Towards a Precise Measurement of Atomic Parity Violation in a Single + Ion TRIµP Program Trapped dioactive Isotopes: µ-laboratories for fundamental Physics Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut (KVI) University of Groningen, The Netherlands The 19th Particles and Nuclei International Conference (PANIC11) 24-29 July, 2011 with help from G.S. Giri
Outline 1 Motivation 2 Experiment 3 Results 4 Conclusions
Physics Beyond Standard Model Low Energy Tests of The Standard Model The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is incomplete Searches for physics beyond the SM at two, complementary, fronts:
Physics Beyond Standard Model Running of Weinberg Angle Q w = N + (1 4sin 2 θ w )Z + diative Corr. + New Physics Figure: Adapted from J. Erler et al.
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) APV in Cs : The best experiment so far 6S 1/2 6 S 1/2 = 6S 1/2 +ε np 1/2 7S 1/2 7 S 1/2 = 7S 1/2 +ε np 1/2 E1 PNC = 7 S 1/2 D 6 S 1/2 Figure: C. Wieman et al., Science 275, 1753 (1997).
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) + : An Ideal Candidate Advantages Heavy: APV signal Z 3 Atomic theory is tractable Easy lasers (semiconductor diodes) Different isotopes available @ TRIµP Isotope Lifetime (S) Nuclear Spin 209 4.6(2) 5/2 210 3.7 0 211 13(2) 5/2 212 13(2) 0 213 164.4(3.6) 1/2 214 2.46(3) 0 ns1/ 2 HW np1/ 2 [a.u.] Ca + Sr + Ba + + Cs ns 1/2 H W np 1/2 Z 3 K r Z 3
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) Advantage of Single Ion Experiment Single Ion Technique Ions are easy to manipulate Superior control of systematics Novel frequency measurement: Light Shifts (Fortson 1993)
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) Level Structure of dium Ion 7p 2 P 3/2 4.67(7) ns 7p 2 P 1/2 87.8 % 1.6 % 10.6 % 8.57(12) ns 468 nm 90.9 % 9.1 % 1079 nm 708 nm 802 nm 297(4) ms 627(4) ms 6d 2 D 5/2 6d 2 D 3/2 382 nm 728 nm 828 nm 7s 2 S 1/2 Theoretical branching ratios and life times: B. K. Sahoo et al., Phys. Rev. A 76, 040504(R) (2007) Experimental wavelengths: E. smussen, Z. Phys. 86, 24 (1933)
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) APV in + Weak interaction mixes states of opposite parity 7S 1/2 7 S 1/2 = 7S 1/2 + ε np 1/2 6D 3/2 6 D 3/2 = 6D 3/2 + ε np 3/2 E1 PNC = 6 D 3/2 D 7 S 1/2 = Q w k theory@kvi experiment@triµp
Atomic Parity Violation(APV) Interference of Weak and EM Interaction E1 PNC = 46.4(1.4) 10 11 ie a 0 ( Q W /N) Q w = N + (1 4sin 2 θ w )Z + QED + New Physics Figure: K. Jungmann, Physics 2, 68 (2009)
The Principle Measurement of Light Shift in + xˆ 7p 2 P 3/2 ẑ 7p 2 P 1/2 6d 2 D 5/2 6d 2 D 3/2 + ε n 2 P 3/2 E2 2 E2. E1 APV ŷ E2 7s 2 S 1/2 + ε n 2 P 1/2 E1 APV m = +1/2 ω 0 ω 0 ω 0 + Δ Diff m = -1/2 Zeeman Shift Scalar Light Shift P Even Vector Light Shift P Odd External Magnetic Field Light Shift Laser Field
The Technique :: RF Spectroscopy Measurement of Light Shift in +
The Technique :: RF Spectroscopy Measurement of Light Shift in + Ba + 1 hour of data taking reaches 1 Hz statistical resolution 10 days of data taking can bring 5 fold improvement over Cs result! Figure: E. N. Fortson et al. arxiv:0808.1826v1 (2008)
Requisites for the APV Experiment Production of dium Trapping of dium Spectroscopy of dium Laser Cooling of dium Trapping Single Ion RF Spectroscopy Determination of θ w
Going from MeV to KeV Schematics of Experiment :: Production 206 Pb+ 12 C 218 * A +(218-A)n
Going from KeV to ev Schematics of Experiment :: Trapping and Spectroscopy λ 1 = 468 nm λ 2 = 1.08 μm λ 3 = 708 nm
dium Ion Spectroscopy Absolute Frequency Calibration Trapped + Te 2 / I 2 Molecules Etalon Wavelength Meter Frequency Comb 4. 5. 468.2975 nm Beatnote
