Chapter 12 Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy

Transcription

1 Chapter 12 Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy

2 Figure The electron-ionization, magneticsector mass spectrometer

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4 Representing the Mass Spectrum Base Peak Parent Peak Figure Mass spectrum of propane (C3H8, MW = 44)

5 Base Peak Parent Peak? Figure Mass spectrum of 2,2-dimethylpropane (C5H12, MW = 72)

6 Figure Mass spectrum of Hexane (C6H14, MW = 86)

7 Worked Examples Two unknown samples, sample A and sample B, methylcyclohexane and Ethylcyclopentane.

8 One spectrum is that of 2-methyl-2-pentene, the other is of 2- hexene. Which is which? Explain.

9 2. Using Mass Spectra to identify molecular formula The male sex hormone testosterone contains only C, H, and O and has a mass of amu, as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Determine the possible molecular formula of testosterone

10 The possible formula for testosterone is C 19 H 28 O 2

11 Mass Spectrometry of Alcohols R-OH Fragment through alpha cleavage and dehydration

12 Identify the fragments of 2-pentanol Figure Mass spectrum of 2-pentanol (C5H12O, MW = 88.15)

13 Identify the fragments of 2-methyl-3-pentanol Figure Mass spectrum of 2-methyl-3-pentanol (C6H14O, MW = 88.15)

14 Mass Spectrometry of Amines R-N-R, R-NHR, R-NH2 Nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry A compound with an odd number of nitrogen atoms has an odd-numbered molecular weight Amines undergo α-cleavage, generating alkyl radicals and a resonance-stabilized, nitrogen-containing cation

15 Identify the fragments of triethylamine Figure Mass spectrum of triethylamine (C6H15N, MW = 88.15)

16 Mass Spectrometry of Halides Cl, Br, I and isotope effect Elements comprising two common isotopes possess a distinctive appearance as a mass spectra Figure Mass spectrum of chloroethane (C2H5Cl, MW = 64.5)

17 Identify the fragments of 1-bromohexane Figure Mass spectrum of 1-bromohexane (C6H13Br, MW = 165)

18 Mass Spectrometry of Carbonyl Compounds A C H that is three atoms away leads to an internal transfer of a proton to the C=O called the McLafferty rearrangement Carbonyl compounds can also undergo α- cleavage

19 Identify the fragments of butyrophenone Figure Mass spectrum of butyrophenone (C10H12O, MW = )

20 List the masses of the parent ion and of several fragments you might expect to find in the mass spectrum of the following molecule.

21 2-methylpentane (C6H14) has the mass spectrum shown. Which peak represents M +? Which is the base peak? Propose structures for fragment ions of m/z = 71, 57, 43, and 29. Why does the base peak have the mass it does?

22 Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Waves are classified by frequency or wavelength ranges

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24 Absorption Spectrum In ultraviolet radiation, absorbed energy causes electrons to jump to a higher-energy orbital Electromagnetic radiation seems to have dual behavior Possesses the properties of a photon Behaves as an energy wave Speed of the wave The unit of electromagnetic energy is called quanta

25 Infrared Spectroscopy IR region has lower energy than visible light (below red - produces heating as with a heat lamp) Wavenumber: ν ( cm ) = 1 1 λ( cm)

26 Infrared Energy Modes Molecules possess a certain amount of energy that causes them to vibrate Molecule absorbs energy upon electromagnetic radiation only if the radiation frequency and the vibration frequency match

27 Regions of the Infrared Spectrum

28 Table Characteristic IR Absorptions of Some Functional Groups

29 Figure IR Spectra of Hexane, 1-Hexene, and 1-Hexyne

30 Worked Example Using IR spectroscopy, distinguish between the following isomers: CH 3 CH 2 OH and CH 3 OCH 3

31 Infrared Spectra of Some Common Functional Groups

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33 Figure C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations for substituted alkenes.

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36 Figure IR Spectrum of Cyclohexanol

37 Figure IR Spectrum of Cyclohexylamine.

38 Figure C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations for substituted benzenes.

39 Carbonyl Compounds Figure IR Spectrum of benzadehyde.

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41 Worked Examples Where might the following compounds have IR absorptions?

42 The IR spectrum of an unknown compound is shown in the following figure. What functional groups does the compound contain?

43 The IR spectrum of phenylacetylene is shown in the following figure. What absorption bands can you identify?

44 Where might the following compounds have IR absorptions?

45 Where might the following compound have IR absorption?

46 HW Where in the IR spectrum would you expect each of the following molecules to absorb?

47 HW Show the structures of the fragments you would expect in the mass spectra of the Following molecules.

48 12-26 What fragments might you expect in the mass spectra of the following compounds?

49 12-32 Two infrared spectra are shown. One is the spectrum of cyclohexane and the other is the spectrum of cyclohexene. Identify them and explain your answer.

50 12-33 At what approximate positions might the following compounds show IR absorptions?

51 12-34 How would you use infrared spectroscopy to distinguish between the following pairs of constitutional isomers?

52 12-35 At what approximate positions might the following compounds show IR absorptions?

53 12-41 The mass spectrum (a) and the infrared spectrum (b) of an unknown hydrocarbon are shown. Propose as many structures as you can.

54 12-42 The mass spectrum (a) and the infrared spectrum (b) of an unknown hydrocarbon are shown. Propose as many structures as you can.

55 methyl-2-pentanone and 3-methylpentanal are isomers. Explain how you could tell them apart, both by mass spectrometry and by infrared spectroscopy.

56 12-45 Grignard reagents undergo a general and very useful reaction with ketones. Methylmagnesium bromide, for example, reacts with cyclohexanone to yield a product with the formula C7H14O. What is the structure of this product if it has an IR absorption at 3400 cm -1.

57 12-46 Ketones undergo a reduction when treated with sodium borohydride, NaBH4. What is the structure of the compound produced by reaction of 2-butanone with NaBH4 if it has an IR absorption at 3400 cm -1 and M = = 74 in the mass spectrum?

58 The infrared spectrum of the compound with the mass spectrum shown below lacks any significant absorption above 3000 cm -1. There is a prominent peak near 1740 cm -1 and another strong peak near 1200 cm -1. Propose a structure consistent with the data.

59 The infrared spectrum of the compound with the mass spectrum shown below have a medium intensity peak at about 1650 cm -1. There is also a C-H out-of-plane bending peak near 880 cm -1. Propose a structure consistent with the data.

60 The infrared spectrum of the compound with the mass spectrum shown below has strong absorbances at 1584, 1478, and 1446 cm -1. Propose a structure consistent with the data.