CLASSIFICATION NOTES

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Transcription:

CLASSIFICATION NOTES

Classification Classification = arrangement of living things into groups according to their observed similarities. Important because it allows us to be able to study life easier Living things are being classified

History of Classification First classification system was developed by Aristotle The first system grouped livings things into plants and animals Taxonomy is the practice of naming and classifying organisms

History of Classification System used today was developed by Carolus Linnaeus He used similar characteristics to group organisms The two- word naming system is called binomial nomenclature

History of Classification The scientific name uses the genus and species names Ex: Homo (genus) sapiens (species)

Levels of Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Your Acronym On your sheet of paper, create an acronym to remember the order of the levels of classification

Practice Question Answer Panthera leo

Phylogeny vs Cladistics Phylogeny = ancestral relationships between species that are grouped based on similarities Cladistics = uses shared derived characters to group organisms and show relationships

Phylogenic tree vs Cladogram Phylogenic tree = hypothesis of relationships between several groups Cladogram = diagram to show shared derived characters Derived character = evolved in one group but not another Example of shared derived character: 4 legs, flowers, vertebral column

Pieces of Evidence to Determine Evolutionary Relationships Fossils = preserved remains of organisms DNA = genetic material of living things

Pieces of Evidence to Determine Evolutionary Relationships Homologous structures = similar internal structures (bones) of different organisms that suggest the organisms have common ancestors Ex: bat wing, human arm, horse leg Embryology = study of the development of organisms

Traditional Classification Scientists have traditionally used similar physical characteristics to group organisms Some organisms have the same structures or body parts (analogous structures) because they live similar environments (same selective pressures), but are not related or DNA is not similar Ex: sharks (fish) and dolphin (mammal)

Traditional Classification Analogous structures = parts that serve the same function in different organisms, but the organisms are not closely related Convergent evolution = when organisms become more and more similar because they live is similar environments with the same selective pressures

Practice: Look at the 2 pictures below Why these two organisms not considered the same species?

Practice: Plant Cladogram

How to Construct a Cladogram Four Legs Amniotic Egg Hair Tuna No No No Frog Yes No No Lizard Yes Yes No Cat Yes Yes Yes

How to Construct a Cladogram Tuna Frog Lizard Cat Common Ancestor Four legs Hair Amniotic egg

Dichotomous Key Series of paired statements to determine the identity of an organism If you pick up an organism in the woods, you can use a dichotomous key to identify what you are holding

Practice: Dichotomous key Each of the following objects was given a human name. Determine the name of each object using the key provided.

A B C D 1a. Square shaped Go to 2 1b. Circle shaped Go to 3 2a. Shaded completely Fred 2b. Not shaded Terry 3a. No strips Ginger 3b. Strips Shelly

Answers to Sample Key A = Fred B = Terry C = Shelly D = Ginger

Kingdom and Domains First to be introduced was Plantae and Animalia Advances in science to develop more kingdoms were the microscope Changes can constantly occur because of new discoveries and revising the criteria for each kingdom

Vocabulary Prokaryotic cells = no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular Ex: bacteria Eukaryotic cells = nucleus, organelles, unicellular or multicellular Ex: protists, fungi, plants, and animals Heterotroph = consumes food Autotroph = makes own food

Cell Type Eubacteria prokaryotic Archaebacteria prokaryotic Protista eukaryotic Fungi eukaryotic Plantae eukaryotic Animalia eukaryotic

Cell Number Eubacteria unicellular Archaebacteria unicellular Protista both Fungi both Plantae multicellular Animalia multicellular

Nutrition Eubacteria both Archaebacteria both Protista both Fungi mostly heterotrophs Plantae mostly autotrophs Animalia heterotrophs

Cell Wall Eubacteria yes; peptidoglycan Archaebacteria yes; no peptidoglycan Protista both Fungi yes; chitin Plantae yea; cellulose Animalia no

Examples Eubacteria streptococcus, salmonella Archaebacteria methanogens; thermophils Protista amoeba, algae, seaweed Fungi yeast, mushroom Plantae moss, fern, pinetree, rose Animalia sponge, crab, dog, human

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