SahityaLokam. Kerala Sahitya Akademi Publication 2012 December Unkw-_

ticf kmlnxy A m-zan {]kn- o-i-cww SahityaLokam Kerala Sahitya Akademi Publication 2012 December Printed and published by R.Gopalakrishnan on behalf of Kerala Sahitya Akademi,Thrissur 680 020 and printed at Santhibhavan Press, Kannamkulangara, Thrissur, Kerala and published at Thrissur, Thrissur Dist., Kerala State. Editor: R.Gopalakrishnan

kmln-xy-temiw ]pkvxiw 40 e w 2 6 ]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn {]kn-u v s]cp-ºshw {io[-c sk{i- dn & FUn- B. tkm]m-e-ir-jvw k_v FUn- hn.-f. Atim-I Sahityalokam Literary bi-monthly in Malayalam Vol.40 No.2-6 2012 December President : Perumbadavam Sreedharan Secretary : R. Gopalakrishnan Cover Design : Vinaylal Proof : Suraja Website : www.keralasahityaakademi.org. Email : keralasahityaakademi@gmail.com Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers, India under R.N. 17137/69. Rs.50/- kmln-xy-temiw sszzam-kni. ]pkvxiw 40 e w 2 6.. Ih Unssk : hn\-bvem. {]q^v : kpc-p. en]n-hn-\ym-khpw A -Sn-\n -l-whpw: im n-`-h Hm^v sk- v, Xr»q. hne : 50 cq]. Printed and Published by R. Gopalakrishnan on behalf of Kerala Sahitya Akademi, Thrissur - 680 020 and Printed at Santhibhavan Press, Kannamkulangara, Thrissur - 680 007 and Published at Thrissur, Thrissur District, Kerala State. Editor : R.Gopalakrishnan 2

BapJw kmln-xy-tem-i-øns Cu e -Øn sshhn-[y-am hnjbß-fn-ep tej-\-ß-fm-wv. `mj- -km-ln-xy- -kmw-kvimcni ]T-\-ßƒs m v kº- -amwv Cu e w. Fw.-Sn, Un. hn\-b-n-{µ, tum. Un. _ -an, tcj si., Sn.-Fw. F{_lmw XpSßn hn`n taj-e-i-fn {]Xn` sxfn-bn {]ap- J Fgp-Xn-bn- p- v. `mj kmln-xy- -km-kvim-cni cwkøv kmlnxy A m-zan-bpss tkh-\-ßƒ _e-s -Sp-Øm \nß-fpss Iøn-se-Ønbn-cn- p e -Øn-\m-hp-sa- mwv {]Xo-. IqSp-X angnhm {]h Ø-\-ßƒ {]kvxpx taj-e-i-fn kpo-h-am-wn- v. ae-bmf `mj-bv m-bn Hcp k -I-em-im-e- cq]w sim Xv `mjm-kvt\-ln-iƒ v kt mjw \ Ip Im sh- m-wv. ticf k m `mj- -km-ln-xy- -Iemtkh-\-ßƒ v ap Ime-ß-fn \n pw hyxy-kvx-ambn {]m[m\yw \evip- p-sh- - Xns AS-bm-f-ambn Ht sd {]h Ø-\-ßƒ \ap- p-ap- n-ep- v. AXn-semcp Ffnb tkh\w Xs -bmwv "kmln-xy-temi' hpw \n -ln- p- -Xv. B.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW sk{i- dn & FUn- 3

D -S w tej-\-ßƒ Fgp-Ø- s ss]xriw G p-hm-ßp-tºmƒ 5 Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b PnbpsS hmmva-b-hn-t -Z-ßƒ 7 Un. hn\-b-n-{µ hn m-\-øns alm-kn-cn-irwkw 10 tum. Un. _ -an IY-bpsS ]pxp-temiw 12 tcj si. CS-b-\m-S-I-] -Ønse ae-bmfn km n- yw 14 Sn.-Fw. F{_lmw Ad-_n- -Ysb Ah-ew-_-am- nb BZy-a-e-bm-f-\m-SIw 19 tum. tncm-h n iin A -c-i-e-bpss Aar-X-km-^eyw 24 ^m. t]mƒ txe- m v \n -lm-b-x-bpss Hcp henb Ic- n 28 tum. kn. DÆn-Ir-jvW Imhyw \msyw kmlnxyw 32 tum. [ U-Ω-cmPv ASm v {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwkoxw 38 tum. Fw. IrjvW \-ºq-Xncn Nß-ºpg ae-bm-fnsb \n Ωn hn[w 44 tum. F. txma-kvip n {^m knkv C n-t mc Ncn-{Xw, kv{xo, Itºmfw 50 Iem-N-{µ `mj, kwkvim-cw, cmjv{sw 52 IS-em-bn ]c-ta-iz-c ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-xhpw BJym-\hpw 55 tum. {_n n dmt^ hn. Ihn-X-Iƒ c p Ihn-X- 61 a[p Be- -Sºv hn]-co-x-i-cwn 61 lrjn-ti-i ]n.-_n. Ifn- m w 62 clv\ cmtpjv Ims m-gpipw hgn 62 km_p j apjw Adnhv 63 kptajvirjvw F.-F-kv. IYIƒ KÃt m 64 DZ-b-i- \ndw 69 kp{_-`m-c-xn-a-wn-b samgn-am w : Ãm en km n 72 dnkvhm Al-ΩZv hnh: si.-f-kv.-hn-izw-`-c-zmkv cm{xn h p hnfn- -t mƒ 75 at\m-c-rvp elcn samgn-am w : hn.-si. jd-^p-±o {KŸ-\n-cq-]Ww F{X srcp w! 78 tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw \nkq-v-x-i-fpss kq{x-hm-iy-ßƒ 80 tum. DÆn Ba- m-d-bv "BXn' bpss Pe]m-T-ßƒ 84 tum.-fw.-f-kv.-t]mƒ 4

Fgp-Ø- s ss]xriw G phmßptºmƒ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tz-h \m-b Fgp-Øns BZn-a-L- -Øn Fgp-Øn \n v hcp-am-\-ap- m-ipsat m AXn \n v JymXn-In- psat m Hcp Ip nbpw Cu tic-f- Øn Nn n- n- p- m-hn-. Rßƒ \mep-a- -fn G hpw Xmsg-bp- bmƒ F -Xn-\m apxn -h-cpss IqsS Ifn-bv m-t\m, BtcmKyw tami-am-b-xp-sim v \m n ]p-dsø hnt\m-z-ß-fmb tim m-dv, B - fw CXn-sems ]s -Sp- mt\m Ip n meøv F\n v Ign ncp n. Zqsc \n pw ImWm-hp ]pg-sbt\m n, Ip n sn-cn-hn-eqss \S- p- I F -Xpw a\- n txm p ]pxnb ]pxnb hm p-iƒ tij-cn- v, Iq n-t Øv Nne hmn-i-ßƒ D m- p-i F -Xpam-bn-cp p A sø Fs lrzy-amb hnt\m- Zßƒ. Ipsd Ign- -t mƒ AXneqsS NneXv ]d-bww F p txm n. ]d- m F mw icn-bm-iptam F -dn-bn-. Bscsb nepw sim p sn v ImWn mw F ss[cy-hp-an-. Aßs\ t]mip-tºmƒ Ipsds» Fgp-Xn-Øp-S-ßp- p. Ip pw sncn-hnen-cp v Cu sim p ]ø temi-ønt\msv ]Xps DZvtLm-jn- p-i-bm- Wv, CXm Rm Hcp-Ø ChnsS bp v. Fs hm v Zb-hmbn tiƒ q F v. tiƒ ptam F v F\n- -dn-bn-. Ipsd Ign- -t mƒ AXymh-iy-sams A -Sn v hcn-ibpw hmbn- s SpIbpw Fhn-sS-\nt m Hs {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ hcn-ibpw snbvxp XpSßn. At mƒ temiw Ft msv Xncn- p-tnm-zn- p. icn, \n\ v Ft m NneXv ]d-bm-\ps v ]d Xv Rßƒ an- ncp v ti p. C\n F p ]d-bm-\p v? AXmWv Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-cs As - n Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bpsS Pohn-X- Øn kw`-hn- p tswnwkv t]mbn v. C\n-sb p ]d-bm-\mwv F XmWv tnmzyw. Adn-b-s -SmØ Hcp-]mSv `qan-i-fp- m-bn- p v temi-øv. B h I-c- Isfms Iog-S- m th n-bn- mwv ]gb ImeØv Nne h InSkm{am-Py- Xz-i- n-iƒ, \mhn-i-tk-\-sbms D -h, Ahn-tSbv v [oc-km-l-k- Øn\v BfpIsf Ab- -Xv. Nnet mƒ Im v hgn sx n- v Ahsc a p Nne ÿe-ß-fn-se-øn- p. Xßƒ ]pd-s \msp-i-fn-tebv v ]etcbpw, ]e hwi-ß-sfbpw, sim n- m-sw- n t]mepw ]e kºøpw t\sn-s m- p-h-cm Ah v km[n- p. Ncn{Xw tcj-s -Sp-ØmØ a\pjym-h-ÿ-bpss Hcp-]mSv h I-c-I-fpap v. B h I-c-Isf txsn-s m- p bm{x-bmwv Fgp-Øp-Im 5

GXp \m nepw GXp `mj-bnepw F m-eøpw snbvxn- p- -Xv. FØn-s p F p hcn-. F nepw AXv txsn-s m-t -bn-cn- Ww F p- Hcp hnizm-k-øn, Hcp {]tnm-z-\-øn k -cn- psim-t -bn-cn- p p. AsXms s m m-bn-cp p Fs -t m-sebp X\n {Kmao-W-\mb Hcp Ip n-bpss a\- n hnzq-c-øn \n v A\p-c-W\w D m- p Nne Bi-b-ßƒ h p-tn -Xv. kmln-xy-po-hn-x- Øn hfsc Ffp- -amb Imcy-ß-f- n-xv. Hcp-]mSv _p n-ap- p-i-fp Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. AXn \n v Hcp- ]msv t\ -ßƒ D m-ip- p-an-. h -t mgpw A\p- {K-l-Øn-t -Xmb Nne XW-ep-Iƒ In pw. AXv \sω aptºm v \bn- p i n-bm-wv. Aßs\ ]e-t mgpw Cu bm{x-bv n-s-bn Nne-sX mw F\n v In m-\p `mky-ap- m-bn. AXn-sem v Fs {Kma-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn G hpw _ -s Fgp-Ø- s t]cn-ep Cu ]pc-kvimcw In pi F p- -Xm-Wv. AXn-t\- hpw {]m[m\yw Rm ImWp- p. Fs {Kma-Øn-sems Ip n-iƒ Fgp-Ø- s A ym-fl-cm-am-bww Ccp v hmbn- pw. {Ita-W, AXym-hiyw _p n-ap- p-iq-smsx, X n-ø- S-bmsX hmbn- m XpS-ßn. "Ch-\mhpw' F p ]d- m Xc-t -Sn- ; Chs ]Tn v GI-tZiw Ign p F m-wv. ` n-bpss t]cn am{x-ambn-cp- n- A sø hmb-\. Nne-t mƒ Pohn-X- Øns Nne L -ß-fn, {]Xn-k- n-isf t\cn- Sp- -th-f-bn, "F m cmam-bww ]Ip-sØm v hmbn- p-t\m- v' F v ]dbmdp v. AXn Ggv hcn hn,v Gg chpw hn v ]n -hn-sp- -tßm v hmbn- p-tºmƒ Nne-t mƒ {]iv\øn\p ]cn-lmctam \n t±-itam In pw F mwv \m n-ep k w. AΩ-am Ip n-i-sf- n Aan-X-ambn ]d-bpw. hfsc ansp- -\mwv Fs m-s. Bhiy-Øn-e-[n-Ihpw ]d-bpw. hncp- p-t]mb hosp-ifn-sems Fs AΩ ]d- p. ""Ch A -embn v cmam-bww hmbn- pw.'' F m A{Xbvs m pw hmbn- m-dm-bn- n-. hmbn- m th n ho p-im ]pkvxiw adn v kpµ-c-imfiw FSp- Øp-shbv pw. Cu Bdp-h-b- p-im-c Ip n F v kpµ-c-imfiw hmbn- m. sx p-iq-smsx X n- Ø-S-bmsX hmbn- pi F Xv Ffp- -a-. F mepw AXv \ΩpsS kwkvim-c-øns Hcp `mk-am-wv. FgpØv Ffp- -ap am -a F p ]d-bm ImcWw Cßs\ CØ-c-Øn-ep A\p-{K-l-ßƒ F pw In n F p hcn- F XpsIm mwv. Cu Ime-L- -Ønse FgpØv hfsc hnjaw ]nsn H m-wv. tamtu-wn-k-øns BNm-cys\ v hnti-jn- n- p spbnwkv tpmbvkv ]d- p. ""Uªn \Kcw C v F p Nn n- p p F dn-b-w-sa- p-s - n Rm Fs lrz-b- Øn-tebv v t\m n-bm axn'' F v. A Xv icnbm-bn-cp- n-cn- mw. C Xv icn-bm-h-w-sa- n-. Ime-Øns am w. C v Fs hosv F v Nn n- p- p, Fs {Kmaw F p Nn n- p p F -dnbm Fs lrz-b-øn-tebv v t\m n-bm a\- n-em-ip- n-. A{X-b-[nIw am -ßƒ kw`-hn- ncn- p- p, PohnXw A{X-b-[nIw k o Æ-am-bncn- p- p. Hmtcm ImeØpw Xt -Xmb Nne {]ta-b-ßƒ Is ØpI F p- -XmWv Fgp-Øp-Im-c-s - F hpw henb {]iv\w. B {]tabw Is -Ønbm am{xw t]mcm. Fhn-sStbm D A m-xcmb hmb-\- m-cpss a\- n-te v FØn- m-\p Hcp am hpw Abmƒ Is -tø- -Xp- v. Aßs\-bp Hcp bm{x-bv n-s-bn Fhn-sS-sbms tbm sh v Cßs\ Nne A\p-{K-l-ß-fpsS XW-ep-Iƒ In p- p. At\Iw Ibv p-i-fpss CSbn am[p-cy-øn-s Nne IWn-I-Iƒ In p- p. AØcw Nne \nan-j-ß-tfmsv \Ωƒ F pw ISs - n-cn- p- p. B \nan-j-ß-fpss CSbv v \n p-tºmƒ \Ωƒ Btcm-SmWv IS- msv ]d-tb- -Xv? ]n X-e-ap-d-tbmtSm? `mj-tbmtsm? Hcp Imcyw IqSn ]d-b-s. Cu ]pc-kvim-c-thf \ΩpsS `mj-sb- n Hcp]mSv Bi- -Iƒ h psim- n-cn- p kabamwv. Fs kw_- n- n- S-tØmfw Cu hfsc {]Jym-X-amb Cu ]pckvimcw hmßp-tºmƒ Rm Fs _m[y-x-isf- n H p-iqsn Hm Ωn- p-i-bm-wv. Fs `mjtbm-sp _m y-x-iƒ, Fs cn-\-tbm-sp _m y-x-iƒ. {]txy-in v, Rm cn\ \n h ln p Fs `mjtbmsp Fs _m y-xsb- n Rm H p IqSn Btem-Nn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p F t{]cw, Hcp D]-tZiw Hs bmwv F\n v Cu \nan-j-ßƒ \ Ip- -Xv. CXn\v kuicyw In n-bxv Hcp `mkyw. \nß-fm-z-cn- p- Xv Fgp-Ø- -s\-bm-wv. ae-bm-f-sø-bm-wv, ae-bm-f- `m-j-sb-bm-wv. AXn\v at\m-l-c-amb Hcp kwhn- [m\w D m-bn-cn- p- p. hf-sc-b-[niw kt m-jap- v. (2011 se Fgp-Ø- ]pc-kvimcw kzoi-cn- p-sim- v \S-Ønb {]`mjww) 6

PnbpsS hmmva-b-hnt Zßƒ Un.hn\-b-N-{µ Pn i -c- p-dp- ns ImhyIe-bn-eqsSbp hyxy-kvx-amb k mcw ""Rm\-\-iz-c-ebw shfn w hnizkv]µw''f A\p-`q-Xn-hn-e-b- Ønepw hnnm-c-hn-kva-b-ønepw hnlcn- n-cp Hcp Ihn-bpsS am\p-jn-iamb B`n-ap-Jy-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-ikw-{i-w-amwv s]cp- -. {iotimhn-en\pw {]Z- n-w-ho-yn pw iothen pw ]pdøv Hcp km[m-cw Krl- ]-cn-k-c-øn ]ncn-ap-dp- ap G p]d- n-ens, apdn- p-t]m-ip txß-ep-i-fpss, \ncm-ew-_-am-ip KZvK-Z-ß-fpsS A -cw-kw. Bi-b-ßfpsS tkm]p-c-ß-fn \n v IÆo IpXn aæns lrz-b-an-sn- n-te v Ihn-bpsS bm\w. CS- n- n, Nß- ºp-g, ]n, sshtem- n- n, CS-t»-cn, _mem-a-wn-bω XpS-ßnb B Xe-apd-bnse Ihn-s m-en-a-bn CXn\p kzr-iy-amb Hcp Ihn-X-bn-. CXnt\m-sSm w Dƒ m-ºp thsdmcp am\p-jn-i-l-sn-imcw Pn. i -c- p-dp- ns Imhy-tem-I-Øp-an-. {]b-xv\- k-º- -amb B Imhy-km-{am-Py- Øn hnim-c-`-cn-x-amb Hcp Pohs \ng-en-c-º-ßƒ L\o-`q-X-am-Ip Hcp `h-\w. PnbpsS s]mxp-i-hn-x- I-tfmSv H pw ]cn-n-b-an- m-ø-h p- IqSn Cu IhnX hg- -ap- -Xm-bn A\p-`-h-s -Spw. Cu Ihn-X-bnse D -en-hp-x-s -bmwv AXnse Kpcp- Xz-tI-{µw. A -cm-sam-gnsb Cu cn\ {ipxn-`-{z-amb Hcp apjm-cn-bpss eo\-amb Bem-]-\-in-ev]-am- p- p- v. sfxn-ly-øn \n v lrz-b-]- 7

-Øns GIm-{Ks\m-º-c-ßsf D ze-amb Hcp Iem-\p- `hw B pi F p- Xv A{X Ffp- -a-. klys ai\pw IÆo- mshpw Fgp- Xnb sshtem- n- nbpss X s ai\v Cu ImX-c-\n-d-hnte p hcm Ign- n- p-an-. BkvXn- Iy-Øns BUw-_- c-hn-`q-xn-itfm {]]- -K-l-\-X-bv p-ap-ºnse t{]am-rvp-en-bpss \ngtem hogmsx Ihn AXp km m-xvi-cn- n-cn- p- p. The stars are not wanted now put out everyone, Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun, Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods F BUs hnh kmk-c-ko-xhpw hniz- Z i-\hpw Fgp-Xnb Ihn-bpsS Cu Ihn-X-sb- p-dn- m-sw p txm n-t m-ipw. ""ASn- p- p-s - m-ep-sa s\ n-emtcm -Im- p hsn-sim- n-t m-tftxm Iqcm- Wn-bn-f- p-hm '' Nn -bpss ]mbp h\-i-t m-en\n A ChnsS. C n- p-howp Idp- p c -Øp- n-iƒ BWv. Hcp \m p-]m-ws hnt[-b-\n-th-z-\-ambpw \n Ω-amb {Inbm-Nm-Xp-cn-bmbpw ]nd H mwv Nµ\- - n. "{im -aw-_cw \nzm-tlm-jva-f-kz- ]v\m-{im w' F Bgvhmt cn {]`p-xz- Øn \n v, "s\ pw ]Whpw Ipan- -h p sim pw simebpw Ipem[n-Imcw' F Aø-\-Sn-I-fn-te- p IqSp-hn- p-iq-sp-am w A`n-\- µ-\o-bw-x-s. Hcp Ihn-bpsS Bf-Ø-Øns hncp-t m- n- Itfm adp-tz-i-ßtfm A Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ. F nepw Pn.-bpsS Ihn-Xm-km-I-ey-Øn A h-ømb hnt -Z-ßƒ Bbn Iem-]-c-amb angnthmss Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp- p-\n p- p. CXp-sIm v Cu Ihn-bpsS {`a-w-ti{µw Ch BI-W-sa- -. hn h Ø-\- -a-am-ipwhn[w AJn-e-`m-c-Xo-bamb Hcp ]Zm-hen t_m[-]q w Pn.-I-hn- X-I-fn k n-th-in- n- n- p- v. SmtKmdns km[m-c-w-a-\pjy-i-y\ßtf mƒ tbmkmfli kao Iƒ At±lsØ hshr- -k-aq-lw-t]mse aqsn-bn- p- v. SmtKmdns Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]q Æ-amb Ah-tem-I-\-t_m-[y-Ønepw ""\ng-ep- Iƒ \ofp p'' D z-e-amb kwt{]-jww BIp- p. "]g-ipw-txm-dp-ta-dp p ]mcw aa-x-sb- nepw Cu hosp-hn- n-d-ßo-sm C\nØma-k-an- ta.... apc-fo-cm-k-a-[pc apj-\m-samcp bm{xn-i hcpw,- hnfn pw, Rm t]mipw hmxn ]q- m-sx-b- aw. Imem Ø- n-\n-c-øs, Imew Po W-n X{X-bpw \nxy-am-\-k-_- -ßƒ \ncm-ew-_-ß-fq-gn-bn ' Imew, acww F nh \nc- -c-km-[-\-bm-bncp Ihn-tN-X\ `mc-xo-b-amb B ]gb {]Xn-am- \-Øns ]cn-am-w-øn-em-sw- nepw Ahsb hnim-c-hn-h-i-am- n-bn-cn- p p. Xøm-sd-Sp-t mss tkm]p-c-hm-xn-ep-i-fpss AI-tØ p IS-t Ahÿ Chn-sS-bn-. Fw.-F.-hn-P-b io jmk-\-øn \S- p- -Xn-\p-apºv Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- ns Ihn-X-sb- p-dn- p \SØnb Kw`ocamb ]T\hpw Imew, acww F nhsb pdn m-bn-cp- p. _nw_n-km-cs CS-b, IrjvWm- -an, \c- _-en, hmg- pe F o Ihn-X-I-fn \n v Cu Ihn-X-bv p AIew Pn.-bpsS kzxz-hn-tijsø kzx-{ -am- n-im-wn- p- p. To see a world in a grain of sand And, a heaven in a wild flower Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And in an hour 8

Aßs\ Hcp NcSv, aww Pnsb Akz-ÿ-am- n-bn-cn- p- p. t]e-hhpw {]uv-hp-amb \nanj-t -{X-ßƒ, Dghp-Nm-ep-ap-X A`ua-fiew hsc Dgdp `mh-\m-ssh-hiy-ßƒ F n-hsb mw B Imhy- {io-cw-k-øn D v; ]Zy-I-Y-Ifpw. F nep-w At±-l-Ønte v A]q -am-bn- m-sw- nepw Fs ASp- n- p aq p Ihn-X-Iƒ kmk-c-ko-xw, hniz-z i- \w, inh-xm-fihw F n-h-bm-wv. At±-l-Øns Xe-ap-d-bv p-h-i-k-am-bn-cp Zm i-\n-ihpw imkv{xo-b-hp-amb Ah-t_m-[-ß-tf- mƒ kar- hpw hnkvxr-xhpw kq vahpw k o Æ-hpamWv C sø Ihn-bpsS Ah-t_m-[-a-fi-e-sa- nepw Fs B IhnXIƒ Xc-f-\m- p-ibpw Imhym-\-µ-Øm Zo]vX-\m- p-ibpw snøp- p. ""Be-k ]-cm-k-øn, IW-ßƒ ]pcs s teme-`m-h-\-bpss \ndta amdn-t mbn'' F p hmbn- p-tºmƒ \mw hnim-c-hn-h-i-\m-ipi am{xa, \nd-ß-fpss {`a-wm- -c-ßfpw BIp- p. "axn-a-d- m-so-sp q Xq\n-em-hn `kva-ap-xn pxn p hogp-i-bm-sw apkv -Po-h-\n ' F \nd-hn {]]- -Xm-fi-h-Øn-\m emky-k-ar- -\m-imø Bcm-Wp- -Xv. F m Ihn-X- Ifpw ad- mepw kmk-c-koxw Fßs\ Dt]- n- pw. "\ob-]m-c-x-bpss \oe-kw-`o-tcm-zm-c mb, \n m-t«-j-øm-se a-\w- rw- `n- p p... XØp-sI- m-flm-hn- s m-øp-si lr-z- Øn DØpw-K-^-Wm-{K-Øn-se-s bpw hln- mepw.' Htc \rø-hn-kvt^m-s-\-øns AIhpw ]pdhp-am-bmwv kmk-c-ko-xhpw inh-xm-fi-h-hpw A\p-`q-X-am-Ip- Xv. A]m-c-X-bpsS Im - Zo-]vXn-Iƒ C{XtØmfw B Xe-ap-dbnse as mcp Ihntbbpw ImX-c-\m- nbn n-. KoX-I-ßƒ pw KoX-I-kam-\-amb {lkz-c-n-\-iƒ pw CS- - n, Pn., Nß- ºp-g, sshtem- n n F n-h khn-tij-amb BJym-\- inev]w \ In-bn- p- v. Cu Hcp apj-sa-gpøp a\- n-em-bmte Ahcn \n v Rß-fpsS KoX-I-k-am-\-amb kr n-iƒ Fßs\ kwko-x-h-gn p thdn- p-\n p- p-sh v {Kln- m-\m-iq. sshtem- n- n, CS-t»cn F n-h-cpss N bn Pn.-i- -c- p-dp- ns If-cnsb F n-\-[n-t - ]n- Ww? Ah-bnse tih-e-amb _u n-i-{]-b- Xv\-ßsf Hgn-hm- n-bmepw Imew, \ -{X-Ko-Xw, kmk-c-ko-xw, s]cp- -, hniz-z i-\w, Nµ-\- - n, inh-xm-fi-hw, \ng-ep-iƒ \ofp- p, C p Rm \msf \o, ]gb hm v XpS-ßn-bh B Xeap-d-bnse hmmva-b-ku-µ-cy-ßƒx-s -bm-wv. awn- \m-zw, kmk-c-ko-xw, a\-kzn-\n, Imhn-se-]m- v, klys ai, Ifn-b-, hnizm-an-{x B Xe-ap-d-bpsS t]cn \Ωƒ A`n-am-\n- p-i. ""amhp-i-f-dn-bptam am\-hm-flm-hn thhpw t\mhp-i-f-h-bpss Nn -Iƒ ho pw ]qøp'' amhp-iƒ Adn pw Adn-bm-sXbpw a\pjy Adn pw Adn-bm-sXbpw t\mhp-iƒ ]qøp-sim- n-cn- pw IqWp-I-fmbpw AWp-Iq- Wp-I-fmbpw aqi-x-bmbpw sshj-cn-bm-bpw. \msf ]mty-b-c-ln-x-\mb Hcp bm{xn-i Cßs\ ]dt - mw. ""Consume my heart away; sick with desire And fastened to a dying animal It knows not what it is; and gather me In to the artifice of eternity '' 9

hn m-\-øns alm-kn-cn-irwkw tum. Un. _ -an alm-]-wvun-x-\mb iqc-\m v Ip ]n- -bpss alzvhy n-xzsø hni-i-e-\w-sn-øp tej\w {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb ]Zva{io tum. iqc-\m p Ip ]n Cw ojv, ae-bmfw, kwkvirxw F o `mj- I-fn _ncp-zm-\- -c-_n-cpzw t\sp- Ibpw aq p `mj-i-fnepw kmln-xyß-fnepw \nkvxp-e-amb Ah-Kmlw t\sp-ibpw snbvxp. Hcp Ime-L- - Øn Xncp-h-\- -]p-c-øns kmwkvim-cni t\xrxzw hln At±lw Hcp PwK-a-hn m\-tim-iam-bmwv Adn-b-s - n-cp- Xv. kmln- Xy-kw-_- tam Ncn-{X-kw-_- tam Bb GXp kwi-b-øn\pw DS-\Sn ]cn-lmcw \evim- At±-l-Øn\p Ign- n-cp- p. 1995- At±lw Znhw-K-X-\m-bt mƒ C\n-bm-cmWv \ΩpsS kwib-ßƒ v ]cn-lm-c-ap- m- pi F tnmzy-amwv kmln-xy-ip-xpinisf Ae- n-b-xv. iqc-\m- ns _lp-ap-jamb ]mfinxyw ]cn-k-wn v BZyw aod v k h-i-em-im-ebpw ]ns ticf k h-i-em-im-ebpw At±-l- Øn\p tumœ-td v \evin. {]mno-\-{k-ÿ-ß-fpss Is -Øenepw {]km-[-\-ønepw XXv]-c-\mbn-cp iqc-\m- mwv eoem-xn-e-ihpw DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-ihpw {]uv-amb Ah-Xm-cn-I-I-tfmSpw hymjym-\-ßtfm-spw- IqSn {]kn- o-i-cn- -Xv. AXn- {]-kn- -amb DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i-Øn\v BsI Htc-sbmcp Xmfn-tbm-e-{K- 10

Ÿta D m-bn-cp- p- q. AXv At±-l-Øns ssibn-em-bn-cp- p. DÆp-\o-en-k-tµ-i-Øn\v as mcp hymjym-\-a-gp-xnb Cfw-Ipfw Ip ]n Nne ]mt-t`-z-ß-fp- -bn- p-i-bp- m-bn. AXn\v iqc-\m v \evinb adp-]sn B {KŸ- Øns Bap-J- p-dn- ns\ \qdp-]p-d-ap Hcm-[n- Im-cn-I-]-T-\-am n am n. Cu c p ]pkvx-i-ßfpw Xncp-h-\- -]p-csø N{µm-{]kv F {]km-[-icmwv ]pd-øp-sim- p-h- -Xv. Cu A -Sn-ime DSa-ÿm-h-Im-i-Ø -Øns t]cn Zo L-Imew AS- n- n-cp Xp sim v Ch th -k-a-bøv th -hn[w P\-ß-fpsS ssibn In msx t]mbn. hfsc me-øn-\p-ti-j-amwv tic-f-`mjm C Ãn- yq v Cu ]pkvx-i-ßƒ ]p\x{]im-i\w snbvx-xv. iqc-\m p Ip ]n- -bpss G hpw ani kw`m-h\ ae-bm-f-a-lm-\n-l- p-hns No^v FUn- F \ne-bv p- -Xm-Wv. A sø {Smh Iq k h-i-em-im-ebpw Kh sa pw tn v XpS-ßnb hfsc "Aw_o-jy-km'b ]cn- ]m-sn-bm-bn-cp p alm-\n-l- p. Hc -Øn AXy w hn]p-e-amb km y-x-i-fp Hcp aebmfw ae-bmfw Cw ojv \nl- p-hmwv eivkn-. ae-bm-f-hm- p-i-fpss Cw ojv en]y- -c- Whpw Cw o-jn simsp-øn- p A hpw hntz-in-iƒ pw Cu \nl p {]m]y-am- n- Øo Øp. hm p-i-fpss \ncp w, Ah-bpsS A w, A -]-cn-wm-aw, {]tbm-k-co-xn-iƒ, h o-i-cww, DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ XpSßn F m mcyßfpw CXn hnh-cn- n-cn- p- p. kmln-xy-ir-xn- Iƒ, ]pcm-tc-j-iƒ, imk-\-ßƒ XpSßn P\-]- Y-ß-fn \n p-ti-j-cn {]mtz-in-i-`m-jm-]-zßƒhsc AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp ]Z-ti-J-c-am-Wv Cu \nl- p-hn-\p-th n Is -Øn-b-Xv. ep]vx- {]-Nm-c-amb ]Z-ßƒ pw Cu alm-\n-l- p-hn {]th-i-a-\p-h-zn- n- p v. Ggv hmey-ß-fn-embn hn`m-h\w snbvxn-cp Cu \nl- p- ]Xn-s\m p hmey-ß-fmbn ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w snø-s - p. BZysØ c p hmey-ßƒ ^e-{]-z-ambn ]q Ønbm- m iqc-\m- n\p Ign- p. "A'bv pam-{xambn H m-asø hmeyw am n-h- n-cn- p- p. Hcp ani {]`m-j-i-\m-bn-cp iqc-\m p Ip ]n, kmln-xy-k-tω-f-\-ß-fn B y w hln- p-tºmƒ AXn-{]u-Vhpw Bib-ta-Zp-c-hp-amb {]`m-j-w-ßƒsim v t{imxm- sf [\y-cm- n-bn-cp- p. A p-x-i-c-amb Hm Ωi- n-bp At±-l-Øns {]`m-j-w-ß-fn kwkvir-x-øn \n pw Cw o-jn \n pw ae-bmf-øn \n p-ap [mcmfw D -c-wn-iƒ XpS bmbn {]Xy- -s - n-cp- p. IÆ-»s inh-cm{xn amlm-fly-sø- p-dn- pw, as mcp {]mno-\-{k-ÿ-amb A\- -]p-c-h Æ-\-sb- p-dn pw At±-l-sa-gp-Xnb Kth-j-Wm-fl-I-amb {]_- -ßfpw ChnsS Hm s -ts- -Xm-Wv. CØcw {]_- -ß-fpsS _rl-xvk-am-lm-c-amwv "ssic-fo-k-a w' F t]cn ]pd-øp-h- -Xv. B{in-X-h- -e-\mb At±lw CXns {]km-[\w Gev]n- Xpw Hcm-{in-X-s\-Ø-s. H pw `wkn-bn- msx ASn- n-d- nb Cu ]pkvxiw th n-s-ßfn th -Xp-t]mse FØn-t n-. ]p\- Øns cmam-bww Nºp-hn-s\-gp-Xnb kpzo Lamb Ah-Xm-cnI Hcp ani Kth-j-W-{]-_- - am-wv. cmam-bww Nºp-hnse \s mcp ix-am\w t«mi-ßfpw kwkvir-x-im-hy-ß-fn \n p- -cn- -htbm samgn-am- s - -htbm BsW Is - Ø Kth-j-W-Øns kq va-x-bmwv km ys -Sp-Øp- -Xv. Kl-\-amb kmln-xy-x-øz-hn-nm-camwv "kmln-xy-{]-th-ini'.hf-sc- mew timsfpv mkp-i-fn ]mty-{k-ÿ-am-bn-cp p "kmln-xy-{]- th-ini'. tic-f-h Ω-sb-t mse DZm-c-a-\-kvI-\m-bn-cp At±lw kmln-xy-ip-xp-in-isf lrz-b-]q w t{]m m-ln- n- n-cp- p. GsX-gp-Øp-Im-c\pw Ah- Xm-cn-Ibv pw Biw-k-bv pw -th n At±-lsØ kao-]n- m-am-bn-cp- p. iqc-\m- ns hm -ey- ]q Æ-amb Hcp Xtem-S, kvt\l-]q Æ-amb Hcm-iwk In p-sa v Ah v Dd- p- m-bn-cp- p. iqc-\m p Ip ]n ae-bm-f-ønse kvtxm{x-km-ln-xy-øn\p \evinb kw`m-h-\bpw ChnsS A\p-kva-cn- -s -ts- -Xm-Wv. B{in-XcpsS Bh-iy-{]-Im-c-amWv kwkvir-x-hr-ø-ønep Cu kvtxm{x-ßƒ cnn p \evin-bn-cp- -Xv. Bh-iy- m Ah hmßn-s m- p-t]m-hp-ibpw A -Sn p hnev p-i-bp-am-bn-cp p ]Xn-hv. ]pkvx- I-ß-fn \n v Imcy-amb tdmb n In m-\p F m km y-x-ifpw At±-l-Øns DZm-c-a-\- kvix \ -am- n-i-f p F -XmWv kxyw. iqc-\m- ns \nkvxp-e-amb ]mfin-xy-hp-ambn X n- p-t\m- p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns enjn-x-cq-]- Øn-ep kw`m-h\ \t \n m-c-am-sw p ]dtb- n-h-cpw. Xs cn-\-i-sf- mƒ F{Xtbm al- Xz-]q Æ-amb hy n-xz-am-bn-cp p At±-l-Øn t -Xv. 11

IY-bpsS ]pxp-temiw tcj si. ]pxnb IY F Xv Hcp Al- mcw \nd {]tbm-k-amwv F v txm p- p. ]gbsxms \njv{]-`- am- - p H v. ] mtcm ]d Acn-hm-fns IY-bmWv Hm a hcp- -Xv. apø- s ImeØv Acn-hm-fns ]nsn H p-amdn. A s ImeØv hmfpw H p-amdn. F n pw Acn-hmƒ Nnc-]p-cm-X- \hpw apxp-ap-ø- s Ime-Øp- - Xp-am-Wv. IY-bnepw Cu \nbaw _m[-i-am-wv. ]nsnbpw hmfpw amdnam-dn-bmepw IY F Acn-hmƒ Nnc- ]p-cm-x-\-am-wv. \ncq-]-i-cpss kt - X-ßfpw Af-hp-tIm-ep-I-fp-amWv amdp- -Xv. IY ASn-apSn amdp- pt m F p kwi-b-am-wv. Rm tpmen snøp ]{X- Øn 100 h jw ap ]v Fs mcp ]w n-bp- v. CXn-\p-th n ]gb ^b-ep-iƒ ]c-xp-tºmƒ a\- n-em-ip- p, a\p-jy\v 100 h jw ap ]pw Ct mgpw ]d-bm\pw Adn-bm\pw Adnbn- m-\p-ap Imcyw H p-x-s -bm- Wv. AXns hyh-lm-c-`mj am{xta amdp- p- q. IY-bnepw AXp-X-s bmwv kw`-hn- p- -Xv. IY ]d-bpi F Xp-X-s -bmwv {][m-\w. AXns `mj-bnepw AXp sns - Øn-s -Sp CS-ß-fnepw am{x-amwv am -ß-fp- m-ip- -Xv. Ip{Km-a-ß-fn t mepw Iq samss_ Sh-dp-Iƒ Db-cp- -Xpt]mse, _lp-\ne si n-s-ßfpw ^vfm p-ifpw amen-\y-ti-{µ-ßfpw D m-ip- -Xp-t]mse, `oxn-bp-w Øp ImgvN-Iƒ IY-I-fnepw IS- p-iq-sm-xn-cn- n-. ]t hmb-\- mcs a\- n-te v Ch-sb-Øn- pi kml-k-am-wv. hmb-\- m-c\v shdp pw Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v Bfl-\n-µbpw D m- m-ø-hn[w t\ Ø Hcp \q ]m-x-bn-eqss IS v IY ]d v Ah-km-\n- n- pi F {]hrøn Fgp-Øp-Im-cs tpmen Iptd- qsn {]bm-k-ap- -Xm- p- p. tksb- p-dn v/ sekv_n-b-s\- pdn v Fgp-Xp- -XmWv ]pxnb IYbpsS [ocx F a n, B[p-\n-I- X-bpsS XpS -t]mse \nkq-vx \nd ssien ]n pscp -Xpsams CS-bv nss I p-h-cm-dp- v. `mcy-bv p-th- nbpw ai-\p-th- nbpw amdn-amdn hmpo-i-c-w-huj[w Ign- p Hcp sndp- - mcs IY Ign h jw Hcp hmcn- I-bn hmbn- p. Hcm-gvN-tbmfw F\n v a\w-]n-c- -ep- m-bn. Rm s\mcp ]mc-º-cy-hm-zn-sbm- p-a-. ]t ChnsS Cu A\p-`hw IebpsS BXy- n-i-amb [ aw ]men- p- n-. 12

