By: Tiffany Norton Ashleigh Ibos

By: Tiffany Norton Ashleigh Ibos

Introduction Earthquakes are a major nature hazard. People need to be more informed on why they happen, how they come about, and interesting facts about them.

Project Overview The Introductory Physical Science class at NWACC is in need of laboratory demos and activities for the college student. This project focused on the development of informational demonstrations related to earth science course concepts. In particular, our group developed a laboratory activity where students use jello to understand the effects of seismic waves on different density materials. http://www.roxanneardary.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/palacefinearts1.jpg

Curriculum Course Learning Objectives Recognize the implications of science in making choices on personal, community and global issues. Identify unifying principles and repeatable patterns in the physical world and apply them to problems or issues of a scientific nature. Explain the relevance of understanding the natural laws and processes of the world and cosmos around us. Specific Course Content: Earthquakes, Seismic waves, energy, density, impact on human populations

General Education Outcomes o Students develop higher order thinking skills. o o o o o Students can write clear, coherent, well-organized documents, which are substantially free of errors. Students can read selections at the appropriate level of education and describe the main ideas and supporting details. Students develop effective oral communication skills. Students can use computers proficiently. Students can employ a variety of sources to locate, evaluate, and use information.

Division of Labor Ashleigh Worked outside and inside class gathering information Tiffany Worked on putting the information into power point

Methods Informed students within the community about Earthquakes and how each one isn't always the same.

Community Benefits To inform others about the dangers of earthquakes and how much damage they can do.

Goals To tell people and inform them of the different information involved with earthquakes that people might not be aware of.

Technology Power Point Internet Email Cell Phone

What is an Earthquake? Earthquakes happen when the moving tectonic plates that make up the surface of the Earth move apart or bump into each other, or slide under each other. This movement tears apart the surface of the Earth, or crunches it up. Most often, this just means a little shaking for a few seconds, and nothing very serious happens. Several times a year, though, somewhere in the world there is enough movement to really shake the earth a lot, and the earthquake is serious enough to knock down buildings.

Where do earthquakes occur? Most earthquakes occur along fractures in the Earth's crust called faults. Most faults occur along the edges of major plates, huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth s lithosphere, or shell. Some earthquakes happen far from plate boundaries. These intraplate quakes happen when stress builds up and the Earth s crust is stretched or squeezed together until it rips.

The types of Faults Normal Fault- Generally occur where the lithosphere is being stretched, and one side of the fault slips down. Reverse Fault- Occur when plates collide together, where one side of the fault is pushed up against another. Many are found in Asia s Himalaya mountains. Strike-Slip Fault-The plates meet evenly and slide against each other horizontally. The San Andreas Fault in California and the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey are examples. Dip-Slip Fault-Are Strike-Slip faults combined with either a normal fault or a thrust fault. One plate moves sideways and one moves downward. http://youtu.be/zhi4uht7zko

Measurement and Recording An earthquake is measured on the Richter scale. The Richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter what type of wave was the strongest. Think of a seismograph as a kind of sensitive pendulum that records the shaking of the Earth. The hypocenter (below the center) refers to the site of an earthquake or a nuclear explosion. The epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter or focus.

Seismic Waves The waves of energy (primarily sound energy) caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth are called Seismic Waves. Seismic waves travel through the earth and are recorded on seismographs. There are two main types of Seismic waves: Body waves and Surface waves

Wave Types Body waves are waves that travel through the earth s inner layers. Two types of Body waves: P and S waves (differentiated by the direction they move) Primary (P) waves: are compression waves that move through the earth compressing and distending particles parallel to the direction the wave is moving. They shake the ground back and forth. Secondary (S) waves: are shear waves that displace particles in a direction that is perpendicular or at right angles to the direction the wave is moving. They shake the ground up and down and back and forth, thus, they are more destructive than P waves. Surface waves only move along the surface of the planet, like ripples on water.

Seismograph Earthquakes generate seismic waves which can be detected with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph. Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs. The recording they make is called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the hanging weight does not. Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The difference in position between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.

The First Seismograph The first seismograph was invented in 132 A.D. by the Chinese astronomer and mathematician Chang Heng. He called it an "earthquake weathercock." Each of the eight dragons had a bronze ball in its mouth. Whenever there was even a slight earth tremor, a mechanism inside the seismograph would open the mouth of one dragon. The bronze ball would fall into the open mouth of one of the toads, making enough noise to alert someone that an earthquake had just happened. Imperial watchman could tell which direction the earthquake came from by seeing which dragon's mouth was empty.

Oklahoma Earthquake November 6, 2011 Oklahoma had an earthquake that had a magnitude of a 5.6. The largest they have ever seen. There was a series of aftershocks seen in Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee.

Interesting Facts http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ player/environment/environment-naturaldisasters/earthquakes/insideearthquake.html Because most of the Earth is covered by oceans, earthquakes often happen in the ocean. Usually this just shakes the water and people don't notice. But sometimes the water pulls all together into a huge wave called a tsunami. The largest recorded earthquake in the United States was a magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on Good Friday, March 28, 1964 UTC. 4 out of 5 of the world's earthquakes take place along the rim of the Pacific Ocean, a zone called the Pacific Ring of Fire. The deadliest known quake in history shook China in 1556, taking about 830,000 lives.

Acknowledgements Dixie Andros Dianne Phillips

Works Cited http://www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature/int eractive/index.html http://earthquakefacts.net/interesting-earthquake- Facts.html http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/earthsc202notes/quakes. htm http:// http://www.sims.scienceinstruction.org/earthquake/ind ex.html