Chapter 1 : The Scenery of Switzerland (Sir John Lubbock - ) (ID) ebay The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due / Related Titles Series: Collection of British authors ; vol. These diseases have remained the leading causes of death globally in the last 15 years. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease claimed 3. Deaths due to dementias more than doubled between and, making it the 5th leading cause of global deaths in compared to 14th in Lower respiratory infections remained the most deadly communicable disease, causing 3. The death rate from diarrhoeal diseases decreased by almost 1 million between and, but still caused 1. Similarly, the number of tuberculosis deaths decreased during the same period, but is still among the top 10 causes with a death toll of 1. Road injuries killed 1. Lower respiratory infections were among the leading causes of death across all income groups. All but one of the 10 leading causes of death in high-income countries were NCDs. Low-income countries had the highest mortality rate due to road traffic injuries with Road traffic injuries were also among the leading 10 causes of death in low, lower-middle- and upper-middle-income countries. Global Health Estimates Geneva, World Health Organization; Why do we need to know the reasons people die? Cause-of-death statistics help health authorities determine the focus of their public health actions. A country in which deaths from heart disease and diabetes rise rapidly over a period of a few years, for example, has a strong interest in starting a vigorous programme to encourage lifestyles to help prevent these illnesses. Similarly, if a country recognizes that many children are dying of pneumonia, but only a small portion of the budget is dedicated to providing effective treatment, it can increase spending in this area. High-income countries have systems in place for collecting information on causes of death. Many low- and middle-income countries do not have such systems, and the numbers of deaths from specific causes have to be estimated from incomplete data. Improvements in producing high quality cause-of-death data are crucial for improving health and reducing preventable deaths in these countries. Page 1
Chapter 2 : The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due National Trust Collections The Scenery Of Switzerland And The Causes To Which It Is Due [Sir John Lubbock] on theinnatdunvilla.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This is a reproduction of a book published before Climate change Switzerland Air temperature changes until now Climate measurement series of ground-level temperatures in Switzerland date back to the midth century. The mean annual temperature has increased by 1. Over the past years, mean annual temperatures increased by 0. Temperature increase has accelerated substantially in recent decades 1. Recent research suggests that there is a similar air temperature trend in the Alps at low and very high altitudes over the last years. Temperature profiles have been analyzed from boreholes drilled at three different sites between and m above sea level in the Mont Blanc area French Alps. A mean warming rate of 0. This is similar to the observed regional low altitude trend in the north-western Alps, suggesting that air temperature trends are not altitude dependent In the 20th century, the temperature increase was about 1. The more recent warming in the Alps observed since the mid s, while in step with global warming, is roughly three-times greater than the global average. The most significant warming has occurred since the s. In fact, the years,,, and particularly, have been the warmest on record in the past years 7. During the summer of, central Europe suffered an extraordinarily severe heat wave. In the part of Switzerland lying north of the Alps, the mean air temperature in summer Juneâ August exceeded the long-term mean â by more than 5 standard deviations, making summer by far the warmest in this region since instrumental records began in The heat wave suggests that climate variability may have increased 12 The intense warming in the Alps during the s has been linked in part to the behavior of the North Atlantic Oscillation NOA. The NOA is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in air pressure and changes in storm tracks across the North Atlantic. The NAO is believed to particularly influence climate in high elevation regions in the Alps 8. The influence of the NAO on the decadal trends in the occurrence of atmospheric blocking events was confirmed in a recent study Heavy daily precipitation and heavy precipitation lasting between 2 to 5 days increased in autumn and winter in large parts of the midlands and the northern edge of the Alps Snowfall Strong negative Swiss Alpine snow trends were observed in the late s and s. These trends can be mainly attributed to local temperature increases, the precipitation impact is small Alpine high-pressure episodes are linked with the positive phase of the NAO and accompanied by positive temperature anomalies and below average precipitation, both of which are unfavourable for Swiss Alpine snow accumulation. A negative trend is also observed for extreme snowfalls at low and high altitudes but the pattern at mid-altitudes between and 1, m is less clear. The decreasing trend of extreme snow depth and snowfall at low altitudes seems to be mainly caused by a reduction in the magnitude of the extremes rather than the scale variability of the extremes. In contrast, the decreasing trend in extreme snow depth above 1,m is caused by a reduction in the scale variability of the