CubnsS Hcp kplrøv ]d p, Ah-cpsS Ab ho n `mcybpw ` Ømhpw XΩn henb X hpw hg- p-ap- m-b-t mƒ F p-h-b- p-imcn aiƒ HmSnh v Fs kplr-øn-t\msv B n, Ipd v ap n]h FIvkv{Sm Xcm-tam, A -s bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw hg- p-am- m-\mwv F p ]d- s{x. A -s bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw hg v am m ap n]h FIvkv{Sm {]tbm-p-\-s -Spsa v Ip n- I-cp-Xp p. F p-h-b- p-im-cn p ap ]n t mepw temiw A{X-I v ae s Xpd- n- n-cn- p- p. kmt -XnIhnZy-Ifpw C s\ pw aoun-bbpw kpo-h-amb C m-eøv hmb-\- msc I_-fn- n mw F p hnnm-cn- p Xcw Fgp-Øpco-Xn-Iƒ h p-im-wp-tºmƒ i txm m-dp- v. IY ]d- n-ep-im-cs ZuXyw IY ]d-bww F -Xp-X-s -bmw.v AXp kmtcm-]-tz-i-i-y-iƒ BI-W-sa p bmsxmcp \n _- -hp-an-. ]t IY ]d-bmsx X n- p-ifpw Pme-hn-Zy-Ifpw am - nßpw amt\-pvsa v sshz-kv[yhpw sim v F mw A n-a-dn mw F p-i-cp-xp- Xv sx m-sw v Imew sxfn-bn- p- p. IY-bn CØcw kmt -XnIhnZ- Kv[-cpsS ansp v CS-bv nss sxfn-bp-ibpw \nd- p-i-øp-ibpw snøp- -Xp-Im-Wmw. hcp-tam-tcm- Zi, h -t]mse t]mw F p ]dbp- -Xp-t]mse F{Xtbm s]s v AXv A{]-Xy- -am-ip-ibpw snøpw. ]t amdn-\n v hgn-tbmc-øp-iqss \n» w k -cn- p Nne-cp- v. Ahsc \Ωƒ Hm tøm Øv Ccn- pw. AjnX Fgp-Xm-Xn-cn- p-tºmƒ \Ωƒ thz-\-tbmss Nn n p p, F p-] n Ajn-Xbv v? {]nb F. Fkns Akp-Jsa mw amdn Ah-sc- mwv Hcp -IY Fgp-XpI? si.-f. sk_m-ãy F{X Ime-ambn Cßs\ au\w XpS-ßn-bn v? BZyw IYbn \n pw ]ns Pohn-X-Øn \n pw sx nsø-dn- p-t]mb bp.-]n. Pb-cmPv IY-sb- p-dn v Nn n- p-tºm-sg mw \sω Akz-ÿ-s -SpØpw. Fw. kpip-am-c IY-sb-gpØv \ndpøn F{X ]Xn- m v Ign- mepw \ap v A`n-apJw snbvxp asp- p- n-. At±-l-Øns aiƒ cp\n a m-sn-bm \me- p-i-y-iƒ am{x-sa-gpxn ]n hm-ßn-bxv \sω Akz-ÿ-cm- m-dp- v. ImcWw A{X-ta B hap v Ah-cpsS Fgp-Øn\v; \n»- - Xbv p t]mepw. Nn n- p- nse apøp-iƒ txsnhcp- -h-sct mse hmb-\- m-c Fgp-Øp-Im-cs Bg-ßfnse \n»- -X-I-fn \n pw IY- I-s -SpØv Dbc-ß-fnseØn p-tºm-gmwv AXv km Y-Iam-Ip- - Xv. Cß-s\-bp Hcp hmb-\- m-c-\p- th n, Agot m-sn-\mbn hnem-kn\n So -dpss kpµ-c-amb ImØn-cn v t]mse, kxy-k- -X-bpw B h hp-ap Fgp-Øp-Im-c F{X-Imew ImØn-cn- m\pw Xøm-dm-Ipw. Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw hmb-\- mc\pw XΩn-ep ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-i-xz-am-w-xv. _l-f-ßƒ n-s-bn anx-`m-j-bmb Fgp-Øp- Im-c-s\-bmWv Ime-Øn\v Bh-iyw. Fgp-Øns _lp-kz-cx kq n- p-tºmgpw Ah-\-h-t\mSp kxy-k- X kq n- p Fgp-Øp-Im-c-t - XmIpw hcpw Imew. Fgp-Øp-Im t\cn-sp as mcp {]Xn-k n F m-e-søbpw Fgp-Øp-Im t\cn- n-cn- p {]Xn-k n Xs ka-b- p-d-hv. D]-Po-h-\-Øn- \mbn Is -Øp sxmgnepw FgpØpw c n-stø- v hen- p-ap-dp n hen- p-sim- p-t]m-ip Zp _-e-cmwv Fgp-Øp-Im. Hcp ] w ]{X-{]- h Ø-I IY-bn AXn-{I-an- p-i-bdn F v Bt ]w CubnsS tiƒ m-dp- v. F\n- p-txm- p- Xv AXv Fgp-Øp-Im-cs kxy-k- -X-bpsS as mcp sxfn-hmwv F m-wv. 22 hb- n tpwenkw ]T\w ]q Øn-bm- p-tºmƒ Fs ap ]n A\n- n-xxzw am{x-am-bn-cp- p. e -ßƒ simsptøm kzm[o-\-ap-]-tbm-knt m Hcp sxmgn hmßm km[n- mø Hcmƒ F \ne-bn, G hpw kxy-k- -amb coxn-bn e`n- m-hp Hcp sxmgn-em-bn-cp- p, F\n v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w. am t -kns\ Bcm-[n v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w sxmgnembn kzoi-cn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- n-. AXv kxy-k- - amb D]-Po-h-\-am K-am-bn-cp p F\n- v. Btdgp h jw \o {]Wbw apt m- p-sim- p-t]m-im A -c-ß-fpss hym]mcw sxmgn-em-bn FSp- p-ibm-bn-cp- p. ]t ]{X-{]-h Ø\w IY-sb-gp- Øns\ klm-bn- p-sim v amdn-\n- n-t -bp p F pw. ]pxnb temisø ImWm ioen- n hnzq-c-cmwv F\n v ]{X-{]-h Ø\w. B hnzq-ccn-eqss am{xw I F{Xtbm ImgvN-Iƒ F\n p Ie-I-fm-bn- p- v. ASpØp\n p-im-wp- -hs \n wkx, \n ΩaX F nh ]{X-{]-h Ø-Is `mc-am-imw. ]t Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ - p-dtø v amdn-\n m HuNn-Xy-ap v Cu hnzqc- v. ]pxnb IY- k-xy-øn-s bpw kuµ-cy-ønt -Xp-ambn Xocs F {]Xo- bpw kz]v\-hpamwv F\n- p- X.v 13

CS-b-\m-SI] -Ønse ae-bmfn km n yw Sn.Fw. -F-{_lm-w Nmh-d-b- s CS-b-\m-SI k -ev]sø ap \n Øn-bp-ff ]T\w `mc-xob`mj-i-fnse BZy-\m-SIw 1860 Zo\-_ p an{i Fgp-Xnb "\oe-z ' BsW- mwp Fgp-Xs - - N-cn-{Xw. 1882 henb timbn- Ø-ºp-cm X n-a -snbvx "A`n- m\ imip- -f'tam, 1878 I q DΩ ^nen-t mkv sjbviv kv]n-b-dns timaun Hm^v Ftdgvkns `mj- -c-am-sb-gp-xnb "Bƒam-dm 'tam BWp ae-bm-f- Ønse BZy\mS-I-{i-a-sa pw ]d-bp- p. F m AXn-\p-sams ap t], 1846 \pw 1855 \pw CSbv p am m-\sø skan-\mcn hnzym n- Iƒ p-th n Nmh-d- Ip-cym-t mkv Gen-bmkv F sshzn-i ae-bmf-øn ]{ v CS-b-\m-S-I-ßƒ, Shepherd Plays (Ecologues) Fgp-Xp- Ibpw Ah XpS -bmbn Ah-X-cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p-sh- mwv \ms-i-irøpw A m-z-an-jy-\p-amb tej-is Is -Ø. F -temkv (Ecologue) F hm n\v CS-b-Km-\w, {Kmao-W-KoXw Fs m-s -bmwv A w. {Kmao-WcpsS efn-x-po-hn-xhpw AXp- \ Ip B\-µhpw F m-amwp CØcw CS-b-Ko-X-ß-fnse {]Xn-]m- Zyw. {Ko v Ihn-bmb Xntbm-{In- kv (Theocritus) BWp CS-b-Km-\-ßƒ BZyw cq]-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. em n-\n Ecologue F p hnti-jn- n- -s - ncp Cu imj Bucloics F pw Adnb-s - n-cp- p. AsXmcp {Ko v ]Z-am- Wv. ""I p-i-fpss Icp-X-en-\mbn'' F mwv A kqn-\. Xntbm-{In- 14

-kns Imhy-ßsf anøp-i-fp-ambn _ -s - SpØn Ahbv p \ms-io-b-amb ]p\-cm-hn-jv mcw \S-Øn-bXv tdma Ihn hn Pn (Virgil) BWv. em n-\n-em-bn-cp p hn Pn-ens cn-\. Xntbm-{In- kv sim p-sim p Jfi-ß-fmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-cp- p-xp-sim- m-hww Ahbv v Idulls (-{lkz-cm-kßƒ) F pw Vignettes F pw t]cp-hn-fn- n-cp- p. hn Pn-ens CS-tN -tbmss Cu Imhy-im-J- Iq- Sp-X \ms-io-bhpw Iem-fl-I-hp-ambn hf p. _n.-kn. 44 \pw 38 \pw CSbv v BhWw CsX- mwp kqn-\. hn Pn-ens IrXn-I-fn aqs -Æ-amWp hnjym-xhpw t{ijvt-hp-ambn KWn-bv -s -Sp- -Xv. Ah-bn H v Cu kqnn- n F -tem-kp-i-fmbn-cp- p. B n-s-b-cp-ssbpw {Kmao-W-cp-sSbpw Pohn- X-amWv Cu Imhy-cq-]-ß-fn Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-cp- - Xv. tzim-s-\-øns \mfp-i-fn k -cn- p Bƒ q- sø \bn- n-cp- Xv B n ] sø sxfn- p CS-b- m-cm-bn-cp- n-cn- -W-a-t m. tdman \S kmaq-ly-]-cn-wm-a-ß-fpss {]Xn-kv]- µ-ßƒ Ah-cpsS Ipie kwhm-z-ß-fn Dƒt n-cn- p-hm-\p km y-xsb hn Pn Xs ]p\-cm-hn-jv m-c-øn {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp- I-bm-bn-cp- p. hn Pn-ens kap- -b-øn ]Øv F -tem-kp-i-fp- m-bn-cp- p. Amoebaean Bem- ]\Øns coxn-hr-ø-amwp hn Pn Ah-ew-_n- n-cp- -Xv. kmaq-ly-]cnx-ÿn-xn-bnse hnπ-h-i-c-ßfmb then-tb- -ß-tfmSv CS pw CW-ßnbpw kpxjzpxj]cy-h-km-bn-i-fmb {]W-b-h-gn-I-tfmSv tn p-sam-s -bm-bn-cp p {]ta-b-i -\. cn\ kmaq-ly-]-cn-h Ø-\-Øn\p DtØ-P-I-am-IWw F Dƒt_m[w hn Pn-ens F -tem-kp-i-fn ImWm-\m-Ipw. tdmam-bnse cwk-th-zn-i-fn Ch {]kvxm-hy-amb hnpbw Xs -t\-sn-bn-cp- p. F tem-kp-i-fpss Bhn-jv mcw hn Pn-en\p GXms mcp Xmc-]-cn-thjw Xs \ In-bn-cp- p-hs{x. hn Pn-ens F -temkv Fßs\ C -h-tijn- p CS-b-\m-SIw (Shepherd Play) Bbn-amdn-s-b p hy -a-. tbip-{in-kvxp-hns P\-\- hp-ambn _ -s - mwp C p e`y-amb CS-b-\m-S- I-ßƒ Gsdbpw cnn- -s - n- p- -sx p ImWp- p. \msi Ncn{Xw C m-cy-øn am{x-a- - a y- ImeL -Ønse A\-h[n \q m- n-i-fn-se, {]txy- In pw Bdp-ap-X ]Øp-h-sc-bp \q m- p-ifn-se, Iem-{]-h Ø-\-ß-sf- n au\-a-h-ew-_n- p- I-bmWv snøp- -Xpw. F.-Un. 476 tdmam km{ampyw XI-cp-Ibpw ItØm-en mk` AhnsS i n-bm n- p- Ibpw snbvxp. F.-Un. 1095 hsc Ipcn-ip-bp- - m-cpss txtcm- - m-e-am-bn-cp- p. \msiw sszh \-nµ {]N-cn- n- p Ie-bm-sW pw hnizm-kn- Isf hgn sx n- p-sa pw k`m-[n-im-cn-iƒ hnizkn- p. Ggp apx ]Xn-Ωq- p-h-sc-bp \q m- p-i-fn-emwp kwko-x-øn\pw Nn{X-I-ebv pw ItØm-en mk` Gsd t{]m m-l\w \ In-b- Xv. hmkvxp-in `wkn-bp Ht sd IØo-{Uep-Iƒ C m-eøp k`-bp-ts-xmbn \n Ωn-bv -s - p. ]t, At mgpw \ms-isø t{]m m ln n p-hm k` Hcp- -am-bn-cp- n-. \ms-i- Øn A`n-\-bn- p- -Xp-Xs hne- n-bn-cp p; AXv ewln v A`n-\-bn- m Ahsc in n- p- Ibpw Ah-cpsS ]ucxzw FSp-Øp-I-f-bp-Ibpw hsc snbvxn-cp- p-hs{x! H ]Xmw \q m- n {]m -\m-{i-a-øn hnip Ip m-\-bv n-s-bn Km\-cq-]-Øn-ep sndnb sndnb \ms-i-cq-]-ßƒ IS- p-h-cm XpSßn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnse AwKhnt -]-ß-fnepw Ne-\-ß-fn-ep-sa mw Bflob]cym]vX-Xsb h n- n- p \ms-iobmw-i-ß-fpss Choreographed Nn -Iƒ Zo n- pt]m- n- p- -Xmbn B Xe-Ønse Hcp hni-ie\\nco- Ww t_m y-s -Sp-Øp- p-ap- v. Bcm[-\m-a-t y, hnip- -Ip m-\-bv n-s-bn Dƒt Ø sndnb sndnb \ms-i-cq-]-ßƒ A\pjvTm-\-ßƒ v Ae- m-c-`w-knbpw ` n`mh-ßƒ v simgp pw G p- -Xmbn A\p-`-h-s - p. t{sm]vkv (Tropes) F mwv Ch Adn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv. Be- m-cn-i-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p ]Ztam {]tbm-ktam BWp Tropes. BZyambn Cßn-s\-sbmcp \ms- I-cq]w {]Xy- -s -Sp- Xv kzn vk e nse sk v Kmfns (St.Gall) B{i-a-Øn {InkvXphns Dbn p-xn-cp-\m-fn-t\m-s-\p-_- n- m-wv. tzhm-e-b-øn Ip m\ A\p-jvTn- p- -Xn- \n-s-bn-em-bn-cp p ""\nßƒ Bsc At\z-jn- p p?'' (Whom do yon seek?) F Cu sim p \msi`mkw Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. kw`m-j-w-ßƒ A{Xbpw Km\-cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp- p. {InkvXp-hns I -d-bn-tebv p {]`m-x-sh-fn- -Øn aq p tacnamcpw Hcp-an v \S p sn p aplq Ø-amWv kµ `w. ih-ip-so-c-øn\p api-fn-en-cp amemj Ah-tcmSp tnmzn p: ""\nßƒ Bsc At\z-jn- p p?'' aq p-ta-cn-amcpw Hcp-an v DØcw ]d- p: ""{Iqin- -s \{km-b-\mb tbip-hns\'' 15

- amemj ]d p: ""Ah Chn-sS-bn-. Fgp-X-s - n-cn- p- -Xpt]mse Ah Dbn sø-gp-t - n-cn- p- p. \nßƒ t]mbn F m-h-tcmspw Ah Dbn søgp-t - -hn-hcw hnfw-_cw snøp-hn!'' ]co- -W-am-bn- m-hww BZyw CX-c-tß-dn-b-Xv. A\p-jvTm-\-h-gnsb Bcm-[\maplq Ø-Øns thjw \ Ip-hm Cu ]co- Ww {]m]vx-sa v A\p-`hw km y-s -Sp-Øn. ^e-{]-z-sa pw hnpb-sa pw I -Xns\ XpS v bqtdm- nse F m ] n-i-fnepw Cu \ms-i-cq]w Ah-X-cn- n- pi ]Xn-hm-bn. BZysØ Ah-X-c-W-Øn F m IYm-]m-{Xß-fp-sSbpw thj-an- Xv ]ptcm-ln-x- m Xs -bm- Wv. ]n osv Ah-X-c-W-Øn I\ym-kv{Xo-Ifpw B{i-a-Ønse a p- k- ym-kn-ifpw AƒØm-c-_me- mcpw Kmb-I-kw-Lmw-K-ß-fp-sams A`n-t\- Xm- -fmbn tn p. Cu \ms-i-`mkw hnp-bn- txmss tbip-po-hn-x-hp-ambn _ -s p ss nƒ `mk-ßƒ tzhm-e-b-øn-\p n Ah- X-cn- n- p- -coxn \ne-hn h- p. ]{ mw \q m- p-hsc Cu coxn-bn-ep elp Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ XpS n-cp- p. Chsb en Pn- \ms-i-ßƒ (Liturgical dramma) F mwv \ms-i-n-cn{x-øn tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn Xv; {]m -\m-{i-a-ß-fp-ambn _ -s \ms-i-ßƒ F A -Øn. ]{ mw \q m- n ItØm-en mk` CØ cw \ms-i-ß-fpss Ah-X-cWw tzhm-e-b-øn-\- IØp \ntcm-[n- p. \ntcm-[-\-øn\pw {]txyi Imc- W-ßƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øn- - n- n-. F m AtXk-abw tzhm-e-b-øn\p ]pd-øp- \m-s-i-ßƒ Ah- X-cn- n- p- -Xn\v k` F m -]n- p-wbpw \ In-b- Xmbn ImWmw. Aßns\ tzhm-e-b-øn\p ]dtøbv p Ab- -s \msiw hfsc s]s v Hcp Iem-cq-]-sa \ne-bn hf-cp-ibpw IqSp-X kzx-{ -am-hp-ibpw snbvxp. At mgpw \ms-i- Ønse {]ta-b-ßƒ ss n-fnse kw`-h-ßsf Øs B[m-c-am- p- -coxn XpS p t]m p. D \mem-a am ]m- -bpss ImeØv 1264 Hcp ]pxn-b- Xn-cp-\mƒ IqSn k`m-i-e- -dn tn -s p; corpus christie (]-cn-ip Ip m-\- bpss Xncp-\mƒ). XpS- -Øn Cu Xncp-\mƒ {^m knse eosk (Liege) F ÿe-øp-am-{xambn BN-cn- -s - n-cp-s - nepw ]Xn-\memw \q m- m-b-t m-tg pw k`-bpss G hpw {][m-\-s Xncp-\m-fmbn CXp-am-dn- -gn- n-cp- p. Xncp-\mƒ {]Zn- -W-tØm-S-\p-_- n p \ms-im-h-x-c-w-ßƒ Ac-tß-dp-I-bmbn XpS v. ss n-fnse ]g-b- \n-b-a-øn-sebpw ]pxn-b-\n-b-a-øn-sebpw CXn-hr- Ø-ß-fn \n p-sa-sp-ø-h-bm-bn-cp p \ms-i-ßfnse {]ta-bw. ss nƒ IY-Isf B[m-c-am n \ms-i-ßƒ Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xn kzm`m-hn-iambpw ItØm-en mk`bv p FXn t Imcy-an- -t m. am{x-hp-a k`mz i-\-ßƒ A\pbm-bn-Isf ]Tn- n- p- -Xn Cu Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ Gsd ^e-{]-z-am-sw v k`m-t\-xrxzw a\- n-em- n-i-gn- p-an-cp- p. Ic-Iu-ie hnz-kv -cpss kwl-ß-fmwp (Guils) Cu \ms-i-ß-fpss \n Ωm- W-s e-hp-h-ln- n-cp- -Xv. "anãdn \ms-i-ßƒ' (Mystery Plays) F mwv Cu \ms-i-ßƒ Adn-bs - n-cp- -Xv. anãdn (Mystery) F -hm v B a y-im-e-l- - Øn D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- Xv GsX- nepw Hcp sxmgnen ]cn-io-e-\-øn-eqss sshzkv yw kz -am- nb Hcp-hs {]h Ønsb hnti-jn- n- p-hm- \m-wv. I ]Wn- m, X m- m, I -Wn- m, Cd- n-sh- p-im... Ch-cpsS GsX- nepw kwl-ßfmipw Xß-fpsS sxmgn-ep-ambn _ -s Hcp ss nƒ {]tabw \ms-i-cq-]-øn \n Ωn- pi! DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v I ]Wn- m (Shipwrights) \n Ωn- pi "t\ml-bpss s] I'amsW- n Cd- n-sh- p-im-cpss kwlw (Butcher s Guild) hy`n- Nm-c-Øn ]nsn-bv -s kv{xo (The woman taken in adultery) F \ms-i-øn-\m-bn-cn pw Ah-X-c- W-k-lmbw snøpi! \ms-i-ßƒ pw A\-h[n Znhkw \o p- \n p Hcp- Nm-{InI coxn-bn-emwv Ah-X-cn- n- -s - n-cp- -Xv. ]cn-ip- -Ip m-\-bpss Xncp- \m-fn-t\m-s-\p-_- n p Ah-X-cn- n- n-cp Cu \ms- I-ßsf cycle plays (Nm-{In-I-\m-S-I-ßƒ) F pw hnti-jn- n- n-cp- p. \m -Øn-bmdp \ms-i-ßƒ tncp- -XmWv Hcp cycle (N-{Iw). Cu N{I-Ønse BZy \msiw "amem-j-am-cpss ]X\w' (The fall of the angels) Bbn-cp- p-sh- n Ah-km-\sØ \msiw "A n-a-hn[n' (The Last Judgement) Bbncp p! F -tem-kp-i-fpss ]cn-wm-a-h-gn-bn-tebv p IÆ-bbv p-tºmƒ C m-en-b \thm- m-\-imeøv Ums, s]{xm, s_m m- ntbm XpSßn-b-h-cmWv F -tem-kp-iƒ p IqSp-X {]Nmcw \ In-b-Xmbn ImWp- -Xv. FUva v kvs] k (Edmond Spencer) F.-Un. 1552 59 ImeØv ]{ p \msißfpss Hcp ]c-ºc Cw o-jn FgpXn Cu kc-wn-bn ]n osp {]ap- 16

J-\m-bn. ]Xn-s\ mw \q m p apx-emwv kw`m-j- W-Øn-s bpw Bfl-`m-j-W-Øn-s bpw KZy-h-gn- IƒIqSn F -temkv cn-\-bnse coxn-bm-ip- -Xv. ]søm ]Xmw \q m- ns BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn C y-bn, AXpw tic-f- -c-bn F -tem-kp-iƒ ae-bm-f-øn Fgp-X-s -Sp-Ibpw Ahbv v ChnsS cwkm-hn-jv m-c-ßƒ D m-hp-ibpw snbvxn-cn- p p F Is -Ø DW Ønb hnkva-b-hn- Nm-c-ß-fmWv Cu ] m-øe ]cn-hrø A\p-bm- {Xbv v t{]c-i-am-b-xv. _lpapj {]Xn-`-bm-bn-cp Nmhd Ipcym-t mkv Gen-bmkv F t{ijvt sshzn-i-\mwv \ΩpsS \ms-i-h-gn-bnse Cu BZy- Np-h-Sp-Iƒ v Im Ωn-IXzw hln sx v IqSn Adnbp- p. 1805 emwp ssi\-i-cn-bn At±lw P\n- p- -Xv. 1833 At±lw am m-\øv C y-bnse BZysØ Xt±-io-b-k- ymk skan-\mcn ÿm]n- p. kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en- -cpss BZysØ s]mxpsk-an-\mcn ÿm]n- p-hm t\xrxzw \ In. am m- \Øv {] pw {]km-[-\m-e-bhpw Bcw-`n- p- Xpw Ah Æ viqsn {]th-i-\-a-\p-h-zn- p kw kvirxhnzym-ebw ÿm]n- p- Xpw 1846 emwv. B h jw Xs At±lw kn.-fw.-sf. k`-bpss BZy {]bm P\-dm-fmbn skan-\m-cn-bpss apjy-`-c-wm-[n- Im-cn-bm-bn. 1853 ItØm-en m k`-bpss {]Y-ahn-izmk ]cn-io-e-\-ti{µw am m-\øv Bcw-`n- p. 1846 \pw 1855 \pansbv p Xs skan-\m-cn-bnse hnzym n-iƒ v th n-bmwv Nmhd Ipcymt mkv Gen-bmkv ae-bm-f-øn F -tem-kp-i-fpss cq]-øn-ep \ms-i-ßƒ FgpXn Ah-X-cn- n- p-ibp- m-b-xv. C m-en-b F -tem-kp-i-fm-bn-cp- n-cn- Ww (em n-\nepw C m-en-b-\nepw ]cn- m\w At±-l- Øn-\p- m-bn-cp- p-h-t m.) At±lw Ah-ew- _n- - am-xr-i-iƒ. ]{ p \ms-i-ßƒ At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp- p. Ah-bn ]sø-æ-øns ssisø-gpøp {]Xn-Iƒ CXn-\Iw Is -Øn-bn- p- v. Ah-ti-jn- p c p \ms-i-ß-fpss IqSn ssisø-gpøp {]Xn-Iƒ sshimsx Is -Øphm-\m-Ip-sa- mwp {]Xo-. 1846 apx 1855 hscbp Ime-L- -Øn-em-Wv At±lw Cu \ms-i-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw skan-\m-cn-bn Ah Ah-X-cn- n- p-ibpw snbvx-sx- nepw 1871 At±-l-Øns Ime-ti-jhpw ]Xn- m- p-i-tfmfw tic-f-ønse skan-\m-cn-iƒ XpS pw Ch Ah-X-cn- n p t]m n-cp p. Xß-fpsS sshzn-i-]-t-\-\m-fp-i-fn Cu CS-b-\m-S-I-ßƒ Ah-X-cn- n Xmtbm p hµy-h-tbm-[n-i-cmb GXm\pw sshzn-i k ymkm-{i-a-ß-fn-ep- v. Ahsc _ -s p Ah-cpsS B Ah-X-c-Wm-\p-`-h-ßƒ tcj-s -Sp-Øp-hm- \p {ia-ßfpw \S- p-h-cp- p- v. {InkvXp-a v apx ]qp-cm-pm- - m-cpss Xncp- \mƒ (P-\p-hcn 6) hsc ]{ p Znh-k-ß-fn-embn Ah-X-cn- n- pi F -Xm-bn-cp p Cu Nmhd cn- \-I-fpsS e yw. F -temkv (C-S-b-\m-S-Iw) F p- X-s -bmwv Xs Cu cn-\-iƒ v At±lw t]cp-\ In-bn-cp- -Xv. Cu \ms-i-ßƒ At±lw Fgp-Xp 1846 55 ImeØv ae-bm-f-øn \ms-icn-\m-{i-a-ßƒ H pw Xs \S- n- n. ae-bm-f-ønse BZy \ms- I-ambn IW- m- -s -Sp- Xv 1882 hen-b-timbn-ø-ºp-cm hnh Ø\w snbvx "A`n- m-\- im-ip- fw' BWv. AXn-\p-ap ]v 1876 I q DΩ ^nen-t mkv sjbvivkv]n-b-dns comedy of Errors F IrXnsb "Bƒam-dm w' F t]cn `mjm- cw snbvxp-sh- nepw AsXmcp e -WsamØ \ms-i-ir-xn-b F Imc-W-Øns t]cn \msikmln-xy-n-cn-{x-øn B cn- \bv p A l-x-s ]cn-k-w\ \ In- - n- n-. "A`n- m\ imip- f'øn\pw "Bƒamdm 'Øn\pw cwkm-hn-jv mcku`mkyw D m-b- Xmbpw ti n- n-. F m Nmh-d-b- FgpXn Ah-X-cn- n CS-b-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS ÿnxn AXm-bncp- n-. 1846 55 Ime-L- -Øn At±lw Cu \ms-i-ßƒ FgpXn F p am{x-a A m-eøp sxm p-xs F m h jhpw sshzn-i-hn-zym n- I-sf-s m v Ah cwk-ø-h-x-cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxpt]m p F p a\- n-em- p-tºmƒ ae-bmf-øns \ms-i-h-gn-bnse BZy-c-N\ am{x-a BZycw-Km-hn-jv m-chpw Nmh-d-b- s Cu CS-b-\m-S-Ißƒ Bbn-cp- p F mwp shfn-s -Sp- -Xv. C y `mjm\ms-i-ß-fn BZy-c-N\bmbn IW- m- -s -Sp- Xv 1860 Zo\-_- p-an{i _wkm-fn-`m-j-bn Fgp-Xnb "\oe-z ' F \ms-i-am-wv. _wkm-fnse \oew-txm- -ap-s-a-i-fm-bncp bqtdm-]y- mcpw txm w sxmgn-em-fn-i-fmb C y- mcpw XΩn-ep kwl j-k- n-i-fm-bncp p Cu \ms-i-ønse {]tabw. ]s AsXgp-Xn-bXv 1860 am{x-am-wv. 1846 \pw 55\p ansbv v CSb \ms-i-ß-fpss cn-\bpw cwkm-hn-jv m-chpw ae-bm-f-øn \nh Øn- p-sim p Nmh-d-b- AXn\pap t] C y `mj-i-fnse \ms-i-k- mc-øns BZy-\mƒ hgn-i-fn ÿm\w Ah-Imi-am- p-i-bmwv! Nmh-d-b- s CS-b-\m-S-I-ß-fnse kw`m-j-w- 17

ßƒ Imhy-cq-]-Øn-emWv Fgp-Xn-bn- p- -Xv. AXpsIm- p-iq-sn-bmhmw F -temkv F t]cv At±lw kzoi-cn- -Xpw. Is -SpØ ssisø-gpøp {]Xn-I-fn H nse IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ "hnizmkw', "icww', "D]hn' F n-h-bm-wv. Aaq Ø-amb Chbv p cwk-th-znbn IYm-]m-{X-ß-fmbn Poh \ In-bn-cn- p-ibm-wv. B n-s-b- mtcm DÆn-tb-ipthm H p-a CXnse IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ. CS-b-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS F temkv F t{iwn-bn-emwv Dƒs -Sp-Øn-bn-cn- p- -sx- nepw CS-b-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS BJym\coXn-Ifn \n pw hyxy-kvx-am-bn- mwp CXns cn-\. a\p-jys \nxy-c- -bmwv CXnse {]ta-bw. a y-im-e-l- -Øn Xs {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp Morality (sam-dm-en- n) \ms-i-ßtfmsmwv Cu \ms- I-Øn-\p-km-Zr-iyw. [ tωm-]-tz-i-]-chpw Zr m- - - ]-c-hp-amb {]ta-b-ß-fm-bn-cn pw CØcw \ms-iß-fn-te-xv. a\p-jys\ \ -bn-tebv p \bn- pi F -XmWv Cu \ms-i-ß-fpss e yw. Everyman ("Fh-cn-am ') F a y-im-e-l- - Ønse {]i-kvx-amb Hcp \msiw CXn-s\m-cp-Zml-c-W-am-Wv. C pw Ah-X-cn- n- -s - p-t]m-cp Cu \ms-i-øns cnn-xmhv Bcm-sW- -dn-bn-. CXnse {]tabw hfsc efn-x-am-wv. sszhhpw ac-whpw CXn IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm-Ip- p. ac-w-øn-t\msp sszhw Fh-cn-am F hy nsb ac-w-øn-\p-th n Hcp- p-hm Bhiy-s - p. F m Fh-cn-am acn-bv p-hm C - s -Sp- n-. Abmƒ ac-wsø ssi q-en-sim- SpØp hi-øm- p-hm {ian-bv p- p. AXn ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- p. At mƒ Abmƒ ac-w-øns ap ]n sn v Xs Hgn-hm- -W-sa p bmnn- p- p. AXpw Xnc-kv -cn- -s -Sp- p. HSp-hn Abmƒ Hcp Bflob k m-c-øn-\p-t]m-ip- p. Xt m-ssm w Abmƒ "Adnhv' (knowledge), "\ {]hr-øn-iƒ' (Good deeds) "Iq mbva' (Fellowship) "] m-øm]w' (Confession), "kuµcyw' (Beauty) F o kplr-øp- sfiqsn Iq p- p. Ch-sc mw \ms-i-ønse apjy-i-ym-]m-{x-ß-fm-hp- I-bm-Wv. HSp-hn Fh-cn-am ac-w-øn-tebv p \S- -Sp-t aplq Ø-am-Ip p. At mƒ, euin-i-xsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøp IYm-]m-{Xßƒ Hmtcm- mbn Abmsf hn p-]n-cn-bp- p. hnip- n-\n-d- -h am{xw Abm-tfm-sSm w ac-w-øn tn p \n p- p... hn{ip-x-cmb ]e kwhn-[m-b-icpw "Fh-cn-am ' hyxy-kvx-ß-fmb ssien-i-fn kwhn-[m\w snbvxn- p- v. ImesØ AXn-Po-hn- p Cu cn\bn hcm-\n-cn- p A\-h-[n-Im-e-ß-fntebv p IqSn ImØpsh sszh-øns ssisøm v Nm Ø-s - n- p.v lrz-b-øn sszh- Øns ssisøm- p Bƒ Fs ms Ign- - Im-esØ Nne- F-gp-Øp- m-sc- n \mw ]d-bm-dp- v. a y-im-e-l- -Ønsetßm Fgp-X-s Cu cn- \-bpss A m-x-\mb B cn-bn-xmhv k m-fl- I-X-bn sszhni-kv] i-ap Bsc- nepambn-cp- n-cn- -Ww. Ncn-{X-Øn Hcn-bv t mepw B A mx\msi-ir-øns t]cp-h-cn-s - nepw kam-\-amb B sszhn-i- kv] iw Xs -bm-hww hnizm-k-h-gn-bn kz w kø-k-a n Nmh-db- s\ Cu {]ta-bsø ]n Xp-S v Hcp samdmen n \msiw Fgp-Xp-hm t{]-cn- n- Xv."hnizmkw', "icww',"d]hn' F o ss{ikvx-hm-\p-`-h-ßsf IYm-]m-{X-am- n-bmwv At±lw Cu \msi cn\ \nh Øn- n-cn- p- -Xv. Is -SpØ ssisø-gpøv {]Xn-Iƒ F mw Xs B Ime-L- -Øns ae-bm-f -`m-jm-co-xn-bn Fgp-X-s - -h-bmwv. hni-z-am-b- ]-T-\-Øn\pw ]cyth-j-w-øn\pw Ahsb h Ø-am-\-Im-e - ssienbn ]I Øn-sb-gp-tX- -Xm-bp- v. AXn- \p {ia-ßƒ \S- p-h-cp- p. Ah ]q Ønbmbtijw ka n-x-amb Hcp XpS {iaw B hgnsb D m-ti- n-bn-cn- p Ncn-{X-t\z-jn-bpsS kku-c-h-am-b -{i- bpw \ms-i-n-cn-{x-im-cs kq -va-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bpw Bh-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw A ln- p-ibpw snøp- p v, Cu I-s -Ø. skan-\m-cn-bv -I-Øp- \n-h Øn-bv -s - -Xp-sIm v tlmjn- -s -Sm-sXbpw Bhn-jv m-c-ønse Ncn- {X-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw a\- n-em- -s -Sm-Xn-cp- - XpsIm v shfn-s -Sm-sXbpw t]mb Hcp henb kxyw Cu I-s -Ø-en-eqsS A\m-hr-X-am-hp-I-bm- Wv. ae-bmf\ms-i-h-gn-bn am{x-a, C y `mjm- \m-s-i-]m-x-bn Øs cn-\-bp-ssbpw cwkm-hnjv m-c-øn-s bpw BZy-]m-Z-ßƒ p Nph-Sp-h- Xpw hgn-sx-fn- Xpw Cu sim p tic-f-ønse Hcp Ip n ap-i-fnse k ym-km-{i-a-øns AI- Ø-f-ß-fn-en-cp- p-sim v tbmkn-xp-ey-\mb Hcp hµy-ssh-zn-is ka nx{ia-^-e-am-bmwv F v Ncn{Xw km y-s -Sp-Øp-sa- n AsXmcp sndnb-im-cy-a- -Xs. AØcw Hcp e y-øn-\pth n; Ncn-{X-Øns ]p\ hmb-\bv pw A\p- _- -amb ]cyth-j-w-]-t-\-ßƒ pw Cu kqn- \-Iƒ {]tnm-z-\hpw {]tim-]-\-hp-am-hs F B{Klw Xs -bmwv Cu Ipdn- n\p t{]c-iw. 18

Ad-_n- -Ysb Ah-ew-_-am- nb BZy-a-e-bm-f-\m-SIw tum. tncm-h n iin Ag-IØv ]fl-\m-`- p-dp- ns\ Hcp \ms-i-ir-ømbn Bcpw Z in- n- n-. Hcp Jfi-Im-hy-Im-c-\m-tbm, hnh Ø-I-\m-tbm, _me-km-ln-xy- Im-c-\m-tbm, kvtxm{x-im-c-\mtbm t]mepw Bcpw hne-bn-cp-øn-bn- n-. Ag-I-Øv, ae-bm-f-km-lnxytaj-ebn tiƒhn-s - Xv alm-ihn F \ne-bn am{x-am-wv. shdpw alm-ihn-b- alm-im-hy-in-ev]-sø- - nbp Zfin-bpsS k -ev]-\-ß-f-\pk-cn v ae-bm-f-øn H m-a-xm-bns mcp alm-imhyw \n Ωn alm- Ihn F \ne-bn. Ncn-{X-Øn At±lw AS-bm-f-s -Sp- Xpw Aßs\-X-s. AXn sxs m- p-an-. F nepw alm-im-hy-c-n\ Ign- m, Ag-I-Øns Ic-hn-cpXv {]I-S-amb c m-asø {it -b-amsbmcp IrXn-bp-s - n AXv alm-i-hn-sb \ne-bn ae-bmf Imhy-I-e-bn ÿm\-ap-d- n Ag-IØp ]flm-`- p-dp- ns "ao\-ti-x-\-n-cnxw' F \ms-i-øns ka-im-eni hmb\ 19

GXmImw? AXv ""{]`p-i n'' F Jfi-Im-hyam-sW v Nne kqnn- n-t - mw. ]t, alm-imhy-c-n-\bv p sxm p-apºv Fgp-Xnb ""ao\-ti-x-\- N-cnXw'' \ms-i-amwv Ag-I-Øns c m-asø {it -b-kr n F p ]d-bm-\mwv ss[cyw txm p- -Xv. {]ta-b-øns {]txy-i-x-bm-epw, {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øns NXp-c-X-bmepw {]kvxp-x-\m- SIw ae-bm-f-\m-s-i-`q-]-s-øn X\-Xm-bn-s m-cnsw t\sp- p-sh v FSp-Øp-]-d-bmsX hø! Ag-I-Øn\v \ms-i-i-e-bp-ambn {]Km-V-_- - sam- p-an-. F m, ao\-ti-x-\-n-cn-x-øn\p apºm-bn-s mcp \msiw At±lw cnn- n- p-s Imcyw hnkva-cn- p- n-. ""{]Xm-]-cp-{Z-I-eymWw'' F \ms-iw, Xm ]Tn ""{]Xm-]-cp-{Z-b-tim-`qjW''Øn \n p Hcp A \m-s-i-øns ]cn-`m-j-b-t{x. (C-t mƒ Cu IrXn In m-\n-.) \ms- I-km-ln-Xy-Øn-te v Ag-IØv Xncn-bp- Xv ]T- \-hp-ambn _ -s - p At±-l-Øns Xncp-h- \- -]pcw hmk-øn-\n-s-bn-em-wv. Xncp-h-\- -]p-c- Øp-sh- p-x-s -bmwv "ao\-ti-x-\-n-cnx'øns ]nd-hn-bpw. {]ikvx Ihn-I-fpw, hmk-\bpw hnzz- Ø-hpap Ihn-bix{]m n-i-fpw, A m-esøm-cp-t]mse Xmev]-cy-s - n-cp kmln-xy-]-cn- {i-a-amwv kwkvir-x-\m-s-i-hn-h Ø-\-ßfpw kwkvir-x-\m-s-i-l-s-\-bn cq]-s -Sp-Øp kzx-{ -\m-s-i-c-n-\-i-fpw. tic-f-h Ω hen-b-timbn-ø-ºp-cms hnh Ø-\-amb "tic-f im-ip- f'sø ]n Xp-S v NmØp- p n a m-sn-bm, sim m-c-øn i p-æn, Ip n- p- Xºp-cm XpS-ßnb {]Xn-`-Iƒ ]ecpw `mkimfnzmk-`-h- -`q- Xn-\m-S-I-ßƒ ]expw ]cn-`m-j-s -SpØn {]kn- o- I-cn- -t mƒ Ip n- p- Xºp-cm-t\m-sSm w sim p-æn-ø-ºp-cm, sim o- Xc-I, txm bv m v am[-hn-b-ω, I -Øn h okv am nf XpS-ßn-b-h ]pcm-w-n-cn-{x-km-aq-lni kw`-hßsf D]-Po-hn v GXm\pw kzx-{ -\m-s-i-ßfpw {]Im-in- n- p. Ah-bvs ms cwkm-h-x-c-w-sø- mƒ Imhym-kzm-Z-\-sa- -Xm-bn-cp p ]c-a-e- yw. F n-cns adn-bmω \ms-i-øn-\pw, F{_m-b- p n \ms-i-øn\pw a pw H -[niw cwkm-h-x-c-wßƒ D m-bn- p Imcyw Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Cu Ime- L- -Øn-emWv (1892) Xangv \ms-i-kw-l-ßƒ Acßp-X-I m ae-bm-f- -c-bn-se-øn-b-x.v \ms-i- Øns CΩ- n-ep Zriy-hm-b-\m-\p-`-h-ßƒ kmln-xy-ipxpin-isf Hs m- p-a Bth-i-`-cn-Xcm- n-b-xv. Ah X -a-bm-bpw, kzx-{ -ambpw \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn- q- n. otj \ms-iß-fpss Cu IpsØm-gp-s m p XS-bm HSphn ap jn cma- p-dp- n\v "N o-n- cw' FgptX- n-h p (1893). B adp-a-cp v ^en- p. A\p- I-c-W-\m-S-I-ß-fpsS {]hmlw \ne- p. AsX- mbmepw \ms-i-n-cn-{x-ønse Cu A -cm-f-l- - Øn cnn- -s - n- p Hcp khn-ti-j-\m-s-iamwv Ag-IØv ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v cnn "ao\-ti- X-\-N-cnXw'. Ac-ß-h-X-cWw Hcp-thf At±lw tamln- n-cp- ns - nepw A p-an pw cwk-ø-h-xcn- n v ]fin-x-]m-a-c-p-\-ßsf Hcp-t]mse BI jn-s -Sp- n- m-hp Hcp Iem-in-ev]-amWv Ipdp- ns Cu \ho-\-\m-s-iw. F n pw ]nev me \ms-i-\n-cq-]-i-cmcpw Cu \ms-isø AX ln- p Kuc-h-tØmsS \nco- n- n-. "{]Xm-]-cp-{Z-I-eymW' cn-\-bpss _e-øn kzx-{ -am-sbmcp \msiw cnn-bv m B{K-ln Ipdp- n\v Bbneyw Xncp-\m-fns (1007-1055) ck- I-c-amb Hcp KZym-Jym\w e`n- p. `mjm-k-zy-øns A`yp- -Xn-bn AXy-[nIw Hu piyw Im n-bncp B bph-cm-pmhv Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bm-bn-cp p "ao\-ti-x-\-n-cn-xw'. Cw ojv `mjm-`n- -\m-bncp Bbn-ey-Øns Cu IrXn Zo L-amb Hcp Ad-_n- -Y-bpsS Bi-bm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. "Ia ' A k-am\pw _pzp cmp-ip-am-cnbpw (Kamar Alzaman and Princess Budhur) F {]i-kvxamb Ad-_n- -Ysb H ]Xv A[ym-b-ß-fmbn Xncn- p Hcp kzx-{ ym-jym-\-am-bn-cp p CXv. A m-e-hn-h Ø-I ]ecpw snøm-dp- -Xpt]mse Ad-_n- -Y v At±lw ASn-apSn `mc- Xob]cn-thjw \ In. Jmen-Zm cmpysø jmcnam kp Øm-t\bpw ]p{x Ia A k-ams\bpw kz Æ-Zzo-]nse Im -\-tixphns\ alm-cm-pm-hmbpw ao\-ti-x-\-\mbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn- p. No\-bnse Jøp cmpm-hn-s\bpw ]p{xn _pzp cmp-ip-am-cn-tbbpw {]Xm-]-kq-cy-\mbpw XSn {]- `-bmbpw am n. (No-\sb ]t am n-a-dn- n- ) Cu_Wn-Zzo-]nse Aam-\qkv cmpm-hn-s\bpw aiƒ løm-øn-s\bpw a[p-cm-]p-cn-bnse \oe-[z- P-\pw, Nº-I-am-e-bp-am- n. ssaap\ F b nsb IpSn-em- n-bmbpw Z jv F Pn ns\ ]nwk-s-`m-e-\mbpw am n. sn ns\ simxphm- n. Cßs\ Nn d cq]-t`zß-f- msx CXn-hr- Ø-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-]-camb bmsxmcp hyxymkhpw hcp-øn-bn-. Bbn-ey-Øns Ime-tijw hnim-j-øns ImeØv Cu IrXn henb timbn- Ø-ºp-cm ]cn-tim-[n p {]kn- -s -SpØn. \m- SI-{]-tabw txsn-\-s ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v Bbn-ey- 20

