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CONCEPT: PURPOSE OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Classical Methods (Wet Chemistry): Chemists needed to run dozens of chemical reactions to determine the type of molecules in a compound. EXAMPLE: Tollen s Test Instrumental Methods (Dry Chemistry): Expensive scientific instruments investigate the properties of molecules. EXAMPLE: 1 H NMR Page 2
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- GENERAL FEATURES IR Spectroscopy is a chemical analytical method that uses differing frequencies of infrared light to detect predictable types of chemical bonds in molecules. The frequencies will cause certain bonds to Stretching, Twisting, Wagging, Scissoring, etc. If the molecule is symmetrical, e.g. N2, the band is not observed in the IR spectrum. Major regions of absorption Common IR Ranges 3200 3600 -OH Strong, Broad 3300 -NH Peaks = H s SP3 = 2900 3000 SP2 = 3000 3150 SP = 3150-3300 -CH 2200-2300 C C C N Choppy Medium, Sharp 1700 C=O Very Strong, Sharp 1650 C=C Medium, Sharp Page 3
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- FREQUENCIES There are specific absorption frequencies in the functional group region that we should be familiar with EXAMPLE: What are the major IR absorptions for each compounds? Page 4
PRACTICE: Answer each of the following questions based on the images below. O OH O O O H F 3 C O CF 3 A B C D E a) Which compounds show an intense peak ~ 1700 cm -1? b) Which compound shows an intense, broad peak at ~ 3400 cm -1? c) Which compound has a peak at ~1700 cm -1, but no peaks at 2700 cm -1? d) Which compound has no signal beyond the fingerprint region? Page 5
PRACTICE: The following compound contains two carbonyl groups. Identify which carbonyl group will exhibit a signal at a lower wavenumber. O O Page 6
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- DRAWING HYDROCARBONS Alkanes: Alkenes: Terminal Alkynes: Page 7
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- DRAWING ALCOHOLS AND AMINES Alcohols: 1 Amines: 2 Amines: Page 8
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- DRAWING SIMPLE CARBONYLS Ketones: Esters: Page 9
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- DRAWING COMPLEX CARBONYLS Aldehydes: Carboxylic Acids: Page 10
CONCEPT: IR SPECTROSCOPY- DRAWING CONCEALED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Alkyl Haldies: Ethers: 3 Amines: Page 11
PRACTICE: Based on IR data given determine the structure of the unknown. Unknown compound A has molecular formula C4H11N. It shows a peak at 2900 cm -1 and peaks in the fingerprint region. PRACTICE: Based on IR data given determine the structure of the unknown. Unknown compound B has molecular formula C4H11N. It shows a single peak at approximately 3400 cm -1 as well as peaks at 2900 cm -1 and in the fingerprint region. Compound B also possesses a branched alkyl group. PRACTICE: Based on IR data given determine the structure of the unknown. Unknown compound C has molecular formula C6H10O3. It shows peaks at 2900, 1850, 1740 cm -1 and in the fingerprint region. Page 12
PRACTICE: Match the following functional group choices with the supplied infrared spectra data A) Ether B) Ketone C) Alcohol D) Alkene E) Nitrile Page 13
PRACTICE: Match the following functional group choices with the supplied infrared spectra data. A) Alkyl Halide B) Alkyne C) Carboxylic Acid D) Alkene E) Ketone Page 14
PRACTICE: Match the following functional group choices with the supplied infrared spectra data. A) Aldehyde B) Alkane C) Carboxylic Acid D) Ester E) Ether PRACTICE: Match the following functional group choices with the supplied infrared spectra data. A) Ketone B) Alkyne C) Alkene D) Alkyl Halide E) Amine Page 15
CONCEPT: MASS SPECT- INTRODUCTION Mass Spectrometry is usually accomplished through a technique called electron impact ionization (EI) Electrons are beamed at molecules, generating high energy intermediates called radical cations This is known as the molecular ion or as the parent ion. Only fragment cations are deflected by the magnetic field, the smaller ones more than the bigger ones. Detects the mass-to-charge ratio, which means that it detects the MW of cationic fragments Page 16
CONCEPT: MASS SPECT- FRAGMENTATION Ionization Potentials: Some electrons require less energy to ionize than others. Simple Fragmentation Mechanisms: The molecular ion will often fragment into smaller, sometimes more stable ion fragments. The stability of the cation fragment usually determines the relative amounts of fragments observed Radicals tend to form on the less stable side of the fragment Common Splitting Fragments: EXAMPLE: Fragmentation of Butane Page 17
PRACTICE: Draw the most likely ion fragment for the following molecules a. b. PRACTICE: Propose the molecular ion and likely fragmentation mechanism for the following molecule. What would be the value of the base peak? Page 18
CONCEPT: MASS SPECT- COMMON ISOTOPES Isotopes are often visible on a mass spectrum, due to their differing weights. They can be used for structure determination. Understanding the (M + 1) Peak 1.1% of all carbon is found as 13 C, adding a small but distinctive (M + 1) peak proportional in size to the number of carbons. This proportion is fairly consistent, so it gives rise to two helpful equations Understanding the (M + 2) Peak The halogens Cl and Br give distinctive (M + 2) peaks due to their unusual patterns of isotopic abundance 35 Cl = 75.8% and 37 Cl = 24.2%, yielding an approximate 3:1 ratio at (M + 2) 79 Br = 50.7% and 81 Br = 49.3%, yielding an approximate 1:1 ratio at (M + 2) The Nitrogen Rule Unlike carbon, nitrogen forms 3 bonds. We can use this information to determine the number of nitrogens in a molecule. Even or odd molecular weight of parent ions usually indicates and even or odd number of nitrogens present Page 19
PRACTICE: Propose the number of carbons for a compound that exhibits the following peak in its mass spectrum: a. (M) + at m/z = 72, relative height = 38.3% of base peak (M+1) + at m/z = 73, relative height = 1.7% of base peak b. Predict the approximate height of the (M + 1) peak for the molecule icosane, molecular formula C20H42. c. Draw the expected isotope pattern that would be observed in the mass spectrum of CH2Br2. In other words, predict the relative heights of the peaks at M, (M + 2), and (M + 4) peaks. Page 20