Chemistries For Lep Control
Lep-Specific Activity Intrepid Avaunt Proclaim Success Beet armyworm Cabbage looper Tobacco budworm
Heavy Worm Pressure 3, 21 Untreated Check Avaunt Proclaim Intrepid Confirm Success Untreated Avg. No. Plants/ 45 row ft 6. oz 3.2 oz 6. oz 8. oz 5. oz 2 4 6 8 1 * 6 % of all melons direct seeded 75% Stand loss
Factors Influencing Worm Control Spray applications ~ Coverage / Deposition ~ Adjuvants (+ or -) ~ Rates Weather conditions ~ wind ~ rain ~ dew ~ temp/sunlight Plant growth parameters Insect pressure
Worm Management In Desert Head Lettuce-23 Stand Establishment Post-thinning to Pre-heading Heading to Harvest Coty 2-4 lf 4-8 lf 9-14 lf Preheading Early Head Head 2-4" Head >4" Success Proclaim Avaunt Intrepid Lannate Larvin Orthene Endosulfan Stand-alone worm control Tank-mix application
Desert Aphid Complex Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbidae Acyrthosiphon lactucae Foxglove Aphid Aulacorthum solani Lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribis-nigri
Sticky trap monitoring 1 5 8 4 6 3 4 2 1 2 Aphids Mean / Trap / Day Yuma Valley - Interior Colorado River 1998-1999 1999-2 2-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 9Aug 23Sep 7 Sep 28 Sep 17 21 7 4 Nov 27 18 Nov Nov 16 2Dec 16 Dec3 Dec6 Dec 26Dec Jan 13 Jan 15 27 Feb Jan4 1Feb 24 1 Feb24 Jan 16Mar Apr 24 Mar 5
Green Peach Aphid Avg. Green Peach Aphids / Plant 45 3 15 5 4 3 2 1 9 75 6 45 3 15 15 wet date Nov 1 wet date Nov 15 wet date 1999-2 2-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 45 3 15 5 4 3 2 1 9 75 6 45 3 15 2 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 1 Jan 14 Jan 28 Jan 11 Feb 25 Feb 11 Mar 25 Mar
Foxglove Aphid 16 12 8 4 Wet date 1 28 15 Nov 3 Dec 13 Dec 21-22 16 12 8 4 Mean Aphids / Plant 3 225 15 75 24 18 12 6-42 Wet date -28-14 22-23 14 28 42 56 7 84 1 29 14 Nov 3 Dec 12 Dec -42 Wet date -28-14 23-24 14 28 42 56 7 84 15 3 19 Nov 3 Dec 12 Dec 3 225 15 75 24 18 12 6 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 1 Jan 14 Jan 28 Jan 11 Feb 25 Feb 11 Mar 25 Mar
Seasonal Avg. Green Peach Aphids / Plant Wet date Season 11 2 Nov 15 Nov 3 Dec 15 Dec 5 Yr Avg 1999-2..1.1.3.2.1 2-21 5.5 2.4 12.6 4.7 5.7 9.8 21-22. 1..7.2.1.4 22-23..8 1.8..3.6 23-24 15.8 117. 23. 1.6 12. 35.7 Season Avg 4.3 27.9 7.6 3.2 3.7
Seasonal Avg. Potato Aphids * / Plant Wet date Season 11 2 Nov 15 Nov 3 Dec 15 Dec 5 Yr Avg 1999-2..1 2.5 3.5 1. 1.8 2-21 1.3 6.7 4.6 1.6 2.7 3.4 21-22.2.4 1.5.8 5.6 1.7 22-23 2.3 1.4 75.2 94.2 6.1 46. 23-24..1.... Season Avg.8 2.2 16.2 2. 13.9 * includes Acrythosiphum lactucae populations
Seasonal Avg. Foxglove Aphids * / Plant Wet date Season 11 2 Nov 15 Nov 3 Dec 15 Dec 5 Yr Avg 1999-2 - - - - - - 2-21 - - - - - - 21-22..1 1.2 14.6 1.5 3.5 22-23 1.1 16.3 32.6 67.1 37.2 3.9 23-24 1.4 25.1 49.8 5.6 5.7 17.5 Season Avg.8 13.8 27.9 29.1 14.8
Seasonal Avg. for Total Aphid Complex Wet date Season 11 2 Nov 15 Nov 3 Dec 15 Dec 5 Yr Avg 1999-2..1 1.4 1.7 1.9 1. 2-21 2.3 9.4 6.1 3.1 5.8 5.3 21-22.1.4 1.1 4.1 2.9 1.7 22-23.9 4.7 27.9 48.5 34.5 23.3 23-24 4.3 35.6 18.3 4.3 5.6 13.6 Season Avg 1.5 1. 11. 12.3 1.1
Winged Aphids Dark abdominal dorsal markings Abdominal Dorsal Patch Dark patch on upper abdomen Antennae Tubercule Convergent Cornicles dark and swollen No abdominal dorsal markings Pear shaped with red eyes, Abdomen appears to have white stripes Legs and cornicles Light Green Peach aphid Acyrthosiphum lactuacae Abdominal Dorsal Stripes Body elongate, large, 3-4mm long Legs segments dark, tips of cornicles dark Cauda is long Tips of cornicles dark Cornicles dark Potato aphid Foxglove aphid Lettuce aphid