A]q -I-ev]-\m-`w-Kn-I-e Bhn-jvI-c-W-Øn-e ]pcm-w-i-ym-]m-{x-ßtfbpw kµ `-ß-tfbpw ebn- n Ae- mc{]tbm-k-ß-fn-emwv Ag-IØv ]fl- \m-`-ip-dp v IÆq- n-b-xv. hn[n kr n- p Zpc- -ßsf a\p-jy AXnPohnt - p- -Xns {]m[m-\yw-iqsn DZvtLm-jn- p Cu \msiw Ihn-bpsS ip`- I-c-amb Pohn-X-Z i-\sø hnfw-_cw snøp- p. Øns ao\-ti-x-\-n-cn-x-øn hio-ir-x-\m-bn. ]pxp-a-bp B {]tabw ssis m v ck-i-camb Hcp \msiw \n Ωn- m At±lw Xocp-am- \n- p. DØ-tc- y-bnse cp-]p-{x-]- m-ø-e-øn `mh\ snø-s "N{µnI' \ms-ihpw ss nƒ Ysb D]-Po-hn- p-sim- p "F{_mbn- p- n'bpw a pw ae-bm-f-k-lr-z-b kzoi-cn ÿnxn v Ad-_n- -Ysb Ah ssihn-sn-s v ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v Dd- n- p. ]ns sshimsx \ms- I-\n Ωm-Whpw XpS-ßn. 1893- IrXn {]kn- o- I-cn- p-h- -t mƒ "ao\-ti-x-\-n-cnxw' Ad-_n- Ysb Ah-ew-_n v {]kn- -s -Sp-Ønb BZy-ae-bm-f-\m-S-I-am-bn. Ggv A -ß-fp \ms-i-øns LS-\- kwkvirx\ms-i-ønt Xp-X-s. H m-a- -Ønse {]kvxm-h-\-bn C -tz-hxmhµ\w \S-Øptºmƒ, "hnzz- -Ip-S-a-Wnbmw amxpe't\bpw kvacn- p- p. hnjviw-`-øn kq va-_p n ÿqe- _p n F o K m h v \msp-np- nb hnti-j-ßƒ ssiam-dp- p. Ah kz ÆZzo-]nse Im -\-tixp cmpmhv, ]p{x ao\-ti-x-\, No\- {]m- -Ønse a {]Xm-]-kq-cy, ]p{xn XSn {]`, a[p-cm-]p-cn-bnse \oe-[z-p, ]p{xn Nº-I-ame F n-h-sc- n ]d-bp- p. H w Im - \-ti-xp-hn-\pw, ]p{x\pw tla-ssi-e-ønse ]ca-in-h ai kp{_- -Wy F n-h-cp-ambn _ w Iev]n v kp{_- -Wys ]Xv\n-am-cmb h n-bmbpw tzh-tk-\-bmbpw XSn {]-`-tbbpw Nº-I-am-e-tbbpw k -ev]n v `mc-xob ]pcm-w-]- cn-thjw \ Ip- p. CXn-\p-ti-j-amWv IY-bnte v IS- p- -Xv. a -fn- mø Im -\-ti-xp-cm- Pm-hns ZpxJ-hpw, a{ n-bpss D]-tZ-i-ßfpw, ]p{x-\p- m-ip-sa Ai-co-cnbpw F mw XnI-bptºmƒ H m-a w Ah-km-\n- p- p. c m-a- -Øn ao\-ti-x-\s P\-\hpw buh\w hsc-bp hf bpw kqn-\-i-fn-eqss hy -am n hnhm-l-øn \n v Hgn- p-am-dp ais\ t\sc-bm- m cmp-[m-\n-bv -SpØp tim -bv -I-Øn-Sm A Iev]n- p- p. IpSnem n F {_ -c- - pw, ]nwk-s-`m-e F Zp `q-xhpw k n- p- -txmss aq m-a w Bcw- `n- p- p. kv{xohn-c- -\mbn H -bv p-d-ßp ao\- ti-x-\-s\- n IpSn-em n ]d-bp-tºmƒ, ]pcpj hntzz-jn-bmbn H bv v DZym-\-ta-S-bn ]m p No\-bnse XSn {]-`-sb- n ]nwks`m-e Adnhv \ Ip p. Ccp-h-tcbpw H n- n v th ]n-cn- m ambm-hn-iƒ Xocp-am-\n-bv p- p. Dd-ßp XSn {]-`sb Xnc-kvI-cWn {]tbm-k-øm \nanj-øn-\iw sim p-h v Dd-ßp ao\-ti-x-\s I n-en InS-Øn. simxp-imbn Na v ao\-ti- Xs\ DW Øn. Xs H w Dd-ßp kpµ-cnsb v Abmƒ A\p-cm-K-]-c-h-i\mbn AhfpsS tamxncw Ducn-sb-Sp-Øp. Bk n hf-cpwaptº Abmsf Dd n bph-xnsb DW Øn. I Xp-d-s, Ah-fpw cmp-ku-jvt-h-øn howp. Abm-fpsS tamxncw Ahfpw FSp-Øp. ]n osv ambmhn Ah-sfbpw Dd n No\-bnse DZym-\-ta-S-bn-em- n. Ddßn Fgp-t cmp-ip-amc cm{xn-bn H -ap- m-bn-cp kpµ-cn-sb- n Hm Øv D m-zw-sim p. A -t\msv tamxncw sxfnhmbn Im n kz]v\-a-s v \ntj-[n- p-tºmƒ Aicocn apg-ßn. ""I\yI Bsc v I p-]n-sn v IeymWw \S-Øp-I..'' No\-bnse {]Xm-]-kq-cys aiƒ XSn- Xtbbpw Ah-fpsS Ima-Xm]w cma- -hn-idn hoin AI- p txmgn-am-scbpw Ah-X-cn- n- p-sim v \mema w XpS-ßp- p. ai-fpss tcmkw ian- n- m A \ntbm-kn Ipi-e F sshzy kv{xoth-j-øn A x-]p-c-øn-seøn Imcyw a\- n-em- p- p. tzim- -S-\ m-cn \n v hnc-lnbmb ao\-ti-x-s\- nbdn v Ipi-e cmp-ipam-cs DZym-\-Øn-se-Øn. cmp-ip-amcn Ducn-sb- SpØ ao\-ti-x-\-tam-xncw Im n Abm-tfmSv ÿnxn- K-Xn-Iƒ ]d- -t mƒ, XSn {]-`-bpss tamxncw Abmfpw Xnscys m-spøp (A-tim-I-h-\-Ønse l\p-axvzuxyw-t]m-se). XSn {]-`sb ImWm- \p Iui-ehpw Ipi-e Hcp- n. \mbm- n-\n-sbn Ipi-e-t\m-sSmØv ao\-ti-x-\ A{]-Xy- - \m-bn. At mƒ kz Æ-Zzo-]nse _ p sf mw ]cn-{`m- n-bn apßn. A mw A -Øn 21

XSn {]-`-bpss tcmkw-am- m sshzy-th-j-øn-se- Øp ao\-ti-xs\ Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. tamxn-cßƒ Im n Ah-tfmSv ]q -cm-{xn-bnse A\p-`hw Abmƒ ] p-h-bv p- p. ai-fpss tcmkw am nb sshzy - -ssh-zy-\-, cmp-ip-am-c-\m-sw v Adnbp {]Xm-]-kq-cy aisf ao\-ti-x-\\v hnhmlw Ign- p-sim-sp- p- p. ""kz]v\-hm-k-h- ZØ''Ønse \mcm-b-w-s\-t m-ep Ipi-e\v hne-]n-sn kωm-\-ßƒ \ Ip- p. c p-amksø a[p-hn-[p-hn-\p-tijw kz w \m n-te v ao\-ti-x-\ cmp-ip-am-cn-bp-samøv as-ßp- p. Im n-eq-ss-bp as- -bm-{x-bv n-s-bnse Hcp \n{zm-th-f-bn sr n DW ao\-ti-x-\ kz]- Xv\n-bpsS Ac-bnse "h{p-{]-xna' Ducn-sb-SpØp t\m p thf-bn AsXmcp ]cp v X n-sim- p-t]m-bn. ]cp- ns ]n mse ao\-ti-x-\ Ae- p-xn-cn-bp-tºmƒ XSn- Xm cmp-ip-amcn a[pcm-]p-cn-bn-te v ]pd-s -Sp- p. a[p-c-bnse \oe-[z- P-s aiƒ Nº-I-am-e-bpsS kzbw-h-c-am-wv. W-]-{XnI ao\-ti-x-\\v apt In n-bn-cp- p. ]t - - A-bmsf ImWm-Ø-Xp-sIm v XSn- X ao\- ti-x-\s thjw si n, txmgnsb XSn -X-bpam n a[p-c-bn-se-øp p. Abmsf {]Xo- n- ncp \oe-[z-p Xs aisf kzoi-cn- m ao\- ti-x-t\msv (Uyq- m-sw v {Kln-bv m-sx) At]- n-bv p- p. Nº-I-am-esb ao\si-x-\ ssis m- p- p. cmpy-`-c-whpw XpS-ßp p. CXn-\n-S-bn Im n Ae- p-xn-cn n-cp bym ao\-ti-x-\ hr -\mb Hcp Incm-Xs\ Im n I p-ap- p- p. Abm-tfm-sSm-Øp-I-gn v Abm-fpsS klm-b-øm I -h-s- - -en a[pc-bn-se-øp-ibpw HSp-hn Xs thjw si nb `mcy-bpss ap n-e-w-bp-ibpw snbvxp. `mcym` Øm- - m BZyw Xncn- -dn- n-. ]n osv ]c-kv]cw IY-Iƒ ]d- p. X\n-bv p- mb kpj-zpx-j-m\p`ßƒ ao\ti-x-\ ] n- p. hr - In-cm-Xs Irjn-ÿ-esØ aæn \n v kz Æ- J\n tij-cn- Xpw ]cp- n \n v h{pw t\sn-sb- Sp-ØXpw Hs -bmb IY-Iƒ. HSp-hn Xs ` Øm-hmb ao\-ti-xs\ Xncn- -dn XSn {]` ]pcp-j-thjw If v `mcy-mthjw AWn- p. Nº-I-ame hnh-c-a-dn v ]cn-{`-an-s - nepw AhfpsS ]nxm-hv, ""c p-]-xv\n-i-sfbpw Hcp-t]mse hnnm-cn- Ww'' F p-]-tz-in v ao\-ti-x-\-\p- Xs ]p{xnsb \ Ip- p. cmpyhpw! HSp-hn-esØ A -Øn (7- mw A w) th bv p-t]mb ]p{xs\ \ -s p ZpxJn- p Im - \-ti-xp-cm-pm-hns k n-[n-bn ]p{x c v `mcyam-tcm-sp-iqsn as-ßn-sb-øp- p. a[p-c-bnse \oe- [z-ps ]p{x-\mwv h -sx v BZyw cmpmhv sx n- -cn-s - nepw HSp-hn F mw Ie-ßn-sØ-fn-bp- p. c p ]Xv\n-amsc kzo-i-cn IY-bn A BZyw H -º-c- p. ]n o-sv, ""C\n-sb- nepw Zp _p- n-if v cmpyw `cn-bv -W''-sa v D]-tZ-in- v ais cmpy-]- m-`n-tjiw \S-Øp- p. ]nxmhv k\ym-k- Øn-\mbn Hcp-ßp-Ibpw snøp- p. ""ao\-ti-x-\-n-cnxw'' \ms-i-øns A w Xncn- p IY-bmWv ChnsS kw{k-ln- -Xv. Bbneyw Xncp-\m-fn \n p IS-sa-SpØ CXn-hr-ØsØ kc-khpw DtZz-K-P-\-I-hp-amb Hcp \ms-i-am n hnp-bn- n- m ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v F Ccp-]-Ønbm-dp-Im-c\v Ign- p-sh v \n w-ibw ]d-bmw. `b- m-tsm-ss-bmwv Cu bph-ihn \ms-i-c-n-\-b v apxn -Xv. ""km[m-c-w- Nn- d Ihn-X-bpw-Xs Fgp-Xm Atijw A l-\- mø Xm \ms-isa-gp-xn-bm \ m-bn-cn- n-s - pw, irwkm-c-ckw Xs Ihn-X-bn th pw-{]-imcw LSn- n-bv p- -X-n\v Xptemw {]bm-k-am-sw pw ao\-ti-x-\- N-cnXw ]pkvxiw t\m o- n- m-ø-xn-\m AXnse IYm-kw-_ w X\n-bv -dn- p-iqsm F pw Nne Hgn-hp-I-gn-hp-I-ƒ ]d- p-hn- -Xns tijhpw Ignbp- n-stømfw irwkm-c-c-ksø ]qcn- n v bymk-abw'' \msiw ]q Øn-bm- p-hm Ign- -Xn-ep kt mjw Bap-J-ambn Fgp-Xn-h ]fl-\m-`- p-dp- ns apjy-amb t{]c-i-i n Ica\ tii-h-im-kv{xn-i-fm-bn-cp- p. At±lw Xs bmwv 1893- {]kn- o-i-cn (sim w tic-f-`qj-ww Iº\n A p-iqsw) \ms-i-øns Ah-XmcnI Fgp-Xn-b-Xpw. ""hnzzm- m v A]-cn-ta-b-amb BÀm-ZsØ \ Ip '' \ms-i-am-wn-sx v imkv{xn-iƒ ASn-h-c-bn-Sp- p. imkv{xn-i-fpss hm -ey-`-cn-x-amb {]kvxmh\ I -a-s v C sø Bkzm-Z-I\pw t_m y-s -Spw. kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb IYbv v Hcn- SØpw ck-`wkw hcmsx (irw-km-c-ho-cm- px IcpW ck-ß-fn-eq-ss) NSp-e-hpw, \ms-io-bhpw DtZz-K-]q Æ-hp-ambn hf Øn ]cn-w-an- n- p Imcy-Øn \ms-i-irøv H pw ]n n-e-. IYm- ]m-{x-kr- n-bn-epw, AIr-{Xna kw`m-j-w- {]tbmkønepw GIm-{K-X-bn-epw, ^en-x-t_m-[- Ønepw H pw Cu \ms-isø am n-\n tø- - Xn-. Hcp-thf irwkm-cm-xn-{]-k-c-øn-tebv v hgp- Xn-ho-gm-hp IYm-k-µ `-ßsf kzm-nm-c-th-ens - p-i-fn HXp- n-\n Øn-bXv ]fl-\m-`- p-dn- 22

ns hy nxzalna Xs -bm-wv. C{X-tbsd k m ntim]-tz-i-ßƒ \nd Hcp \msiw A m-eøv thsd D mbn- m-wn-. ""t\cp-xs hep-xmb [ Ω-an mcn-s-øn a\p-p p \n Æbw t\cp-ti-sn\p Xp\n- n-d-ßp-a pcp-j\p KpW-an-s m-cn- -epw.'' (VI 179) F a n-ep \nc-h[n temtim- n-i-fmwv Cu \ms-i-øn-ep- -Xv. A]q -I-ev]-\m-`w-Kn-I-e Bhn-jvI-c-W- Øn-e ]pcm-w-i-ym-]m-{x-ß-tfbpw kµ `-ßtfbpw ebn- n Ae- mc{]tbm-k-ß-fn-emwv \ms- I-IrØv IÆq- n-b-xv. B t«mi-ßƒ ]expw CXp icn-h-bv p- p. B - -Y-I-fnse ITn-\-kwkvIr-X-]- -]m-xnsb ChnsS ImWm-\n-. {]Xyp-X, ""Ifn-bv pw _me-s\- mepw Infn- ps ncn- nepw Xgbv pw \ymb-tam-xp-tºmƒ hg pw kω-xn- -Xmw...'' (III 56) F ohn[w efn-x-a-e-bm-f-øn Imcy-ßƒ ]d- p-t]m-ip Ihn-sb-bmWv \mw Z in- p-i. KZykw-`m-j-W-ß-fnepw AIr-{Xn-a-Xzhpw HXp- hpw ap{z-bm-bp- v. ""] o! \o \ m-bn-cn- -s. \obmcmwv? Fhn-Sp- mwv? t]sc- mwv?'' (]p-dw. 102) F n-ßs\ Nne-t mƒ AXv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq ssien-bn hsc FØp- p. t«mi-in-ev]-nm-cp- X-sb- n FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-\n-s - n-epw, At\Iw t«mi-ßƒ AX-S-ßnb hrø-ß-fpss t]cp-h-cpwhn[w A -tim-j-w-an- msx sa\s SpØncn- p- Xv {i n-bv msx hø. ""]mcw hk- -Xn-e-I-ÿ-e-am-a-Xn- t\cmb _p n hcp-hm-\n-h-s\-bn-cp-ømw..'' Ft m, ""amt m- n Ipbn XXn- ]m-sn-sp p \ mbv Xm m-ßƒ pnn-x-xcw {]l j-wobw'' Ft m am{x-a-, KoXn, ]pjv]n-xm-{k, ctym X, {kkv -c, amen-\n,-a-µm-{im sxm v H -[niw hrøß-fpss kw -IqSn hcpw-hn-[-amwv ivtfmi-l- S-\. CXv Cu bphihn-bpss ]Zy-\n Ωm-W Iui-e-Øn\v ani sxfn-hm-wv. hn[n kr n- p Zpc- -ßsf a\p-jy AXnPohn-t - p- -Xns {]m[m-\yw-iqsn DZvtLm-jn- p Cu \msiw IhnbpsS ip`-i-c-amb Pohn-X-Z i-\sø hnfw-_cw snøp- p. C -d- -h-sb mw A\p-I-c-Wo-b-ß-fm-tb- msa- nepw ao\-ti-x-\-n-cn-xsø aß-te-ev]n- p Hcp {]ap-j-l-s-i-ap- v. AXv ]q -Km-an-I-fmb Ihn-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-am-wv. Imfn-Zm-k-im-Ip- fhpw `mks kz]v\-hm-k-h-z-øhpw I\Ø \ng ]Xn- n- n-cn- p- Xv BZy w ImWmw. ]m{x-kr n, IYm-k-µ `-ßƒ, kw`m-j-w-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-ep B A\p-I-c-W-NvOm-b-Iƒ hnkvx-cn- m AXv ]e ]pd-ß-fp- m-imw. Chsb-Iq-SmsX cmam-b-w-hpw, \f-n-cn-xhpw a pw ]fin-x-h-tcy-w-\mb ]fl-\m-`- p-dp- ns\ Iogvs Sp-Øn-bn- p- -Xns A\p-c-W-\-ßfpw Cu IrXn-bn tiƒ mw. \msiw {]kn- o-i-cn Ime- Øp-Xs AXn-s\- p-dn- p \ncq-]-w-ßƒ ]{Xam-kn-I-Ifn h n-cp- p. 1893 Unkw-_ 30- se ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bn ao\-ti-x-\-n-cn-xsø H p ]cn-l-kn- pw, H p {]iw-kn- pw-sim v ]{Xm-[n- ] \ncq-]-w-sa-gp-xn-bn- p- v. Cw o-jn \ns - SpØ ""Atd-_y ss\ vkn''s\ ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v \ms-io-i-cn v Hcp \ lnµp-]p-cm-w-am- n-sb- pw, A[n-I-Imew sn pw-apºv 18 ]pcm-w-ß-fn Ht m, Ah-bn H ns Hcw-itam Bbn C Y amdp-sa pw \ncq-]-i Ifn-bm- p- p. F n-epw, ""C m-e-øp- m-ip \ma-t[-b-am-{x-\m-s-ißfn H - n-sx v Xo -bmbn ]d-bmw...'' F v A`n-\-µn- p- pap v. Ad-_n- Ybvs -, GXp sshtz-in-i-ir-xn-bv pw `mc-xo-bx \ Im A sø Ihn-Ifpw \ms-i-ir-øp- fpw t\mh-en-ãp-ifpw {ian- n-cp- p. at\m-ca ]{Xm-[n-] I -Øn h okv am n-f-t]mepw tjivkn]nbdpss "Taming of the shrew'' hns\ ""Ie-lo-\o-Z-a-\I'-am- n-bxv ad- m ]msn-. sshtz-ini ] m-øew h m Nhn- p-\m- SIw t]mse AXv {]N-mc-ep-]vX-am-bn-t m-ip-sa v A -sø- \m-s-i-im-c am `b- p-ibpw snbvxp. A m-c-w-ß-fm ao\-ti-x\ncn-x-sø- - n-bp \ncq-]ww ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v Kuc-h-am-bn- I- n-. ao\-ti-x\ncn-x-øns {]kn- o-i-c-wtømss kmln-xy-cw-køv ]finx{i -]n-sn- p-]- nb ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v \ms-i-cw-køv Xs ]mzßƒ H p- qsndd n p \n Øm Bin- p. kplr-ømb h o tkm]m-e-ta-t\ms B{K-l-{]- Imcw ]fl-\m-`- p-dp v iq-{z-is ar -I-SnIw hnh Ø\w snøm Xocp-am-\n p.- ""ar -I- SnI''Øns \mepw A pw Bdpw AwKßƒ am{xta ]flm-\m-`-ta-t\m\v Xnc- p-aqew X a snøm Ign- p- q. _m n-bp Gg-wK-ßfpw ]cn-`m-j-s -Sp-Øn-bXv tkm]m-e-ta-t\m Bbn-cp- p. B ]-cn-`mj ]pkvx-i-cq-]-øn-em-bn-. 23

A -c-i-e-bpss Aar-X-km-^eyw ^m.t]mƒ txe- m v Hcp IY AXns Fgp-Øp-Imc Ah-km-\n- n- p- Xp {i n- pi: ""Fgp-Øp-ap-dn-bn \ XWp- m- Wv. Fs ssi ac-hn- n-cn- p- p. Rm Cu Isø-gpØp {]Xn ChnsS \n Øp- p. B p-th- n-bm-wnxv F -dn-bn-. CXv F mwv F pt]mepw Adn-bn-.'' C\n-bmWp IY-bpsS t]cn-\mkv]-z-amb `c-x-hm-iyw. AXv Fgp- Øp-Im-cs 13- mw \q m- nse eøo `mj-bm-wv. AXns X a GXm v Cßs\: ""C esø tdmkm- qhv AXns t]cn \ne-sim- p- p. \mw iq\y-amb t]cp-isf ]pevip- p.'' Ft m-bpss "" tdmkm- q-hns t]cv'' (The Name of the Rose) 1 F t\mh-ens A y-hm-n-i-am-wn-xv. 13- mw \q m- nse Hcp simth- -bn Ggp Znhkw sne-h-gn p I Xp Pohn-X-Øns k y-bn FgpXn ]q Øo-I-cn Isø-gpØp {]XnbpsS X -a-bpss kzx-{ -hnh Ø-\-amWv Ft m-bpss t\mh F mwv ]d-bp Xv. AXn tdmkm- q-hns t]cn\v F w? {]Xo- 24

Sn. ]fl-\m-`s IY-Iƒ hm n Bflm-hns kpµ-c-amb BJym-\-Z i\ambmwp txmakv amxyp \evip- -Xv. P a Ihn-bmb sl U eo\pw P a XØz-Nn- -I- \mb sslu-kdpw XΩn-ep _ -Øns Nmcp-X- Sn. ]fl-\m-`-s bpw txmakv amxyphn-s bpw _ -Øn-ep- v. I-im-kv{X-]-fin-X-\mb At±-l-Øns IebpsSbpw `mjbptsbpw Xe-Øn-tebv pw shfn w hoip- -XmWv Cu hmn-iw. B hmn-i- Øn\p X a snbvx-xn-t\- mƒ henb [z\n- Ifpw kqn-\-i-fp-ap v F v A m-esø eøo `mj-bpss D]-tbmKw hy -am- p p; A_-em Un-s bpw H m-anse hney-øn-s bpw t]cp-i-sfbpw `mj-sb-bpw- Ip-dn- p ImgvN- m- Sp-I-fpsS [z\n-kq-n-\-iƒ. AX-\p-k-cn v F mw Agp-Ip Cu temi-øn \ne-\n-ev p- Xv Bib-ßƒ am{x-am-wv. `mj, C m-øxp ]d- p- m- p Ie-bpsS am[y-a-am-wv. Z i\ßƒ C m- ØXv D m- p ambm-pm-e-am-wv. ]t, km[mc-w- m `mj D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xp kwth-z-\-øn- \m-wt m. F m `mj AXns Iem-]-c-amb [ aw A\p-jvTn- p-tºmƒ Z i-\-ßfpw kz]v\- ßfpw \nd kmlnxyw P\n- p- p. Cu hn[-øn Sn. ]fl-\m-`s IYm- {]] Øns BJym-\-amb Fw.-tXm-akv amxyphns ""Bflm-hns apdn-hp-iƒ'' Ah-km-\n- p- n-søv At±lw FgpXn: ""`mjsb AXns kmam\y [ a-øn s]smø [ aw \nd-th- m {]Xn` \n _- n- p-ibpw `mj AXv A\p-k-cn- p-ibpw snøp- -Xp-sIm v AXv `mj-bpss taep hnp-b-am-ip- p. Z i-\-øn-s bpw am[ya-øn-s bpw A`n-cm-a-c-RvP-\-amWv Cu hnpbw Hcp- p- -Xv. Cu crvp\w Sn. ]fl-\m-`s IY- Isf A -c-i-e-bpss Aar-X-km-^-ey-am- n- Øo p- p.'' ae-bm-f-`m-jbv p h Cu Aar-X-km-^eyw Sn. ]fl-\m-`-t Xp am{x-a-, AXp txmakv amxyphn-t -Xp-am-Wv. A]m-c-amb Imhy-kw-km-c-Øn ]fl-\m-` Ihn-bmbn `mjm-`-h-\-øns {k mhm-ip-tºmƒ txmakv amxyp B `mjm-`-h-\- Øns Zm i-\n-i-a-ip-s-øns Nn m-]-c-amb Ipe- ]-Xn-bm-Ip- p. Acn-tÃm- n-ens ho -W-Øn kxyw Ihnbnepw Nn -I-\nepw cq]-i-ambn kw`-hn- p p 3 ; CXv txmakv amxyp-hns `mj-bn XnSw sim p- p. Poh-\n- m-ø-xn-\p-t]mepw Be- m-cn-i-po-h \evin Ah kwkm-cn- p- p. ] nbpw ]q bpw apcnßbpw Infn-Ifpw hsc km[m-cw \ap- -dn-bp- - Xn IqSp-X H pw \tωmsp ]d-bn-. XnI pw A\y-]-Z-ßƒ \sω Aº-c- n- p- p. F m Be- m-cn-i-cq-]-i-ßƒ \hy-amb Ft m \ap p ]nsn- m Xcp p F mwv Acn-tÃm- n Fgp-Xn-b- Xv. cq]-i-kr- n-bmb IYm-in-ev]sØ hymjym-xmhv Z i-\-ambn shfn-s -Sp-Øp- p. Pohn- pi F m hkn- p-i-bm-wv. hmkamwp hosp- m- p- -Xv; am{x-a Ah kl-hkn- p-ibpw snøp- p. Im n-t\mspw ]pg-tbmspw ark-ß-tfmspw ] n-i-tfmspw BIm-i-tØmSpw sszh-ß-tfmspw HØp-h-kn- p- p. AXp-sIm- mwp a\p-jy shdpsx hkn- p-i-b Imhymfl-I-ambn hkn pi-bmwv F p sslu-k F P a XØz-Nn- -I ]d- -Xv. AXp Imhym-fl-I-amb A\p-I-c-W-Øns Ie-tbm-Sp-Iq- Snb hmk-am-wv. bp - -føn \S- p- Xp t]mse-b- t m a\p-jy ]pwy-`q-an-bn \S- p- -Xv. hyxymkw GtXm kxy-t_m-[-øn-s -bm- Wv. B kxyw Imhy-ambn {]Im-in-X-am-Ipw, AXns Nn{Xw Iem-Im-c hc-bv p- p. B Nn{X-Øn C -sebpw C pw \msfbpw k n- p- p-ap- v. C -se-bpss IY ]d-bp Ncn-{X- Im-c-\ Ihn, \msf-bpss IY ]d-bp- -h-\m-wv. ]Zy-sa-gp-Xp- -h-\p-a Ihn. C mø \msfsb Iev]n- p- m- p Ihn AXp-sIm p \ hn[- Øn \pw ]d-bp- -h-\p-am-wv. \pw-bpss A`ntjIw In nb Cu {]Xn-`-I-fmWp \msf-bpss shfn-]m-sp-im. Sn. ]fl-\m-`s\ Ihn-bm- p- Xp txmakv amxyp-h ; AXp Sn. ]fl-\m-` Xs G p-]-d- n- p- -Xm-Wv. {Ko p `mc-xob ]mc-ºcy-ønse Cu Ihn, {]hm-n-i-]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn {]hm-n-i-\p-am-wv. txmakv amxyp Fgp-Xp p: ""Xnc-b-Sn p Xnan p kmk-c-a- y-øn Hcp Xpcp-sØ- -t]m-se, tlmcm- -Imcw ]px- p-dßp BIm-i-Øn Hcp \ -{X-s ms t]mse ]m]w IqØm-Sp kaq-l-øns a y- Øn Hcp {]hm-n-i F -t]mse kmln-xy- Im-c \ntbm-kn- -s Sp-I-bmWv'' (144) \msf-bpss ]Sw ImWn v C ns\ hne-bn-cp- Øp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS {]hm-n-i. Bbn-cn- p- -Xns\ BIm-am-bn-cp- -Xp-ambn X n v Ccp- n {]Imiw snmcn-bp- p. Abmƒ Ft mgpw ImWp- -Xns\ 25

ImWm B{K-ln- p- -Xp-ambn Iq n- p-g p Pohn- p- p. AXp-sIm- mwp Sn. ]fl-\m-`-s\- pdn p txmakv amxyp Fgp-Xn-bXv; At±lw ""k - ev]-øn \\hpw ] - p-ap Hcp `qan sim p- \-S- p p'' F v (180). \msf-bpss shfn- hpw AXns IYbpw Akw-kvIrX Hm a-bpss J\n-bn \n v B cn-i-x-bn kv^ps-]miw snbvx {]Xn-`-bn Iev]n- p- m- p- -Xm-Wv. AXp IrXy-ambn a\- n-em- nb-xp-sim- mwv txmakv amxyp Ipdn- Xv ""`qx- Im-e-kvar-Xn-Iƒ p h Ø-am-\-Im-eXzw \evin {]Xy- o-i-cn- p-i-bmwv kmlnxyw snøp- -sx- p-t]mepw ]dbmw'' (106). IS p IY\w \S- Øp-tºmƒ AXn hcp shfnhv B -cn-i-xbpss shfn-]m-smwv. ""_mly-`m-h-ß-f-, B -cn- I-k-Xy-amWp IY-bpsS {]tabw'' (202). ""sszh- Øns IÆp-sIm p temisø t\m m e`n- p Ah-k-c-am-WnXv'' (177). CXp km[q-i-cn- m sk v AK-Ãns\ Rm D -cn- -s. ""]pdøv Ae-tb- -Xn-, AI-tØbv p as-ßq. kxyw \n n IpSn-sIm- p- p.'' 4 Chn-sS-bmWv ""GIm-In-bpsS temiw'' F ]pkvx-i-øns c mw A[ym-b-Øns {]k- n. IYm-Im-c IY ]d-bp-i-b Abmƒ kxyw IY-bm n IY\w \SØpIbmWv. AXp-sIm v txmakv amxyp FgpXn: ""B D sb km m-xvi-cn- p-i-bmwv ]fl-\m-`s IY-Iƒ snøp- -Xv. kxy-øns Ah-Xm-cw-sIm- -emwv IY-Iƒ'' (34). efnx-ambn txm p Cu hmn-i-øns Kcn-abpw kuµcyhpw kxy-z i-\hpw ae-bmfn I n-s p \Sn- -cp-xv. AXp txmakv amxyp-hn\v A l-am- p Hcp ÿm\hpw \mw AwKo-I-cn- -Ww. AXp \sω Adn-bn- m-s\- -hn[w alm-nn- -I-\mb sslu- K-dns kmln-xy-z i-\-]-c-amb Hcp hmniw D cn- s : ""Bbn-cn- p- -Xns kxyw kw`-hn- n- p Ah-Xm-c-amWv GXp Ie-bpw, B hn[- Øn AXp kmcmw-i-øn Imhy-am-Wv.'' 5 IYm- Jym-\-Øns Imcy-Øn txmakv amxyp \nev p Db CSw Nq pi am{x-am-wn-hnss Rm snøp Xv. Cßs\bp Iem-Im-c {`m -ambn Ie-ln- p-ibpw kvt\ln- p-ibpw kz]v\w ImWp-Ibpw snøpw. Ah \ap p Xpey-cm-sW- Xv Ah ""DZm-c-hnip n''bn (81) \ap p \evip al- Øz-am-Wv. Ah Bflm-hn Zpc- hpw apdn-hp- Ifpw hln v GtXm ]pdw-pm-xn- m-c-\mbn \ΩpsS CS-bn GtXm hnip temi-øns IY-Iƒ ]d p \S- p- p. Ah-cmWp ]møp-ω-bpss BSn-s bpw kpµ-c- m-cp-ssbpw kpµ-cn-i-fp-ssbpw IY-Iƒ ]d-bp- -Xv. tkm{i- okv ]d- -Xpt]mse kz K-kv] i-øm h p-`-hn- p sszh-øns alm-zm-\-amwv Ah p {`-m v. 6 AXp-sIm- p-x-s -bmwv P a Ihn-bmb sl U eo Ihn-I-tfmSp ]d- Xv: Bh-c-Wan- msx Ac- n-x-ambn BIm-i-Øn\pw `qan- pan-s-bn \n p-sim p sszh-øns CSn-an- ens\ ssii-fn ]nsn-s -SpØp hm p-i-fn s]mxn p kz K-Øns kωm-\-ambn P\- ßƒ p simsp- p-i. 7 ""F m {`m p-ifpw Hgn- p-t]m-ip-tºmƒ a\p-jy shdpw b{ -ambn Xocp p'' F p txmakv amxyp \nco- n- p p (149). Pb-Øns hgn ths - p-h-bv p {`ms - n-ep-an-s - n \mw FØn-t -cp- Xp `oi-c-amb {`m n-et? AXp-sIm p Sn. ]fl-\m-` ""A h-ømbn AkvXnXzw Nq n- m n'' (104) ""a\pjys sim p-po-hnxw \ -{X-ß-fn sxmsp p p'' (90) F p txmakv amxyp hnebn-cp-øn. ""{]Imiw ]c-øp s] Ip n'' sbt mse ""{]Imiw ]c-øp IYm-Ir-Ømb (214) ]fl-\m-`s IY-Iƒ'' ""hnip- -amb {]m \''bmbn amdp- p. si p-i-y-bpss cq]iw Nn -Is Z i\-ambn X a snø-s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. Sn. ]fl-\m-`s IY- Iƒ hm n Bflm-hns kpµ-c-amb BJym-\- Z i\ambmwp txmakv amxyp \evip- -Xv. P a Ihn-bmb sl U eo\pw P a XØz- Nn- -I-\mb sslu-kdpw XΩn-ep _ -Øns Nmcp-X-bnepw kxy-ønepw am{xta tic-f-øns Sn. ]fl-\m-`-s\bpw txmakv amxyp-hn-s\bpw F\n p ImWm-\m-Iq. ""Ihn t]cn-sp p'' ""Nn - I ]d-bp p'' F mwv CXn-s\- p-dn v sslu- K Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Ihn-sb hn[-øn Nn -I (The Thinker as a Poet) Fs mcp IhnX sslu- K F Nn -I Fgp-Xn-bn- p v. 8 txmakv amxyp Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xmbn F\n- -dn-bn-. ]t, At±l-Øns ""Bflm-hns apdn-hp-i-fn '' Imhykv] i-an- mø Hcp IS-em-kp-an-. D -bpss hr -Ønse c p IºpIfmWp ]m pw Nn bpw. Hcmƒ ]msp- p, A]-c ]d-bp- p. ]t, Ah Ab m-cm-wv. Pohn-X-Øns \ -bpss shfn-]m-sp-i-y-ifpw kxy-øns hnip shfn- hpw Ch Xcp- p. 9 CXv Aev]-ambn am{xw km[q-i-cn- m ""Ime-ss`-c-h '' F IYbn \n v Hcp Jfihpw txmakv AXn\p 26

\evip hymjym-\-øns Hcp `mkhpw D -cn- s (221-222). ""CXp IminbmWv Imess`-c-hs ÿew. Ifhp ]d-bp- Xp ti -t mƒ kln- m IgnbmsX {_ m-hns inc v Adp-sØ-SpØ Imess`-c-h! ]n osv snbvx sx n-s\- p-dn p t_m[- hm-\m-b-t mƒ ] m-øm-]-hn-h-i-\mbn Adp-sØ- SpØ Xe-bp-ambn temiw apgp-h k -cn Imess`-c-h! B Ime-ss`-c-h\v ChnsS h m-wt{x Xs ]m]-i a-øns ^e-øn \n p tamn\w In n-b-xv. ChnsS Ct mgpw Bfp-Iƒ hcp- p, Xß-fpsS ]m]-ßƒ Igp-In-I-f-bp-hm Ah Xp km[n- p- pt m? Ft m! F\n p \n -b-an-. Ime-ss`-c-h\p km[n- p. F p-h v F\n pw km[n- -W-sa- n-. \mtamtcm-cp-øcpw \Ωp-sS-Xmb Imin-Iƒ Is -tø- n-bn-cn- p- p... Cu P -Øn Øs...'' txmakv amxyp Cßs\ hymjym-\n- p- p. ""]pwy-xo -ßƒ txsn-bp Ahn-cm-a-amb bm{x tamn\w \eviptam? k ymkn DØ-csam pw \evin-bn-. As - n \evinb DØcw Ipdp- p-hgn Nq n- m-wn- p- -Xm-bn-cp- n-. I - a-`mcw Xqßp a\- ns tamn\w a\- n Xs -bmwp txts- -Xv. AXp Xncn- -dn- -Xp-sIm- mwv Abmƒ k ymkn Fgp-t p t]mbt mƒ A\p-K-an- m-xn-cp- -Xv. A[nIw Xma-knbmsX Ahn-sS-\n p t]mbn. ]t, AXp Iminbn-te- m-bn-cp- n '' F p IY Ah-km-\n- p- p. ]ns Ftßm- m-bn-cp p F tnmzyw IY D bn- p- n-. Imc-Ww, tamn\w Fhn-sS-bm-sW- v, Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Is -tø Imin Fhn-sS-bmsW p k ymkn kqnn- n- p-i-gn- p. Imin F m-h pw Imin-b-. txmakv amxyp-hns\ Rm sslu-k-dn\p kaio j-\m- n-bxv AXyp- n-bmbn Xncn- psimønt F p -i n p -h-cp- m-imw. Xo -bmbqw ka-{k-am-sbmcp Z i\kn m- - Øns Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-sa pw txmakv amxyp-hn- \n-. AXp am{x-a-, D XZm i-\n-i-\m-bn- pt]mepw \mkn-k-øns lnwkbv p apºn blq-z-ihn t]mƒ sne Bh-iy-s - n- p-t]mepw ]pe Ønb \ni-_vz-x-bpss Ak`yw Xo mø txmakvamxyp-hns\ sslu-k-dn-t\msp _ -s - Sp-Øn-bXp Ie-bpsS Zm in-\n-ix t]dp- -h F A -Øn-em-Wv. kxy-øns ]S-ßƒ Sn. ]fl-\m-` hc p, txmakvamxyp B ]S-ß-fpsS kxyw 18 A ymb-ß-fn-embn 250 t]pp-i-fn shfn-hm- p- p. c pw `mj-bn kw`-hn p; `mj cq]-ihpw Z i- \-Nn- -bp-ambn ae-bmf `mjm-`-h\w [\y-am- p- p. ae-bm-f-`mj txmakvamxyp-hn Kcn-abpw aln-a-bp-a-wn Zm i-\ni`mj-bm-ip p F A p-x-amwv Cu {K-Ÿ-Øns X\n-a. 1. "It is cold in the scriptorium, my thumb aches. I leave this manuscript, I do not know for whom; I no longer know what it is about: stat rosa pristina, nomina unda tenemus", U.Eco, The Name of the Rose, London: Vintage Books, 1998, p.502 2. Bflm-hns apdn-hp-iƒ : Sn. ]fl-\m-`s IYm-{]-]- -Øn-eqsS, Xriq {Ko _piv-kv, 2011. 3. "We all naturally find it agreeable to get hold of new ideas easily: words express ideas, and therefore those words are the most agreeable to us that enable us to get hold of new ideas. Now strange words simply puzzle us; ordinary words convey only what we know already; it is from the metaphor that we can best get hold of something fresh", Rhetoric 1410: 10-13. 4. St. Augustine, De vera Religione, 39.72. 5. "All art, as the letting happen of the advent of the truth of what is, is as such, essentially poetry'', Basic Writings, "On the Origin of the Work of Art", New York: Harper Collins, 2008, pp. 143-212. 6. "And we, for our part, must prove... that this sort of madness is given us by the gods to ensure our greatest good fortune'', Theaetetus 245b-c. 7. Johann Christian Friedrich Hoelderlin, "As on a Holiday..." Yet poets! with uncovered head to stand, With our own hand to grasp the Father s lightening-flash And to pass on, wrapped is song, The divine gift to the people. 8. The thinkers saying (das sagen des Denkers) and the poets naming (das Nennen des Dichters); poetry and thinking are initially equal in their care for the Word of Being (Was ist Metaphysik 50-51) 9. Martin Heidegger The Thinkers As Poet, Singing and thinking are the stems neighbour to poetry. They grow out of Being and reach Into its truth. Their relationship makes us think of what Holderlin sings of the trees of the woods: And to each other they remain unknown So long as they stand, the neighboring trunks. 27