Results Results From Recent Measurements Production of a series of dium isotopes. Excited state laser spectroscopy on trapped ions 6 2 D 3/2 hyperfine structure in 209,211,213 + Isotope shift of 6 2 D 3/2-7 2 P 1/2 in 209 214 + Isotope shift of 6 2 D 3/2-7 2 P 3/2 in 212,213,214 + Lifetime of the 6 2 D 5/2 state F=1 F=0 F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 Pump 468 nm ( λ 1 ) R epump 1079 nm ( λ 2 ) F=2 F=1 7s 2 S 1/2 7p 2 P 3/2 7p 2 P 1/2 S helving 708 nm ( λ 3 ) 6d 2 D 5/2 6d 2 D 3/2
Results Hyperfine Structure: 6D 3/2 state of 213 + (I=1/2) Probe of Atomic Wave Functions HFS Constant Experiment Theory Theory A(6 2 D 3/2 ) 528(5) MHz 541 MHz 543 MHz O.O. Versolato, G.S. Giri et al. Phys. Rev. A 82, 010501(R) (2010) R. Pal et al., Phys. Rev. A 79,062505 (2009) L.W. Wansbeek et al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 050501 (2008)
Results Hyperfine Structure: 6D 3/2 state of 209,211 + (I=5/2) Probe of Atomic Wave Functions PMT Signal at λ 1 [arb. units] 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 209 + 211 + I=5/2 Expt. a A(6 2 D 3/2 ) B(6 2 D 3/2 ) MHz MHz 209 + 148(10) 104(38) 211 + 151(2) 103(6) Theory b A(6 2 D 3/2 ) B(6 2 D 3/2 ) MHz MHz 209 + 148 122 211 + 150 147 0-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 ν Laser - ( n f REP + f CEO ) [MHz] a O.O. Versolato, G.S. Giri et al.,to appear in Phys. Lett. A (2011) b B.K. Sahoo et al.,phys. Rev. A 76, 040504 (2007)
Results Isotope Shift: 6D 3/2-7P 1/2 transition in 210,212,214 + Probe of Atomic Theory & Shape and Size of Nucleus PMT Signal at λ 1 [arb. units] 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 + 212 + 210 214 + I=0 Experiment a Isotope Isotope Shift MHz 214 + 0 213 + 707(14) 212 + 1025(12) 211 + 1755(14) 210 + 1884(16) 209 + 2645(56) 0-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 ν Laser - ( n f REP + f CEO ) [MHz] a G.S. Giri, O.O. Versolato et al.,submitted to Phys. Rev. A (2011)
Results Isotope Shift: 6D 3/2-7P 1/2 transition in 209 214 + Probe of Atomic Theory & Shape and Size of Nucleus 34 (1079 nm) [ THz amu ] King MM ν 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 213-100 -95-90 -85-80 -75-70 -65 ν King MM 211 (482 nm) [ THz amu ] 209 212 210
Results Isotope Shift: 6D 3/2-7P 1/2 transition in 209 214 + Probe of Atomic Theory & Shape and Size of Nucleus 34 (1079 nm) [ THz amu ] King MM ν 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 210 + 209 + 212 + 211 + 213 + 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 2 MM 2 δ r [ fm amu ] MM M-M
Results Isotope Shift: 6D 3/2-7P 3/2 transition in 212,213,214 + Probe of Atomic Theory & Shape and Size of Nucleus Experimental Results 214 + - 212 + 213 + - 212 + 214 + - 213 + 701(50) MHz 248(50) MHz 453(34) MHz O.O. Versolato, G.S. Giri et al. Phys. Rev. A 82, 010501(R) (2010)
Results Lifetime of 6D 5/2 State in 212 + Probe of E2 Matrix Elements Experiment Theory Theory 232(4) ms 297(4) ms 303(4) ms O.O. Versolato, G.S. Giri et al. Phys. Rev. A 82, 010501(R) (2010) B. K. Sahoo et al., Phys. Rev. A 76, 040504(R) (2007) R. Pal et al., Phys. Rev. A 79, 062505 (2009)
Results Accuracy of Single Ion Parity Experiment ξ APV ξ APV Ba + : τ coh. = 80 sec 0.2 % in T = 1.1 day = ξapv h f NτT + is superior to meausure APV + : τ coh. = 0.6 sec 0.2 % in T = 1.4 day 5 fold improvement over Cs result is feasible! (T 10 days)
Conclusions Summary Production of short lived dium isotopes Buffer gas cooling and trapping of ions Excited state laser spectroscopy on trapped ions HFS IS Lifetime Measured values provide a test of atomic theory Outlook Laser cooling of trapped radium ions Trapping of few ions Measurement of APV induced light shift in a single +
Outline Motivation Experiment Results Conclusions Acknowledgment & Funding Experiment Mayerlin N. Portela Joost van den Berg Gouri S. Giri Oscar Versolato Lorenz Willmann Hans Wilschut Gerco Onderwater Klaus Jungmann Theory Lotje Wansbeek Lex Dieperink Rob Timmermans International Collaborators B. P. Das (India) B. K Sahoo (India) N. E. Fortson (USA) Towards a Precise Measurement of APV in a Single + Ion
Thank You!