Wingless Aphids Green spots near cornicles Dark patch on upper abdomen Body shiny, pear shaped Very mobile No abdominal stripes Abdominal stripes or bands Body dull, waxy bloom Whitish stripes Cornicles, antnennae, legs light Acyrthosiphum lactuacae Foxglove aphid Antennae tuberlces converging inward Pear shaped, legs and cornicle slight Lateral dark green stripes along abdoman No spots near cornicle Antennae tuberlces diverging out Body elongate, long cauda and cornicles Very mobile Body shiny, tan to red, Dark abdominal stripes Tips of cornicles dark Antennae, legs have dark segments Lettuce aphid Green Peach aphid Potato aphid
N Cl N NC N Flonicamid Assail Pyridinecarboxamide OP Replacement Active primarily on Aphids Neonicotinoid Reduced-risk Aphid and Whitefly activity
Aphid Control with New Insecticides, Spring 24 18 15 12 9 6 4 35 Mean Aphids / Plant Assail Fulfill Flonicamid Untreated 1 2 3 4 18 15 12 9 6 4 35 3 3 25 25 2 2 15 15 1 1 5 5 Jan 12 Jan 2 Jan 27 Feb 3 Feb 1 Feb 18 Feb 25 Mar 3 Mar 11
Aphid Control with New Insecticides, Spring 24 1 8 % Contaminated Heads at Harvest (> 5 aphids) Green peach aphid Foxglove aphid 1 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 Assail Fulfill Flonicamid Untreated
Effective Insecticides for Aphid Management Admire Provado Endosulfan Dimethoate Orthene MSR Fulfill Assail (CA) Season-long * 7 day residual 7-1 d 7-1 d Head lettuce; 21 d PHI Head lettuce; 28 d PHI 7-14 d 14 d * Higher rates in late Nov-Dec plantings for foxglove aphid
Keys to Economic Aphid Management Acyrthosiphon lactucae Early detection of colonization Proper ID of species Treat when populations begin to colonize plants (1-5% infestation) Use Insecticides at effective rates
Onion Thrips (3%) Western Flower Thrips (93%)
Western Flower Thrips Avg. Temp ( o F) 8 7 6 5 21-22 22-23 23-24 8 7 6 5 Mean Total Thrips / Plant 2 15 1 5 2 15 1 5 2 21-22 22-23 23-24 Wet Date Sep 17 1 29 Nov 14 Dec 3 Dec 12 2 15 1 5 2 15 1 5 2 15 15 1 1 5 5 12 1 Nov 21 Nov 11 Dec 1 Jan 2 Jan 9 Feb 1 Mar 21 Mar 8 Apr
Seasonal Avg. Thrips / Plant Wet date Season 17 Sep 1 3 15 Nov 2 Dec 15 Dec 5 Yr Avg 21-22 43.3 23.6 16.9 37. 4.2 65.9 37.8 22-23 41.7 45.7 66.2 111.8 75.9 66.8 68. 23-24 14.1 22.8 25.9 22.7 19.5 35. 23.3 Season Avg 33. 3.7 36.3 57.2 45.2 56.
Western Flower Thrips No reliable sampling plan Lack of quantitative data on damage / quality Control is reliant on a few AI: - Lannate - Success - Orthene Insecticide resistance is a concern Lack of New alternatives ~ Flonicamid / Assail
Western Flower Thrips in Organic Lettuce
Western Flower Thrips Control with Entrust Fall 23 1 9 % Control Total Thrips Avg. - 3 Sprays 8 Col 1 vs Ad 7 6 5 4 Success 6 oz Entrust 1.9 oz Entrust + AzaDirect 24 oz Entrust + Pyganic 32 oz
Romaine Spring, 24 Untreated Pyganic Adults Larvae Success 1 st Application 2 nd Application Entrust Success +Mustang Lannate +Mustang Entrust +Pyganic 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean Thrips / 3 Plants
Key to Economic Thrips Management Early detection of thrips populations A few probably means a lot Treat before thrips larvae become established Use Insecticides at effective rates By ground when possible
www.ag.arizona.edu/crops