\n -lm-b-x-bpss Hcp henb Ic- n tum. kn. DÆn-Ir-jvW Zp {Klw Ft m {]tl-fni Ft m hnfn- m-hp Pohn-XsØ Ffp-Xmbn H p sxmsm-\p {iaw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs\ ]pxnb ]co- -Wß-fn-te v FØn- p- p. Cu ]co- -W-amWv B[p-\n-Im-\- cime-l- -Ønse G hpw DNn-X-amb am[y-aambn IYsb am n-sb-sp-ø-xv. ]co- -W-Øns kzx{ Dev]- -ambn IYsb \nco- n- p-tºmƒ si.- ]n.a CXv IqSp-X hy -am- nbn- p- v. ]co W-ß-fpsS hnip hmkvzm- \-ß-fmWv IYsb apt m p-sim- pt]m-ip- Xv. t\mh-en-t\- m-tfsd IY cq]-]-c-amb ]co- -W-ß-fn ssihn kml-kn-ix {]I-Sn- n- p- Xv ImWmw. IY Ct mƒ ]co- Wß-fpsS {]Xym-i-bn-emWv Pohn- p- -Xv. 1 Cu ]co- Ww Pohn- XsØ txsn-bp bm{x-bn IYsb am[y-a-øn-se-øn-t -Xns\ am{x-a Ipdn- p- -Xv. Pohn-XsØ \n -Nn- m\pw AXns A `mh-ß-fm-cm-bm-\p-ap Fgp-Øp-Imcs ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ IYsb \nc- cw ]co- -W-ßƒ v hnt[-b-am- p- p. IYsb G hpw kpo-h-amb kmln- Xy-am-[y-a-am- n-øo p- -Xv Cu ]co- -W-am-sW p ]d-bmw. Cµp-ta-t\ms IYm-tem-Ihpw Hc -Øn \nc- -c-amb ]co- -Wß-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. Pohn-XsØ kpxm-cy- X-bn Xncn- -dn-bm-\p {ia-ß-fm-bncp p Ah. AXp-sIm- p-xs Ah km{º-zm-bnipohn-x-k- -ev]-ßsf simgn- p-i-f- p. Fgp-Øns AXnkm-t -Xn-I-X-Isf AXn-Po-hn v kcf-k-xy-amb PohnXw Bhn-jv -cn- p. EPp-Xz-Øns ia-\-xm-f-ßsf ssihn v Pohn-X-Øns bym-x-y-amb Ah-ÿm-hn-ti-jsØ AXv {]Xn-^en- n- p. tihew enwk-]-c-amb AXncp-Iƒ - pdw BWns bpw s]æns bpw sshim-cn-i-`n- -X-bpsS kq va-x-e-ßsf AXv Bcm- p. kv{xo] Z i\w \ne-\n Øp-tºmgpw, Pohn-X-bm-Ym y-øns Im -iysø AXv FSp-Øp-Im- n. Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb Pohn-XsØ AXv {]ta-b-ambn kzoi-cn- p-ibpw t\cmb BJym\w \n h-ln- p-ibpw snbvxp. IYsb IqSp-X ka-im-en-i-am- m-\p ]co- -W-ßƒ Cµp-tat\m \nc- cw \S-Øp- Xv ImWmw. AXv Ah-cpsS Hmtcm IY-I-tfbpw IqSp-X ]pxp-a-bp- -Xm- p- p. {]ta-b-øns Bh Ø\w Cµp-tat\ms IYm-tem-I-Øns ]cn-an-xn- I-fm-bn- -, Ahsb hyxykvx ]cnt{] yønepw hn`n ]cn-k-c-ß- 28

fnepw t\m n- m-wm-\p IYm]co- -W-Øns `mk-am-bn- mwv IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. {]W-bhpw cxn-bpsam pw tihew kzim-cym-\p-`-h-ß-fpss XnI- embn Ah ImWp- n-. Ahsb kaq-l-øns hnim-e-amb Hcp Xe-Øn \ne-\n Øn hni-i-e\w snøm-\mwv {ian- p- -Xv. At mƒ Ah Hcp kmaq-lym-\p-`-htam kmwkvim-cnika-\z-btam Bbn-Øo-cmw. Iem-]-Øn Icp-Øm `mh-ßfmbpw Ah amdmw. "Hcp sekv_n-b ]ip'hn XpSßn "kwl]cn-hmdn'eqss "Bfl-c-lky' Ønse-Øn-t -cp-tºmƒ CXv IqSp-X hy -ambn shfn-s -Sp- Xv ImWmw. 2010- {]kn- o-i-cn- -s "Bfl-c-lkyw' Cµp-ta-t\ms IY-I-fn Øs G hpw {it b-amb H m-wv. {]ta-b-]-c-amb ]pxpa am{x-a cn\mx{ -Ønepw Cu IY Gsd hyxy-kvxx ]pe Øp- p. ap Im-e-ß-fnse Nne IY-I-fn-se- nepw {]I-S-am-bn-cp cn-\m-]-c-amb AXn-km-t - Xn-I-X-Isf AI- n-\n Øns m v {]ta-bsø sxfn-a-bn \n Øn Bhn-jv cn- m IYm-Imcn {ian- n-cn p- p. _lp-xe-ß-fmb Bi-b-ßsf tim Øn-W n IY-]-d-bp G hpw ]pxp-abm coxn kzoi-cn- p-sim v IY-bn X\-Xmsbmcp {Im^v v kr n- m\pw "Bfl-clky'Øn Cµp-ta-t\m\v Ign-bp- p. Aº-Øn-sbm-ºXv hb- p I ymwn \qdmw \º-dp-Im-cn-bmbn ssk\-t m-f-pn-ãn-s\bpw ImØv ` Øm-hn-s\m w Ccn- p- n-s-ømwv IY Bcw- `n- p- -Xv. B ImØn-cn v ]e ImgvN-I-tfm-sSm w [mcmfw Hm Ω-Ifpw Ah-cn kr n- p- p. ImgvN-Ifpw Hm Ω-Ifpw kr n- p A\p- `htemi-øn-eqssbmwv "Bfl-c-lky'Øns shfn-s -S km[y-am-ip- -Xv. ]Xn-\ p h jw apºv acn- p-t]mb ssk\- t m-f-pn-ãmb `mta-s-øn-bpss A\p-P-Øn-bm-bn- mwv Fd-Wm-Ip-f-tØ v I ymwn hcp- -Xv. A \pw AΩbpw acn Hcp sship-t cw Xdhm- nse Ingt apdn-bn-en-cp v s]m n- -c Xs tn Øv s\ n-te v ]nsn v AΩm-hs ai-sf- m A\p-P-Øn-X-s bm, Ahsf Rm Fd-Wm-Ip-f-Øp-sIm- p-t]mbn ]Tn- n- p-sa v {]Jym-]n p Iq n-s m- p-h v hf Ønb `mta- S-Øn. snº-c-øn-bn-ebpss t\ Ø awap ]n ap-t mfw \nh p hns IdpØp Npcp apsn-bp `mta-s-øn. Ah Hmtcm pw si p-si- mbn ]dn- p-t]m-bn. CS-Xp-ape apdn- p-am n. K `]m-{xhpw Afim-i-bhpw Afi-hm-ln-\n- pg-ep-ifpw h Ip-S-ens sndn-sbmcp `mkhpw Adp-Øp-\o- p-hm-\p ikv{x-{in-b-bpss Xte- Zn-hkw ]m]-`mcw Xnßnb Xs a\ v H p Xpd- m `mta-søn {ian- p. Xnßp thz-\-bv n-sbn ]pd-øp-h- Xv H p-am-{xw. F mw X\n p IqSn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp- p-sh Imcyw. Hcn-Sn-sh v G -Xp-t]mse I ym-wn v AX-\p-`-h-s - p. `mta- S-Øn-bpsS ` Ømhv DtWy- Xs Iogvs -Sp- Øn-bXv `mta-s-øn-bpss Adn-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW- -Xv. ]n osv Abmƒ Xs AXv Xpd- p-]-d- p. ssewkn-i-ambn Ahsf B{I-an- p. Hcp Ip n-bv p-th- n. Ip n-bp- m-imsx h -t mƒ `mta-s-øn-tbm-sp-xs tnmzn- p. Xs Ip -am-twmsb- v. Ah Xo Øp ]d- p, A, \ΩpsS Ip -a Abmƒ -mwv Ipg- w. ssk\-t m-f-pn-ãns ap n-en-cp I ym-wntbmsv Ah tnmzn- Xv F{X Ip n-i-fm-sw- m- Wv. "C ' F adp-]-snbv p ]n mse BcpsS Ipg- -sa tnmzyw h p. `mta-s-ønsb Hm ØpsIm v "` Øm-hn\m' F adp-]sn \ In. hnhmlw Ign- n-s {X \mfmbn F tnmzyw Ieym-Wnsb Ipg- n. ]Xn-t\gp hb- p Hcp s] Ip n, sn p-f-t»-cn-bnse XWp v sxm -dnbm ssihn-s Øn-b, "\s sa n- p-sim-ep- s\sbmcm-º Xt mfw arzp-hm-bn-cp- -hƒ'. kz w ktlm-z-cn-bpss ` Øm-hn-\m \in- pt]m-b-h-fm-sw v Fß-s\-bmWv tumœ-tdm-sv ]dbp-i. At m-tg pw tumœ-dpss tnmzy-sa-øn. "\nßƒ K `-\n-tcm-[\am -ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- pthm?' "C m C m' F v adp-]sn \ Ipw-aptº Xcn- n- msx Xs "Xs `mta-s-øn-bmb tumœ `ma X\n v \ Inb amwk-øn Xpf- n-d-ßp kqnn-bn Aen- p-xo-cp Xp \q-ep-isf pdn- p Hm Ω Ieym-Wn-bn HmSnsb-Øn. s]s - mwv tumœ Ah-fn \n v "T' Imcm-Ir-Xn-bmb tim n F teml-zfiv ]pdsø-sp- p- -Xv. s]s - mwv I ymwn `mta-s-ønbpss s]m n- ncn ti -Xv. Ah-km-\-ambn CXp-IqSn ]d-bs F v bmnn v _m n h p-t]mb Bflc-lkyw Ieym-Wn p ]nsn-in- n. Ipdp-ºp-Im-cn-bmb `mta-s-øn p ap n Xm F pw Cc-bm-bn-cp- p-sh v IeymWn Hm Øp. ka-im-eni Pohn-X-Øns [ Ω-k- -S-ß-fn {][m-\-s - -XmWv tcmkw. hnti-jn pw ac-w-øn thkw FØn-t -cp Im k tcmkw. AXv s]æn ASn-t n- p PohnX Zpcn-X-ß-fnte v "Bfl-c-lkyw' sns -Øp- p. I ym-wn- 29

bpss Hm Ω-bn-se-Øp `mta-s-øn-bpss Pohn-Xm- Jym\-Øn-eq-sSbpw, ssk\-t m-f-pn-ãns\ ImØncn- p- -h-cpss kw`m-j-w-ß-fn-eq-ss-bp-amwv tcmkm- Xp-c-amb kmaq-lym-hÿ s]æn\v kωm-\n- p- sx-s v IYm-IrØv shfn-s -Sp-Øp- Xv. `mcy tcmk-øn-te v hgp-xn-ho-gp-tºmƒ Xs Ima-kw- Xr-]vXn- p- nsw At\z-jn- p-i-bm-bn-cp p ` Ømhv. ico-csø tcmkw Im p Xn p-tºmƒ ` Ømhns kzm X Ah-cpsS a\- n-s\bpw Im p- Xn- n- p- v. Ip n-bpss t]cn-emwv Abmƒ Xs Bh-iy-Øn\v \ymb-{]-am-w-ßƒ \nc-øn-b-sx Imcy-Øn X -an-. AXp-sIm- mwv Xs au\m-\p-hm-z-tømss I ym-wnsb {]m]n- m Abmƒ v Ah- -c-sam-cp- p-tºm-gpw, Ip n-bp- m- Im-\p km[y-xsb C m-xm- n-s m v I ym-wnbn Bcp-a-dn-bmsX tim n \nt -]n- m `masb t{]cn- n- p- -Xv. `ma-bpss kzm -X-tb- mƒ ]pcp-js AXn-cp-I-hn Bk- n-tbm- Sp Hcp {]Xn-Im-c-am-bn- mwv CXns\ ImtW- - Xv. ]t, ]pcp-j-t\m-sp Hcp tcmkn-wn-bpss {]Xn-Im-c-Øns Cc-bm-tI- n-h- Xv A\p-P-Ønbmb I ym-wn-bm-sw v am{xw. s]æns {]Xn- Im-chpw hn\-bm-ip- Xv s]æn-\m-sw v ChnsS hy -am- -s -Sp- p- v. ssk\-t m-f-pn-ãns\ ImØn-cn- p- -h-cpss kw`m-j-w-ß-fn tcmkw s]æns\ Fßs\ Cc- Ifpw ASn-a-I-fp-am- p p F v hy -am- p- p- v. ""B ImØn-cn- p-ap-dn-bn Ah-cpw as mcp kv{xobp-sam-gnsi as - m-hcpw K `n-wn-i-fm-bn-cp- p. \ocp-h v ho Ø a p-im-ep-iƒ FXn `m- KsØ Itk-c-bn-te v Bbm-k-s - p-b Ønbpw ho hpw Be-kyhpw _m[n Idn-aqkm apjsø CØn-cn- p-gn- -Æp-sIm- v, Zo\-ambn Np pw t\m nbpw InX pw izmkw-ap pw \Sp-th- Z-\bpw AS- nbpw Akw-Xr-]vXn-tbmsS ]ndp-]ndp- p- -h.'' ""t bv\pw? Cß pw Io tlmfm''? ""... aqø Ip n v aq p hb- m-b w sxmsßn hb- n-semcp I n- v. Cs ]pøm-]vf- msw- ntem ASvØXv ASvØ-Xvs mcp _npmcw am{xw.'' ""... c m-asø t]dn\v ]p m-tct y Ip os\-sv W Iq -Ønev c v samb IodnSvØv. Gbv t]dmwv ]ns simb- - ymsx t]mb-xv. C w _o pw B, I n- v. Ibn- mbvn h w tumœdv ]d v Io tlmfv azo- v. samb ]cntim-bv -Ww. Im kcv Io k-dns Ime-t...'' `bw Xfw-sI- n-\n p Hc- -co- -Øn A`-b-Øn-\mbn ` Øm-hns\ t\m p I ym- Wn v Abm-fpsS \nkw-kx A p-x-ap- m- n. "a ymƒ v Iym kdv hcm-\p km[yx IqSp- X-emWv' F m-bn-cp p Abm-fpsS adp-]-sn. s]æn- \p- m-ip tcmkw-t]mepw A]-am-\-h-XvIr-X-amb Hc-S-bm-f-am-bnt ]pcp-j-k-aqlw ImWp- p- q. s]æm-bm {]k-hn-t - -h-fm-wv. {]k-hn- m-ø-hƒ kaq-l-øns IÆn ]cn-lm-k-nn- -am-wv. Ahƒ v Nm Øn-s m-sp- p kw "a n' F m-wv. ""a n-bm-h-emwv Hcp s]æns G hpw henb im]w.'' acn- p- -Xn-\p-apºv `mta-søn Bh Øn p ]d hmiyw AXm-bn-cp- p. hnhmlw F m s]æns\ kw_- n- n-stømfw {]k-hn- m-\p hgn am{x-am-wv. h yx s]æn\p am{x-ap ]cn-an-xn-bmbn kaqlw ImWp- p. AXp-sIm- mwv kv{xo -]pcpj_ -Øns ]q Æ-X-bn \n p-bn t K `-[m-cww Akm-[y-ambn hcp-tºmƒ AXns ]m]-`mcw apgp-h s]æn-te v Btcm-]n v Ahsf a n-bm- m km{º-zm-bni kaqlw Xømdm-Ip- -Xv. s]æns K `-]m-{xsø Hcp hnf-`qan-bmbn mwp kaqlw apf-bv mø A - I-hn-Øns DS-a-Isf ImWmsX t]mip- p. "Xcn-in- m- mwv I q-t y, AkpJw h X.v K `- ]m-{xt F ns hnøp-ho-wmepw BZym-bm- ßv samf- n- pw. ]Xn a-s-ßm- pw.' `mta-s-ønbpss Cu hm p-iƒ AXn\p sxfn-th-ip- p. Xs K `-]m-{x-øn hnx-bv mø hnøv I ym- Wn-bpsS K `-]m-{x-øn hotg F Nn bm-bn-cn- Ww Hcp ]t I ym-wn-bn tim n \nt -]n- p-tºmƒ `mta-søn Dt±-in- Xpw. kr n- p-ta ]pcp-j \Sn- p hº-ø-csø H p tnmzyw snøm\pw `mta-søn {ian- n-cn- mw. I\y-Im-Xzhpw cxnbpw si p-]n-w A\p- `-h-ß-fmbn Cµp-ta-t\ms IY-I-fn IS- p-hcp- p- v. BS-bm-`-c-W-ß-fn- mø cxn-kq-n-\- IƒsIm v {]W-b-Øns D -c-`wkn H n-sb- SpØ am[-hn- p- n-bpss IYm-]m-c-ºcyw ChnsS sxfn-bp- Xv ImWmw. a\ v simxn- p Hcp ]pcp-j\v ka n m B{K-ln- p I\y-Im- Xz-sØ- p-dn v am[-hn- p n Ipdn- p-tºmƒ, Cµpta-t\m-\m-Is A]-l-cn- -s -Sp I\y-Im-Xz-sØ- p-dn- mwv IqSp-X ]d-bm-\m-{k-ln- p- -Xv. "I\yI' F IY-bnse Kucn I\y-ImXzw Hcp 30

`mc-am-ip- -Xp-sIm- mwv kv{xokzm-x-{ y-øns ] n- n-d-in X\n-t -dm Ign-bm-Ø-sX v hnizkn- p- -Xv. X\n- n- ap Hcm-fn-eqsS I\y-ImXzw \ -s -Sp-Øm-\mWv Ahƒ B{K-ln p Xv. "Bfl-c-lky'Ønse I ym-wn-bpss I\y-ImXzw ITn-\-amb Hcp IS- p-i-b- -Øn-eqsS A]-l-cn- s -Sp-I-bmWv snøp- Xv. F m I\y-I-am-cmb Kucnbv pw I ym-wnbv pw B ka-b-øp- m- Ip A\p`hw GXm-s m- p-x-s -bm-wv. B A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS `m-hhpw X\n-a-bp-amWv Cµp-tat\ms IY-bpsS Icp-sØ v ]d-bmw. A]-l-cn- m-ø-h-cpss a\- p-t]mse hs -Øp {]IrXn. ""hb m pw tndp-a-whpw \nd s\ p-]m- S-ßƒ Ahƒt m Ω h p. Xncp-hm-Xn-c- -meam-b-xn-\m Du m-e-b-ens sndp-i_vzw hmbphn Nm - p-f- p-b Øn-s m- n-cp- p. \nemhv Xdtbmfw ap n. izmkw Xnßn- ns Pem-i-b-Ønte v Ah-sc mw Cd-ßn. ]mb K n-bmb lcn- X-P-e-Øn Ah hnc sim v X p-ibpw BXncm\rØw BSp-Ibpw snbvxp...'' (I-\y-I). ""AsXmcp \ cm{xn-bm-bn-cp- p. Pq ag- Ø-Wp pw a kq aw- pw -Im pw ag-a- W pw \nem-hn-s\m w Cd-ßp-Ibpw snbvx hnf Ø \nem-hn, Ccp- n- msx BImiw sxfn at\m-l-c-amb cm{xn. ]mcn-pm-x- q- ƒ t]mse BIm-isØ ag- m-dn ap Øv \ -{Xßƒ Ipe-bmbpw Iq m-bpw H bv pw ]pd-øn-dßnb Hcp cm{xn.'' (Bfl-c-lkyw). B cm{xn-bn-emwv agsb sxmsm-\p AhfpsS {ia-øn-\n-s-bn X{ -]q w Abmƒ AhfpsS I\y-ImXzw A]-l-cn- -Xv. "" aq -tb-dnb IØn-bm a yw hc-bpwt]m DS-enepw Dbn-cnepw apdn-hp-i-fp- mb B cm{xn. Hcp Im p-\m-b-sb-t mse InX- p-nmsn hcn- Ibpw Ah-fpsS ]nd- mƒ kmcn hen- p-io-dp- Ibpw `mta-s-øn-bpss ]hn-g-ame s]m n- p-ibpw snbvx cm{xn...'' `mta-søn acn- p- -Xn\v Xte pw Abmƒ Cgbp Hcp DcK-sØ-t mse ]Xpßn Ahƒ -cn- In h p. Abm-fp- m- p ssewkn-i-tn- - Iƒ Ahƒ v Ad v am{x-am-wp- m- p- -Xv. ""Fs mcp hn[n, Imdnb ]pi-bne aw- p knk-d p Np p-i-fpss emf-\-bn, «oem-«o-e-ßfpss hc-ºp-iƒ sx n {]mirx`mj-bnse irwkm-c-sødni_vz-ß-fn P\-en-d-ßn-h- \oesh-fn- -Øn Ahƒ `mta-s-ønsb t\m n'' cxn- I Ω-ß-fpsS al-xzhpw AXp-W Øp hy`n- Nmco`mh-tØbpw Xncn- -dn-bmø ]pcp-j ÿe- Im-e-ßƒ - pdw cxnsb tihew Ima-ambn am{xw ImWp- p. AXp-sIm- mwv, ""Ah-b-h-ß-tfm-tcm- mbn A _pzw ]qø {hw- m-sp-i-fn thz-\-bpss Agn- p-gn-i-fn Rcßp-Ibpw ]ndp-]n-dp- p-ibpw snøp '' Xs `mcybpss km n- y-øn Abmƒ Ima-]q Øn \S- Øp- -Xv. F pw ]cm-pbs Sm hn[n- -s s]æns IY-Iq-Sn-bmWv "Bfl-c-lkyw'. A\m-Y-Xz- Øn \n v Xs c -s -Sp-Øp-tºmgpw `mta-s- Øn-bpsS IpkrXn I ym-wnsb t\c-sø-xs A]-cm-[n-bm- n-bn-cp- p. ""Bsc- _vssø dm ep s]m n p? ""Bcm I q- ys '' ""Bcm Cu cmam-bww IodoZv''? "I q- ys '... ""A w Rm\n-_Sncp p \maw sn ym p apøt»y'' ]n osv tcmk-tømsv a n-sp-tºmƒ ` Ømhns Ima-Zm-l-Øn\v Xs Fdn- p-sim-sp- ØXpw `mta-s-øn-bpss Ip n pdpºv Xs. Ip nsb B{K-ln- p Abm-fpsS tamlw sisp- Øm I ym-wnsb a n-bm- n-bxpw `mta-s-ønbpss {]Xn-Imcw \nd Xam-i-X-s. A\m-YXzw t]dp I ym-wn-bmwv CsX mw G p-hm-ßn-bxv F p-am-{xw. Pohn-X-tØmsfw \ofp Ai-c-W- X-sb- p-dn- p t_m[-amwv Aº-Øn-sbm-º-Xp-Imcn-bmb I ym-wnsb, ""lrzbw XI Øv ]pd-tø v NnX-dm-hp \n -lm-b-amb Hcp henb Ic- n \ni-_vz-am- m c p ssisim pw hm s]møm '' t{]cn- n- p- -Xv. bmym y-øns Im -iysø Ie-bm n Db Øp-I-bmWv IY-]-d- n-ens e y-sa si.- ]n.-a- s A`n-{]m-bsØ km[q-i-cn- p ani IY-bmWv "Bfl-c-lkyw'. kwl jmflikµ `sø sshim-cni Xo{h-X-tbmsS H nsb-sp- m {]m]vx-amb hm ns AKm-[X Cµpta-t\m Is -Øn-bn-cn- p- p-sh v Cu IY hnfw-_cw snøp- p. 31

Imhyw \msyw kmlnxyw tum. [ Ω-cmPv ASm v `mc-xobimhykuµ-cy-im-kv{x-k- -ev]-a-\p-k-cn v Imhy-I-esb ka-{k-ambn hne-bn-cp-øp ]T\w Imthyjp \msiw t{ijvt, \ms- Im w IhnXzw CsX mw kmln- Xy-hn-a i-i n-s-bn Akm-[m-c-Wamb a\x-s]m-cp-ø-ap Bi-b-ßfm-Wv. Imhy-im-kv{Xw, \msy-im-kv{x- Øns Dt]m - -sa- -a- n `c- Xs \msy-im-kv{x-øn-eqss e`yambn- p sxfn-hp-iƒ Cu BibsØ ZrVo-I-cn- p- p- v. Imhyimkv{X N bv- v, hninjym Ae- m-c-imkv{x N bv v XpS- -an- Xv `c-xs \msy-im-kv{x-am-w-t m. kwkvirx kmln-xy-hn-a i-i-cn BZy-]-Yn-I-cn {][m-\n-bmb hma- \, kµ t`jp Zi-cq-]Iw t{ibx, XZv ln Nn{Xw Nn{X]ShXv hnti-jkm-i-eym-xv, XtXm A\y-t`-Z- p]vxnx Zi-cq-]-Iky Gh lnw CZw k hw hne-kn-xw, b IYm-Jym-bntI alm- Im-hy-anXn (k-µ `-ß-fn ({]-_- - ß-fn ) Zi-cq-]-I-ßƒ t{ijvtw. AXv Nn{X-ßƒ Fgp-Xnb Iym hmkv F -t]mse hnti-j-ßƒ F mw Dƒs -Sp- -Xn-\m hnin- -am- Ip- p. A\y-Imhyt`Z-ß-sf mw Zicq-]-I-Øn \n pw Iev]n- mw. \ms- Im-Zn-I-fn KZyhpw ]Zyhpw hnhn- [-ß-fmb IYm-L-S-\-Ifpw a p-ap- - Xn-\m AXv IqSp-X Bkzm-Zy-am- Wv) F n-ßs\ Cu \ne-]m-sns\ \ymbo-i-cn- p-ibpw snbvxn- p v (Im-hym-e- m-c-kq-{x-hr-øn, H mw A[n-I-cWw Ah-km\w t\m p-i). kmln-xy-irxn F \ne-bn-ep ]q ÆX \ms-i-øn-em-b-xp-sim- mimw hma-\ ta snm- -{]- Imcw Fgp-Xn-h- Xv. KZy- -]-Zy-ß-fn {]my-an-ix KZy- Øn-\m-sW- nepw Ihn-bpsS D nssh-nn-{xy-sa \ne-bn kmln-xyth-zn-bn-te v BZyw ]Z-aq- n-bxv ]Zy-am-I-Ww. ]mz-c-ln-x-amb KZyw ]Xps am{xta thzn-bn-se-ønbp q F -Xn Akzm-`m-hn-I- Xbv nsan. cwk-th-zn-bn CSw Is -Øn-b-tXmsS AXv Acßv Iog- S- p-i-xs snbvxp. AXp-sIm- mwv KZyw Iho\mw \nijw hz n (KZyw Ihn-I-fpsS Dc-I- m-wv) F snm p-xs cq]-s - -Xv. F m kwkvir-x-km-lnxy hna i-i- m C m-cy-øn Ihn- X-bmtWm KZy-amtWm BZy kmln- Xy-cq-]sØ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- - 32

sx N -bn Aan-X-amb {i snep-øn-b- Xmbn txm p- n-. Zriy- -{imhy cq]-ß-fmbn hgn-]n-cn Ihnhm-Mva-b-ßƒ v Hmtcm- n\pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ]cnan-xn-ifpw khn-ti-j-x-i-fpap v. Zriy-Nm-cpX \ Ip ]q ÆX {ihy-im-hy-ßƒ n-. AXpsIm- mwv Imhyhpw \ms-io-bx ap- n-\n p- - Xm-I-Ww, IYm]m{X-ßƒ I ap-ºn a\- m- Ip Ac-ßn \røw shbv p- -Xmbn A\phm-N-I- v A\p-`-h-s -SWw Fs mw Imhyhn-a i-i- m Ipdn- p-sh- n- p- -Xv. F m h Æ-\-bpsS A\- -amb km[y-xiƒ {ihy-hn- `m-k-øn-\p- -Xp-t]mse \ms-i-øn\v e`n- p- n F Xv ad- m-\m-hp- -X-. Imfn-Zm-ks lnam-eb-h Æ\ A\p-hm-N-I v \ Ip am\- kni\n hrxn \msy-k-t -X-ß-fn-eq-sStbm cwk-hn- Xm-\-Øn-eq-sStbm \ms-i-øn \n pw e`n- p- n F -Xn X -an- -t m. C{]-Imcw A\- -amb km[y-x-iƒs m w Ah-bp-tS-Xmb ]cn-an-xn-ifpw Zriy-{i-mhy- -kmln- Xy-cq-]-ßƒ p- v. Ihn-hm-Mva-b-sa \ne-bn Chsb kwkvir-x-km-lnxy hna i-i- m Imhysa v hyh-l-cn- p. XXvI Øm- sf Ihn-I-sf- pw. Zriy-am-bmepw {imhy-am-bmepw Imhyw ckmfl-i-am-iww hmiyw ckm-fliw Imhyw F - Xn-es{X kwkvirx kmlnxy hna i-i- m Du \ In-bn- p -Xv. Zriy- -{i-mhy-a-b-amb Ihn-hm-Mva-bsØ apgph kmln-xy-]-zw-sim v BZyw hnti-jn- n- Xv Imhy-ao-amw-km-Im-c-\mb cmp-ti-j-c-\m-wv. Imhyim-kv-{XsØ kmln-xy-hn-zy-sb pw At±lw ]p\ \m-a-i-cww snbvxp. kmln-xy-ao-amw-k, kmln-xy-z Ww F o t]cp-i-fn IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-X-s - -txmss kmln-xy-]zw Imhy-]-ZsØ ]q Æ-ambn Dƒs m- p-ibpw snbvxp. kln-x-i-_vz-øn \n- mwv kmln-xy-]zw cq]w-sim- n- p- Xv kln-xtbmx `mhx- km-ln- Xyw. F m kmln-xy-ir-xnbpw i_vzm -ß-fpsS kwtbm-k-^-e-am-bn- mwv cq]-s - n- p- -Xv. `mjm-{]- tbm-k-sa \ne-bn kmlnxyw BXy- n-iambpw i_vzm -\n-jvt-am-wv. Imhy-Øn\pw Bflm-hp-s p hmzn- -hcpw AXv [z\n-bm-wv, ck-am-wv, coxn-bm-wv, ht{im- n-bm-wv, HuNn-XyamWv Fs mw DZvtLmjn- -hcpw Imhyw i_vzm XvYkzcq]amWv F v FSpØp ]d n p v. ImcWw i_vzm ßfn msx kmlnxyw C Xs. i_vzm ßfn GXp LSIØn\mWv {]m[m\yw F Bi kwkvirxkmlnxyao amwki amcn Nnesc nepw D bn mxncp n n.icocw XmhZnjvSm hyh n m ]Zmheo (Imhyicocw CjvSamb A tømsp IqSnb ]ZmhenbmWv.)F p ]d ZWvUnbpw cawobm {]Zn]mZIx i_vzx Imhyw(Imhyw c-a-wo-b-amb A sø {]Xn-]m-Zn- p i_vzamwv )F p ]d PK- m-y-\p-sa mw CØ-cp- W-Øn kvac-wo-b-cp-am-wv. i_vzm -ß-fn H ns\ {][m\timsn-bn sh p-sim- p ChcpsS `Ko-c-Y-{]-b-Xv\w -sim-s m pw i_vzm ß-fpsS XpeyX \nc-kn- -s - n- n F XmWv hkvxp-x. aml, inip-]m-e-h-[-øn ]d- - Xp-t]mse kxvi-hn-iƒ v Cu c p-l-s-i-ßfpw Xpey-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. (i-_vzm u kxvihncn-h- Zzbw hnzzm-\-t]- -tx) i_vzm u klnxu Imhyw- -F v BZy-L- -Øn Xs hnfw-_-c-s -Sp-Ønb `ma-l CsX mw aptº I n-cp- p. AXp-sIm- mwv At±lw Xs Imhym-e- mcw F IrXn-bn Aev]w hnkvxr-x-cq-]-øn Bap-J-ambn C{Xbpw Ipdn- -Xv cq]-im-zn-a-e- mcw _mly-am-n- tx ]tc. kp]mw XnMmw N hypxv]ønw hmnmw hmrvo- y-e- rxnw (cq]-im-zn-i-fmb Ae- m-c-ßƒ Nne-cpsS A`n- {]m-b-øn _mly-am-wv. Ah-cpsS t\m -Øn kp]v, XnMv Ch-bpsS hypxv]-øn-bmwv i_vzm-e- mcw) XtZ-X-Zm-lpx-ku-i_vZyw \m -hyp-xv]- Øn-co-Zr-io. i_vzm-`n-t[-bm-e- m-c-t`-zm-zn w Zzbw Xp \x (]-Z-ßƒ Adn p th -t]mse {]tbm-kn- p- -XmWv kui-_vzw. A -Øns Na-XvImcw CØ-c-a-. Ae- m-c-ßsf i_vz-k-x-ambpw A -K-X-ambpw ]cn-k-wn- p- -Xn-\m \ap v c pw A`n-a-X-am-Wv.) i_vzm -ßsf _mly-sa pw B`y- -csa pw a pw hymjym-\n v Ah-bn-sem- ns\ Db Øn- m- p- -Xn Hc -hp-an-. i_vzm ß-fpsS HØn-cn- ns s]mcp-fns\ sxm -dn Ip -I Cu N bn CS-s]- p-sim v Ipdn- Xv Gsd {]k- -am-wv. i_vzm u Imhyw hmntim hmnyw tnxn Zzu kωn-fnxu Imhyw. Zzmth-I-anXn hnnn-ss{xthm nx tx\ bxv tijmw-nnxv axw Ihn-Iu-i- 33

e-i-ev]n-x-i-a-\o-b-xmxnibx i_vz Gh tihew Imhy-an-Xn, tijmw-nnxv hmny-tah cn-\m-ssh- Nn-{Xy-N-aXvImc-Imcn Imhy-anXn ] Zz-b-a]n \nckvxw `hxn. bkvamzv Zztbm-c]n {]txyiw {]XnXne-anh ssxew XZzn-Zm-lvfm-ZIm-cnXzw h ØtX, \ ]p\-tc-i-kvan (i-_vzm -ß-fmWv Imhyw hm-niw hmnyw F o c pw XΩn tn n-w-ßn-b-xmwv Imhyw. cs Æw H msw p ]d-bp- Xv hnnn{xw Xs. AXp-sIm- v, Ihn-bpsS cn-\m-iu-i-e-øm Iev]n-X-amb kuµ-cym-xn-i-b-ap i_vzw am{x-amwv Imhysa v Nne-cpw, cn-\m-ssh-nn-{xyøm Na-XvImc-ap-f-hm- p A w Xs -bmwv Imhy-sa\v a p Nnecpw D -bn- p c -`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \nckn- -s - n-cn- p- p. i_vzw A w F nh c n-epw, Hmtcm awn F nepw FÆ-sb- -Xpt]m-se, klr-z-bm-àm-z-im-cn-xz-ap v; A m-sx, Ah-bn-sem- n am{x-a AXp- -Xv.) i_vzm -ß-fpsS Cu HØn-cn- ns\ Np n- - n-bmwv kwkvir-x-km-ln-xy-øn Imhy-N - km-ln-xy-n ]n- osv ti{µo-i-cn- -Xv. i_vzhpw A hpw Hcp-an- - msx ImW-s -Sp- n-. \nxy- Po-hn-X-Øn \mw D]-tbm-Kn- p `mj-bnepw i_vzm -ßƒ Hcp-an- mwv h Øn- p- -Xv. \mw Be-]n- p-, \mw tcj-s -Sp-Øp AtX i_vzß-sf-s m pw A -ß-sf-s m pw Xs bmwv Ihn-Iƒ kmln-xy-\-` n \ -{X-Pm-eßƒ Xo p- -Xv. \oe-i-wvt-zo- n-x Xs inheo-em Æ-h-Øn Ipdn- Xv Cu hkvxp-x-b-s{x. bmt\h i_vzm hb-am-e-]max bmt\h Nm m hb-ap- n-jmax ssxtch hn\ym-k-hn-ti- -j`sshyx ktωm-l-bt Ihtbm PK- n. At mƒ]ns km[m-c-w euin-i-po-hn-x- Øn \mw D]-tbm-Kn- p i_vzm -ßƒ pw kmln-xy-ir-xn-i-fn Ihn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p i_vzm -ßƒ pw F v hyxym-k-am-wp- Xv? Cu N -bn CS-s]- p-sim v `ma-l A`n- {]m-b-s - Xv Cß-s\-bmWv KtXm-kvX-a t m `mxo-µp bm n hmkmb ] nwx CtXy-h-amZn Inw Imhyw hm Øm-ta\mw {]N- tx (kq-cy AkvX-an- p, N{µ {]Im-in- p- p, ] n-iƒ tnt -dp- p, CØ-c-Øn-ep- h ImhyamtWm? CXns\ hm Ø F p ]d-bp- p.) hm Ø-bn \n pw kmln-xysø th Xn-cn- p LS-I-ambn `ma-l Nq n- m-wn- Xv D n-ssh-nn-{xy-am-wv. D n-ssh-nn-{x-yøns amkva-cn-i-tem-i-amwv kmln-xyw. sskjm k sshh ht{im nx A\-bm t m hn`m-hytx bxvt\mkymw Ihn\m Imcyx time- m-tcm-\-bm-hn-\m. (F mw D n-ssh-nn{xyamwv. CXp-sIm- mwv A -Øn\v NmcpXzw Df-hm-Ip- -Xv. CXn Ihn bxv\n- -Ww. CXn- msx F -e- m-c-am-wp- Xv?) i_vzm -ß-fpsS HØn-cn- ns cl-ky-a-dnbp- -ht\ Ihn-bm-Ip- p- q. IuXn-i-_vZm-btX ckm hnar-ixn CXn Ihnx F pw \m\rjnx Ihn-cn-Xyp w Ejn Ine Z i-\mxv F pw a pw Ihn {]Io Øn- -s - Xv hm ns s]mcpf-dn-bp klr-z-bs lrz-bsø BI jn- m- \-dn-bp Cu cl-ky-hnzy kzmb-ø-amwv F - Xn-\m-em-Wv. i_vzm -ß-fpsS HØn-cn-s - Xv khn-tij-amb H m-wv. B khn-ti-jx F m-sw At\z-j-W-amWv kmln-xy-tem-iøv hnhn[ ssh m-\n-i- -hn-a i\ kc-wn-iƒ v cq]w-sim- Sp-Ø-Xv. A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX temn-\-øn C mcyw kqnn- n- p- p- v. Xptey A -cq-]txz InanXn Ikvssa-Nn-tZh klr-zbmx ivfml-t. XZv`hnXhyw X{X ti\- NnXv hnti-tj-w. tbm hnti-jx k {]Xo-b-am-\- `mtkm hnth-in`nx hnti-j-tl-xp-xzm-zm-tflxn hyh-ÿm-]ytx (hm-ny-sa pw {]Xo-b-am-\-sa- pap c v Xpey-A -cq-]-ß-fn klr-z-b- m «mln- p A w Xo -bmbpw GtXm hntij-tøm-sp-iq-sn-b-xm-bn-cn- pw. kq va-x-c-amb AXv k h-hn-zn-x-a-. {]Xo-b-am-\-amb Cu khnti-jm -sø-bmwv hnth-in-iƒ Bflm-sh v {]Xn-jvTm-]m\w snbvxn-cn- p- Xv. H n c mw Imcn-I-bpsS hyjym-\w) hmb-\- m-c\v hm ns lrz-b-an-sn v A\p-`h-th-Zy-am- m-\p hgn-iƒ hyxy-kvx-am-wv. Ae- m-c-k hkzhymjym-xm-hmb kap-{z-_- Cu hgn-isf Cßs\ AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp p: ""hnin- -ß-fmb i_vzm -ß-fmWv Imhyw. Ah-bpsS sshinjvsyw [ Ωw aptj-\, hym]mcw aptj-\, hywkyw aptj\ F n-ßs\ aq v A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ. BZy-tØXv Ae- m-c-øn-eq-ss, KpW-Øn-eqsS F n-ßs\ c p-hn-[w. c m-a-tøxv `Wn-Xn-ssh- Nn-Xyw-sIm- v, t`mk-ir-xzw-sim v F n-ßs\ c p-hn-[w. Cßs\ A p-hn-[-ap- -Xn BZy- 34

