Neutrino Astronomy at the South Pole David Boersma UW Madison New Views of the Universe Chicago, 10 December 2005
Cosmic Ray Spectrum 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 2
High Energy neutrinos Berezinsky et al, 1985 Gaisser, Stanev, 1985 p Beam-dump model: π 0 γ-astronomy π ± ν-astronomy γ 0 ± π π µ ν µ Neglecting γ absorption (uncertain) ϕ ν ϕ γ Targets: p or ambient γ e ν e ν µ ν e ν µ ν τ 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 3
Neutrino Detection ν µ µ W X X µ ν µ Angle(ν µ,µ) 1 (at E=1TeV) Detected energy deposit by muon gives lower limit for energy of neutrino 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 4
Neutrino Detection ν e,τ W X X e,τ ν µ,e,τ Z X X µ,e,τ 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 5
Optical properties of ice @SP Absorption vs λ and depth Scattering vs λ and depth ice bubbles dust dust Average optical ice parameters: AMANDA/IceCube ANTARES λ ~ 110 m @ 400 nm abs λ abs ~ 60 m @ 470 nm λ ~ sca 20 m @ 400 nm λ ~ sca 300 m @ 400 nm 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 6
ANTARTICA ANTARTICA Amundsen Scott South Pole Station IceCube South Pole road to work Dome AMANDA 1500 m 10mDecember 2005 2000 [not to scale] Summer camp Population: Austral Summer: ~240 people David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe Austral Winter: ~60 people 7
IceCube Collaboration Bartol Bartol Research Research Institute, Institute, Delaware, Delaware, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State State University, University, UC UC Berkeley, Berkeley, UC UC Irvine, Irvine, Clark-Atlanta Clark-Atlanta University, University, (12) (12) Europe University University of of Maryland, Maryland, Europe (13) (13) Japan Japan IAS, IAS, Princeton, Princeton, University University of of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, University University of of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, River River Falls, Falls, LBNL, LBNL, Berkeley, Berkeley, University University of of Kansas, Kansas, Southern Southern University University and and A&M A&M College, College, Baton Baton Rouge, Rouge, New New Zealand ANTARCTICA Zealand Universite UniversiteLibre Librede de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Belgium Universität UniversitätWuppertal, Germany Germany Chiba Chiba University, University, Japan Japan Uppsala Uppsala university, university, Sweden Vrije Vrije Universiteit Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium Belgium Sweden University University of of Canterbury, Canterbury, Université Universitéde de Gent, Gent, Belgium Belgium Stockholm Stockholm university, university, Sweden Sweden Christchurch, Christchurch, New New Zealand Zealand Imperial Imperial College, College, London, London, UK Université Universitéde de Mons-Hainaut, Mons-Hainaut, Belgium Belgium UK Oxford Oxford university, university, UK Universität UniversitätMainz, Germany Germany UK DESY-Zeuthen, DESY-Zeuthen, Germany Germany Utrecht Utrecht University, University, Netherlands Netherlands Universität UniversitätDortmund, Germany Germany 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 8
AMANDA AMANDA A (1996) AMANDA B10 (1997 1999) 302 OMs on 10 strings Ø 120m, 500m tall DAQ: TDC/ADC (surface) AMANDA II (2000 200x) 677 OMs on 19 strings Ø 200m, 500m tall Trigger rate 80 Hz Since 2003: TWR 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 9
AMANDA II μ tracks pointing error : 1.5º 2.5º σ[log 10 (E μ /TeV)]: 0.3 0.4 coverage: 2π Cascades (particle showers) pointing error: 30º 40º σ[log 10 (E c /TeV)]: 0.1 0.2 coverage: 4π cosmic rays (+SPASE) combined pointing err : < 0.5º σ[log 10 (E p /TeV)]: 0.06 0.1 Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 524, 169 (2004) energy deposited in OM time recorded on OM 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 10
AMANDA research topics Steady sources of neutrinos Point sources (AGNi( AGNi) Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with cascades) Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Gravitationally trapped WIMPs Magnetic monopoles Search for sources with time variability GRBs Supernovae Flaring AGNi 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 11
Point source search Combined data from 2000 2003 (livetime 807 days) z 3329 (upward going) neutrino events z Highest excess: 3.4 sigma (chance probability: 92%) z Crab nebula: 10 events, <Nbg>=5.4 (chance probability with 33 source candidates: 64%) 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 12
Atmospheric Muons & Neutrinos E deposited N ch Get E ν and E µ through unfolding 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 13
Diffuse flux 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 14
The first km 3 detector: IceCube 60/OM string 17 m vertical distance Strings in vertices of 125 m-side triangles 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 15
LED flasher board PMT base main board 25 cm PMT 33 cm Benthosphere 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 16
Jan 2005: 1 string (60 DOMs) + 4/8 tanks/ stations deployed 2005/6 Plan (starting now!) 10-12 strings 24/12 tanks/stations IceCube construction Full detector: 2010 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 17
High Energy muons E μ = 6 PeV 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 18
Contained High Energy Shower E = 375 TeV 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 19
High Energy Tau (double bang) E 10 PeV 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 20
Ice is a quiet detection medium September 2005 InIce Noise Rates 1000 900 Dubbel Oxygen 800 Conchiglie Schneider Weisse Porter Rate (Hz) 700 600 500 400 Bat Erik Segersaell Gnu Avocado Bucatini 300 200 Phenol 100 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 String 21 DOM Position (compare: expected ~60kHz per OM in ANTARES) 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 21
First IceTop IceCube IceCube coincidence event 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 22
Conclusions & Outlook AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium. IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth. Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE) 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 23
Extra Material WIMPs IceTop GRB Deployment Flasher 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 24
χ WIMPs from the Sun ν χ + χ W + + W ν + ν 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 25 l
WIMP limits 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 26
10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 27
IceTop 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 28
IceCube s First String: January 28, 2005 27.1, 10:08: Reached maximum depth of 2517 m 28.1, 7:00: preparations for string installation start 9:15: Started installation of the first DOM 22:36: last DOM installed 12 min/dom 22:48: Start drop 29.1, 1:31: String secured at depth of 2450.80 20:40: First communication to DOM 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 29
All 60 DOMs 10 December 2005 David Boersma @ New Views of the Universe 30