extremes and not by a reduction in the magnitude of the extremes. However, the decreasing trends are significant for only about half of the stations and can only be seen as an indication that climate change may be already impacting extreme snow depth and extreme snowfall Data on new snow sum and days with snowfall over the period show large decadal variability For low stations in the Swiss Alps the lowest values were recorded in the late s and s; for higher stations the values of late s and s are at least among the lowest since the late 19th century. The amount of maximum new snow shows no clear trend over this year period, however. There are changes in the Swiss Alpine snow pack that may be due to climate change. However, the complex local influences on the snow pack via temperature, precipitation, radiation, wind and humidity and the large decadal variability in the mid-latitude climate system makes it difficult to understand the details of changes in Swiss Alpine snow pack Snow cover duration Snow cover duration and maximum snow depth have clearly been declining in the Swiss Alps since, irrespective of elevation and location. This is most likely due to the increase in temperatures observed at all elevations in the Swiss Alps, especially during spring In the European Alps a rapid temperature increase was observed since the s, particularly in spring As a result snow cover Page 2
duration in the European Alps has reduced Snowpack characteristics have been analysed for the Swiss Alps over the period at eleven meteorological stations, spanning elevations from to metres above sea level. Overall, the results demonstrate a marked decline in all snowpack parameters, irrespective of elevation and region, and whether for drier or wetter locations, with a pronounced shift of the snowmelt in spring, in connection with reinforced warming during this season The duration of a continuous period of snow cover varies with elevation from to days. Since, snow cover duration has significantly shortened at all sites, on average by 8. This shortening was largely driven by earlier snowmelt on average 5. On average, the snow season now starts 12 days later and ends 26 days earlier than in This corresponds to a shortening of 2. The number of days with snow on the ground has decreased at all elevations and in all regions of the Swiss Alps. This decrease was significant at all stations for a snowpack of at least 1 cm: For larger snow depths somewhat different results were obtained. The number of days with a snowpack of at least cm, for instance, reduced by 0. Mean maximum snow depth varied from 65 to cm over the study period. Overall, the annual maximum snow depth has declined since by 3. Warmer temperatures and later snow onset in autumn contribute significantly to the reduction of the maximum snow amounts that can then be reached during the winter The observed snowpack reduction is most likely related to the general increase in temperatures observed at all elevations in the Swiss Alps, especially during spring. The impact of global warming on snowpack may have been additionally enhanced by an increasing trend in sunshine duration, observed at both low and high elevations in the European Alps from to Wind climate changes until now Measured wind gust speeds have increased strongly in Switzerland since the beginning of records in Ice cover changes rivers and lakes until now A study on ice cover information from 11 Swiss lakes over the last century has shown that ice cover was significantly reduced in the past 40 years, and especially during the past two decades Data on the longest and most continuous series for six glaciers in the European Alps In Austria, Switzerland and France, over the period show a clear and regionally consistent acceleration of mass loss over recent decades over the entire European Alps First results from field measurements indicate that the extreme warm and dry weather conditions in summer caused an average loss in thickness of glaciers in the European Alps of about 3 meters water equivalent, nearly twice as much as during the previous record year of 1. Air temperature changes in the 21st century Updated climate change calculations, made in, project seasonal mean temperature increase of 3. For projected temperature increase is 0. For projected temperature increase is 2. The freezing level roughly corresponds to the height of the snow line the lower limit of the snow cap. Under the A1B scenario, the simulated annual mean warming from â to â varies from 2. Differences lowlands - Alps Warming is stronger in the Alps than in the Swiss lowlands according to several scenarios and regional climate models: This altitude-dependence of temperature change is likely related to the snow-albedo less snow at higher elevations means more warming and other feedback mechanisms Differences northern - southern side of the Alps From to, warming is expected to be similar on the northern and on the southern side of the Alps. According to the mean estimate median value, temperatures will increase in northern Switzerland by 1. The ranges for these values are: Heat waves and cold spells Climate models show a more significant increase in absolute maximum temperatures than in mean daily maxima. Conditions as during the summer heat wave will still be rare events in case of moderate warming, but will occur every few decades in case of medium warming, and every few years in case of strong warming. Extremely hot summers will occur more frequently if, additionally, year-to-year variability of summer temperatures increases, as various climate simulations suggest 1. By contrast, the frequency of cold spells and the number of frost days have already declined and will continue to decline 1, In winter, the daily temperature variability is likely to become smaller because minimum temperatures are projected to rise more strongly than mean temperatures 1. Precipitation changes in the 21st century Most global climate models GCMs project a ubiquitous decrease in summer precipitation over the Alps in response to global warming. The resolution of these models is coarse, probably too coarse to get a good indication of how precipitation in the Alps may change this century. In fact, high-resolution regional climate models project enhanced summer convective rainfall at Alpine high elevations in response to Page 3