tøxv DZv`-S sxm p- -hcpw c m-a-tøxv hma- \\pw aq m-a-tøxv ht{im- n-po-hn-x-im-c\pw \mem-a-tøxv ` -\m-b-i\pw A m-a-tøxv B\- µ-h -\\pw AwKo-I-cn- n-cn- p p''. ckw, coxn, A\p-an-Xn, HuNn-Xyw, Na-XvImcw F n-ßs\ Cu hgn-isf ]ns bpw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. kpµ-c-amb, ca-wo-b-amb i_vzm -ß-fmWv kmln-xyw. Cu ca-wo-b-x-bn Ae- m-cw, KpWw, coxn, ckw, [z\n, HuNnXyw F n-h-sb mw Dƒs m- p- p. kmln-xysø euin-i-hy-h-lmc-ß-fn \n pw hyxn-cn- -am- p- Xv Cu ca-wob-x-bm-wv. km[m-cw euinihyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw i_vzm -ßƒ kln-x-am-bn-ø-s -bmwv h Øn- p- -Xv. Ch-bpsS kln-x-xz-an-s - n `mj-xs C. euin-i-hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-tbbpw Imhy-`m-j-tbbpw hyh-t -Zn- p i_vzm -ßfpsS kln-x-`m-hsø (H-Øn-cn- n-s\) hni-zo-icn- mte kmln-xym-kzm-z-\-øns hnhn[]y-ßfn-eq-ss-bp bm{x kpk-a-am-iq. i_vzm -ß-fpsS hnin- -amb Cu kw_- sø hfsc hni-z-ambn hni-i-e\w snbvx kmln-xy-ao-amw-k-i ]Xn-s\m mw \q m- n Imivao-cn Pohn- n-cp {]Xy-`n- m-z i-\- Øns h- mhpw {]tbm mhpam-bn-cp Ip - I-\m-sW p ]d-bmw. {]iv\w Ah-X-cn- n- psim v At±lw ]d-bp- p \\p N hmny-hm-n-i-kw-_- ky hnzy-am-\- XzmZv GXtbmx \ IY- n-z]n kmln-xy-hn-clx, kxy-ta-x-xv, In p hnin- -tah kmln- Xya`nt{]Xw (i-_vzm -ßƒ v hmny-hm-n-ikw-_ w Ft m-gp-ap- -Xn-\m Ah Hcn- epw tn p \n m-xn-cn- p- n, AXv kxy-amwv. F m hnti-j-s hn[-øn-ep kln-x-xzw- X-s -bmwv ChnsS hnh- n- n- p- -Xv. Ip -I, ht{im- n-po-hn-xw. H mw Dt -jw, Ggmw- Im-cn- I-bpsS hymjym-\w). ]q hn-i-\mb `ma-l Bcw-`n ASn-Ø-d-bn Hcp alm-ku-[-amwv Ip -I cq]-i-ev]\ snbvx-xv. i_vzm u klnxu h{i-i-hn-hym-]m-c-imen\n _t hyh-ÿnxu Imhyw XZzn-Zm-Àm-Z-ImcnWn (h-{i-i-hn-hym-]m-c-im-enbpw XZzn-Zm-Àm-Z-Imcn-bp-amb _ -Øn hyh-ÿn-x-amb kln-xß-fmb i_vzm -ß-fmWv Imhyw 1.7) F nßs\ ImhysØ AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øn-s m- mwv Ip -I Bcw-`n- p- -Xv. bznzw kmlnxyw \ma XtZ-Xm-hXn \nxko-a\n ka-bm-[z\n kmln-xy-i-_vz-amt{xsswh {]kn- w. \ ]p\-tc-xky Ihn-I Ω-Iu-i-e-Im-jvTm-[ncq-V-c-a-Wo-bky AZym]n I n-z]n hn]- nzv Abaky ]c-am CXn at\m-mvam-{x-a]n hnnm-c-]- Zhow AXo Æx XZky kc-kzxn lrz-bm-c-hn-µ- _nµpktµm-l-kp-µ-cmwmw kxvi-hnh-nkmw A -cm-tam-z-a-t\m-l-c-txz\ ]cn-kv^p-czv GXXv klr-z-b-jsvn-cwtkmn-cxmw \obtx (km-ln-xysa v \man-t mƒ ]d-bp Xv Ht -sd- m-e-ambn kmln-xy-sa hm m Xs ]cs Adn-b-s - p-t]m- -Xm-Wv. Ihn-bpsS cn-\m-iu-i-e-øns ]c-a-]-z-hn-bn-se-øn-b ca-wo-b-amb Cu kmln- Xy-k- -ev]-\sø kw_- n v Hcp ]fin- X t]mepw CXmWv CXns ]c-am -sa v Aev]-am-{X-am-bn-s - nepw hni-zo-i-cn- n- n-. AXpsIm- v, Ct mƒ, kc-kz-xn-bpss lrz-bm-c-hn-µ- Øn Xpfp-ºp tx Xp- n-iƒ t]mse kpµc-ß-fmb kxvi-hn-h-n-\-ß-fpss B ckuc-`ysa-t mww at\m-l-c-ambn ]cn-kv^p-cn- p kmln-xy-xøzw klr-z-b-cm-ip hcn-h- p-ifpss Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\v hnj-b-am- p-i-bm-wv.) kmln-xy-sa- m i_vzm -ß-fpsS kw_- -am-wv. F m, apºp kqnn- n- -Xp-t]m-se, i_vzm -ß-fpsS kln-x-`mhw \nxy-am-wv. Ah th ]n-cn-bm-\m-hmøhn[w IqSn-t n-cp- -XmWv F p ]t \ap- -dnbpibpw snømw. AXn-s - n Hcp `mj-bp-an-. F n-cn-s, Ah kln-xß-fm-sw v ]d- -Xp-sIm v ho pw ]pxp- Xmbn H pw kn n- p- n-. AXn-\m, Cßs\ i_vzm ß-fpsS kzm`m-hn-i-amb kln-xxzw ho pw FSp-Øp-]-d-bp- -Xn-eqsS \njv{]-tbm-p- \-ambn Ah-\-h-s\-Øs Bbm-k-s -Sp-Øp- Xv hy -am-wv. F m "kmlnxy'øn i_vzm -ß-fpsS kln-x-`mhw F p-]-d-bp- Xv `mj-bn km[m-cw ImWp {]kn- -amb i_vzm -ß-fpsS \nxy-amb tih-e-kw-_- -a-, Xo Øpw A]q h-amb Hcp kw_- -am-wv. Ip -I C mcyw Cßs\ hni-zo-i-cn- p- p. i_vzm u kln-xm-thh {]XoXu kv^pcxx kzm kln-xm-hnxn Xmthh Ina-]q hw hn[o-btx (I.16) (i-_vzm -ßƒ kln-x-ß-fm-bn-øs {]Xo- Xn-bn kzm kv^pcn- p- p- v. AhsbØs kln-x-ßƒ F p \n t±-in- -Xp-sIm v F mwv ]pxp-xmbn a\- n-em-ip- -Xv) 35

i_vzm -ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb Cu kw_- sø hni-z-am- p- -Xn-\p-apºv kmln-xy-øn i_vz-sa pw A -sa pw ]d-bp-tºmƒ F mwv Dƒs m-t - -sx- p-iqsn Dd- m-t - - Xp- v. Imc-Ww, \mw \nxy-hy-h-lm-c-øn km[mcw D]-tbm-Kn- p i_vzm -ß-f kmln-xy- Ønse i_vzm -ßƒ. Ip -I hni-zo-i-cn- p p i_vtzm hnh- n-xm -I-hm-N-tIm-t\yjp k z]n A x klr-z-bm-àm-z-imcn kzkv]-µkp-µcx (1.9) a p i_vz-ßƒ A\-h-[n-bp-s - nepw ]d-bphm-\p-t±-in A w G hpw icn-bmbn \ mbn, {]Im-in- n- p-hm tijn-bp Htc-sbmcp i_vzta kmln-xy-øn i_vz-sa t]cn\v A lx t\sp- p- q. klr-z-b-lr-z-bsø B\- µn- n- p-am-dp ss\k n-i-ku-µcyw Akm-[mc-W-ambn Dƒs m- p A ta kmln-xy- Øn A -sa t]cn\v A lx t\sp- p- q. Cu i_vzm -ßƒ kzbw ad v At\ym\yw ]cs al-xz-øn-\p-th n a -cn- -Ww. H ns kln-x-xz-an- mbva at -Xn-s bpw kln- X-Xz-an- m-bva-bn Iem-in- pw. AXm-b-Xv, A w kzbw Xnf-ßn-Øp-Sn- p- -Xm-bmepw ka -amb hmn-i-i-_vz-ß-fn-s - n arx-{]m-b-am-bn-ø-s bn-cn- pw. AXp-t]m-se, i_vzhpw hmiy-øn-\p- ]-bp- -amb hmnym -an- m-ø-] w A{]-k- -amb as t m ]d-bp- -Xm-bn-Øo v hmiysø _m[n hym[n-t]mse txm pw. B\-µ-h -\ [z\ym-tem-i-øn [z\n(-[z- \n-im-hy)-e- -W-{]-Im-i-\-th-f-bn i_vzm ß-fpsS kzbw ad- p-sim v as m- ns\ t]mjn- n- p Cu km[y-xsb Du n-bxpw ChnsS Hm m-hp- -Xm-Wv. b{xm -i_vtzm hm Xa -ap-]-k -\o- Ir-X-kzm u hymvxx- Im-hy-hn-ti-j [z\n- -cnxn kpcn-`nx-iynxx (1.13) (G-sXmcp Imhy-Øn i_vzhpw A hpw A{]-[m-\-am- -s kzm -ß-tfm-Sp-IqSn (A w Xs bpw i_vzw Xs A -søbpw) {]Xo-b-am-\-amb A sø hyrvpn- n- p- pthm B Imhy-hn-ti-jsØ [z\n ([z-\n-imhyw) F p ]d-bp- p).i_vzm -ßƒ kzxzw ad v ]c-kv]cw ]cs al-xz-øn-\p-th n a - cn- p-i. ka-k h-kpwu k u kplr-zm-hnh kwk-xu. ]c-kv]-cky tim`mssb i_vzm u `htxm bym. (F m KpW-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse CW-ßn-b c p kplr-øp- ƒ tn p \n p- -Xpt]mse Imhy-Øn i_vzm -ßƒ ]c-kv]cw ku`m-ky-an-b- p- -h-bm-bn-øo-cp- p) F v Ip - I as m-cn-søv hni-z-am- p- p. "kln-xm-hn-xy-{xm]n bym-bp n kpm-xo-bmt]- bm i_vzky i_vzm- -tcw hmnyky hmny- -tcw N kmlnxyw ]c-kv]-c-kv] n-xze- -W-tah hnh- n-xw. (k-ln-x-ßƒ (tn p \n p- -h) F p ]d- -Xp-sIm v Hcp i_vzw kpm-xo-b-amb as mcp i_vz-tømspw Hc w as mcp A -tømspw kuµ-cym-[m-b-ixzw ap \n Øn ]c-kv]cw a -cn- p-amdv tn n-wßn-\n pi F mwv hnh- n- n- p- -Xv') F v Ip -I ho pw ho pw Bh Øn- p- p- v. Cu tn n-cn- m-is kz w ta\n {]I-Sn- n- m- \-, adn v Imhy-Øns AgIv h n- n- m-\m- Wv. Ip -I XpS-cp p kmln-xy-a-\tbmx tim`m-im-enxmw {]Xn Im]yku A\yq-\m-\-Xn-cn- -Xz-a-t\m-lm-cn-Wy -h-ÿnxx (1.17) (km-ln-xy-sa- Xv ChnsS (i-_vzm -ß-fp-sS) tim`m-im-en-x- p-th- n-bp-, G - p-d- n-en- m-øhn[w at\m-l-c-am-b, khn-ti-j-amb Hcp Ahÿn-Xn-bm-Ip- p.) "kln-x-tbm `mhx kmln-xyw. A\tbmx i_vzm tbmx bm Im]y-eu-InIo tnx-\-n-a- XvIm-c-Im-cn-Xmbmx ImcWw Ah-ÿnXnx hnnnss{xh hn\ym-k-`w-ko. IoZr-io- -A-\yq-\m-\-Xn-cn- -Xz-a-t\m-lm-cn-Wo, ]c-kv]-c-kv] n-xz-c-a-wobm. bkymw Zztbmx GI Xc-kym]n \yq\xzw \ni tjm \ hnzytx \m]y-xn-cn- Xzw DXvI tjm hm AkvXn CXy x \\p N XYmhn[w kmayw Zztbmx D]-l-Xtbmx A]n kw`-hxn CXym-l- -tim-`m-im-enxmw {]Xn. tim`m kuµ-cyap-ny-tx. Xbm imetx ivfmltx bxk tim`mimeo Xky `mhx tim`m-im-en-xm, Xmw {]Xn kuµ-cy-«m-lnxmw {]Xo-Xy x sskhn klr- Z-bm-Àm-Z-Im-cn-Xm. Xkymw kv] n-txz\ bmku Ah-ÿnXnx ]c-kv]c kmay-kp-`kw Ah-ÿm\w km kmln-xy-ap-ny-tx. A{X N hmn-iky hmn- Im- -tcw hmnyky hmnym- -tcw kmln-xy-a- 36

`n-t{]-xw. (k-ln-x-ß-fm-bn-cn- p (Iq-Sn-t ncn- p- ) \ne-bn-emwv kmln-xyw. AXv Ch-bpsS i_vz-øn-s bpw A -Øn-t -bpw, khnti-j-am-b, AXm-b-Xv, Akm-[m-c-W-amb Na-XvImc-P-\-I-amb Ah-ÿn-Xn hnnn-{x-amb hn\ym-k- `w-kn-bm-ip p. GXp-hn[w? G - p-d- n-en- m-ø-hn- [w, at\m-lm-c-am-bn. A m-cy-øn Ah XΩn a -cn- p- -Xp-sIm v BI j-i-amb a n. i_vzm -ß-fn GsX- n-ep-sam v Ipd- n-cn- p- n-, Gdn-bn-cn- p- p-an F w. Aßs\ kam-\-am-bn-cn- p-i-sb- Xv Ah c pw tzmj-ap- -h-bm-bn-cp- mepw kw`-hn- m-at m F v kwibw txm mw. AXp-sIm- mwv, tim`mim-en-x- p-th n F v FSp-Øp-]-d- -Xv. tim`sb- m kuµcyw; AXp-sIm v ime\w snøs -Sp- -Xv, «mln- -s -Sp- Xv GtXm AXv tim`mimen; AXns `mhw tim`m-im-en-x AXns kuµcyw sim p {]iw-k-\o-b-x. AXp-X-s bm-wt m klr-z-b v BÀm-Z-a-cp-fp ku`m- Kyw. A m-cy-øn i_vzhpw A hpw Hcpt]mse ]c-kv]cw a -cn- p-sim v Nmcp-X-tbmsS ÿnxn-sn-øp- -Xn-s\-bmWv kmlnxyw F p ]dbp- -Xv. ChnsS Hcp hmn-i-i-_vz-øn\v as mcp hmn-i-i-_vz-tømspw Hcp hmnym -Øn\v as mcp hmnym -tøm-sp-ap kln-x-xz-amwv hnh- n- n- p- -Xv. "Xkvam-tZ-Xtbmx i_vzm tbmx XYmkzw bkymw kzk-ºxv kma-{ko-k-ap-zmbx klr-z-bm- Àm-Zm-Imco ]c-kv]-c-kv] bm ]cn-kv^p-c-xn, km ImNn-tZh hmiy-hn\ymk kºxv kmln-xy-hy-]- tz-i-`mkv `h-xn. (A-Xp-sIm- v, i_vzhpw A hpw kzio-b-amb emh-wy-t[m-c-wn-tbmss klr-z-bm-àm-z-i-c-ambn Nmcp-Xz-hn-j-b-Øn ]ckv]cw a -cn- p-sim v ]cn-kv^p-cn- p A\- \y-km-[m-c-w-amb hmiy-hn-\ym-k-amwv kmln-xysa t]cn\v A l-am-bn-øo-cp- -Xv.) i_vzhpw A hpw XΩn Nmcp-Xz-hn-j-b- Øn-ep Cu ]c-kv]-c-a- cw AXns aq - \y-øn FØn-bn-cn- p p F v Ihn Xncn- -cnbp- -Xp-hsc Ahs a\ v ktµ-ln-bmbn h Øn- p p. HSp-hn Ihn-{]-Xn` \n -tµlw tim sø-sp- p ]Z-ßƒ Imhy-cq-]sØ {]Imi-`-cn-X-am- p- p. Ihn hm ns A[n-]-\mbn amdp- p. hma-\ tcj-s -Sp-Øp p: ""B[m-t\m- -ctw XmhZv bmh-t±m-fm-btx a\x ]Zky ÿm]ntx ssÿtcy l kn m kc-kz-xo. bxv]-zm\n XyP-t yh ]cn-hrøn kln-jvwpxmw Xw i_vz-\ym-k-\n-jvwmxmx i_vz-]miw {]N- -tx.'' (1.1.15 s hymjym-\w) (Im-hy-c-N-\-bn ]Zw kzoi-cn- p-tºmƒ "AtXm CtXm' F v a\ v N e-am-ip-tºmƒ sim epw X epw Bh-iy-am-Ipw. A{]-Imcw Btem-Nn v DNn-X-]Zw k n-th-in p Ign- m, kwi-b-an-, cn\ kpµ-c-am-ipw. C{]-Imcw ]Zßƒ am n tbmpn- -t]mse k n-th-in- n- p- - Xns\ kmln-xy-x-øz-a-dn-bp- -h i_vz-]m-isa p ]d-bp- p.) i_vz-x-øz-th-zn-i-fmb Ihn-I-fpsS Xqen-I- Øp-ºn-eqsS hm p-ho-gp ]Z-hn-\ym-k-Nm-cpX kmln-xy-ir-xn-bpss ki-e-x-e-ß-fnepw kie LS-I-ß-fnepw h Øn-t - -Xns A\n-hm-cy- Xbpw Ip -I \njvi jn- p- p- v. "hnin- - tah kmln-xy-a-`n-t{]-xw. IoZriyw? h{i-xm-hn- Nn-{X-KpWme m-c-kw-]zmw ]c-kv]-c-kv] m-[ntcmlx (hn-ti-j-hn-[-øn hnh- n-x-amb Cu kln-xxzw F{]-Im-c-ap- -Xm-sW- p-sh- m h{i-x-sim v hnnn-{x-amb KpW-ßfpw Ae- mc-ßfpw ]c-kv]cw a -cn p kuµ-cym-[m-b-i-ßfm-bn-øo-cp- Xv F mwv DØ-cw). Ip -I Xs N D]-kw-l-cn- p- p. am Km-\p-Kp-W-kp-`tKm am[p-cym-zn-kp-twm-zbx Ae- -c-w-hn-\ymtkm h{i-xm-xn-i-bm-\znxx hrøu-nn-xy-a-t\m-lmcn ckm\mw ]c-t]m-jww kv] bm hnzytx b{x bym-kz-ap-`-tbm-c]n km Im]y-h-ÿn-X-kvX-Zzn-Zm-Àm-ssZ-I- \n-_- \w ]ZmZn hmiv]-cnkv]µkmcx kmln-xy-ap-ny-tx. (am K-Øn\v (co-xn- v) CW-ßnb am[pcyw apxemb KpW-ßƒ, h{i-x-bpss B[n-Iy-tØm-Sp-Iq- Snb Ae- m-c-ß-fpss hn\ymkw, hrøn-i-fpss HuNn-Xyw-sIm p at\m-l-c-amb ck-ß-fpss ]cnt]m-j-ww, Ch-sb mw i_vzm -ßƒ c nepw ]c-kv]-c-kv] -X-tbmsS h Øn- p- -sx-hn-sstbm, AXmWv klr-z-b v BÀm-Z-a-cp-fp-I-sb Htc-sbmcp e yw am{x-ap- -Xpw, ]Zm-Zn-hm-Iv]- cn-kv]-µ-øn (]-Z-hm-Iym-Zn-I-fn ) hym]n `mjbpss Poh-ssN-X-\y-Øns kmchpw Akm-[mc-W-hp-amb i_vzm -hy-h-ÿnxn. AXmWv kmln-xy-sa p ]d-bp- -Xv.) 37

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwkoxw tum. Fw.-Ir-jvW- \ºq-Xncn Fw.-ap-Ip-µs "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' F t\mh-ens ]p\ hm-b\ ""a\p-jy-kw-kvimcw {]Ir-Xn-bpambn _ -s - n-cn- p-ibpw AXns\ kzm[o-\n- p-ibpw snøp- -Xp-t]mse AXn-\m kzm[o-\n- s -Sp-Ibpw snøp p'' (sj-dn t ms^ n, Ct m-{in- n-kn-kw- -do- U, 1996). I ae-bm-f-t\m-h kmln-xy-øn {]ta-b-]-chpw {]tbm-k-]-c-hp-amb ]pxp-a-iƒ F m-eøpw sim p-hcp- -Xn \nxm- -{i ]pe Øn-bn- p Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv Fw. apip-µ. Ft mgpw \ho-i-cn p kzbw ]cn-w-an- p-sim- n-cn- p BJym-\-{]-{In-b-bmWv apip-µs\ ka-im-eniime-l- -Ønepw {]k- - \m- p- -Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bnepw AXns AkvX-a-b-Ønepw B[p-\n- Im-\- -c-x-bnepw ssk_ kmt - Xn-I-bp-K-Ønepw ka-im-en-i-x-bnepw Ime-Øns AS-bm-f-ßƒ G p-hmßm\pw Ahsb k m-fl-i-ambn ]p\ ap-{zww snøm\pw Cu Fgp- Øp-Im-c F pw {ian- p-t]m- n- p- v. 1969- {]kn- o-i-cn "BImi-Øn\p Nph- n ' XpSßn 2008- {]kn- o-ir-x-amb "{]hmkw' hscbp \mev]-xp-h j- m-esø Ccp- ]-Xn-\-SpØp hcp t\mh-ep-iƒ H n-s\m p hyxy-kvxx ]pe Øns m v, taev]-d Ime-]-cn-W-XnI-fpsS km y-s -Sp-Ø-epI-fp-ambn \ne-sim- p- p. apip-µs "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' F t\mh (1984)ae-bm-f- Øn ]e-x-c-ønep A]q -X- Ifpw Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-hp cn-\-bm- Wv. {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{xobpw kwko- Xhpw GIm-fl-I-`m-h-Øn kwb-a- \w-sim- p kq va-po-hn-x-z i-\- amwv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' F t\mh-ens\ cq]-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. aøgn- p-g-bpss Xoc-ß-fn, U ln, lcn- Zzm-dn awn-iƒ apg-ßp- p, sszh- Øns hnir-xn-iƒ, BZn-Xy\pw cm[bpw a p Nne-cpw, Hcp ZfnXv bph- Xn-bpsS IZ-\-I-Y, tii-hs hnem- ]-ßƒ, \røw, ]pe-b- m- v, {]hmkw XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-iƒ ]eco-xn-bn hmbn- -s -Sp-Ibpw ]Tn- s -Sp-Ibpw snbvx-t mƒ \ncq-]-icpss {i tbm ]cn-k-w-\tbm th {X e`n- m-sx-t]mb Hcp t\mh- 38

{]kn- o-i-cn v 25 h jw Ign Cu t\mh-en\v C sø kmln-xo-bhpw kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-]-c-hp-amb kml-n-cy-øn khn-ti-j-{]-k- n-bp- v. aebm-f-ønse BZysØ ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-t\m-h, ]mcn-ÿn-xni kv{xohm-z-t\mh F o hnti-j-w-ßƒ v A l-amwv Cu elp-t\m-h. emwv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ'. lcnxw _pivkv "kmwkvim-cn-i-hn-imcw _p v amk-kn ' (2008) apip-µ- ]Xn- mbn {]kn- o-i-cn- -t mƒ AXn H.-]n.DÆnIrjvWs Hcp elp-te-j-\-øn am{xamwv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' ]cm-a ihnj-b-am- Ip- -Xv. t\mh-ense ti{µ-`m-h-øns kqn-i-ambn kwkoxw D]-tbm-Kn- -s - n-cn- p Xns\ ]cn-n-bs -Sp-Øp- -XmWv {]kvxp-x-te-j-\w. apip-µs a p ]e t\mh-ep-i-fp-ambn tn Øphbv p-tºmƒ Xmc-X-tay\ sndnb t\mhemwv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ'. {]kn- o-i-cn v 25 h jw Ign Cu t\mh-en\v C sø kmln-xo-bhpw kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-]-c-hp-amb kml- N-cy-Øn khn-ti-j-{]-k- n-bp- v. ae-bm-f- Ønse \ncq-]-w-`m-hp-i-xz-kw-kvim-c-øn kv{xohm-zhpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-hm-zhpw Zen-Xv]- hpw CSw-tX-Sp- Xv 1990-I-fn-em-Wv. C v, Cu \ne-]m-sp- I-fn \n p-sim p kmln-xy-hm-b-\bpw \ncq-]-whpw aqey-\n Æ-bhpw apjy-[m-c-x-s bm-bn- p- v. kv{xo]- -Øp-\n- p-sim- p Bib-ßƒ pw Nn -Iƒ pw, {]Ir-Xy-[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X-Z i-\-øn-\pw A[x-ÿn-Xn-h D -a-\- Øn\pw Du \evin-sim- p CXn-hr-Ø-L- S-\bpw BJym-\-co-Xn-bp-amWv "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' F t\mh-en\v DØ-cm-[p-\n-I-Im-e-{]- k n \evip- -Xv. kmt -Xn-I-amb A -Øn ae-bm-f-ønse BZysØ ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-t\m-h (Ecological Novel), ]mcn-ÿn-xni kv{xohm-z-t\mh (Ecofeminian Novel) F o hnti-j-wßƒ v A l-amwv Cu elp-t\m-h. en n F saun- kb kv hnzym n\n Pohn-X-Øns ki-e-si- p-]m-sp-ifpw Dt]- n v ImSns D n-te v A`-bw-tX-Sn-s - p- -Xns IY-bmWv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' t\mh-en BJym\w snøp- Xv F p Npcp- n- -d-bmw. Infn- Ifpw ac-ßfpw Acp-hn-Ifpw Im pw agbpw XWp pw Ccpfpw \nd h\-{]-irxn en nsb ]pxn-sbmcp Pohn-X-Øn-te p Wn- p p. InfnbpsS hnfn Ahsf \K-c-Po-hn-X-Øn \n pw ImSns D p-i-fn-te p \bn- p- p. {]Ir-Xnbn ebn- m-\p kv{xobpss Dƒhn-fn -X-s bmwv en n-bn-eqss Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip- Xv. `qanbpss K `-Øn-te p as-ßp koxm-k- -ev]-\- amwv en n-bn ImWp- -Xv. Fw.-_n.-_n.-F-kv. ]T- \-Øns Ah-km-\-L- -Øn - -]-co- m-l- - Øn F-Øn-\n-ev p en n-bpss `uxntim j-]-cn-xymkw a\p-jy-po-hn-xsø kw_- n- p Ht sd k o Æ-X-I-fpsS hymjym-\-]-co- Ww IqSn-bm-Ip- p. II "]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-t\m-h ' F kuµ-cy-im-kv{xk-t Xw sim v IrXy-ambn hni-i-e\w snømhp- -hn[w ]cn-ÿnxn {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw Cu t\mh-en BZy w hym]n- p-\n- p- p v. ]cnÿn-xnsb Ipdn- p kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-]-c-amb hnh- -Iƒ Ipd-s m p {]Xn-]m-Zn- mte "Infnh p hnfn- -t mƒ' t\mh-en AXv F{]-Imcw A [m-c-bmbn h Øn- p p F p hy -amhp-i-bp- q. BtKm-f-hym-]-I-ambn, Pohn-X-Øns ka-kvx-ta-j-e-i-fnepw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-im-h-t_m[w (Ecological Awarness) {]k- n-t\-sn-s m- n-cn- p- -Xns `mk-ambn kmln-xy-ønepw kuµ-cyim-kv{x-ønepw AXv N m-hn-j-b-ambn amdn-bn- p- v. Pohn-Xm-hn-jvIm-c-amb kmln-xy-øn ]cnÿnxn kz`m-hn-i-ambn IS- p-h-cm-sa- n-epw, Pohn- X-Øns \ne-\n-ev]ns\ kw_- n- p Hcp {]iv\w F \ne-bn {]Ir-Xnbpw ]cn-ÿn-xn- L-S-I-ßfpw C v k m-flic-n-\-i-fn AXns km n[yw Adn-bn- p- p- v. kmln-xy- \n-cq-]-w-øn lcn-x-em-h-wy-imkv{xw (Eco aesthetics) Xs cq]-s - p-i-gn- n-cn- p- p. {]Ir-Xym-h-t_m[w \ -am- n-s m- p \mk-cn-i-po-hn-x-kw-kvim-csø Xncp-Øn- p-dn- m ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-t_m-[-øn-eq- nb Nn -Ifpw kmln-xym-hn-jvim-c-ßfpw B[p-\n-Im-\- -c-im-e- L- -Øn kpo-h-am-bn. a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep ]mc-kv]cyw \ -s - p-xp-sßn F p Xncn- -dn-bp- n-s-øp-\n- mwv lcn-x-z i\w DZ-bwsIm- p- -Xv. a\p-jy-kw-kvimcw {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn _ -s - n-cn- p-ibpw AXns\ kzm[o-\n- p- Ibpw snøp- -Xp-t]mse AXn-\m \n Æ-bn- s -Sp-Ibpw kzm[o-\n- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøp p 39

F v sjdn t mdn-s^ n "Cs m {In n-knkw dou ' (EcoCriticism Reader) F {KŸ-Øn Fgp-Xn. AXn\pw apºv 1962- td Igvk cnn "\n»-_vz-h-k w' (The silent spring) F IrXn hk w \ -am-ip- -Xns\ hn`m-h\w snbvxp-sim v, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ime-tZ-i-hn-ti-jßƒ p kw`-hn- m-hp Zpc- -sø- p-dn v ap dn-bn p \ In-bn- p- v. {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn klpo-h\w km[y-am- p Z i-\amwv ]cn-ÿnxnz i-\w. i n-bpss Cctbm Nqj-W- Øn\p hnj-btam a\p-jy F bp-am-\\p hnt[-btam A mø Hcp {]Ir-Xnsb Is - Øm\pw AXn ebw-sim p Ign-bm\pw t]mcp Hcp Pohn-X-coXn At\z-jn- p-i-bmwv ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-po-hn-x-z i-\w. "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' t\mh-ense \mbn-i-bmb en nbpw Iq p- Im-c-\mb kxy\pw Cusbmcp ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-pohn-x-coxn At\z-jn- p-i-s -Øp-Ibpw AXn PohnXw Hcp XpS bm- m Xocp-am-\n- p-ibpw snøp- p. kv{xobpw ]pcp-j\pw {]Ir-Xn-tbmSp tn p \n p-tºmtg Ncm-N-c-{]-]- -Po-hnXw AXns A -ss\-k n-ix shfn-hm- p- p q. AXp-sIm- mwv "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' XnI pw ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-t\m-h F hnti-j-w-øn\v A l-am-ip- -Xv. ae-bm-f-øn ]cn-ÿn-xn-i-t_m[w kmln-xy- Nn- -bpss `mk-ambn kzoi-cn- -s -Sp- Xpw 1983 Ime-L- -Øn-em-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-kw-c- -W-{]-h Ø\- ßƒ p ap n- n-d-ßnb s{]m^. Fw.-sI.-{]-km-Zns\-t m-ep Hcp-Iq w ]cn-ÿn-xn-{]-h Ø-I v ]n pw {]Jym-]n- psim v F.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hmcy, kpk-x-ip-am-cn, Aø -Wn-, IS-Ω-\n-, hnjvwp-\m-cm-b-w \ºq-Xn-cn, H.-F.-hn.-Ip-dp v XpS-ßnb Ihn-I-fmWv ]cn-ÿn-xn-t_m[w Nn bnepw Fgp-Ønepw sim p-h- -Xv. {]Ir-Xn-kwc- -W-k-an-Xn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn 1983- "h\- ] w' F Ihn-Xm-k-am-lmcw {]kn- o-i-cn- p. ]cn-ÿnxn kuµ-cy-imkv{xw kmln-xym-]-{k-y-\- ]- -Xn-bmbn ae-bm-f-øn kzoi-cn- -s -Sp- -Xm- Is 1990- -I-fn BWv. 1992- tum. Sn.-]n.-kp- Ip-am-cs "]cn-ÿnxn kuµ-cy-imkv{xw: Hcp apj-hp-c', 1995- tic-f-km-ln-xy-a- m-zanbpss kmln-xy-tem-iw- -]-cn-ÿnxn kuµ-cy-im-kv{x- - Xn v F o cn-\-iƒ Cu hgn- p- m-bn. Cusbmcp ] m-ø-ew-iqsn ]cn-k-wn- p-tºm-gmwv 1984- {]kn- o-ir-x-amb "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' F t\mh ]mcn-ÿn-xn-im-h-t_m-[- Øns shfn w ]c-øp BZy-t\m-h F \ne-bn- IqSp-X {]k- -am-ip- -Xv. III t\mh-ens {]ta-b-l-s-\-bn-te p IS- psn v AXns ]mcn-ÿn-xn-im-[n-jvtm\w shfnhm- p-tºmtg t\mh-en\p Nm Ønb hnti-j-ww- -km-t -Xn-Im -Øn-ep BZysØ ]mcn-ÿn- Xn-I-t\m-h - -ÿm-]n-x-am-hp-i-bp- q. \mk-cn-i-]- cn-jvir-x-po-hn-x-øn \n pw Bc-Wy-I-{]m-Ir- XnI Pohn-X-Øn-te- p en n-bpss Pohn-X-]-cn- Wm-a-amWv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -Xv. t\mh XpS-ßp BZy-J-fin-I-bnse BZysØ aq p-]-z-ßfpw (am-a- q ] Ww ]n n- -t mƒ) B Jfin-I-bpsS Ah-km-\sØ aq p- ]-Z-ßfpw (en- n-bpss apjw {]k- -am-bn) tn Øp-h- m In p- Xv Hcp ]q Æ-hm-Iy-am-Wv- -am-a- q ] Ww ]n n- -t mƒ en n-bpss apjw {]k- -am-bn. CXv Cu t\mh-ens Xs ]q - I-ev]-\ambn (Foreshadowing) ImWm-hp- -Xm-Wv. ] Ww B[p-\n-I-X-bpsSbpw \mk-cn-i-x-bp-ssbpw \msy-ß-fp-ssbpw Ir{Xn-a-X-I-fp-sSbpw temi-am-wv. Ahn-Sw-hn v kwko-x-øn-s bpw ac-ß-fpssbpw Infn-I-fpsSbpw {]mir-xn-i-k-t -X-amb Im n-te v Dƒh-en-bm-\mWv t\mh-ense \mbni B{K-ln- p- -Xv. h\-{]-irxn en n v {]k- -X-I-fpsS CSam-Wv. ] n-e- -S p-i-fn-eqss ]mdn- -fn- p Hcp sim p-in-fn-bmbn Im n-\p- n-te p PohnXw am nsb-gp-xp en n-sb-bmwv t\mh-ens A y- Øn ImWp- -Xv. AXn-\n-S-bn-ep Pohn-X- Øns {]Ir-Xn-hn-cp- -Xbpw k o Æ-Xbpw bm{ n-i-xbpw FSp-Øp-Im- n, {]mir-xn-i-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-jvTm-\-Øns ss\k n-i-x-bn hnizmkw ÿm]n- p-i-bmwv t\mh-en-ãv. Xe-t»-cn-bnse ho n \n pw timgn-t msv saun- timtf-pn-te- p Im bm{x ama- q Ign-bp-tºmƒ \mj-w sslth Dt]- n v Im n \-Sp-hn-eq-sS-bp hgn p t]mim en n \n t±-in- Xv Ah-fpsS Dd Xocp-am-\-Øns ASn-ÿm-\-Øn X-s -bm-bn-cp- p. ]W-Øns bpw ]cn-jvim-c-øn-s bpw {]Xm-]-Øn-s bpw s]mß ß-fn Pohn- p amxm-]n-xm- fpw `uxn-i-k-ar- n-bpss asp- n- p Krlm- -co- hpw am\-kn-i-ambn en nsb H -s -Sp-Øp- Xpw Xf Øp- Xpw Bbn-cp- p. "A ]Øp-ap- qdp \mgni AI-se-bm-Wv. \msf A s Acn- In \n p-tºmgpw Ah n-s-bn Cu Zqc-ap- m-ipw. Ahƒ -dnbmw' (]p.27) F p t\mh- 40

enãp ]d-bp-tºmƒ en n-bpss kzim-cy-tem-ihpw amxm-]n-xm- -fpss `uxn-i-tem-ihpw XΩn-ep A cw hy -am-wv. a\- p-\n-dsb I\nhpw Zbbpw hm s m-gp-ip s] Ip n F v en n- {]Ir-Xn-kw-c- -W-k-an-XnbpsS {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsSbpw {]Nm-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw ^e-ambn ]mcn-ÿn- Xn-I-t_m[w cq]-s -Sp- Ibpw Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X- [m-c-bmbn hni-kn- p-h-cn- Ibpw snøp BZy-L- - Øn - 1980-I-fn - -Xs AXns k m-fl-i{]imi\-ambn, t\mh cq-]- Øn "Infn-h p hnfn- t mƒ' {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - p. XpS p Ime-L- - Øn-em-Wv 1985 apx 1990- Ifnepw XpS pw- -I-Ybpw Ihn-Xbpw t\mhepw AS w k m-fl-i-kmlnxyw H msi lcn-x-z i- \sø Kuc-h-]q w ]cn- K-Wn- m XpS-ßp Xv. Pohn-X-Øn Hcp L -Ønepw kz -amb Xocpam\w FSp- m-\m-hm-ø-hn[w A -s bpw a p- h-cp-ssbpw A[o-i-Xz-Øn a\- p-a-c-hn- n p \n t - n-h-cp- -Xnse A\n-hm-cy-amb Hcp s]m n-sø-dn-bmwv en nsb Im n-\p- n-te p ]emb\w snøn- p- -Xv. Hc-`n-{]m-bhpw Bcm-bmsX F mw A Xocp-am-\n- p p F pw kz w ai-tfm-sp s]cp-am- -Ønepw A \v kz w ÿm]-\-ß-fn ]pe Øp _nkn-\kv at\m- `m-h-amwv D Xv F pw en n Nn n- p- p v (]p. 33-34). kº \pw kpap-j\pw Ata-cn- -bn tumœdpw Bb IrjvW-N-{µ-\p-ambn en n-bpss hnhmlw Xocp-am-\n- p-tºmgpw Ah-fpsS XmXv]- cy-ßƒ Bcm-b-s -Sp- n-. B[p-\n-I-\m-K-cnI]cnjvIr-Xn- -\p-k-cn- p hnhm-l-]q -]-cn-n-b-s - S-epw- AXn tlm ap-dn-bnse azy-k m-chpw imco-cn-i-_- hpwhsc s]sp p N-S-ßp-Ifpw H pw en n v C -an-s - nepw \n Ω-a-X-tbm-sS, \n -lm-b-x-tbmss F m-øn\pw hg-tß- nhcp p. \m n ]p-d-øp-im-c\pw km[m-c-w- mc\pw Bb kxy-\p-ambn en- nbv p Xpd kulrzw am{x-amwv GI Bizm-k-am-bn- p- -Xv. Fw.-F-kv.-kn.- m-c-\m-sw- nepw si n-s-\n Ωm-WsØm-gn-em-fn-bmbn Pohn-t - n-h-cp kxy en- n-bpss BZ i-]p-cp-j-k- -ev]-øn\p \nc- p- h-\p-am-wv. snω ]m-xbpw ]pgbpw hbepw txmspw sxßn ]-dºpw \nd {Kmao-W-{]-Ir- Xn-bn-ep kxys IpSn-emWv en n v _w mhnse ioxo-i-cn apdn-sb- mƒ Bizmkw \evinbn-cp- -Xv. \K-c-]-cn-jvIm-cn-bmb IrjvW-N-{µ-\p-am-bp- hnhm-lsø A -t\msv FXn Øp-]-d-bm-\m-ImsX, kxys apºn \n -lm-bx shfn-s -Sp- Øn, F m D n-ep- -sx mw kxy-t\msp ]dbm-\m-imsx \K-c-Øn-te p as-tß- n-h-cp en n F m si p-]m-sp-i-fn \n- p-ap tamn-\- ambn I Xv Im n-te- p hgn-bm-bn-cp p. ImSns sndp-\n-izm-k-ßƒ G p-hm-ßnbpw \nxyk-am-[n-bn Ign-bp ]pcm-x-\-hr- -ßsf \an pw kky-ß-fnepw h n- -S p-i-fn-epap h j- m-e-kva-c-w-iƒ sxm -\p-`-hn pw Im -cp-hntbmsp In mcw ]d pw ImSns Znhm-kz-]v\- ß-fmb Ipcp-hn-I-tfmSp kwkm-cn pw ac- q- ßƒ n-s-bn-eqss h\-\o-en-a-bn ebn v en n kzmx-{ y-øns kwkoxw \pw- p. At mgpw IqsS- -cp-xn-bn-cp ayqkniv πbdn \n pw "Im ph n-iƒt]mse \o X-e-ap-Snsb- p-dn v as mcn-søv (]p.29) ]d-bp- p-ap- v. H - s -S, GIm- -X, hnc-kx F n-h-bn \n p c -tx-s-em-bn-cp p en n v kwko-xhpw {]Ir- Xnbpw \nkz-p-\-_- -hpw. 41

bn-ep {^m v km -bpss ]nkvanszn-en v' F PmkvKoXw Hgp-In-\n-d-bp- p- m-bn-cp- p. ImSn-s\, {]Ir-Xn-sb, I pw-ti pw sxm pw cpnn pw {LmWn pw Xs Xs Bfl-`m-h-am- p kv{xosb-bmwv en n-bn ImWm-\m-Ip- -Xv. ]t {µn-b-ß-fn-eqss ImSns \nkq-v-x-bn kzbw Aen- p-tn-cp-hm-\p AZ-ay-amb Xzcen- n-bnse kox-sb- -kv{xo-sb- -kq-nn- n- p- p. Im n-\p- n A{]-Xy- -bmb en nsb Is - Øm \K-c-hm-kn-I-fmb kn.-si., tap \ºym, ]o, A p-x \m-b XpS-ßn-b-h m pw Ign-bp- n F Xpw {i n-t kqn-\-bm-wv. {]IrXnss\k n-i-x-i-fn \n pw AI- p-i-gnbp- -h v {]Ir-Xn-`m-h-ßsf Is -Ømt\m Xncn- -dn-bmt\m Ign-bp- n-. ImSns\ Adn-bp Imfp-hn\pw kxy\pw am{x-amwv en nsb ImSn- \p- n Is -Øm-\m-b-Xv. ImSns\ hnizkn msa- mwv kxy ]d-bp- -Xv. Im n en n v Hc- ]-I-Shpw kw`-hn- n F bmƒ Icp-Xp- p ""Cu ImSv Ahƒ v Hcp t{zmlhpw snøp-i-bn-. ap\n-h-cy msc-t mse kam-[n-bn-en- p Cu h hr- -ßfpw Ip p-ß-sf-t mse hnir-xn-im- Wn- p Cu ] n-e- -S p-ifpw ]m p-]m-sp Ipcp-hn-Ifpw Ah-fn kvt\lw timcn-s m-cn-bp- I-tb-bp q'' (]p.118). CXp-X-s -bt ]mcn-ÿn- Xn-Im-h-t_m-[hpw Xncn- -dn-hpw. \njv -f- -amb Im n \n pw ]pd-øp-h p ] -W-ßƒ D m- nb ]q n-i-tcmsv kxy\v ]cn-`hw txm n-b- Xmbpw apipµ t\mh-en ]d-bp- p v. en nsb Is -Øp kxy Ah-fpsS at\mtem-iw-iqsn ImSns ] m-ø-e-øn Xncn- -dnbp-i-bm-wv. Hcp e -{]-`p-hns ai-fmbn Pohn- mt\m Ata-cn- tumœ-dpss `mcy-bmbn amdmt\m en n- m-hn F -dn-bp kxy en nsbbpw Iq n Ing- ae-i-fn BZn-hm-kn- p- Sn-en tkh-\-po-hnxw XpS-ßm \n -bn- p-ibm-wv. ""Ip n Ah-cpsS tcmkw NnIn- n p am p- I. Rm Ahsc A cw ]Tn- n- mw... \ap v Fßs\ thw-sa- nepw Ign-bmw. Ct m-g-søt mse \ Nßm-Xn-am-cmtbm `mcybpw ` Ømhp-amtbm Fßs\ thw-sa- nepw. As - n G \pw A\p-P-Øn-bp-am-bn. \ΩpsS _ -Øn\v Hcp t]cns Bh-iy-apt m Ip o'' (]p.122). CXmWp kxys ImgvN- msv. CXp-tIƒ ptºmƒ en n-bpss a\ v as mcp h\-ambn ]qøpe-bp- p. a\- p-iƒsim- p Xncn- -dn-bns A\p-`-hsØ apip-µ ]I Øp- -Xn-ß-s\-bm- Wv ""F{Xtbm h j-ß-fmbn a\- n I\-Øp- In-S- n-cp tal-ßƒ apgp-h s]bvxp-xo - Xp-t]mse Hcp eml-hw. Ah p Xm Hcp Ipcphn-bmbn amdn-b-xp-t]mse txm n. ] n-e- -S p- I-fn-eqsS ]mdn- -fn- p Hcp sim p-infn'' (]p.122). CXmWv bym -Øn-ep kzmx-{ yw- -kv{xo-]p-cp-j-{]-ir-xn-i-fpss ka-\z-b-kzm-x-{ yw. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep _ -Øn ]cn-an-x-s - n-cn- p tih-e-am-\p-jn-i-[ Ω-imkv{X-Øn-\p-a- p-dw, {]]- sø apgp-h Dƒs m- p Hcp \h-[ Ω-im-kv{X-Øn-te- mwv Infnh p hnfn- -t mƒ F t\mh Dƒs m- p aqey-t_m[w hnc Nq- p- -Xv. Cu aqey-t_m- [sø ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-b-flo-b-x-bp-ambn (Spiritual Ecology) tn Øp-h-bv m-hp- -Xm-Wv. s]æpw {]Ir-Xnbpw Iogm-f\pw A[o-i-h -{]-Xy-b-imkv{X-ß-fpsS Nq-j-W-Øn \n pw tamnn-x-amtb axn-bm-iq. kzmx-{ yw, ka-xzw, kl-h ØnXzw F nh ]pe-c-w-sa- n {]IrXn A\p-im-kn- p Xc-Øn-ep kl-po-hn-im-cp-wy-øn-e-[njvtn-x-amb Pohn-X-[ Ωw ssis m-t - -Xp- v. Aß-s\-bm-Ip-tºmƒ, {]Ir-Xn-sbm-cp- p Bhm-k-]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bn Hcp IÆ-nam-{XamWp a\pjy-s\- pw, ]p pw ]pgphpw Infnbpw sh hpw aæpw achpw F mw IqSn-t -cp-tºmƒ am{xta {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Bfl-`mhw ]q Æ-amIq F p-ap \hm-sszzxw km m-xvi-cn- -s -Spw. CØ-c-samcp {]Ir-Xn-Im-cp-Wy-B-flo-b-X-bn-te- mwv kxy\pw en nbpw FØn-t -cp- -Xv. t]cn- p-hn-fn- p _ -ß-fpsS Hu]-Nm-cn-I-Xbv v ChnsS {]k- n-bn-. {]Ir-Xn-`m-h-Øns hnim-e-x-bn IÆn- I-fmbn hnf- n-t -s -Sp- -Xn-emWv {]k- n. Ncm-N-c-{]-]- sø apgp-h Dƒs m- p ]pxnb [ Ω-im-kv{X-Øn-\m-Wn-hnsS {]m[m-\yw. kq va-amb Awi-ß-fn t mepw lcn-xt_m[w \nd-bv m ]cym-]vx-amb BJym-\-co-XnbmWv apip-µ Cu t\mh-en kzoi-cn- n- p- Xv. ] -bpss h Æ-]- m-øew t\mh-en-se-ºmspw ]S n-cn- p- p. NneXp t\m p-i. ""henb Im ph- n-i-fpss {]n p lcn-x-h Æ-am jnt^m kmcnbpw shfp-øp-cp t\ Ø ssiø- -Iƒ c nepw ] - Ip- n-h-f-ifpw'' en n [cn- n-cn- p- -Xmbn apip-µ ]d-bp- p v (]p.10). Im p-ho-ip-tºmƒ "] -Øn-c-am-e-Iƒ' Dcp- p-h p s]m n- n-x-dp- Xpw Fßpw hm p-hogp ] -h Æhpw ImSns amkva-cn-i-x-bmbn t\mh-en BJym\w snø-s -Sp- p. Im n-\p- 42

