Chapter 1 The Diversity of Life Lesson 1 What is Life? Objectives List the characteristics all living things share. Explain where living things come from. Identify what all living things need to survive. Review Organisms living things All living things have a cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, respond to their surroundings, grow and develop, and reproduce. Do nonliving things have some of these characteristics? yes. some use energy and contain chemicals Do nonliving things have all of these characteristics? no, nonliving things do not develop or reproduce Look at Figure 1. What would be considered an organism? Try to identify them. all of them 1. the fruit of the White Baneberry plant called Doll's eyes 2. Beetle 3. Pretzel slime mold 4. Stone Flower Plants are living things so therefore are called organisms. Lets break down the definition of an organism. 1. Cellular Organization Review What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. A cell is the building block of life. Are all cells alike? No, some small or large, different in a plant than an animal unicellular single celled organisms, responsible for carrying out all cells functions Paramecium Amoeba Bacteria multicellular many celled organisms, cells are specialized to do different jobs to allow you to survive 2. Chemical The cells are made of chemicals. Water is most abundant chemical. 3. Use of Energy Organisms get energy from taking in food through adsorption or from eating. metabolism combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials Which organelle helps with production of energy? mitochondria Dec 17 8:37 AM 1
4. Response to Surroundings Stimulus stimuli plural a change in the organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react example light or sound Response an action or a change in behavior when an organism reacts to a stimulus eyes react to bright light jump when you scared 5. Growth and Development growth the process of becoming larger development the process of change that occurs over an organism's life As organisms grow and develop they use energy and make new cells. 6. Reproduction production of offspring Asexual Reproduction one parent involved produces offspring identical to parent examples bacteria, protists, single cell organisms Sexual Reproduction two parents involved produce a new organism that differs from parents examples mammals, birds, multicellular Dec 17 2:52 PM 2
Name Class Date 50 points 1. Discuss differences and similaries between unicellular and mulcellular organisms. (5 points) 2. Find 3 unicellular organisms and 3 mulcellular organisms. (6 points) Google list unicellular organisms once in site, about 15 will be listed. Repeat for mulcellular. Do not use paramecium or amoeba as we discussed those in class. 3. Include a picture of each organism and provide the specific name of each organism. (6 points) 4. Answer these quesons about each of your organisms. (18 points) a. Where do they live? b. How do they reproduce? c. How do they get energy? 5. Write a paragraph why organisms are considered living. (5 points) Format 10 points Name Class Date Font Typed Size 12 Times New Roman Grammar Spell Check Write complete sentences to answer required quesons. Designate Secons in report for each organism le margined Indent enre Paragraph below secon Single space between secons Double space between secons Jan 4 9:01 AM 3
Where do living things come from? All living things come from other living things through reproductions. However, it was believed that living things can reproduce through Spontaneous Generation. Theory that living things can come from nonliving things. Franceso Redi, disproved Spontaneous Generation through a contolled experiment. Have you ever observed mold growing on bread or cheese, where do you think it came from? It did not arise from the bread or cheese. Microscopic mold spores carried in the air landed on the food and found the right conditions for growth. Controlled Experiment an experiment in which only one variable (factor) is different manipulated variable the factor that the scientist changes independent variable responding variable the factor that changes as a result dependent variable What do Living Things Need to Survive? Food need food to get energy organisms get energy in different ways autotrophs make their own food auto = self troph = feeder heterotrophs can not make own food must obtain by eating other organisms hetero = other troph = feeder Water organisms need water for cells to perform functions Living Space a space that provides food, water, and shelter some living spaces are large and some are small Stable Internal Conditions how your body needs to maintain stable conditions homeostasis maintenance of stable internal conditions feeling thirsty hot or cold some animals have adaptations that allow the organism to maintain homeostasis Jan 3 2:43 PM 4
Lesson 2 Classifying Life Classification Warm up Objectives Explain why biologists classify organisms and how they assign scientific names. Describe the organization of the levels of classification. Explain how taxonomic keys are useful. As of 2011, scientists have described about 2.5 million species of living organisms. However, scientists estimate that between 10 million and 100 million species exist. Furthermore, millions of species may have become extinct. Your lab Can you organizes your junk drawer relates to what scientists have been working on to identify living organisms. The process of grouping things based on their similarities is called classification. Classification process of grouping things based on their similarities Taxonomy the scientific study of how organisms are classified You use this a lot. There is not necessarily a correct way to classify. As long as the groups have similar characteristics, there may be more than one way to classify. Taxonomy names organisms. Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming organisms by similar observable features binomial nomenclature "two names" contains a genus and a species name each organism was given a two part scientific name both words written in italics genus plural genera first word written with capital letter describes closely related features species lower case describes a specific feature that can reproduce with each other and their offspring can reproduce Example Perognathus californicus Perognathus nelsoni Perognathus spinatus What is the genus name? What is that telling us? What is the species name? Homework Classification Packet Jan 7 8:58 AM 5
Keys Dichotomous Keys are another name for a taxonomic key. It means two parts. Consists of a series of paired statements that describe a characteristic of an organism. It will become more specific as you move down the key. Look at page 20 21. Identify the animal. Yes you may already know the names but follow the key so you understand the process. First Row Tick, Scorpion, Spider Bottom Row Millipede, Pseudoscorpion, Centipede Homework Key Practice Worksheet Jan 7 3:16 PM 6
Chapter 1 Intro.notebook Kidney Pinto Navy Brown Soy Black Lima Corn Green Split Pea Yellow Split Pea Lentil Jan 16 9:47 AM 7
What are the levels of Classification? The classification system is hierarchical (consists of levels). 8 levels begins with a broad group of shared characteristics and ends with the smallest and most specific. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Strigiformes Family Strigidae Genus Bubo Notice as you move down the levels of classification the number of organisms decreases. Species Bubo virginianus King Paul Could Only Find Green Socks Please come to class tomorrow with a new slogan. Kingdoms Three Domains of Life Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular organisms that have no nucleus. Organisms with cells that contain nuclei are called Eukarya. Assignment Find an organism that you are interested in and complete tasks: 1. List all 8 levels of classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 2. Picture 3. Type Jan 7 2:46 PM 8
Domains and Kingdoms Objectives: Explain how organisms are classified into domains and kingdoms. Lab Which organism goes where? Page 22 My Planet Diary Bees 19,200 Mammals 5400 Birds 10,000 How organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms: on their cell type their ability to make food number of cells in their bodies Three Domains of Life: Bacteria prokaryotes unicellular and lack a nucleus nucleic acids are not contained within the nucleus on all surfaces and inside our body autotrophs and heterotrophs Not all bacteria is harmful Lactobacillus acidophilus help make yogurt and make for people who are lactose intolerant Archaea prokaryotes autotrophs and heterotrophs chemical makeup different from bacteria structure of cells differ from bacteria Eukarya cells that contain nuclei Eukarya Domain is broken down into 4 Kingdoms Kingdoms 1. Protista members different from the other kingdoms so placed into the Protista kingdom "odds and ends" 2. Fungi multicellular some are unicellular yeast all fungi heterotrophs most feed by absorbing nutrients from dead or decaying organisms mushrooms, molds, mildew 3. Plantae multicellular autotrophs 4. Animalia multicellular heterotrophs live in a lot of different places 5. Monera bacteria unicellular prokaryotes Mar 21 9:03 AM 9