climate warming 49, This increase of intense summer rainfall is not projected in the global climate models and is important for fresh water supply and, for instance, with respect to flash floods. The increase of summer convective rainfall was projected for near term â, mid-century â and late century -, with respect to â, and based on several different models and a high-end scenario of climate change the so-called RCP8. This precipitation increase is qualitatively consistent with positive trends in observed extreme precipitation increase over the Swiss Alps 50, although these trends may also be due to natural variability. The projected summer drying over Switzerland at the end of the century according to several regional climate models and the A1B emission scenario is associated with a strong decrease in the number of wet days whereas changes in wet-day intensity are smaller. Wet days are days with daily precipitation equal or above 1 mm per day; wet-day intensity is average daily precipitation amount on all wet days in the summer. In the winter season, there is generally a tendency for precipitation to intensify over almost all of Switzerland The frequency of heavy and extreme precipitation events may increase in central and northern Europe in winter. At altitudes above m, more frequent heavy precipitation events in winter would lead to higher amounts of snowfall in short periods of time. This may increase the danger of avalanches. An increase in heavy precipitation in central Europe may also occur in spring and autumn. For summer, the situation is less clear 4. In the Alps the more relevant extreme events such as those with year return period remain in summer and increase strongly in intensity Differences lowlands - Alps A height-dependence of the precipitation change signal is found in many seasons: In case of precipitation, the projection uncertainty is large, however, and in most seasons precipitation can increase or decrease These have been confirmed by In spring and in autumn the trends for precipitation are small. The magnitude of uncertainty is largest for trends in summer 1, A recently-published study on the sensitivity of the Alpine snow cover to temperature reported a distinctive and strong variation of snow-cover sensitivity to temperature change with altitude Snowfall in lower mountain areas is likely to become increasingly unpredictable and unreliable over the coming decades The assessment was carried out for the periods â and â, compared with the control period â At higher elevations the decrease of mean winter SWE is less pronounced but still a robust feature. Similar results have been reported based on ten regional climate models and this same A1B emission scenario The low-elevation stations already show a strong decrease in the near future â Different future projections have also been reported for the Swiss Alps, however, such as more abundant snowfall in the Alps in the higher reaches of the mountains, much reduced snow at lower levels, and the crossover level where snow becomes more abundant under milder conditions being located between and m above sea level Wind climate changes in the 21st century No robust projection for extreme wind storms in Switzerland is possible; severe changes, however, cannot be ruled out Climate indices changes in the 21st century Future development of some key climate indices over Switzerland have been evaluated for the end of the century with respect to the reference period â 42, based on previously published data on projected temperature and precipitation change 43 under the emission scenarios A1B, A2, and RCP3PD. Chapter 3 : 2 - The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due / - Biodiversity Heritage Library Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Chapter 4 : Full text of "The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due" The Scenery of Switzerland and the Causes to Which It Is Due [John Lubbock] on theinnatdunvilla.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition). Page 4
Chapter 5 : the scenery of switzerland and the by avebury the right - - theinnatdunvilla.com The Scenery of Switzerland and the Causes to Which It Is Due. by the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock. The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due. Chapter 6 : Switzerland to honour Sridevi with statue The Indian Express The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due. by Lubbock, John, Sir, Chapter 7 : Climate change - Switzerland - theinnatdunvilla.com The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due / Pages; Table of Contents Show More. URL for Current Page. Chapter 8 : The top 10 causes of death Full text of "The scenery of Switzerland and the causes to which it is due" See other formats. Chapter 9 : The Scenery of Switzerland and the Causes to Which It Is Due UVA Library Virgo We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Page 5