n Not m-{^o-ams kwko-xw-t]mepw en nbn "] Øo' ]S Øp -Xm-bn- mwv ]d- n- p- -Xv. Im p-]m-x-bn-sem-cn-søv Imdp-\n Øn-b-t mƒ ImSns kuµcyw en nsb {]tnm-zn- n- p- -Xns\ apip-µ hy -am- p- -Xn-ß-s\-bm-Wv B lcn- X-k-ar- n-bn Ah-fpsS a\w Ipfn Øp. ImSns Ipfn a \nd kpk w sas X n h p \nd-bp- -Xmbn Ahƒ p-txm- n... Im p-]q- -fpss kuc`yw izkn v Ah-fpsS DS-emsI {Xkn- p.. Nnd-Ip-I-fn ap p n hncn- -t]mse a - p- n-i-fp Hcp sndp-infn Ahsf Im n\p- n-te p Wn- p.'' Cßs\ BJym-\- I-Øn-se-ºmSpw {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ssh-hn[yw AXns km n[yw Adn-bn- p- p. tihew ]cnÿnxn {]Wbw shfn-hm- m th n-bp BJym-\-a CsXm- pw. Pohn-X-Øns A\- km-[y-x-i-fn H ns\ apip-µ en n-bpss Pohn- X-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn- p-i-bmwv. kº-øns bpw hnzym-`ym-k-øn-s bpw kpj-t`m-k-ß-fpssbpw B[n-Iy-X-bn \n pw k o Æ-X-I-fnte p howpx-i-cp Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fn \n p tamn\w B{K-ln- p a\p-jy-a-\- ns kzmx-{ y-{]-jym-]-\-amwv h\-k `-Øn-te- p as- -bm-{x-bn-eqss A`n-hy- -am- p- -Xv. \mk-cn-i-xbpw ]cn-jvir-xnbpw a\p-jys\ {]Ir- Xn-hn-cp- -ambn Nn n- m\pw Pohn- m\pw t{]cn- n- p- p. AXns Zpc- -^-e-øn Ah in n- -s SpIbpw snøp- p. Wn-I-em-`ßƒt m kpj-ßƒt m th n {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ss\k n-i-ku-µ-cysø \in- n- p \mk-cni kwkvimcw sndp- -s -ts- -Xp- v. \njv -f- - amb Im n \n p ]pd-øp-h p ] -W-ßƒ D m- nb ]q n-i-tcm-sp kxys ]cn-`-hhpw {]Xntj-[hpw B hgn- p lcn-x-a-\- ns kzm`mhni {]Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv. kb kn-s bpw ssivt\mf-pn-bp-ss-bp-sams hf -sim v a\p-jy {]Ir-Xn-bn \n pw A\y-\m-Im ]msn-s pw {]Ir-Xn-bn-te- p Xncn- p-t]m- n-eqss am{xta ]mcn-ÿn-xn-i-zp-c- -ß-fn \n pw c -t\-sm- \miq F pw as mcp kµ `-Øn (kmw-kvimcn-i-hn-imcw apip-µ ]Xn- v, 2008) apip-µ ]d- n- p- Xpw ChnsS {]k amwv. ImS-Ø- Øn \n pw \ms-ø-øn-te- p ]cn-wm-asø kmwkvim-cn-i-hn-imkw F p]d-bp-tºmgpw AXv ss\k n-i-kw-kvim-c-øns timjn- mbn amdp- I-bm-Wv. CXp Xncn- -dn-bp- kxy\pw en nbpw- ]cn-ÿn-xn\njvtamb ]pxn-sbmcp Pohn-X-am-XrI kr n- m Xøm-dm-hp-I-bm-Wv. ChnsS Pohn-X- Øns cmkhpw ]cn-ÿn-xn-bpss Xmfhpw kv{xo]p-cp-j-k-axzøns {ipxnbpw kwe-bn- p {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kwko-x-amhpw apg-ßp-i. C{]-Imcw {]ta-b-ønepw AXns {]Im-i-\- Ønepw {]Ir-Xnbpw ]cn-ÿn-xnbpw B[m-c-{ip- Xn-bmbn h Øn- p p F -XmWv "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' F t\mh-ens\ hyxn-cn- -am- p- -Xv. {]Ir-Xn-kw-c- -W-k-an-Xn-bpsS {]h Ø-\- ß-fp-sSbpw {]Nm-c-W-ß-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn ]mcnÿn-xn-i-t_m[w cq]-s -Sp-Ibpw Hcp {]Xy-b-imkv{X-[m-c-bmbn hni-kn- p-h-cn-ibpw snøp BZy-L- -Øn - 1980-I-fn - -Xs AXns k m-fl-i{]im-i\-ambn, t\mh cq-]-øn "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' {]kn- o-i-cn- -s - p. XpS p Ime-L- -Øn-em-Wv 1985 apx 1990- Ifnepw XpS pw- -I-Ybpw Ihn-Xbpw t\mhepw AS w k m-fl-i-km-lnxyw H msi lcn-x- Z i-\sø Kuc-h-]q w ]cn-k-wn- m XpSßp Xv. ]cnÿnxn-ku-µ-cy-imkv{xw kmln-xyhn-i-i-e-\-]- -Xn-bmbn ae-bm-f-øn thcp-]n-sn- m ]ns bpw Ime-sa-Sp-Øp. C v t\mh, IY, IhnX ]T-\-ß-fnepw \ncq-]-w-k-th-j-wtaj-e-i-fnepw lcn-x-ku-µ-cy-imkv{xw {]m[m\yw ssih-cn- n- p- v. ]cn-ÿn-xn-t_m-[-øns kuµcy-im-kv{x-k- -ev]-\-ßƒ B[m-c-am n ae-bm-ft\m-h-ep-iƒ ]cn-tim-[n- p-tºmƒ kmt -Xn- Im -Øn BZysØ ka-{k-]m-cn-ÿn-xn-i-t\mh F hnti-jww tncpi Fw.-ap-Ip-µs "Infn-h p hnfn- -t mƒ' t\mh-en-\p-x-s -bm-wv. {KŸkqNn 1. s]mxp-hmƒ, ]n.-]n.-si. 2007, ]cn-ÿn-xn-t_m-[hpw kwkvim-c-hpw, amxr-`q-an-_p-ivkv, timgn-t m-sv. 2. a[p-kq-z-\, Pn. 2002. lcn-x-\n-cq-]ww ae-bm-f- Øn, Id v _pivkv, Xriq. 3. apip-µ, Fw. 1988. Infn- h- p- hn-fn- -t mƒ, 3 mw ]Xn- v, Id v _pivkv, Xriq 4. kmln-xy-temiw ]cn-ÿn-xn-ku-µ-cy-im-kv{x-]-xn- v, 1995 sk]v w-_ - -H-tŒm-_, tic-f-km-ln-xy-a- m-zan, Xriq. 5. kpip-am-c, Sn.-]n. 1992. ]cn-ÿn-xn-ku-µ-cy-im-kv{x- Øn-s\m-cp apj-hpc, t_m[n-_p-ivkv, timgn-t m-sv. 6. Cheril Glotfelty (Ed.) 1996. Eco Criticism Reader University of Georgia Press, Georgia. 7. Raichal Carson (1962). The Silent Spring Penguin Books, England. 43

N-ß-ºpg ae-bm-fnsb \n Ωn hn[w tum. F.-tXm-a-kvIp n ISpØ PmXn /enwk/tzi /hwi hne- p-i-fm \nb- { n-x-am-bn-cp P\-Xsb, AØcw hne- p-i-ƒ Xm-c-Xtay\ Ipd-hmb Hcp taj-e-bn h v k Km-flI kwhm- Z-Øn\v {]m]vx-am- p-i-bm-bn-cp p Nß-ºp-g- ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnepw Pohn-X- Ønepw Ak-am-\-amb AS-bm-f-ßf-h-ti-jn- n p IS- p-t]mb alm {]Xn-`-bmb Nß-ºp-gsb ]pxn-sbmcp ImgvN- m-sn AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øm- \p {ia-am-wn-hn-ss.ae-bm-fn-sbbpw tic-fob s]mxp-a-wvu-e-ß-sfbpw Ihn-X-sIm pw Pohn-Xw-sIm pw At±lw am n-øo Ø-sX-ß-s\- sb pw Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw I pjm pw ]pø-s\mcp hyh-lm-c-a- WvU-esØ km y-am- n-b-sx-ß-s\- sb- p-sam-s -bp hn]pe N - Iƒ v kmwkvim-cni\ncq-]-w Øn henb {]k- n-bp v. ISpØ PmXn /enwk/tzi /hwi hne- p-i-fm \nb-{ n-x-am-bn-cp P\-Xsb, AØcw hne- p-i-ƒ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmb Hcp taj-e-bn h v k Km-flI kwhm-z-øn\v {]m]vx-am- p-i-bm-bn-cp p Nß-ºpg-sb- Xpw At mƒ ImWp-hm-\m- Ipw.-khn-tij {i -th- p A n[ ]T-\-ßfntebv p aps m-cp- -ambpw Cu At\z-j- WsØ KWn- mw. IrXn-Iƒ (text) ]exmiptºmgpw Ah- km-[y-am- p ]mt-]- cx (textuality) khn-ti-j-am-sbmcp ÿmhcss\c- cyambn \ne-sim- m-dp-s v t_mzvcnem-un-(jean Baudrillard) s\-t m-ep- -h \nco- n- n- p- v.- ]p-xnb Hmtcm- Ir-Xnbpw ]nd-hn-sb-sp- p-tºmƒ kz w \nebn, \ne-hn-ep ]mt-tømsv Ieln- p-ibpw kzc-s -Sp-Ibpw snøp- p. kaql At_m-[-Øn ]cn-c- n-x-am-ip ]mtm-[m-c-amb `mhp-i- XzsØ hnt -Zn pw XpS -s -Sp-Ønbp-amWv Hmtcm IrXnbpw {]h Ø- p- Xv F v kmcw. ]cn-w-an- n v XpS km[y-am- p- Xv Xs Cu hnt -Z-amWv F pw ImWm-\m-hpw. kmlnxy kmw-kvim-cni ]cn-k-c-ßfnse ae-bm-fn- `m-hp-i-xzsø Nß- ºp-g- -hnx A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -sxß s\sb v Btem-Nn- p-i-bm-wn-hn-ss. simsp- m pw CSn-ap-g- hpw hnx- p-sim v Hcp ]nimnv ae-bmfn s]mxp-a-wvu-e-øn IS- p-h-cp- 44

Xv N-ß-ºpg IrjvW-]n bneq-ss-bm-wv. -C-_vks - t{]xw bqtdm- n-ep- m- n-b-xn-t\- mƒ F{Xtbm hym]-i-hpw -Zo L-hp-am-bn-cp p AXns \Sp- w. ]nimnv h m ]ns sszhhpw h p-t]m-ipw.- A-hn-`m-Py-amWv AhbpsS \ne. Ae p-e-bp ]nim-nn-t\bpw Acq- ]-tem-e-\mb Icp-Wm-a-b-t\bpw ]c-kv]cw Iq nhnf- m Hcp ]mew IqSntb Xocq. -\n-c- cw apdnth-s mcp s\ p-iqsv AXn\mbn apc-fn-bm-bn.- amwk-øns t\mhv cmk-øn \mz-ambv `hn- p.- A- \p-\n-an-jw- N-en-X-am-Ip-,- N-In-X-am-Ip, tlmc- X-tam-K Øßƒ \nd {Iucy- m-gvn-i-fpss BIm-Ø-bn-S-ß-fn-tebv v asnbpw ad-bp-an- msx ae-bm-fsø ]nsn- p-\n-dp-øn. sszhhpw ]nimnpw ]m ns ]meø n-cp-]pdw \n v ]c-kv]cw Ip - s -Sp-Øn,-kzbw hnnm-c-w-sn-bvxp. -a-g-i abqc-øns a m-sn- -Æp- Xp-Sn- -t mƒ cxn-k -a- Xn hm-bn-e-i-s - p-t]m-bn...-]mtº ]m]-ta... \ns sb-ßs\ X p-,sa-ßs\ sim p v hnlz-e-s - Sp Hcp Rm AhnsS {]Xy- -s - p.- A-Xphsc ae-bmfn Adn- n- n- mø Hcp {]iv\ ]cnk-c-øn-tebv v IhnX IS- p-i-b-dn. Htc-k-abw _en-jvt\pw Zp _-e-\pw, Incm-X\pw kmxzn-i\pw, bmy-mÿn-xn-i\pw ]ptcm-k-a\m-i-b\pamb, {Ip \pw Jn -\p-amb Hcp ]nim-nv.- \mw \q- m- p-i-fm-bm-n-cn- p-t]m-cp [ Ωm -Im-a-tam- m- Zn-I-fpsS m\-a-wvu-e-øn-\p sh-fn-bn-em-bncp p Ah-s \ne. Ah\v Nph-Sp-d- n- p-hm\mbn {]Wb sas mcp ]pcpjm sø iq\y-xbn \n pw ]msn-bp-w Øn-sb- -XmWv Nß-ºpg-bpsS apjy hnt -Zw. ]nim-nn\pw ap ]v, kvt\l-km-b-i-\mb Bim\nepw a pw {]W-b-Xo-{h-X-tb- mƒ A`n-ej-Wo-b-am-bn-cp- Xv kwb-an-bpss [ Ω kwÿm- ]-\tam BZ im-`n-ap-jy-ßtfm BWv. ]m p-km-ln- Xyw -ap-x ]cn-nn-x-am-bn-cp tih-em-z i tzhmkp-c- mtcm awn-{]-hm-f-ønse aln-fmfn azn-tcm- -h icoc-ßtfm hns Øn-Ø-cmØ `qhn-xm-\- Øn-te-bv mwv Nß-ºpg kw{i-an- p- -Xv.icn/ sx v, \ /Xn IfpsS tih-e -bp- -I-ßƒ v shfn-bnepw Pohn-X-hn-Xm-\-Øns alm-hym-]\w km[y-am-sw p Im n-ø-cp-i-bmwv At±-lw. enjn-x-km-ln-xy-ønt Xn \n pw `n -amsbmcp {]] w \mtsmsn hn-x-bnepw Ie-I-fnepw At mgpw \ne-\n- n-cp- p.- -Wn-I-sa pw \n m- c-sa pw Icp-Xn-bn-cp- -, ]-e-{]-im-c-{]-im-i-\- ßƒ pw AXn CSw-In- n.- ssi-txm-e- m-gvn- Ifpw Ipf-t m-gn- q- -ßfpw AhnsS Xnan Øm- Sn. -I-Y-bn- m- m- p-i-fn Imbw-Ipfw Imf s]s - Wo-s pw sim -søm-c- n p aoi-h- p-sh pw \mtsmsn hmbv m- n Iev]n- m-\m-hp-sa- -dn- p.- hm-bvøm-cn-bp-ssbpw Ah-X-c-WmwißfptSbpw Xucy-{XnI [\y-x-bpss \ndhneq-ss-bmwv hmk -ßƒ kw]r- -am-ip- -sx v kaq-l-a- \- ns AXncp-I-fn-tebv v B n-tbm-sn- -s \mtsm-sn-i-em-im-c Adn- n-cp- p.- \m- p-aq-e-ifn Iq p-iqsn ]m n-]msnb ]d-b-t\bpw ]pe-b- (ko-x- )t\bpw ti v, si nb ]m p-sim v ] v \ºym Hm w Xp n.- Xp- n-bm-snb If-Øn\pw \n p- \o-dnb \S-\pw -ta h ptn t mcq m- \-µsø Nmcp-tI-c-f-`m-j-sb v Ip hnfn- p. ]S-P-\-ßsS \Sp-hn-em-sW v A`n-am-\n- p. Hm sø-sp-øm-exv AI- -s - -h-cpss Xncn- p-h-chm-bn-cp-s v ImWm-\m-hpw.- A-a Ø-en \n pw hf p- ap- nb H - a-c-am-bn-cp- p-sh v, Ip \pw Xp -ep-sa v ImWm I-gnbpw. Aa bvs -Xn-tc-bp ew_-am-\-amb Ne-\-amWv Xpff-ens GI-Iw.- Ip-Xn pw ]X-\hpw AhnsS \nc- -cm-\n-hm-cy-x-bm-ip- p.- hn-{i-a-a-hnss Akm [yamip- p. Cu ]pdm- n\p _Z-se- -a- n IqSnbm -Øn-ep Xv- B -a-t{x.! H _nµp-hn Xqßn-bm-Sp knw]nƒ s] Up-e-Øn\v Btµmf-\-Øns ]cn-[n v ]pdøv A -a-km- yw. Xp -en-se- -t]mse Xpfp-º B -Øn\v A\yam-Ip- Xv AXn-\m-em-Wv.- a-[y-ime ae-bm-f-`m-hp- I-XzsØ Imcy-ambn ]cn-w-an- n- p-i-bm-bn-cp p Ip -. -A- -Xns\ ]pxp{]ÿm-\-sa p hyhl-cn- p.cu `mhpixzhyxn-bm-\-øn- m-[m-c-am- nbxv tic-fob \mtsmsnkuµcyk -ev]-\-ßsfbpw A[ym-l-cn- Xv cwk-i-e-i-sfbpw BsW p ImWm-\m-hpw.-]m iz-h-xv -cn- -s P\-X-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-io-e-ßƒ {Ia-s -Sp-Øp-hm- \mbn ae-sh- - m- n t]m-ep BJym-\-\n Qcn-bmWv At±lw kzmwio-i-cn- -Xv.- [z\n t]mep B-Vyw-a\y kmlnxymz i-ßsf At±lw Ah- K-Wn- p.- cw-k-{]-bp n apjy-kp-w-ambn KWn v Bƒ q ck-\-isf am\n /am n- -Wn alm- {]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp p Ihn Ip.X -a-am-sbm-cp- Zy-a-Øn\v Xp\n Nß-ºpg kzoi-cn- Xv A-h- X-c-Wmw-i-am-bn-cp- n-,-hn-kvarxnbnem \mtsm-snkw-ko-x-øns hos -Sp- mwv. Hma-\- p- (-B- cp-hm-ßp-an- m-cp-hm-ßp-ao-bm-cm-a-øns..)-ip-d- Øn(I-cp-W-ckw Ic-I-hn-bpw..), Xn-cp-hm-Xnc apxem-b a pi- -fn-eqss Nß-ºpg AXv km[y-am- n. 45

..\-ΩpsS `mjm-hr-ø-ß-fn BN-cn- -s -Sp IhnX hnim-cm-fl-i-am-i-bm...-ss\-k Kn-I-Xzsa [ Ωw Ahiyw D m-bn-cn- pw...-i-hn-x -P- \-Io-b-am-Im Cu ss\k Kn-I-[ Ωw AXym-hiy-am-Wp-Xm-\pw F v Fkv.-sI.-\m-b A meøv Xs Nq n- m-wn- n- p-ap- v. `mjm-]-zy-øn\v F{X-am{Xw ip -kw-kox-am-ip-hm km[n- p-sa- -Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp- I-Ysb tikcn DZml-cn- p- p-ap v. ""AΩ-X Xm-cm- p-ti- p-dßn b R-ßƒ v, AØcw ]m p-i-f- p-sxm p NnØ-Øn thcq- n-h- -aqew C -h-sb-t mse t\ Øp-t\ Ø kpµ-c-km-\ta Rßƒ ]msq''... F pw ""Ihn-X-Xm-t\-bßv Fgp-Xn-t m-ip Ah-k-c- Øn Fs lrzbw kwko-x-k-ºq W-am-bn-cp- p.b kwko-xw-t]mse as m pw Fs BI jn- n- n-.-rm-\-xn Xmßn-ap-ßn- p-f- v t]m-ipw.'' F pw Ihn-Xs {]Jym-]n- p pap v. AXn- m-[m-c-ambn \m p-po-hn-x-øns ÿecm-in-ifpw t]ipw kar- -ambn {]tbm-kn- p- p v Ihn.- \Sp-\o p-i,- D-cn- - n, I-cn-\m- v,- aq-ti-, -I- p-xn pi,-sim-xn-b-k-am-pw, kmszm-, tasv,- txm-sp-sh- w,- am-sw, sn-dphmg, Nqc- -gw,- sxm-snbn-se-søm-en-bp-cn-b,- D-gp-X, ap- w,- h-b F n-ßs\ NqSpwsh-bnepw kln- p-k-ar- -ambv ]ms-øp-]- -]n-sn- n I ji\psams Nß- ºpgbv SnØd-bmIp p- v. \m p-po-hn-xhpw \m p-a pifpw ]pxp-hn-xm-\-ß-fn-tebv v A[ymtcm-ln- p-i-bmwv Nß-ºp-g. \-ºym-cp-tS-Xn\p kam-\-amb P\-Io-bm-Sn-Ødbpw \mtsm-sn-]- -]m-xn-xz-hpw- ]-Z-[m-cm-fn-Ø-hpambn ae-bm-f-øn ]n osv s]bvxn-d-ßn-bxv Nß- ºp-g-bm-bn-cp- p.-hcmƒ Nncn- - -t mƒ A]-c Ic p F hyxymkw am{xw. Ihnsb kw_- n ]c-a-imcyw `mj-bm-ip- p. a-[p-c-tim-af Im -]-Zm-heosb ]Z-tbm-P\bneqsS ticfw hmgvønb Imhy-`m-jbmWv Nß-ºp-g-bp-tS-Xv. arzp A\p-\m-knIm c-k-ar- -amb elp-am-{xm- KW taf-\øneqss Nß-ºpg Bhm-ln efnx kwkox-øns kzc-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq n Nß-ºp-g- -hnx P\-Io-b-amb ImgvN-bmWv ]n osv \mw I -Xv.- F-Æ-a-dd hmzy-ti-j-chpw hmz-\-hn-[n-ifp-ap- m-bn-cp- n pw kzxzm-s-bm-f-am-bn-øo-cm A\p-Kp-W-amb Hcp kwko-xøns A`m-h-ap- ma-[p-c-tim-af Im -]-Zmheosb ]Z-tbm-P\bneqsS ticfw hmgvønb Imhy-`mjbmWv Nß-ºp-g-bp-tS-Xv. arzp A\p-\m-knIm c-k-ar- -amb elp-am-{xm-kw taf- \ØneqsS Nß-ºpg Bhmln efnx kwkox-øns kzc-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq n Nß- ºp-g- -hnx P\-Io-b-ambn. 46

bn-cp- n-søv, B Hgn-hn-S-Øn-te-bv mwv Nß-ºpg ]X v \nd- X-.v- ]n- osv hb-emdpw ]n. `mkvic\pw H.F.hnbpw XpS -tb-in. ae-bm-f-n-e- n- {X-Km-\-ti-J-chpw \ms-i-km-\-ßfpw t]m p-e Kk-ep-Ifpw C sø B _-ßfpw FSp-Øp-s]- cp-am-dp ]Z-/cmK/`mhß-fn-te-sdbpw Cu hgn ]n snm- p- -h-bm-sw pw ImWm-\m-hpw. B[p-\n-I-Im-esØ `mjm-ihn-x-bpss \thm- m-\-øn-\v...- A-\-\y-kp-e-`-amb kn nhn-tijßtfmspiqsnb Cu hcnjvt Ihn \evin-bn- p DtØ-P\w al-\ob-amwv F v {Im -Z- -in-bmb D q A`n-{]m-b-s - n-cp- -p. hniz-km-ln-xy-tømsv AZay-amb B`n-ap-Jy-ap- m-bn-cp Nß-ºpg Cw o-jv,- {^- v, ssn\okv XpSßn temi-ønse H pan kmln-xy-a-wvu-e-ß-sfbpw ae-bm-fn p ]cn-`m-j-bn-eqss ]cn-nbs SpØn. bm-ym-ÿn-xni \ne-]m-sp-isf t] Øpw t] Øpw A]-e-]n- p. - Xs kaq-l-øns `qx`mhni-f-dn- p-sim p Xs apt m w t]mbn. ]cn-`m-j-bn-eqss ASp- Ø-dn Pb-tZ-h-s\-bpw- Sm-Kq-dn-s\-bpw - {^ p No-\m-kw-kvIm-c-ß-sfbpw Xs `mh-m- ImisØ hn]p-e-s -Sp-Øp-hm-\p-]-bp- -am- p-ibm-bn-cp p Nß-ºp-g. kmc- au\w-`-pn- -aqew kmlnxyatøm apsn- p-t]mepw t«mi- m-tc-xm-s\m-gn- -aqew own Imhy-kz-cq-]n-Wn n qwn- p-d- -hp-an t]mepw... F p]cn-l-kn- p Nßºpg hniz-km-ln-xy-hn[m\ßƒho- n p hnkvxr-x-am -ßƒ txsn-tøsn Dev j-sø-h-cn- p ka-im-en-i-i-hn-xsb pdn v (C- -sø-i-hn-x) A`n-am- \n p pap v. our sweetest songs are those which tells of sadest thoughts F p Percy Byssne Shelly - sbt mse \nc- cw a[p-c-ambv hne-]n- p-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-bncp p Nß-ºp-g.- H-cp-]s hnem-]-x-{ nsb BJym-t\m-]m-[n-bm- nam n-sb- p -]-d-bp- -Xmhpw IqSp-X icn.. thz-\-,th-z\ el-cn-]n-sn pw thz-\-rm-\-xn ap-gp-is apgp-is aa Poh-\n \ns mcp apcfoarzpch-ap-b-cs sb v AsXm-cmtLm-j-am nam n. tnm-c-bpw-i-æocpw Iq n- p-g-s mcp _mwkp-cnbpss ]mtømkv Ccp-]Xmw \q m- ns\ Xpbn-ep- W Øn.- C-S-bZp:JØns cmk-t\m-hn-tebv v aebmfw ]Xnsb ImtXm Øp. -ap- bpw acp-x-hpw- X-fn Ø XnW-bn-eq-sSmcp amtbm ]p m- p-g-eq- Xn-sb-Øn.- b-zp-ip-e-o-hn-isf \ng Nn-{X-ß-fm n, ]m mxy Bc-Wy-Ko-Xn-I-fpsS \S-h-gn-Iƒ ]n p- S v ac-w-øn-te-bv p Zo L-am-sbmcp \nehn-fn-bmbn Hcp- c-a-w \S- p-t]m-bn.(c-a-wo-b-ambxv ac-wo-b-sa- Xpw kvac-wo-bw)..- a-z-\-tam-l- \-amb, N{µn-Im-N n-xm-imiw Ah\v \nan-ø-ambn...-iq- n\v BsI-bp- Xv BSp-Iƒam-{Xw.- B-Sp-I-sf pw _en-hkvxphmsw- Xv ssh]-co- Xy-w.Cu BSp-Po-hn-X-Øns Zpc kzxzw ]n osv ae-bm-f-øn {]Xn-jvTm-]n-X-am-sb- Xpw Ncn{Xw. Icp-Wm-a-b-\m-bncp p Cu CS-b-s\- nepw Ah\v {InkvXp-hn-t\m-sS- -Xn-t\- mƒ ASp w IrjvWt\mSmWv. \mtf-bv p [ tωm-]-tz-itøm- mƒ apjyw C sø {]W-b-eo-e-I-fpw. h Ø-am-\-Øn-e-W-bp p `mhnbpw `qx-ßƒ `m-hn-bmbv amdp- n-xn-_v`mhn `qx-am-bn-øo-cp- p- h Ø-am-\w-hgn...(-hr-Øw) F -dn-bp Nß-ºpg Ihn-amtX ]pxn-b- temiw IWn-Im-Wm Xpbn-ep-Wcq F p-am-{x-a Xpbn-ep-Wcq ]g-b-temiw Xpe- p-im-wm Xpbn-ep-Wcq F pw A Yn- p- p. \nc- cw \ho-i-cn- psim- n-cp B {]Xn`, KoX -e-bns mco aæn kzvkp-w-ßsf {]iw-kn- p-tºmƒ Xs PmXym- Nm-c-ß-fpsS PU-bpsS kwkvim-c- -\-tbm-e-s - p-iƒ Nps -cn- p-hm Blzm-\w-sN-øp- p-ap- v.- Pm-Xn-kw-L j-tø- mƒ hyh-ÿm-kw-l ßsf-bmWv At±lw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p- -Xv.- P- n- Xzhpw apx-em-fn-ø-hp-amwv ic-hy-am-ip- -Xv. hmg- p-e-sbbpw hnø-\m-ys t n-sb-bp-amwv cq]-i-am- p- -Xv. A[x-ÿn-Xcpw sxmgn-em-fn-ifpw IqSp- n-s-ømwv IpSn-bn-cp- -Xv. ]{X-{]- h Ø\tØmsSm amwv tic-f-øn Hcp knhn kaq-lw-cq-]-sa-sp- p Xv.- PmXn/enwK/ {]mb t`z-sat\y hmb-\- m-cs\ A`n-kw-t_m-[- \-sn-øp, D-]-Nm-c-c-ln-X-`mj cq]-s -Sp L an-xm-wv.- dm,- G, Xn-cp-h-Sn, -H-tS-Xv,- X-{ºm, -X- ºp-cm,- A-Sn-b F n-h-iƒ amdn Rm F DØ-a-]p-cp-j tic-f-øn {]Xy- -s -Sp- Xv CXn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv. ]mh-ß-fpss ]cn-`m-jbpw Cµpte-J-bpsS {]N-c-Whpw C m-esø tic-fob 47

FSo Nß-\m-t»-cn- m-c aøm-bn-bpss tamƒ N{µn-tI... \ns Rm\ßv sim v t]mhp-im.. F v ]d v c-a-w-\mbn thj-an simta-gvky (tnmt - v) \mb-i A -Ωsb txmfn-te n ad-bp- -XmWv Ct mgpw \ΩpsS apjy-[mcm kn\n-a-bpss ss amivsk Xv ae-bmfn knhn kaql-øns cq]o-i-c-w-øn Nß-ºp-g-bp-f-hm- nb Zqc-hym-]I^e-Øn\v \nz i-\-am-wv. `mhp-i-xzsø ]cn-h Øn- n kwk-xn-i-fm-ip- p.- Pm-Xy-[n-jvTn-X-ambn ChnsS Ac-tß-dnb kap-zmb-]-cn-jv -c-w-{i-a-ßfpw ]mt]p-kvx-i-i-ω- nbpw \mb sdkp-te-j t]mep \nb-a-t`-z-k-xn-ifpw acp-a- -Øm-b-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-ep- mb hn -ep-i-fpsa mw C m-esø ae-bm-fn-k-aq-lsø ASn-apSn De-bv p-i-bm-bn-cp- p.-lo-\-]m-c-º-cy-øn \n pw ]pd-øp-i-s- p-hm-\p Bfl-t_m-[-Øn-tebv v ae-bmfn ]n -h- p-xp-s-ßp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. -A-cn-bn- phm-gvnbv v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq cmpm- - m-sc-sp-øncp {]XnPvR, {_m- -W-tcbpw ]ip- -sfbpw c- n- p-sim- m-sa- m-bn-cp- p.- ]-ip- -sf- kw-c- n Xv Zo\m-\p-I-º-bp-tSXv F -Xn-t\- mƒ kmº-øn-i-imcyw F -\n-e-bnepw «ml-\obw Xs.- ]s km[m-c-w- m ]cm-ar-jvs t]mepa-s - -Xn \n pw ]-ip-hn\pw F{Xtbm asßv Xmsg-bm-Wv Ah-sc- Xpw ImWmw.-hn-ip- -]-iphn-t bpw AXns CW-bp-tSbpw {]mamwyw ap Ime hyh-lm-c-ß-fpss ti{µ-øn-ep- m-bn-cp- p.- Im-a-am-bn-cp p AXns BhnjvIm-cw.-A-Xn- ]m-h-\-amb P -c-l-kysø Bcm-[y-am- nb B ]q hnisc BZ-cn- p-sim v Xs, J-Pp-cmtlm inev]-ß-fp-ssbpw Ima-kq-{X-Øn-s bpw aqeysø axn- p-sim v Xs ]d-tb- p Hcp- Imcyw, {]W-b-am-bn-cp- n Ima-ambn-cp p \ap- p- m-bn-cp- Xv F -Xm-Wv.- Bcm-[y-cm-bn-cp- Xv Im-a-tZ-h\pw cxo-tz-hn-bp-ambncp- p-sh- XmW.v enwk-amwv {]Xn-jvT. shdp-sam-cp- Im-tam- -h-øn-\ [c-bn ]n-d- Xv a Xy-cmbv \mw...f -dn Ihn, Ima-Ø-g- n-s - Im-tIm-fta Imew-a-d p Ie-bm-bv -gn p \o F v Hm Ωn- n Xv. -a-e-bm-f-`m-hp-i-xzsø enwk-øn \n pw {]W-b-Øn-tebv v Nph-Sp-am- n- Xv Nß-ºp-g-bm-Wv. -a-a,- F-s,- Rm XpS-ßnb ]Z-ß-fpsS \nc- -cm-h Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ÿm]n-s - SpØ HcpØa -]pcpj X-cpW\mWv Ahn-sSsb mw I Xr-]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv. I-]-S-tem-I- Øn Bflm -am-sbm-cp-lr-zbw X\n- p-am-{xta-bp- p-sh v hniz-kn- p-ibpw a p- -h-sc-sb- mw-sim v hniz-kn- n- p-ibpw snøphm\pw Abmƒ mbn. A- p-i-an- m-ø-nm-]-ey-ta-sb v IÆp-a-S v AwK-\-amscsb mw hnfn- p.- s]-sæs m-sc-æ-øns\ krjvsn- m-xn-cp-s - n tem- Iw -kz K-am-tb-s\-sb pw hniz-hn-]-øns \mcmb-th-cm-w-h-sc pw ]d Ihn-bmWv B[p-\nIae-bmfIhn-X-bnse B timbva {]_-e-s -Sp-Øn-b-sX pw ImWm\mIpw. Ihn- Xbv pw Ihnbv pw -H-cp XØz-im-kv{Xw- th-wsa pw BXy- n-i-amb D -sb- p-dn v shfn-]m- Sp- m-i-w-sa- p-ap ka-im-enihnizmkw At±l-Øn-\n- m-sx-t]m-bxv Hcp t]mcm-bva-bm-sw a n hne-bn-cp-ø-s n p v. AXn-s\-Xn-cm-b-hm- Z-ap-J-ßƒ tikcn \nc-øn-bn- p-ap- v. F- m Hmtcm an ]n-w-cp-ifnep-ap Hfn-sh-fn- -Øns -bn-s-th-f-i-fpss Wn-I-X-bn Pzen- p-w-cp B {]Xn`m{]kc-Øns ss\an-jn-i-xsb am\n- p- -Xmhpw IqSpX bp w.ÿnx-{]- -amsbm-cp -{]-_-e-z i\w AhnsS A\-`n-e-j-Wo-bam-Ipw.- -Wn-IX {][m-\-am-ipw.aspø \nan-jtøbv v Abmƒ Pohn- p- n-.- Im-gvN-bp-sSbpw hm p-i-fp-ssbpw ASn-b- nc kz`mhw C{X Xo{hambn tcj-s -Sp-Ønb Ihn-Iƒ \ap v Ipd-hm- Wv. AXy-\-L-am-ao-ap-lq Ø-Øn-ep-Øta \o acn- Ww F v itn- p Ihn \nan-j-øns hneb-dn-bp- p.- Hcp \nan-j-øn-s -bn-cp-]p-dhpw Poh\pw acwhpw Xpem-knem- -Sp dn-bp Ihnbvt WnIX-bpsS `oj-wxsb A`n-kwt_m-[-\-sN-øm-\m-hq.- hn-cp- -sa- txm As - txm t\m m Ah-\-hnsS ka-b-an-.- hm- p- Iƒ sxc-s Sp m IqSn t\c-an- msx IhnX hncnbp p.-h-k \ Ø-Inbmbpw tamln-\n-bmbpw a\kzn-\n-bmbpw XS-hn- msx Nne-sºmen Xo Øv AsXm-gp-In- -S-cp p.kzb-apcpin Ihn-]m- I-am-Ip- p. ]e -]-Ip-Xn-I-fm-Ip {] -bpss KXn-th-K-ßsf Aßs\ Xs Ah-X-cn- n p p, As - n-se- n\o sshcp- y-an-s n en m- c-kw -Po-hn-X-Øn-s\m pw F v kzbw kn m- -h-xv -cn- m-\p shºepw Ihn \S-Øp p.-]t F m- kn- m- - 48

ßƒ p-ap-]-cn-bmb ssph-xm-f-øns Ne-\m-fl- I-X-bmWv, Po-hs NSp-ehpw Wn-I-hp-amsbmcp s]m n- p-d-s -S-ens cmk-{in-b-bmwv Nß- ºp-g- -hn-x. lm ]m]-ta, H IuXp-Iw amtdmsv tn søm p si n- n-sn- m-s\-\n p \ns F phy-{k-xs - -bp-s Xs `oi-c-am-ao-s m-cp-ø-an- m-bva-bm temi-sa-\n- p -\-c-i-ambn `oi-c-am-ao-s m-cp-ø-an- m-bva-bm temi-øn\p Rm NXp Yn-bmbn F pw \ncm-bm-k-ambn Abmƒ Ipdn- p p.t]mcm, tamcpw -ap-xn-c-bp-sa a n txm m-hp ]Z-ßfpw `mh-ß-fpw-t]mepw AbXv\ efnx-ambn B aqi-bn Dcp-Insbm- mbpcph-s -Sp- Xv t\m p-i. djy, _q jz, c -tk\, sxmgn-emfn, I j-i, Nqj-Ww,- Po-h-c w, tzim`nam-\n,-]o oƒtkpv,-se-\n,-kvd-dm-en \o i_vz-th-cp-i-fm-i-am\w... Imdƒam-Ivkvta-sºm-Sn-tN Ø-ß-c-ØpSw Ime-Øpw-ssh-In- pw-\m-ep-t\cw Fs -gp-xp AtX thk-x-bn-e-\m-bm-k-am-bv, a[p-c-kz-]v\-i-xm-h-en-]q-sømcp ambmtemi-søøo Rm! AssZz-Xm-ae `mh-kv]-µnx hnzzp\vtaje ]qio Rm F pw Rm\mtWm K\v[? kq n- p-t\m- p,io Rms\m-cp{K thxm-f-at? F psagp-xm\pw B Xqen-Ibv v Bbm-k-an-. {Kma-`wKn Imev]-\nI Ihn-bpsS ta n ]p-d-am- Wv. -{]-txy-in pw Id-bt m-cm-e-k {Kma-`w-Kn-sb- p-dn v t] Øpw t] Øpw ]d-bm-s\m-cp-sº Nß- ºp-g-bv v. F m kq n- p-t\m- n-bm tihem-i-bsa- -\n-ebv v, ÿe-im-e-_- -a- mø GtXm \m nse GtXm {Kma- m-gvn-bmwv Nß- ºpg hn-x-bn-ep- -sx v Btcm-]n- m Ignbpw.a -sø- n- q- p-ebpw ae-c-wn- m-sp-i-fpw Nmcp-cq-]-Ifmw tal-bm-\-ßfpw Xmc-I- n-sm-ßfpw a p-i-w-ßfpw lcn-x-ap-dbpw h\-nm-cp-x-ifpw t]s-am-s-{]mhpw AP-]m-e-hr-µ-hp-sa mw \nd-bp Cu {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-ßƒ ]s F{X-am{Xw tic-fob-sa- - Imcyw Btem-Nn-t - -Xp- v. sxßn-t\- mƒ Nß-ºp-g-bv njvsw aµm-c-am- Ip p, am-hn-t\- mƒ Nµ-\-hpw,-sIm- n-tb- mƒ Ipbn-en-s\bpw ]I-en-t\- mƒ \nem-hn-s\bpw At±lw kvt\ln- p- p.- C-cpfpw \nemhpw hi- p-am n {]_-e-s -Sp h Ww ae-c-wn- m-sp- I-fpsS kz W-h W-Øns a -bm-wv,- a-rvpna-bm-wv. kvintkm-{^o-\n-b-bpss B a -{]- -bn tcmj,-t{im[, ]-cn-lm-k, -{]-e-]-\-ßfp- -t mƒ Xs hnjmzw apj-cm-k-am-ip- p. Fs amdn Nm p-dßq F -XmWv an t mgpw Ihn \n tz-in- p {]Xn-hn-[n. AXn-eqsS kw]q Øo-I-cn- mhp {]W-bkm-^eyamWv e yw. amwk-_- -a- mø cmk-a-,-{]-w-b-_- -amb amwk-amwv Nß-ºp-g- -hn-x-bpss t\mhv. C{Xam{Xw Xo{hhpw Wn-Ihpw HØp-Xo n m- ØXpw HmP- m -Xp-am-sbmcp {]kmzmflixcp- W-kzcw ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bn AXn\p apºpw ]nºpw D m-bn- n-. FSo Nß-\m-t»-cn- m-c aøm-bn-bpss tamƒ N{µn-tI... \ns Rm\ßv sim v t]mhp-im.. F v ]d v c-a-w-\mbn thj-an simtajy (tnmt - v) \mb-i A -Ωsb txmfn-te n ad-bp- -XmWv Ct mgpw \ΩpsS apjy-[mcm kn\na-bpss ss amivsk Imcyhpw ae-bmfn knhn kaql-øns cq]o-i-c-w-øn Nß-ºp-g-bp-f-hm- nb Zqc-hym-]I^e-Øn\v \nz i-\-am-wv. (t{]w \ko ae-bm-fn-bpss \nxy-l-cn-x-\m-b-i-\m-b-xn-\p- ]n- n t]mepw Nß-ºpgbpsS Imev]-\nI \mb- I-k- -ev]-ßƒ kzm[o-\n- n-cn- m\pw hgn-bp- v).b[p-\ni t^mivtemdn-k-øn-\p-zm-l-w-sa \ne-hsc ca-w hf n- p-s Imcyhpw hnkva-cn- m-\m-in-.- (IrXn hmbn- n- n- mø ]pxpap-d- m p-iqsn AXv ]cn-nn-x-am-wv.) Npcp- -Øn a[p-c-`o-x-am-sbm-cp-`m-hm-th-i- Øm Nß-ºp-g-bpsS Xcp-W- n-imnv ]msn-bp-d- n tzh-ko-xn-i-fpss Wn-I-am-kva-cn-IX tic-fo-b- `m-hp-i-xzsø ASn-apSn am n- -Wn- p.- \n ±-b X-s tbm sszhhpw kzvkp-w aø-en thsdmcp \ma-amtwm? F v Abmƒ ktµ-ln- p-sim- n-cp- p. Nß-ºp-gtbmSp Nm tbm hntbm-pnt m Bbn-Øo p XpS pff ae-bmfimhy Ncn-{Xw. Nß-ºp-gsb {]Xn-`-bpsS hnp-b-sa t]mse ]n me Ihn-I-fpsS ]cn-an-xn-bntebv pw Ime-Øns ]cn-wn-xn-bn-tebv pw Cu \nco- Ww \ot - -Xp- m-hmw. 49

{^m knkv C n-t mc Ncn-{Xw, kv{xo, Itºmfw Iem-N-{µ timf-\n-h IrX aq mw-temi Iogm-f-cpsS Ncn- {X-sa \ne-bn BJym-\hpw hni-i-e-\hpw t\snb C n-t mc At_m-[-Øn ]c-º-cm- KXNcn-{X-sa-gp-Øns {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-t_m-[- søbpw LS-\-sbbpw ]n ]- p- p. simtfm-wn-b m\-hy-hÿ \n Ωn- v {]-N-cn- n Ncn-{XamWv C v hmbn- -s -Sp- Xv. AXp-sIm- p- Xs AXv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]pcpj-ap-x-em-fnø]m mxy aqey-t_m-[- ßsf ]n Xp-S-cp- -Xm-bn-cn- pw. CØcw enjn-x-n-cn-{x-ß-fpss _Z F \ne-bn-emwv Sn.-Un. cma-irjvw {^m knkv C n-t m-csb Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. timf-\n-h IrX aq mw-temi Iogm-f-cpsS Ncn-{X-sa \ne-bn BJym-\hpw hni-i-e-\hpw t\snb C n-t mc At_m-[-Øn ]c-º-cm- KXNcn-{X-sa-gp-Øns {]Xy-b-imkv{X-t_m-[-sØbpw LS-\-sbbpw ]n ]- p- p. `qx-im-esø ]q W-ambn `c-wm- [n-im-cnifpss Ncn-{X-Øn-te v HXp p s]mxp-n-cn{xw kmam-\y- P\w F `qcn-] kwh sø \ncm-i-cn- p- p. {^m knkv C nt mc F hym]mcn Ncn-{X-Øns ti{µ-øn-te v FØp- Xpw CtX A[n-ImcØns XpS -bn-em-wv. KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øn-ep Adnhv A[n-Im-c-Øns Hcp gm\dn (Genre)s samøw km[y-x-i-sfbmwv C n-t m-cbv v \ Ip- -Xv. shfpø \ndhpw simtfm-wn-b-xbpss hsn-hp-k- ]-ßfpw HØn-Wßnb ]pcp-j-i-cocw as mcp A[n- Imcÿen-bm-Wv. I -hsw F \qx\hn\n-a-b-øn-eqss B n- p ]Ww A[n-Im-c-Øns k -a-fi-e-ß-fn-te pw hmxn Xpd- p- Xpw ImWmw. Cßs\ Adnhpw ]Whpw ]ucp-jhpw tn v cq]-s -Sp A[n-Im-c-k-Øbmbn C n-t mc amdp- p. s]æns\ ]pcp-jm[nim-c-ßƒ v hnl-cn- m-\p ta n ]p-d-ß-fmbn \ne-\n Øp ]pcp-jm-[n-]xy{]xyb-im-kv{x-øns kr n-bm-wv, C nt m-c-bnse kv{xoi-tfm-tcm- pw. {]mno\ Ae-Ivkm {Un-b-bnse, 50

KWn-X-im-kv{X-Øn Adnhpw AXns A[n-Imchpw D sslt]jy apx B[p-\n-Im-\- c tic-f-ønse timtf-p-[ym-]n-i-tbm ^mj Unssk-\tdm hsc-bp kv{xoiƒ CtX ImgvNÿm\w \n Ωn-s -Sp-Ø-h-cmWv. Adn-hns A[n- Im-c-_ew D, _u n-i-amb tijn sxfn-bn kv{xoi-fmwv Ch-sc- nepw Ch N snø-s - Sp- Xv icocw F km[y-xsb ap \n Ønbm-Wv. Cu icocw Znhym-\p-]mXw ]men- p- txm 32:28:34 F \ho-\m-\p-]mxw ]men- p- txm BWv F Xpw {][m-\-am-wv. ]pcp-js C - Iƒs møv icocw hnf-ºp kv{xoi-sf ]t, kzbw ssewkni I XrXzw Gs -Sp-Ø-h F \ne-bn-emwv Ah-X-cn- n- p- -Xv. IW- ns IqSp-X Adn-hp-I-fn-te pw A[n-Im-c-Ønte pw {]th-in- m-\p hmxn-embn sslt]jy DS-ens\ D]-tbm-Kn- p-tºmƒ Kth-j-W-Øns Adn-hn-S-Øn-te pw AXns A[n-Im-c-Ønte pw D Ihm-S-am-Ip p samdn-km-an-bv -Xv. ]Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns km[y-x-i-fn-te- mwv The School s hmxn-ep-iƒ _nµp, civan, tcj F nh-cn-eqss Xpd- p- -Xpw. F m Hcp thiysb AXm- p c n-e-[niw ]pcp-j- m A{]-Xy- cm-hp-ibpw thiy-am{xw sam -b-sn- -s -Sp-Ibpw snøp ]pcp-jm-[n-im-c-bp- n-bpss XpS -bn, BZn-]m]w apx p "]m]-øn-\p-t\-sc-bp Is -dn-b-ep-iƒ' kv{xo p-ta h p-ho-gp- p. Htd-Ãkpw sslt]-jybpw tn v snbvx ]m]- Øn ]pcp-j-\mb Htd-Ãkv \m-sp-i-s-ø-s -Sp- Ibpw sslt]jy ]m]-øns iº-f-ambn acww G p-hm-ßp-ibpw snøp- p. AD 410- \n pw 2010 FØp-tºmgpw ]m]- Øns iºfw CØ-c-Øn X-s -bmwv hoxn- s -Sp- Xv F v ImWmw. _nµphpw "IY-sbgpØpw' tn v \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-Øn _nµp _en \ I-s -Sp-I-bpw, Fgp-Øp-Im-c "Cu s]æns IqsS IqSo v CXnev IpSp-ßoXm' F v ]m]-ap- -\m-hp-ibpw snøp- p. ssewkn-i-x-bn kzbw \n W-bm-h-Imiw F hympm-h-t_m-[-amwv Ch p-ta {]kcn- p- Xv F p-im-wmw. "s]æp-ßƒ v Iqdv Ft mgpw FP-am-\-t\m-Sm. Bcm Ct m-gsø FP-am-\ m Abm-tfmSv' F v Nncp-tX-bnsb D]-tZ-in- p AΩ-bpw, Ip F ti{µ-a-{ nbpss ssi -cp-øn\pw A[n-Im-c-Øn\pw ap n \n»-_vz-cm-hp _nµp, tcj, civan-amcpw Cu hympm-h-t_m-[sø Xpd- p-im- p- p. _nªn- Ah-t_m-[ßsf \ncm-i-cn- p- Ibpw Acp-Xp-Iƒ - p-d-tø v Pohn-XsØ BtLm-jn- p-ibpw snøp timc, s]æns\ ka-s -Sp-Øm "C -s ]pcp-js\ InS- -d-bnte v Wn- m\pw Ah hnk-ω-xn- m _ew {]tbm-kn v Iogvs -Sp-Øm\pw D Ah-Im-ihpw A[n-Im-chpw s]æn\v \ Ip p F v Ah-Imi-s -Sp-Itbm hnfw-_cw snøp-itbm snøp- p- v. F m as m \nb-a-ßƒ pw hyh-ÿ- Iƒ pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ kpe-`-amb BJym-\- Øn s]æ-[n-im-c-øns Cu XesØ (A) t_m[-]q w ad(-bv)- p-i-bm-sw- v ImWmw. C nt mc tihew hy n-kø F -Xn-\- pdw Hcp At_m-[-ambn \ne-\n p- p. A[oi{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns \yq\-]- - A-[n- Im-c-ÿ-en-bmbn CXv AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hpw. aæpw s]æpw ]Whpw Adnhpw tn v \n Ωn- p A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fm-W-Xv. AXv lnwkmfl-ihpw am\-hn-i-xsb Im n ]d-øp- -Xp-amb Pohn-X-{I-asØ Xpd v sh p- p. "Hcp ]Xns\ mw Ip q-im-c Fßs\ Pohn- -W-sa- -Xns bpw Fßs\ Pohn- -cpxv F -Xn-s bpw am -tc-j-bmb kphn-tijw ]I-cp t_m[hpw as m- -. kº-øn-t\mspw ssewkn-i-x-tbmspw A[n-Im-c-tØmSpw D Hcn- epw Xr]vXn-h-cmØ B Øn-bmWv \ΩpsS (a-\p-jys ) F m {]h Ø-\-ß-tfbpw \bn- p- -Xv. PohnXw BtLm-jn- m-\p- -Xm-Wv. ct c v e y-ßtf- AXn\p- q, I -h-s-øn ]c-am-h[n em`w D m- p-i, AXp-]-tbm-Kn v ]c-am-h[n BtLmjn- pi F v ho pw ho pw ]d- p-d- n- p- IbmWv C nt mc. Hcp w hn]-wn-bn-se-øn- p-ibpw AXns hnev]-\bv v IqSp-X CSw Is - Øm ]Xn-s\- -Shpw ]b- p-ibpw snøp \hap-x-em-fn-ø-ønse Corporate apx-em-fn-bpss X{ ß-fmWv C n-t m-csb hmwn-py-ß-fpss Xe-sXm- - -\m- p- -Xv. \m p-cm-py-søbpw AXns A[n-Im-c-A- Xn Øn-I-sfbpw adn-i-s v temi-k- mcw \S- Øp C n-t m-c, {]mtz-in-i-xbn \n v BtKmf-X-bn-te v hni-kn- p Ah-t_m-[-am-Wv. ]Xns\ v \msp-i-fnse ]Xn-s\ v s]æp-ß-fn-eqss {]Ncn- n- -s -Sp t_m[w \h-en-_-d timtfm-wnb t_m[w Xs -bmwv F p ImWmw. 51

`mj, kwkvim-cw, cmjv{sw IS-em-bn ]c-ta-iz-c Hmtcm \msn\pw Hmtcm `mj-bp- -Xp-t]mse Hmtcm kwkvim-c-hp-ap- v. A\y-am-bXv A\p-I-cn- m cmpy-øns X\na \jvs-s -Spw. `mjbpw kwkv m-c-hp-amwv Hmtcm cmjv{s-øn\pw X\-Xmb hy nxzw \ Ip- Xv. \nßƒ v bp w snømsx GsX- nepw A\y-cm-PysØ Im o-gn-ea Ø-W-sa AS-ßmØ B{K-lap-s - n \nß-fpss `mj AhnsS {]N-cn- n- m am{xw -axn F ]gwsnm v `mj-bpss i n XnI pw Adn-bm-hp- -hs _p n-bn \n pd- -Xm-Wv. {]N-cn- n- -s `mj \msns X\Xp`mjsb Iogvs]-Sp- Øp-sa pw cmjv{sw Xs A\ym- [o-\-s - p-t]m-ip-sa- p-amwv Cu snm v ]Tn- n- p- -Xv. `qan Xncn-bp- Xp AXn \nh-kn- p- -h Adnbm-Ø-Xp-t]mse hfsc kmh-[m-\- Øn-emb Cu Acn- p-i-b w AXp ssiimcyw snøp- -h Adn-bp- n-. ae-ºmºv Im n n-s pdßp a\p-jys\ Imen-em-Wt{X ]nsn-iq-sp- I. ]mºns hmbnse {khw a\pjy-]m-z-øns kv] i-\-i n \in- n- p- p. ISn Ac -hsc FØptºm-gmWv Aa Øn CSp-s - p-s]m- n- p-i. As mtg Cc Adn-bq. ]ns Adn- n pw Imcy-an-. srmsn-bn-s-sim v ]mºv Ccsb Np nh-cn- n-cn- pw. `mj-bpss KXnbpw AXp-X-s. A\y-`m-j-bpsS ]nsn- - S- -ens\ XS- p-\n Øm amxr- `m-j-bv p-am-{xta Ign-bq. kzb-sas - nepw snøm Ign-bp Hcp ssph-h-kvxp-h `mjsb ncns 52

P\-ßƒ v AXn-t\m-Sp ` n-bm-w-xns i n. AXmWv `mjsb {]h Ø-\- -am- p- Xpw hntz-i-`m-j-isf axn s - p-t]mse XS- p-\n Øp- -Xpw. thenbpw timep-an- mø ]d- ºn Ab hmkn sskzc-k- mcw \S-Øpw. Bcpw {i n- m-\n-s - p-h- m I -sx-spøv A p-d-tø- p- I-S-Øpw. Ime-{I-taW AXv AXn Øn-am- -en-te-s -Øpw. \ΩpsS ]d-ºns `mk-ßƒ Ab hm-kn-bpss ssihi-øn-em-hpw. \q m- p-i-tfmfw DS-a-ÿ {i n- n F -Xm- Ws m C ysb ASn-a-Ø-Øn-tebv p X n hn -Xv. temi-ønse F m `mj-ifpw al-\obw Xs. \ΩpsS `mj IqSp-X al-\o-b-am-sw hnnm-c-amwv amxr-`m-jm-kvt\-lw. tzi-kvt\-l-ans - n tziw A\ym-[o-\-am-Ip- -Xp-t]mse `mjmkvt\l-an-s - n `mjbpw B[n-]Xyw t\snb-xns ASn-a-bm-hpw. Hmtcm \msn\pw Hmtcm `mj-bp- -Xp-t]mse Hmtcm kwkvim-c-hp-ap- v. as m- n-t -Xp-ambn sh p-am-dm-\p- -X AXv. A\y-am-bXv A\p-Icn- m cmpy-øns X\na \jvs-s -Spw. temi- Ønse H mw-ins cmjv{s-ß-fpss kº k-ar- ntbm bm{ n-i-]p-tcm-k-xntbm Bbp-[-i- ntbm ]f-]-ft m A kwkv mcw, Bbn-c- -W- n-\psim- -ßfmbn Hmtcm cmpyhpw t\sn-sb-spø am\-hn-i-xbpw lrz-b-hn-im-e-x-bp-a-s-ßp X\- Xmb k `m-h- -ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv kwkvim-cw. AXns thcv `mj-bm-wv. Hmtcm cmpy-øn\pw cmjv{s-øn\pw kwkv mcw hyxykvx-am-wv. AXp-sIm- mwv Ph-l em s\lvdp ]d- Xv : kºøp \in- m H pw \jvs -s - n-, kwkv mcw \in- m F mw \jvs -s - p. `mjbpw kwkv m-c-hp-amwv Hmtcm cmjv{s- Øn\pw X\-Xmb hy nxzw \ Ip- Xv F -dnbmøhcn-. Cu c pw A\ym-[o-\-am-bm cmjv{s-øns \ne-\n-ev]p-xs A]-I-S-Øn-emhpw. a p `mjbpw kwkv m-chpw kzoi-cn- m cmjv{sw Xs C m-xm-hp-sa- -dn- -Xp-sIm- m- Ws m ssn\bv v Snbm-s\ sa kw`-hønte v \otß- n-h- -Xv. A\y-`m-j, AsX{X ]ptcm-k-an- -Xm-sW- nepw kzoi-cn- p- Xv A]-I- S-Øn-te-s -Øn- p-sa v t_m[y-ap- -Xp-sIm- m- Ws m Km npn Awt{Kko lsmthm F p sxfn- p-xs ]d- -Xv. `c-w-øn\v A\y-\m- n \n v s]cp-am- as mcp cmpyøns kwkv mc Øn \n p kzoi-cn- m-hp NneXv F m P\-X-bn-ep-ap- v. XymPy-taXv {Kmly-taXv F v AXnkq- va-ambn hnth-nn- -dn- nt kzoim-cyx \n -bn- m-hq. amxr- `m-jm-kvt\-lsø ]nt m p X p \ne-hsc FØ-cp-sX v `mjm-kvt\-ln-i-sf mw {i n- -Ww. 53

msc tic-f-øn-te p sim p-h-c-w-sa v Xnc-p\m-hmb aw- p-dsø alm-k-`-bn A`n- {]mbw h -t mƒ Aßs\ snbvxm tic-f- Øns kwkv mcw \jvs-s -Sp-sa p ]d- mwv Hcp hn`mkw FXn Ø-Xv. a p Nne AXn\p ]cn-lmcw \n t±-in- Xv hcp cmpmhpw _ p- fpw F m _ -s - -hcpw tic-fo-bm- Nmcw kzoi-cn- -W-sa p \n _- n- m axn F m-bn-cp- p. 456 sim w s]cp-am- - m ticfw `cn- Xv Cu hyhÿ ]men- p-sim- m-bncp p F v Ip n- p- Xºp-cm "ticfw' F Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øn ]d- n-cn- p- p. ]n ossm-cn- Nne Cu hyhÿ [n -cn- m \n _- -cm-bn. AXv \m n henb Iem-]-Øn\v hgn-a-cp- n-spibpw snbvxp. ] n-bq {Kma-Ønse Ipd v sndp- - m Xan-gv\m- n ]Tn- m t]mb- Xm-bn-cp p XpS- w. D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ymkw Ign v as-ßp Ah-tcmSv Kpcp-\m-Y- m Bh-iy-s Kpcp-Z- nw tic-fm- Nmcw kzoi-cn- msx Xs Xßsf tic-f-øn Xma-kn- m A\p-h-Zn- n- -W-sa- m-bn-cp- p. Bh-iy-s Kpcp-Z- nw simsp- msx hø-t m. ]t, \m p-im `qcn-]- hpw AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bncp- p. sndp- - m v, simspø hm p-]m-en- - W-sa p \n _- -am-bn-cp- p. AXn-\p-th n Ah kwl-sn- p. Ipd- p-t]sc kwl-sn- n- p. FXn p- -h-cpss A[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp p ] nbq t {Xw. sndp- - m {Kma-t {Xw Aip- -am- n. hcm-l-aq ØnbpsS hn{klw Np p-s]m- n- p. `qcn-] w HmSn a p {Kma-ß-fn-te p c s - p. H mw ÿm\-øm-bn-cp ] n-bq apsn- p. a p {Kma- m ] n-bq-cn\v ]XnXzw Iev]n- p. X\Xp kwkv m-c-øn-ep \njv j A{X i -am-bn-cp p Chn-sS. kz w `mj Dd- -Xn-\p-ti-jw, C\n as mcp `mjbpw B[n-]Xyw snep-øp-i-bn-s L -ambm a p `mj-iƒ GXpw ]Tn- mw. F{X thwsa- n-ep-am-hmw. BZy-L- -Øn amxr-`mj am{xta Ip n-isf ]Tn- n- m-hq. Cw o-jp-im ChnsS h Imew apx Ahsc A\p-I-cn- m-\p {`aw C y- m-cn IS- p-iq-sn- p- v. Ah-cpsS Nne KpW-ßƒ A\p-Icn- m-hp- -Xp-am-Wv. Cw o-jp-im-cpss amxr-`m-jmkvt\lw hfsc {]kn- -am-w-s m. GXp cmpy- m pw AXp kzoi-cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. F m Hcp IcWw adn- -mwv \maxp kzmb-ø-am- nb-xv, Cw o-jp-im kz w `mjsb kvt\ln- p- -Xp-t]mse \mw \ΩpsS amxr-`m-jsb kvt\ln- -W-sa- m-ws m AXnse A\p-I-c-Wo-b-amb hiw. ImX-emb am -amwv \mw hcp-øn-b-xv. CfbX,v \ns AΩ-bpsS ]nwvuw F p ]d- psim v ]nwvuw shbv m ]d- -t mƒ shbv p Bƒ \ns AtΩsS ]næw F p- Xs ]d- p. Aß-s\-b Fs AΩ-bpsS F m- m \n t±-in- -t mƒ FtfXns AΩsS ]næw F p Xs ]d- psim mbn Abmƒ F IY t]mse-bmwv \mw s]cp-am-dn-b-xv. F nt m ]ip NØn pw tamcnse ]pfn-t]m-bn-. kzmx-{ y-øns Adp-]-Øn-\memw hb- nepw A\ys ]ndsi t]mim Aan-tXm- m-l-ønem-ws m \mw. \ΩpsS ]ptcm-k-xn p hne-ßp-x- Sn-bmbn \nev p- -Xv \nµy-amb Cu at\m-`mhw Xs. kwkv mcw as mcp cmpyøp \n p ]I Øp- Xv Fßs\ h Py-amhpw F p kwibn- p- -h-cp- m-hpw. kzoi-cn- m-hp NneXv F m P\-X-bn-ep-ap- v. XymPy-taXv {Kmly-taXv F v AXn-kq- va-ambn hnth-nn- -dn- nt kzoim-cyx \n -bn- m-hq. A mss ]I Øp- Xv B cmpy-am-bn-øo-cp- -Xn\p Xpey-am-hpw. Ata-cn temi-ønse H mw-ins cmjv{s-ambn Adn-b-s -Sp- p. F n pw ASpØp InS- p I\U Ata-cn- kwkv mcw kzoi-cn- m-\njvs-s -Sp- n-. Ata-cn- {]t -]-W-ßƒ v I\-U-bn hne- p-xs Ds dnbp- p. CXpt]mse kao-]-h Øn-bmb {^m kv Cw - ns kwkv mcw ]I Øm Xmev]cyw ImWn- p- n F pw ti n- p- v. axhpw amxr-`m-jbpw Htc hgn- k -cn- p- -sx p ImWmw. tic-f-ønse hnhn[ axß-fn Nne-Xns P ÿm\w hntz-i-cm-py-ß-fm- Wv. B \m nse `mj B axm-\p-bm-bn-iƒ v thz- `mj t]mse hnin-jvs-am-bn-cn- p-sa- n AXn Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-bn-. ]t AXv amxr-`m-jmkvt\-lsø ]nt m p X p \ne-hsc FØcp-sX v `mjm-kvt\-ln-i-sf mw {i n- -Ww. As - n axw ]ptcm-k-an- p txmssm w cmpyw On -`n- -am-bn-øo-cp-sa pw Hm -Ww. axw cmjv{s-sø- mƒ hep-xm-hp-tºmƒ atx-xc cmjv{sw F k ev]w an y-bm-bn-øocp-a-t m. 54

ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-xhpw BJym-\hpw tum. {_n n dmt^ hn. ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw (Everyday life) F v \mw km[m-cw D]-tbm- Kn- m-dp kwh KsØ Cu tej- \-Øn kmaq-ln-i-kmw-kvim-cn-i-_- -ßsf Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hni-i-e\w snøp- -Xn-\p khn-tij k - ev]-\-am-bmwv hnh- n- n- p- -Xv. {]txy-in v Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-coXnimkv{X- Øn Du simsp- p- -Xn-\p-th- n-bmwv ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw F k -ev]-\sø CØ-c-Øn ChnsS ]cn-k-wn- p- -Xv. km{º-zm-bni Ncn- {X-c-N-\-bpsS ]cn-an-xn-i-sf- p-dn- p Xncn- -dn-hn \n mwv ]pxnb kao-]-\-ßfpw k -ev]-\-ßfpw cq]- s -Sp- Xpw km[y-x-iƒ Bcm-bp- - Xpw. Cub -Øn km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Ønse ]m iz-h-xvir-x-scbpw _ln-jvir-x-scbpw kxy-ß-sfbpw Ah-ÿ-I-sfbpw hkvxp sfbpw a v bmym y-ß-sfbpw a\- n-em- m ]cym-]vx-amb k -ev]\w F \ne-bn-em-wv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn- X-Øns Nne km[y-x-i-sf- p-dn v ChnsS kqnn- n- p- -Xv. ae-bm-fn-ifpss ax,-km-aq-ln-i, cm{ ob `mjmpohn-x-øn Ign Ac-\q- m- n _jo-dn-t\mfw kzm[o\w snep-ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\n-s p ]d-bmw. _jo-dn\v FgpØv Fs IS-em- n Cd n-hbv- epw \nßƒ F n {]th-in- epw BWv (1998:21). Pohn-X-sØbpw Fgp-Øn-s\bpw KmV-ambn _ n- n- p _jo-dns Cu Xncn- -dn-hmwv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-XsØ Cu hni-ie-\-øn ]cn-k-wn- p- -Xns XmXv]-cyw. Pohn-XsØ Xs BJym-\-ambn Is -Sp- p ssz\w- Zn\ Pohn-XsØ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn Xncn- -dn-bp kmaq-ln-im-h-t_m[w IqSn taep- -cn {]kvxm-h-\-bn D -Sßp- p- v. ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns k -ev]-\-]-c-amb D -S w Ncn-{Xc-N-\-bpsS coxn-im-kv{x-t_m-[-ßsf ]pxp- n- -Wn-bp- -Xm-Wv. F mwv Ncn{Xw F ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb tnmzy-øns DØ-c-am-Wn-Xv. ssz\w- Zn\ PohnXw Xs Ncn-{X-ambn kzoicn- -s -Sp- p- v. km{º-zm-bni Ncn- {X-c-N\m coxn-im-kv{x-ß-fpss ]cn-an- Xn-I-sfbpw am\-z-fi-ß-sfbpw B[n- Im-cn-I-X-sbbpw adn-i-s- p-hm-\p {iaw IqSn-bmWv CXv. _jo-dns cn-\-iƒ AXn {]I-Sn-X-am-hp kz`m-h-øn-s bpw LS-\-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn c p-x-e-øn km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X- Øns ]cn-an-xn-isf AXn-K-an- p- p- v. BJym\w F p \ne-bnepw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb AXns D -S- - Ønepw cq]-hn-xm-\-ønepw Cu khn- 55

kaq-l-øn ]m iz-h-xvi-c-w-øn\v hnt[-b-cmb sxmgn-em-fn-ifpw thiy-i-fpw, sx n-ifpw Ip - hm-fn-ifpw ap o- p-i-fn- m-cpw BSpw ]q bpw Hs ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns `mk-am-bmwv _jo-dns cn-\-i-fn IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. sx n- I-fp-sSbpw B th-iy-i-fp-ssbpw Ip -hm-fn-i-fpssbpw Hs kmaq-ln-i-kz-xz-ß-fpss {]Xn-\n-[m- \-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv bmym y-ß-sf- p-dn- p kmaq-ln-i-t_m[w \n Ωn- -s -Sp- -Xv. AXm-bXv NqjWw snø-s -Sp- -h-cp-ssbpw _ln-jvir-x-cpssbpw kmaq-ln-i-kz-xz-amwv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X- Øns Ncn-{X-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-eqsS {]I-Sn-X-am-Ip- -Xv. \ne-hn-ep kmaq-ln-i-ssh-ir-x-ß-sfbpw Ak-a-Xz-ß-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn ssz\wzn-\-po-hn-x-øns am\-z-fi-ß-fmwv ]cn- K-Wn- -s -Sp- Xv F w. sl {Sn se^s{_ (Henri Lefebvre) skun-t_m Uv (Gay De bord) XpS-ßnb km{º-zm-bni Nn -I ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn- X-Øns {]Xn-\n-[m\w A\y-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-s\-Xncmb kmaq-ln-i-t_m-[-amwv Db Øn- n-sn- p- sx v {]txyiw Du n-]-d-bp- p v (1990:240). AXm-bXv ssz\w-zn\ PohnXw XmØzn-I-ambn khn-ti-j-ss\-xn-i-xsb apt m- p-h-bv p- p- v. Cu ss\xn-i-x-bmwv sxmgn-em-fnifp-ssbpw thiy- I-fpsSbpw Ip -hm-fn-i-sfbpw F m-hn-[-øn-ep ASn- -a- Ø-ep-Iƒ t\cnts n-h-cp- -h-cp-ssbpw kmaq-lni {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßƒ v Xs cn-\-i-fn Du simsp- p-hm _jo-dns\ t{]cn- n- p- -Xv.. CXns ImcWw hfsc efn-x-am-wv. _jodns ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw Gdn-b-Iqdpw CØ-c- Øn kmaq-ln-i-ambn Ah-iX A\p-`-hn- -s ]m iz-h-xvir-x-tcm-ssm- -am-bn-cp- p. ssz\w-zn-\-pohn-x-bm-ym y-ßsf AXns LS-\-bnepw kz`mh-ønepw Dƒs m- p-hm ]cym-]vx-amb Ncn-{Xc-N-\m-co-Xn-im-kv{X-am-bmWv ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw (Everyday life) F k -ev]-\sø hn`m-h\w snbvxn- p- -Xv. t\mh ]e A -ß-fnepw ssz\w-zn-\-pohn-x-bm-ym y-ßsf AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp BJym-\-\n Ωn-Xn-bmbmWv \ne-hn hcp- -Xv. tic-f-ønse Iogmf Pohn-XsØ AS-bm-f-s -Sp- Øp t]mtøcn Ip -ºp-hns kcae-bm-fn-i-fpss ax,-km-aq-ln-i, cm{ ob `mjmpohn-x-øn Ign Ac-\q- m- n _jo-dn-t\mfw kzm[o\w snep-ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\n-s p ]d-bmw. ti-jx Is -Øm-\m-hpw. H m-axv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-XsØ Xs BJym-\-am- p- -Xp-hgn aebm-f-ønse s]mxpkmln-xy-t_m-[-søbpw AXns D S søbpw ]p\ \n h-nn- p-ibmwv _jo snøp- -Xv. c m-axv _jo ]n Xp-S Cu khn-ti-j BJym-\-am-Xr-I -ssz- \w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns BJym-\-N-cn-{X-ambn ]cn-k- Wn- -s -Sp cm{ o-bm-h-ÿ-bn-emwv kw`-hn- p- -Xv. AXm-bXv Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS km{º-zm-bni am\-z-fi-ßƒ tnmzyw snø-s -Sp-Ibpw kmaq-ln- I-Po-hn-X-Øns am\-ßfpw LS-\bpw hni-i-e\w snøp-hm Gsd Xpd- p-ifpw hym]vxnbpw e`n- p- -Xn\v ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Nn -h-xvicww ]cym-]vx-amwv F Xncn- -dnhv ] p-]- p Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mWv _jo F -Xp-Iq-Sn-bmWv CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns Ncn-{Xmfl-I-X-sb- p-dn v _jo F{X-tØmfw t_m[-hm- \m-bn-cp- p F Xv Xn -s -Sp-Øm-\m-hn-. F m ap o- p-i-fn- m-cs aiƒ, ]møp-ω-bpss BSv, axn-ep-iƒ, i -ßƒ XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fn _jo km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Øns B[n-Im-cn- I-Xsb tnmzyw snøp- Xv GX -Ønepw {it -b-am-wv. IY ]d-bp p F \ne-bn kzbw Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw hmb-\- m, tiƒhn- m Ncn-{X-hn-Zym n-i-fp-am-ip- -Xn-s\- - n-bp {]Xy- -amb kqn-\-iƒ AXmWv hy -am- p- -Xv. km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Øns B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpsSbpw am\-z-fi-ß-fp-ssbpw AXn-cp-Iƒ ssz\w- Zn-\-Po-hn-X-hr-Øn-I-fn \n v ambv pif-bp-ibmwv _jo Xs IrXn-I-fn-eqsS snøp- -Xv. ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Ncn-{X-k-Ø-bn ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bp kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-nn- - Iƒ ChnsS ]cn-k-wn-t - -Xp- v. _jo-dns IrXn-I-fn kqnn-x-am-hp CShpw Imehpw (Space and time) Cub -Øn Ht sd cm{ ob kqn-\-iƒ Dƒs m- p- p. Cu cm{ ob kqn-\-iƒ e`y-am-hp- Xpw \oxo-i-cn- -s -Sp- Xpw ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbn \n m-sw v ImWmw. CØ-c-Øn ssz\wzn\-po-hn-xsø apjy-[m-c-bn-te v sim ph-cni F p- Xv Ncn-{X-c-N-\sb kw_- n v hnπ-h-i-c-amb {]h Ø-\-am-Wv. km{º-zm-bni 56

kzxohnpbw XpS-ßnb BZy-Ime ae-bm-f-t\m-hep-i-fn BJym\w snø-s -Sp Iogmf PohnXw CØ-c-Øn ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Ncn-{X-bm- Ym y-ambn ]cn-k-wn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. ]møp-ωbpss BSv, ap o- p-i-fn- m-cs aiƒ, axn-ep-iƒ, i_vz-ßƒ XpS-ßnb IrXn-I-fn \mw I p-ap- p Ai-c-W-cmb, kaq-l-øns apjy-[m-c-bn \n v _ln-jvir-x-cmb kmaq-lni Xn -I-fpsS Is -Sp v \S-Øp- Xv _jo Xs A\p-`-h-ßfn \n m-wv. _jo-dns IrXn-I-fnse Cu khnti-jx ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse Hmtcm \nan-jß-tfmspw ÿe-im-e-k-µ `-ß-tfm-Sp-ap khnti-j \ne-]m-sp-i-fpss BsIØpI-bm-Wv. _jodns A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS KpcpXzw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Ne-\m-fl-I-Xsb kzmwio-i-cn- p- -Xn-emWv \ne-sim- p- -Xv. Ne-\m-fl-I-X-bm-hs F m Xc-Øn-ep-ap ÿm]-\-]-c-amb kp\n- n- X-bm-Ym y-ßsfbpw X n- -f-bp- -Xp-sIm v A\n- n-x-xz-øns Xpd- p-i-fn-emwv km[y-am-ip- -Xv. CXv bmym y-ß-fpss \n Ωn-Xnbpw kz`mh-hp-ambn _ -s khn-ti-j-amb XmØznI, {]mtbm-kn-i-x-e-ß-fn-emwv Du p- -Xv. Cu Du ep-i-fmwv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Ncn-{X-h-XvIc-WsØ k -ev]-\-]-c-ambn Gsd km[p-hm- p- -Xv. kaq-l-ønse _lp-kz-c-amb bmym yß-fpss {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-c-W-ßfpw km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Øn-\p- n Cu A - Øn Is -Øm-\m-hn-. F m, ssz\w-zn-\-pohn-x-øns Ncn-{X-ap-lq Ø-ß-fm-hs F m `mj-w-ßƒ pw Xn -Iƒ pw AS-bm-f-s -Sphm ]cym-]vx-amb CS-ß-fm hn]p-e-am-wv. i_vz-ß-fn-sem-cn-søv A \pw A\m-Y-\p-amb Hcp ]uc Xs kzxzsø k -ev]n-s -Sp- m {ian- p- Xv {i n- p-i. ""IÆp c pw Cs - nse m? F\n-t m m Ign-tbte? F Xm? Ibo Imipw sxmw-bv mfpw Blm-c-Øn\p hgow C mtxw ]s mcp ImeØv Rms\mcp hgnb-º-e-øn Ccp- p. \ΩpsS \msn\p sh - mco p kzmx{ yw In nb szhkw! As -\n v Ccp-]Xp hb- m-bn-cp- p. A v Rm Hm Øp'' (1997 : 456). kaq-l-øns apjy-[m-c-bn kmaq-lni kmº-øni hn`-h-ß-tfm, A[n-Im-ct{i-Wo-_- -ßtfm H pw C mø _ln-jvir-xcpss km n yw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn km m-xvi-cn- s -Sp- Xv ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns {]Xn-\n-[m-\- ßƒ km[y-am-ip t\mh t]mep BJym- \-cq-]-ß-fn-em-sw kqn-\-bmwv CXv \evip- - Xv. CØ-c-Øn _ln-jvir-xxn- -I-fpsS ÿm\- s -S, {]Xn-\n-[m\w kzbw \n h-nn- m-\p CSw ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsb Xncn- -dn-bp- -Xn-eq-sS-bmWv _jo AS-bm-f-s -Sp- Øp- -Xv. AXm-bXv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns D - S w k -ev]-\-]-c-ambn F m ÿe-ime ss\anjn-im-h-ÿ-i-sfbpw Dƒs m- m ]cym-]vxamwv F v kmcw. a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns hyxykvx Ah-ÿm-t`-Z-ßsf enwk-]-z-hn, PmXn, ax, tzi, h -ssh-hn-[y-ßsf AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øm- \p-f-f {ia-am-wnxv. ta kqnn- n- p- -Xp-t]mse _ln-jvir-xcpw ii-en-x-cp-amb X -I-fpsS {]Xn- \n-[m\w GXp cn-\-i-fn-emwv ImWm Ign-bp-I As - n GXv Ncn-{X-Im-cn- mwv AXv Ncn-{Xhn-j-b-am-bn-Øo-cpI F p tnmzyw km{º-zmbni Ncn-{X-\n Ωn-Xn-bpsS am\-z-fi-ß-fp-ssbpw coxn-im-kv{x-ß-fp-ssbpw ]cn-an-xn-bn-te mwv hnc Nq p- -Xv. km{º-zm-bn-i-n-cn-{x-øn-s\- Xnsc _jo ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns Ncn-{Xt_m-[-sØbpw coxn-im-kv{x-søbpw D]-tbm-Kn- Xv XmØzn-I-amb Ah-t_m-[-Øn-em-bn-cn- -W-sa- n. F m Xs A\p-`-h-]m-T-ßsf BhnjvI-cn- m km{º-zm-bni BJym-\-ß-fpsS cq]hpw `mjbpw axn-bm-in-s t_m[w _jodn-\p- m-bn-cp- p. Cu Xncn- -dn-hn \n mwv Xs `mjbpw cn-\-i-fpss Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw Ab-hp- - Xp-amb LS-\bpw BJym-\-Øns s]mxp-hn-jb-ßfpw hnti-{µo-ir-x-amb BJym-\-ssi-enbpw _jo Is -Sp- p- -Xv. Ncn-{X-hn-i-I-e-\-Ønepw LS-\-bnepw khn-ti-j-amb Du -ep-i-tfm-sp-iq- Snb k -ev]\w F \ne-bn-ep ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns XmØzn-I-amb {]k n Adn-b-Wsa- n-. AXns {]tbm-k-]mtw Na-bv p Xn\v. km{º-zm-bni BJym-\-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-xn-isf adn- I-S- m-\p Bcm-b-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv _jo ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-sa k -ev]-\-k-ap- -b-øn ] p-]- p- -Xv F p-am-{xw. Ncn-{X-c-N\m coxn-imkv{x-ß-fpss ]cn-an-xn-i-fpss Bcm-b-ep-I-fmWv khn-tij cn-\m-coxn imkv{x-ambn Cu k -ev]- \sø D]-tbm-Kn- p- -Xn\v B[m-cw. c PnXv Kpl (Ranjith Guha) temi-n-cn-{x-øns ]cn-an- Xn-I-sf- p-dn- p hni-i-e-\-øn SmtKm-dns D -S- -Øns ssz\w-zn-\m-fl-ix (Everyday contentment) F k -ev]-\sø Ncn-{X-c-N-\- bnse ssz\w-zn-\m-fl-i-x-bpss {]k- n-sb- p-dn v kqnn- n- p- Xn-\mbn Nne D -c-wn-iƒ D]-tbm- Kn- p-sim v hni-zo-i-cn- p- p- v. (2002:93). AXm- 57

bxv \ΩpsS tic-f-øn-sebpw C y-bn-sebpw Ncn- {X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-im-kv{X-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-xn-isf hensbm-c-f-thm-fsa- nepw adn-i-s- p- -Xn\v klm-b- I-c-am-Ip- Xv t\mh t]mep BJym-\-am-Xr- I-I-fmWv F w. _ln-jvir-x-km-aq-ln-i-kz- Xz-ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fnepw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-XvIc-W-Øn-ep-amWv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-N-cn-{X-]- Xn ss\xn-i-ambn ti{µo-i-cn- p- -Xv. ssz\w-zn\ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn-eq-ss-bmwv kmwkvim-cni ÿew \n Ωn- -s -Sp- -Xv. _jodns BJym-\-ß-fn {]Xn-\n-[m\w snø-s -Sp ÿe-ßƒ, D -S- -Ønepw kz`m-h-ønepw khnti-j-x-iƒ ]pe Øp- -hbmwv. {]txy-in v i_vz-ßƒ, axn-ep-iƒ, ap o- p-i-fn- m-cs aiƒ XpS-ßnb cn-\-i-fn kqnn-x-am-hp ÿe-ßƒ hyxykvx A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw Pohn-X-t_m-[hpw sshhn-[y-am kmaq-ln-i-, kmw-kvim-cn-i-kz-xzß-fpap hyh-lm-cn-i-tem-i-ß-sf-bmwv ]cn-nb-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. CØcw sshhn-[y-ßƒ h p-]pe Øp ÿe-ßƒ sxcp-hp-ifpw N -Ifpw thiym-e-b-ßfpw Pbn-ep-I-fp-sams D -S- - Øn ssz\w-zn\ PohnXhym-h-lm-cn-I-ÿ-e-ßfmWv. kmaq-ln-i-ÿew kmaq-ln-i-\n Ωn-Xn-bm- Ip- -sx-ß-s\-sb- p (1991:26) sl {Sn se^- _vs{h-bpss ÿe-\n Ωn-Xn-bpsS hni-i-e-\w khnti-j-ÿ-e-ß-fnse kmaq-lni _ -ßsf a\- n-em- m klm-b-i-am-wv. kmaq-lni _ -ßfpsS \n Ωn-Xnbpw khn-ti-j-ÿ-e-kz-xz-ß-fpss kz`m-hhpw Ncn-{X-cm-{ o-b-k-µ `-ß-fpsS ASn-Ød-bn-emWv cq]w sim p- -Xv. {]Xn-\n-[m\w snøs -Sp kmaq-lni_ -ß-fpsS kz`mhw t\m p- I. Cu IrXn-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb H - - Æ t]m, a apø-, ssk\_ F nhsc IqSmsX Xs IY-bn, Ncn-{X-Øn IS- p-h-cp- -h-sc- p-dn v _jo kqnn- n- p- -Xnß-s\-bm-Wv: Chsc IqSmsX ÿesø c p aqcm- n-i-fmb t]meo-kp-im. ]ns alm- - - m-cmb sxmc- Ah-dm\pw ss{uh ] p- Ænbpw Ah ÿe-øn-. Ah-cpsS A`m-h- Øn s]mcp-xp- -h-cmwv s]m Ip-cnip txmamsb pw B\-hm-cn-cm-a \mb-sc pw t]cmb ÿesø I - m-cn c p {]am-wn-iƒ. B{in- X-\mb F p-imen aωq v, ]ns Ah-cpsS Bcm-[-I-cmb A\p-`m-hn-Iƒ. Chsc IqSmsX ÿe-hm-kn-i-fmb c m-bn-cøn Ccp-\q-dn-e-[nIw _lp-p-\-ßƒ. Ah-sc- m-hcpw Xs kam-[m-\- Øns Bƒ m-cmwv bp -s m-xn-b- m-cmb aqcmk m-fl-i-x-bpss \nkq-v-h-xvic-w-ßsf, ss\k n-i-x-sbbpw a v anøp-i-sfbpw X n- -f-bp- I-bmWv _jo snøp- -Xv. AXneqsS Fgp-Øns\ ssz\w-zn-\-pohn-x-øns F m km[m-cw {]h Øn-I-fnepw Dƒs -Sp-Øp-IbmWv _jo. 58

n-i-f-. C{Xbpw hnti-j-ß-fmwv amtem-i a\- n-em-t - -sx p ]d-bm Cu hn\o-x-n-cn-{x-imc\v kt m-j-ta-bp- p. ]ns teiw IqSn ]dbm-\p- v. Cu Ncn-{X-Øn hcp ÿe-hm-kn- Isf IqSmsX BWpw s]æp-ambn Hcp c m-bncøn Adp-\q-tdmfw hc-ø-cp-ap- v. Ah Cu Ncn- {X-Øn snm m-gvnbpw i\n-bm-gvn-bpta hcq. hcp- Xv N -bn-em-wv. hmßm\pw hn m\pw s]mxp-hn Bc-h-ap- m- m\pw Ii-]nibv pw (_-jo hmfyw H v, 1997:651). kmaqln-i-_- -ß-fn-eqsS, hyxy-kvx-kz-xz-ß-fpss {]Xn-\n-[m-\-ß-fn-eqsS DXv]m-Zn- n- -s -Sp ÿe- X- sb _jo Ncn-{X-h-XvI-cn- p- Xv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-hy-h-lm-cßfpsS kz`m-h-ß-fn-eq-ss-bm-wv. hy n-i-fpss A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw kmwkvim-cn-ikm-aq-lni I Xr-Xz-ßfpw sxmgnepw kmaq-ln-iamb t{iwo-_- -ß-fp-sa mw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn- X-Øns D -S- sø \n h-nn- p LS-I-ßfm-Wn-hn-sS. AXm-bXv Ncn-{X-_- -ß-fn ta kq-nn- n LS-I-ß-sfm-s -Øs am\-z-fiambn hcp p F w. CXm-hs km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Øns ss\xn-i-xbv p am\-z-fi-am-hmdp LS-I-ß-f F p- -XmWv ssz\w-zn-\-pohn-x-øns Ncn-{X-k-Ø-bpsS hyxn-cn- -Xbv pw km[y-x-iƒ pw \nzm-\w. ho nepw a v A[n-Im-cÿm-]-\-ß-fn-ep-ap ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw GI-tc- Jo-b-am-bXpw Xmc-X-tay\ Ne-\m-fl-IX Ipd- - Xp-amWv. CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fn \n v hyxy-kvxambn sxcp-hp-i-fn-te pw N -bn-te pw a v _lf-ß-fn-te pw (]m-øp-ω-bpss BSnse A -co- w, C{X timem-l-e-ßƒ \nd- Xpw ho- n Ft mfpw \ lc-amwv N IqSnb _l-fw) (AtX ]pkvxiw : 934) _jo-dns BJym-\-ßƒ Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-am-Ip- -Xv. a v hosp-i-fn \n pw kzimcy CS-ß-fn \n pw hyxy-kvx-ambn ssz\w- Zn-\-Po-hn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fn-em-I-am\w sshhn-[yßfpw _lp-kz-c-xbpw t]dp P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS km n- y-am-wv, {]txy-in v I - m-cp-ssbpw bmn-i-cp-ssbpw cm{ o-b- m-cp-ssbpw sxmgn-emfn-i-fp-ssbpw thiy-i-fp-ssbpw. CØ-c-Øn sshhn-[y-ß-fpss _lp-kz-c-x-bn-emwv sxcp-hnsebpw N -bn-sebpw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-hy-h-lmc-ßƒ Ne-\m-fl-I-am-Ip- -Xv, ]møp-ω-bpss BSn hosp-t]mepw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns _lp-kz-c-x-bn ] p-]- p- Xv hyxy-kvx-kmwkvim-cni cm{ ob ssph-kz-xz-ß-fpss hymh-lmcn-i-ÿew F \ne-bn-em-wv. F m-b -Øn-epap kmaq-lni, kmwkvim-cni, cm{ ob enwk- ]-Zhn _ -ß-fn-sems bp ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn- XsØ Dƒs m- p-hm tijn-bp CS-ß-fmWv _jo-dns BJym-\-ÿ-e-ßƒ. "axn-ep-ifpw' "]møp-ω-bpss BSpw' Cu _lp-kz-c-xsb ASbm-f-s -Sp-Øp- Xv {i n-t - -Xp- v. axn-ep-iƒ `c-w-iq-s-a ±-\-ÿm-]-\-am-sw- n hosv khn-tij-amb A[n-Im-c-_- -ß-fpsS kzimcy CS-am-Wv. F m XS-h-d-sb- mƒ axn-ep-iƒ p- n _jo-dns ssz\w-zn-\-po-hnxw Xfn-cn-Sp-Ibpw ] hn-cn p\n-ev p-ibpw hyxykvx A`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ h p-]p-e Øp Fgp-Øp-Imcpw cm{ o-b-{]- h Ø-Icpw I - mcpw sime-]m-x-in-ifpw kv{xo XS-hp-Im-cn-I-fpsS awhpw i_vzhpw t]sn- I-fp-w, A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sam-s -b-s-ßp kmaq-lni _ -ß-fpsS temiw hnkvxr-x-am-hp- Xv ssz\w- Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv Ne-\m-fl- I-am-bXpw Xmc-X-tay\ kpxm-cyhpw hy -hp-amb kmaq-ln-i-_- -ßsf Cg-]n-cn-s -Sp- m-\m-hp- -Xv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns hymh-lm-cni afi-e- Øn-em-Wv. km{º-zm-bni Ncn-{X-Ønse \nkq-v-h- XvI-c-W-ßfpw Hfn-a-d-hp-Ifpw ]m iz-h-xvi-c-wßfpw ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-kq-n-\-i-fn AS-bm-f-s - Sm-\p km[y-x-iƒ Gsd-bm-Wp- -Xv. ÿe-ime (Time and space) hyxym-k-ß-f- \p-k-cn v ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-øns D -S- - Ønepw kz`m-h-ønepw k o Æ-X-Ifpw hyxymk-ßfpw IS- p-h-cp- -Xmbn s^an-\nãv Nn m]cnk-c-ß-fpss At\z-j-W-Øn Itc tuhnkv (Karen Davies) kqnn- n- p- p- v. Htc ÿe-ime-øn Xs hyh-lm-c-ßƒ \S-Øp B s] kzxz-ß-fn s] kz-xz-ß-fpss Akm- n- y-ßsf {]iv\-h-xvi-cn- p-hm-\mwv Itc tuhnkv ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-sa ]T-\- km-[yx D]-tbm-Kn- p- Xv (Jon may and Nigel Thift (ed.), 2003:134). ae-bm-f-km-ln-xy-øn _jo AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp _ln-jvirx ]m izh-xvir-x-kz-xz-ß-fpss km n yw ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns ss\xn-i-x-bn-emwv k -ev]-\-]-cambn km m-xvi-cn- -s -Sp- Xv. 1959 Fgp-X-s "]møp-ω-bpss BSn'-te v hcp-tºmƒ khn-ti-j-k-ap-zm-b-ønse enwk-]-z-hnbpss _e-ßsf ]pcp-jm-[n-im-csø Nne-b ß-fn-se- nepw d±m- p CS-ambn hosv amdp- - Xns kqn-\-iƒ Cu cn\ ] p-h-bv p- p- v. ho n-\p- nse kv{xo ]pcp-j-a-[o-i-hn-t[-b-xz-t{i- Wo-_- -ßƒ _jo Nq n- m-wn- p- p: DΩ, 59

B\pΩ, sftiω, Ip m-\pωm C{Xbpw t] t\cmw-hæw tnmdp-æm-dn-. F p-sh m Ah v In m-dn F w. BWp-ßƒ pw Ip p-ßƒ pw am{xta tnmdp- p. _m n-bp- -h I ngßp Xn p Pohn- p- p...bwpßƒ DÆm ka-btø hcq. s]æp-ß-fmwv Zpcn- X-a-\p-`-hn- p- -Xv. CsXs ho n am{x-ap- -X-. an F m CS-Ø-c- m-cpss hosp-i-fnepw CXm- W-\p-`-hw. kv{xoiƒ al-\o-b-amb tkh\w A\pjvTn- p- p. CsX- p-sim v ]pcp-j- m Adn-bp- n (_-jo, 1997:963-964). 1959- Fgp-X-s Cu IrXn Ac-\q- m p apºp CS-Ø-c- m-cpss hosp-i-fnse kv{xo ]pcp-j-_- -ß-fnse LS- \bpw kz`m-h-hp-amwv AS-bm-f-s -Sp-Øp- -Xv. AXm-bXv khn-tij ÿeime-ß-fnse ssz\w- Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øn-emWv CØcw D /\on enwk-]-zhn _ -ßƒ A\m-h-cWw snø-s -Sp- -Xv. CsX- psim v ]pcp-j- m Adn-bp- n? F Fgp-Øp- Im-cs tnmzyw ssz\w-zn-\-po-hn-x-ønse bmym y-ßsf Adn-bp- n-s-øp-\n- mwv Db p-h-cp- -Xv. km{º-zm-bni BJym-\-ß-fn Cu ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Ønse IpSpw-_ kv{xo, ]pcp-j-enw-k-]-zhn _ -ß-fn hcp Ncn-{X-]- chpw cm{ o-b-]-c-hp-amb am -amwv Cu tnmzy- Øns ss\xn-i-xsb DXv]m-Zn- n- p- -Xv. Cu bmym yw A\m-h-cWw snø-s -Sp- -Xm-hs ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns Ncn-{X-ap-lq Ø-ßsf Dƒs m- m-\m-hp kmwkvim-cn-i-k-µ `-Øn-em- Wv. mt\m-zv]m-z-\-øns Cu bmym y-t_m- [sø Xncn- -dn-bp-hm Ignbp- p-sh- -XmWv _jo-dns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb, I -Xr-Xz-]-c-amb {]k- n. "A\p-cm-K-Øns Zn\-ßƒ', "P -Zn\w' XpSßnb IrXn-Iƒ Zn\w {]Xn-bp- m-ip D m-th-, amtd, amt \oxn-sb-b-sn-ÿm-\-am- p cn-\-i-fm-wv. CXp-X-s -bmwv k -ev]-\-]-c-ambn Ncn-{X-\n Ωn-Xn-bnse ssz\w-zn\ Pohn-X-Øns ImX F p ]d-bmw. t\mh ssz\w-zn\ Pohn- X-Øns BJym-\-cq-]-am-hp- -Xp-Xs bmym y-ß-fpss Cu XpS sbbpw Ne-\m-fl-I-Xsbbpw D w hbv p- -Xp-sIm- m-wv. ssz\w-zn- \-Po-hn-X-Øns Ncn-{X-k-Ø-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-s - Sp-Øn-bp kuµ-cy-imkv{x Nn hna i-\- ßƒ v hgn-sbm-cp- p- p- v. Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xnimkv{Xw F \ne-bv p {]k- n-tbm km[y- X-tbm A ChnsS tnmzyw snøs Sp- -Xv. adn v kuµ-cy-im-kv{x-øns kz`m-h-søbpw D -S- søbpw ssz\w-zn-\-_- -ßƒ FØ-c-Øn \n Æ-bn- p p F p hnnn- -\-Øn khnti-jx, A]-cn-Nn-XXzw XpS-ßnb kuµ-cy-im-kv{x- Ønse auen-i-xsb ASn-ÿm-\-s -Sp-Øn-bp am\-z-fi-ßfmwv ssz\w-zn-\-ku-µ-cy-imkv{x (everyday, Aerthetics) hna i-\-øn kzoi-cn- s -Sp- -Xv. (Yuriko, Saionto, 2007) CXm-hs BJym-\-Øn t{ijvt-x-sbbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xsbbpw Dd- n- p-i-bmwv snøp- -Xv. F m _jo CØcw B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sbbpw aueni kuµcy imkv{x-t_m-[-søbpw sh p-hn-fn- psim v C n-cn- n-sn-tbmfw _p n-bp-s - n B pw kmln-xy-sa-gpxmw, \nßƒ pw F v (_-jo, hmfyw H v, 1997:81) Xpd- p-]-dbp- p. Cu Xpd p ]d- n-ens ASn-ÿm\w km{º- Zm-bnI Iem-t_m-[sØ XInSw adn- -em-wv. k mfl-i-x-bpss \nkq-v-h-xvi-c-w-ßsf, ss\k n-i- X-sbbpw a v anøp-i-sfbpw X n- -f-bp-i-bmwv _jo snøp- -Xv. AXn-eqsS Fgp-Øns\ ssz\w- Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øns F m km[m-cw {]h Øn-Ifnepw Dƒs -Sp-Øp-I-bmWv _jo. References 1. Derrida and the end of history, Stuart Sin, Icon books, U.K., 2005. 2. Everyday life and Cultural Theory, Ben Highmore, Routledge, 2002. 3. The Everyday life Reader, Ben High more (edi.), Routledge, London, 2002. 4. The Politics of Everyday Fear, Brain massumi (edi.) University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, London, 1993. 5. Everyday Aesthetics, Yuriko Saito, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007. 6. Space Difference Every day Life Reading Henri Lefebvre, Edi. by Kanishka Goonewardena, Stefan Kipfer Richard Milgrom, Christian Schmid, Routledge, Newyork, 2008. 7. Everyday life in the Modern World. Henri Lefebvre Tran (Sacha Rabinovitch, Harper Torch Books Harper and Row, Publishers, Newyork, 1971. 8. The Critique of Everyday life and cultural Democracy, Alen Law, Voariant 29 Summer, 2007. 9. The Metaphysics of Everyday life. An essay in Practical Realism. Lynne Rudder Baker, Cambridge, 2007. 10. Gender and Everyday Life - Mary Holms, Routledge, London, 2009. 1. ssh w apl-ωzv _jo, _jo-dns kºq Æ-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Un. kn _pivkv tim -bw, 1997. 2. t]mƒ awen (FUn.) _mey-im-e-kjn ]T-\ßƒ, Un. kn _pivkv tim -bw, 1998. 60

c p IhnX a[p Be- -Sºv IS F{X Pohn-X IÆo Ic- n-eo bp St m` hnt m-`-ao- S. HSp w \n ew ac-w-øn aqix Xfw-sI- n-\n-ev sh s]m n- n-cn p IØp- p-ht m NnX! hn]-coxicwn lrjntii ]n.-_n. Xe-Xm-sgbpw Imep-Iƒ api-fn-ep-ambn \nev p-tºmƒ I p-\n acw ]d p hymbmaw DS-en-\ th Xv Im n-sem v Ipen-ßn- n-cn-bv p-itbm ag-b-søm v Xe-bm- p-itbm HgnsI Rß-sfm pw snøm-dn 61

Ifn- m w clv\ cmtpjv ssibn-se-spøv Xtem-Sn-bp-W Øn kvt\l-tømss tamlw Nm Ø kz -am- m, Bk- n-bpss BZy-e-l-cn-bn Nµ\w Nm Øv. ASn-apSn apgp- m v t]mi-t msi ]g-inb, Xnf- w -h n mhp-i-b-dnb IuXpIw emfn- p- Xo Hcp I\hv hen-s -dn-bm Hcp t\mhv; \n Ωm-eyw. Ims m-gp-ipw -hgn km_p-j apjw shfpø shbn Øm-fn Debpw ac-ß-sf n{x-ß-fm- pw- Im v Hm Ω-Iƒ P\ n- n ag-bmsegpxp p \\p-tøm-co-d Im v Zqtc-bv p- \ofpw \m p hgn-bn In\m-hmbn hmgp p ImX m v Ip n-d-ßp- p, ] msn-f- p- p, Im p hmkn-bmw- I-cn- m v s] Ip- n-b-gn- n apsn-sb- -S-em pw ImapI I - m v kviqƒ hn p -a-s-ßp-tºmƒ amºgw hogvøn-ø ae-bm-f-øn Im v IØp \K-c-Øn A`-bm n-bmbv h v ssi\o- p-an-f- m v Bfl-l-Xy- p-ap ]o b yamw hm n ]d- n-dßpw \nem- m v. Im n- m-ø-c-ßøv Nne- -b-gn- p p Im m-sn-a-c-ßfpw hoipi Imt, ImWm ØmZn-Im-hy-ta, Ime s Sp-Xnbn Im p \rø-ßƒ XpS-c-s. 62

Adnhv kptajv IrjvW.-F.-F-kv. ]p n-am Xp p p ]p n- p-en-bpss ]Xp-ßn- -Xpßn \mhp-\p-w- p-\p-w- p Ime-Sn-Iƒ tiƒ msx Ip n- m-sns In\m-hn Ipfn-cp-]p-X- n-cn- p p Ip p-ap-b snhn-bn apdp-inb amwk-xr-jvwsb Adn-bm-sX. Rm \nt m-s-spøp \o Fs t\sc Nq nb txm n Ipg ImWm-sX. 63

IY KÃt m DZ-b-i- ]gb ]pkvx-i-ßƒ hn p CSw. IS-ep-Iƒ. acp-`q-an-iƒ. Ip p- Iƒ. lna-in-c- p-iƒ Xm n-h-cp A m-x-cp-ss, hnth-in-i-fpss ]pkvxißƒ. t\ -t]mse {]m - \mbn A\p-hm-N-Is\ ImØn-cnbv p- p. F m- n\pw Ah-bp-tS-Xmb {]mw-\p- v. \n»-_vz-ambn AXns\ DW Øp-I. Kplm-hm-kn-I-fpsS Npa h-c-i-fn Cu DW Ø-ep-I-fp- m-bn-cp- p. Nn{Xm- -c-ß-fn \n v hm p-ifpw A hpw sxfn v h p. kz w \n{zm-s-\-ß-fnse hnnm-c-ßƒ am{x-a-. a p- -h-cpss ]\n ]nsn _nw_-ßfpw Pohn-X-hpw hns p. -I-gn- Xpw hcp- -Xp-amb ImesØ Bflm- ƒ CS-X-S-hn- msx Dcp- -gn p XpS-ßn. Cu kq{xw D]tbmKn v \n{zm-c-ln-x A\n- n-x-xz-øn-t ]WnX temiøv ka-c-k-s - p. Hcp t] jy Imhy-i-Iew Hm Ω-bn-se- Øn. ""A tbm hn-\-ta, \o k -\m- Y-s\- p-dn v ]d-bq.'' ""acp-`q-an-bn Nm agbv v \qev s]m n. BIm-iØv \n v ag-h- n-iƒ Xcn-ins\ sxm p. \mºp-iƒ s]m n. Nn{X-i-e-`-ß-fpw Ipcp-hn-Ifpw h p!'' samln-bp- o Hcp ]n Km-an-bmbn-cp- p. Xe-ap-dI-fn-eqsS a ad v t]mb Xmfp-Isf ]p\ Pohn- n- -h-cn Hcmƒ. \nd au\- Øns `mhw. Dd- - -Shv how IÆp-I. saen v \o a[y-h-bkv. Xqßn- n-s p Ip ØbpsS ssi CS-bv n-s v tatem v Db Øpw. AXv Hcp ioe-ambn Ign- n-cp- p. snºv \mcp-iƒ t]mse _pƒkm. Xe-bn shfpø XpWnsØm n. Rm-h \nd-øn ]q -fpss Fwt{_m-bvU-dn-bp- -Xv. A\p-hm-N-Is\ hmbn-s -Sp- m-\- dn-bp a\- v H -t\m- -Øn Hcp hm n ]qcn- n-s -Sp- p- p. {KŸ- p-c-bpss GtXm timwn Ahy- -Xsb hi v am n ]pkvxiw \o p-i-bm-bn. imkv{xw, Ncn-{Xw, A -im-kv{xw, kmln-xyw, KWn- Xw, thzw, hmkvxp, tpymxn-jw, Idp- Ø-am-Pn-Iv. GXv C\-hpw \njv{]-bmkw. F{X Ffp- -Øn. F{X Ww-sIm v. Hm Ω-sØ- n- msx ]pkvx-i-hp-ambn Abmƒ ap n-se- Øpw. Hcp ]t Abm-fpsS P\n-XI ]cn-wm-a-øn ]pkvx-i-ß-fpss Ipdn- -Sn-bpw, CShpw simøn sh ncn-bv -Ww. sdbn th tãj-\n Cd-ßp- 64

tºmƒ Rm D m-k-hm-\m-bn-cp- p. h j-øn-semcn-bv samln-bp- os {KŸ-]p-c-bn-te-bv p Xo -bm-{x. ^vssfhm-h-dn-eqss ]pd-tøbv v IS- p. \ Xnc- p- m-bn-cp- p. a\p-jy Fs mw thh-em-xn-i-fn {]Xo- -I-fn Iq w- Iq- -ambn Hgp-In-sb-Øp- -Xv. dn bv mbn A ]-t\cw ImØv \n t - nh- p. ]gb sxcp-hv. ]gb K n-iƒ. \K-c-Ønse G hpw {Zhn Cu ti{µ-øn Bcpw ]m p- n-s v hnnm-cn-bv -cp-xv. tncn-i-fp- n-hn-ss. dn b tjm p-iƒ. temdn _p nßv IS-Iƒ. s]mfn am - p-iƒ. sncp- p-ip-øn-iƒ. sem p-sem-sp v s] n- -S-Iƒ. AhnsS simgpø ] -kmc Acn- -ß-fpw, ckm-b-\-ßfpw Af- v In pw. ae- -c- p-iƒ, ]e-n-c- p-iƒ, Cu -bm p- Xpw tnmc-bn- p- -Xp-amb Cd- n-ãm-fp-iƒ, \c-isø apgp-h Rm I n-cn-bv p p F `mh-tømss. Xpdn IÆp-I-fp-am-bn simºp-iƒ Db Ønb t]møn Xe-Iƒ. tim^n ]osn-i-iƒ, hgn-tbmc-hm-wn-`-ßƒ, X p-i-s-iƒ, {^q vkns D p-h- n-iƒ, ssen-t^m _qøp-iƒ,dn - m, Iq ns m-sp- p-im, ap o- p-i-fn- m, t{_m am, \mev m-en-iƒ, ]q - p- n-i-fpss hen- -ap Fen-Iƒ, HmS-Iƒ, simxp-ip-iƒ F mw AS-ßp- -XmWv Cu K n. Fhn-sS-tbm Ft m-tgm Ccpƒ hrø-øn sh v As - n ]nim-nns {XntIm-W-Øn sh- v {]h-nn-bv -s - -Xp-t]mse ac-w-ß-fpss I - \-I-fm hn[n-bv -s - -Xp-t]m-se Cu sxcp-hnemwv Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn samln-bp- os ]gb {KŸ- p-c. {]mno-\-xbpss AS-bm-f-am-bn AXoh Zp {Kl-am-bn c v Xe-ßfpw Cg tncp- p. Fs Bh Ø\ß-fnse kz]v\m-s\w t]mse. ""]q ƒ DXn v how hgn-bn-eqss \S- p-ibm-bn-cp- p. \S- p-\-s v Rm Hcp ]pcm-hkvxp ayqkn-b-øn-se-øn. AhnsS \ndsb {]Xn-a-I-fmbn-cp- p. t\m n-\n t Rm\pw Hcp {]Xn-abmbn amdn.'' c mw \ne Xnc p. api-fnepw XmgsØ \nebn-ep-ap- m-bn-cp- -Xp-t]mse Xs -bmwv F mw. Htc A v. Htc `mhw. AIØv sa pdn hnf- p-iƒ hnfdn \n p. hne Ipd sxcphv hmwn-`-ßƒ n-s-bn ac-t mwn X n-sb-sp-øp. Cu K n-bn Fhn-sSbpw CØcw ac-t m-wn-bp- v. F m CXn\v khn-ti-j-x-i-fp- v. simøp- ]Wn snbvx ine-i-fpss {]mno\ kzc-ta-fw. txmfp-i-fn ] -h Æ-Ø-Ø-I-fn-cn-bv p lu. Pme-I- Wn snbvx _m -Wn. AXn\v Ggp \nd-ß-fpss s_ Pnbw kv^sn-i-ßƒ D mbn-cp- p. {]th-i-\-i-hm-s-øns api-fn simøn-h IXn-cp-Iƒ. Xncn- -dn-bp- p. snºp-]m-øn-tbm-sp-iq-snb ta p-c-bp CS- \m-gn-i. ]q -en-s bpw snsn-i-fp-tsbpw awhpw XWp pw A\p-`-h-s - p. ac- -Sn-I-fn hogp Nph-Sp-Iƒ FÆp-tºmƒ aq n ]cm-k-ß-fpss {LmWw. Xmgv i -Øn HºXv FÆn. samlnbp- os {KŸ- p-c. Abmƒ hmb-\-bn-em-bn-cp- p. \nan-j-ßƒ ]n n- p. IS-bn Bcpw D m-bn-cp- n-. apc-s-\m- n. C DW-cp- n-. ] n-ø-e-tbm-sn-t\msv kzri-amb Xqßn- n-s- p IpS-a-Wn-bn hnc-ea Øn. Abmƒ ]pkvx-i-øn ^vfmkv sh v as- n. apjøv au\-øn s]mxn hn\o-x-`m-hw. dm p-i-fn-eqss ]c-xn. a v Btc- mfpw kzmx{ yw X\nbv v Ah A\p-h-Zn- n-cp- p. sduv C y- m-cpss sfxnly-i-y-i-fpss ]pcm- X-\-{KŸw XS- p. simfw-_-kns ]ptcm-ln-x- \mb dmtam t]bv (Ramon Pane) s IsøgpØv {]Xn-bm-bn-cp- p. ajn- q- n\v aß-te- n- n-. Xqh \n p sim v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv. {]mir-x-cq-]-amb IS-em-kv. ssht m-epw, ]mgvøp- Wn-I-fpw, ]ibpw tn Ø ]mhv sim v D m- nb Xmfp-Iƒ. I n-bp- v. Ahbv v a bpw shfp pw Ie \nd-am-bn-cp- p. IdpØ ajnbn A v t]mse. it m- m-c-w-ß-fpss samgn. IS I -Iƒ Xp n ]nsn- n teml-b-wn Hcp aq. IY ]d-bp coxn-bn-emwv sfxnlyßƒ. sndp sndpiy-iƒ. Rm BZysØ IYbn-tebv v a\ v BgvØn. ]pcm-a-\p-jys 65

Bflmhv DW Øp- -sx- m-sw v Pn m-ks - p. ""Iog-S-ßm hnk-ω-xn C Im h - m `qan-bn-em p t]mb lrz-b-ßƒ p-ta-se. Kncn- \n-c-i-fpss ImX-en \n v. Xqh-ep-Iƒ AS-cm- Snb Npgn-I-fn \n v. [mxp- -fpss Ipan-f-I-fn \n v. au\-øns alm-k-wn-i-fn \n v. Icn- n-d-im k -Øn \n v. c -Zm-ln-bmb t]sn-s -Sp-Øp ae-ap-sn-i-fn \n v.'' \n{z-]q- -h-cpss tkm{x-a-wn-i-fp-ambn ae-b simsp- m p hnx- p. bm n-iƒ Xpc-Ø-s - p. Hcp Znhkw C Im-I-fpsS Xmh-f-Øn IdpØ hkv{xw [cn Hcp ZqX h p. aq \v ap{z-sh t]siw kωm-\-ambn ImgvN-sh- p. ZqX a{ n- p. ""sszh-\n-tbm-k-am-wv. C Im-I-fpsS i n-bn Aº-c pw BZ-chpw D m-bn. Cu D]-lmcw kzoicn- mepw''. ZqX-t\mSv aq Xpd- m B m-]n- p. ktµ-i-hm-l-i Hgn- p-am-dn. aq Xs Xpd- -W-sa- pw. Aß-s\-bmWv \{køv \n p \my shfn-]msv sim -sx pw samgn- p. ZqX A{]-Xy- -\m-bn. aq ti -Xn ]mxn s] Iw Xpd- p. sn p-i-fpss hen-sbmcp Npgn ]pd-tø v han- p. sn p-iƒ alm-am-cn-bm-bn- mwv h -Xv. ]md-i-fpss cl-ky-ßƒ hmbn-s -Sp-Ø-h. D w sx mø Ih-W-I-fm-b-h. AZr-iy-amb ZqX-{K-l-ß-fn {]m n- -h. Ce-I-fnse hs -gp-øp-iƒ hmbn- -h. Pe-Øns kv]µ\w Adn-bp- -h. hkqcn Xn v NØp. a\w-s\m v aq ine-bn Hcp ih-s n ]Wn-bm B \ In. AXn InS v aq mw- ] w A yw hcn- p. F v Znh-k-Øn\v tijw ihw DW n kq n- p- -Xn\v ae-ap-sn-bn-te v sim p-t]m-bn. Poh-\p Hcmsf sim p-t]m- Ip- -Xp-t]mse a -en-te n. "" Cu ]pkvxiw F\nbv v thww''. ""F m CXpw \nßƒ mbn am n sh -Xm- Wv.'' IdpØ N -tbm-sp-iq-sn-b-xv. AXn ]gb Iymad-bpsS Nn{Xw ap{zww snbvxn-cp- p. kq n v t\m n-bm Iyma-d-bpsS se kns tase n v F t]cpw ImWpw. ]pkvx-i-øn\v tnmcbpss \c-im-tcm-lww F v \ma-i-c-w-hp-ap- v. F m I Øm-hns\ Ipdn v an m- -an-. adn v t\m n-b-t mƒ a\- ns\ shdp-ß-en- n- p Nne t^mt m-iƒ AS-ßnb Bfl-I-Y-bm-bn-cp- p. ""IS IS-s -Øn-b-h.'' samln-bp- o Bfl-KXw sim p. ""Imew AXns IdpØ A ymbw ]e `mh- Øn hnkvxr-x-am- p-i-bm-wv.'' icnbv pw kvx_v[-\m-bn. iq\y-x-bpss thhv B hm p-i-fn {]Xn-^en- n-cp- p. ]pkvx-i-øns aq m-asø Xmfn Hcp Ipdn- p- m-bn-cp- p. ""dn m Uv s^{un. apgp-in-d-. Hcp t^mt m- {Km-^. Hmjvhn vkv Iymºnse XS-hp-Im-c. 1944 Unkw-_ 14 mw XnøXn t]mfnjv XS-hp-Im Hmjvhn vkv Iymºn FØ-nt -cp-tºmƒ dn m Uv s^{unbpw D m-bn-cp- p. A na {]Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ F v \ma-i-cww snbvx GXm\pw t^mt m-iƒ Abmƒ FSp-Øn-cp- p. F{]-Im-c-amWv Zl-\-]pc-I-fn IÆv sh n v ]I Øn-bXv F v A m- X-am-Wv. Hmjvhn vkn-tebv v FØp-tºmƒ dn m Uv s^{un ^nenw tdmfp-iƒ jqkn Hfn- n p sh n-cp- p. Ifn- m- -amb n v F Hcp Iymad Igp-Øn Xqßn-In-S- n-cp- p. Indp- -\mb-xn-\m Bcpw AX{X Imcy-am- n-b-xp-an-. {]mw\v {]Xo- -bn- m-xm-b-t mƒ s^{un A]mb-ßsf Iqkm- n-b-xp-an-. tumœ sawk-sebpss ]co- -W-ßƒ sim v Indp- s ico-camsi ]gpøv sk]v n- m-bn. Ah NØv HSpßp-tºmƒ Fs apxp-ap-ø- Ae KnKdn B s\k- ohv tdmfp-iƒ kq n p. 1945 P\p-hcn Bbt m-tg pw ]pxp-]n-d-hn-bpss ]S P Ω-\n-bn-te v Cc v FØn-bn-cp- p. Hmjvhn vkn \n v ]pdtøbv v c -s - -h-cn Ae KnK-dnbpw D mbn-cp- p. Xs Zl-\- p-c-i-fnse \c-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ apxp-ap-ø- \m]vin-\p-i-fn Ipdn v sh n-cp- p. Hcp Im p-im-eøv BZy-ambn Fs P - Krlw kµ in-bv m CS-bm-bn. AhnsS aq mw X n C m-en-b simøp-]-wn-i-tfmsp IqSnb Hcp FgpØv tai I p. AXy-]q w. snºp-x- In-Sp-sIm- p ]q ƒ ]Xn- n tai-bn Rm BIr- -\m-bn. AXv Rm Fs ho n-te v sim p-t]m- p. F m Fgp-Øp-tai Xpd- m- \m-hp-am-bn-cp- n-. ]ecpw {ian- p. Dƒ{Km-a-Ønse hr -\mb sim h v tai Xpd p X p. At m-gmwv \c-i- q-f-bpss B _hpw \m]vin Ipdn- p-ifpw I p-in- n-b-xv. ]ns Ifn- 66

m- -amb n v Iyma-d-bpw. a\p-jy\v Ahs\ Ipdn p Xs ]expw Xncn- -dn-bm-\p-s v Ae KnK-dnbv v Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øm-\p- m-bn-cp p. ]nsnbv -s -Sp-tºmƒ Ae KnKdn Hcp ]{X-{]-h Ø- I-\m-bn-cp- p. t]cv ]d-bm `b-s -Sp Rm Cu ]pkvxiw Xpd p hnsp- p.'' ""IdpØ Ncn{Xw Bh Øn-bv m-xn-cn- m. Bta.'' tnmc ]pc Zn\-cm-{X-ß-fpsS B _w Rm Xpd- p. Ccp-]-sØm v Nn{X-ßƒ. ªm v B v ssh v t^mt m-iƒ. Pohn- n-cn-bv p ImeØv Ah F{]-Imcw th -bm-s-s - p-sh v AS-bm-fs -Sp-Øp h. lrz-b-t`-z-i-cw. C\nbpw ]dn v t]m n- n- mø a\- p-isf Iep-jn-X-am- p- Xv. s]m n- p- -Xv. Ah-km\ Nn{X-Øn Hmjvhn vkns Ihm-S- Øn\v api-fn Bte-J\w snbvxn-cn- p hmiyw. ""tpmen \nßƒ v kzmx{ yw Hcp nøcpw.'' Ae KnK-dn A n-a-]-cn-lm-c-ßsf Ipdn- p elp hnh-c-w-ßfpw Hm Ω-Ifpw ]pkvx-i-ønep- m-bn-cp- p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hcp h -a-, ]ebm-h Øn acn- p-sim- n-cp- p. Nqf-bpsS CSpßnb CS-\m-gn-bn-tebv v hen-s -dn-b-s - -h. \nßfpss acn hmb-bn-eqss kwkm-cn- p- Xv F\nbv v tiƒ m-\m-hpw. \c-im-\p-`-h-ßƒ Fs icnbv pw Ii- n-bn-cp- p. a\p-jy-l-xy- I-fn hb-e- ns Cud Ib-ß-fp- v. ac-w- Øns t\m w. ac-w-øns apjw. Ccp-f-. Nph- -. as mcp h Æ-hp-a-. hb-e- m-wv. Ime-ß-tfmfw. A\- -ambnøs. ih-ßsf txsn AW v AW v \o v hcp hb-e v \mhv. Nn{X-ß-fn DS-\ofw Hcp \ng-em-bn. Iym]v dptumƒ^v tlmãns cq]-ap- m-bn-cp- p. hb-e- ns A[n- ]. hnj-en-]vx-amb B Nmbw HSp-ßp-I-bn-t. dn m Zv {Km -l s {KŸw kqn-\-iƒ \ Ip- p. \q n Hº-Xm-asØ t]pv a\- n Xpd- p. \yqdw-_ nse bp -Ip- -t m-s-xn-bn Agp-Inb amwk-øns Im v hogvn. 1946 G{]n 7 mw XnøXn hnnm-c-w-th-f-bn dqtum^v tlmãnt\msv D -bn- -s tnmzy-ßƒ v Cß-s\-bmWv adp-]-sn. t]pv \q n-sbm-ºxv ]d v XpS-ßn. ""A y-{]-xn-hn-[n- -\p-k-cn v ln ve-dpss I -\sb Ft m-sg- nepw \ncm-i-cn-bv -W-sa v txm ntbm?'' ""C. I -\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-bv p-hm am{xap- -Xm-Wv.'' ""Ip n-isf Iim p snøp-tºmƒ Ip -t_m[w txm n-bn-cp- nt?'' ""C. Ah-cpsS knc-i-fn Hgp-Ip c - amwv i{xp. A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmbn Xocm-hp H v.'' ""ac-w-øns ^mœ-dn-iƒ F m F mwv?'' ""sndnb Nph p `h-\w. sndnb shfpø `h- \w. F Hma-\-t]-cn Adn-b-s -Sp Kymkv tnº-dp-iƒ A y-{]-xn-hn-[n-bn-te- p hmxn-ep- I-fm-bn-cp- p. AXmWv ac-w-øns ^mœ-dn.'' ""Hmjvhn vknse Zl-\- p-c-bn Bsc-sbm-s bmwv Cc-I-fm- n-bxv?'' ""Bcy c -a- m-ø-h, a\p-jym-h-im-i-{]- h Ø-I, temi-øns ]nim-np- ƒ, Pn]vkn- Iƒ, hgn-im- n-bpss km n-iƒ a p- -h.'' ""\nßƒ t\cn v Kymkv tnº-dnse Iq - p-cpxn I v t_m y-s - n-cpt m?'' ""XpS w apx HSp w hsc {i -tbmss \nco- n- p.'' ""Pohn- n-cn-bv p Bfp-I-fn sshzy-]-co- - W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-cpt m?'' ""tum: dmt Umju-hnse saun- Hm^o-k-dm-bn-cp- p. ac-w-in- bv v hn[n-bv s XS-hp-Im-cn D X a ± Ad-I-fn sh v simspw XWp- n-t\msv a\p-jy-i-cocw F{X-am{Xw {]Xn-tcm-[nbv pw F -bmƒ ]co- n- n-cp- p. Iq -Øn amc-i-amb apdn-hp-i-fp- m- p Nne kvt{]iƒ. IpØn-sh-b- p-iƒ. tum: jpam-\pw, tum: sa Kepw ]co- Ww \S-Øn. t m_ v h y-i-cww hnp-b-{]-z-am n'' ""CXv ]c-ky-amb ]co- -W-am-bn-cpt m?'' ""cl-ky-cm-{ -Im-cy-ßƒ F hip- n-emwv s]sp-øn-bn-cp- Xv'' ""F v Xcw hnj-amwv Kymkv tnº-dn D]- tbm-kn- n-cp- Xv? ac-w-øn\v F{X kabw FSpØp?'' ""Hmjvhn n-knse sime-iƒ p tnº-dnse sndnb hns-hn-eqss apdn-bn \nd-bp sskt m _n KymkmWv D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- -Xv. tamtwm-ivsskuv Kymkn-t\- mƒ sa -am-bn-cp- p. Imem-h-ÿ-bv -\p-k-cn v 3 apx 15 an\n- n- \p- n acww kw`-hn- n-cn-bv pw. \ne-hnfn Ahkm-\n-bv p-tºmƒ Bfp-Iƒ acn p F v a\- n- em- pw. ih-i-co-c-ßƒ \o w snøp-tºmƒ {]txyi Iam tum-iƒ tamxn-c-ßfpw ] p-i- 67

fnse kz Æhpw \o w snbvxn-cp- p.'' ""F{]-Im-c-ap- XS-hp-Im-sc-bmWv A y-{]-xnhn[n snbvxxv?'' ""tpmen snøm Ign-hp- -hsc Iymºntebv v Ab- p. A m-ø-hsc DS-\Sn ac-w-ap-dnbvte- pw. Ip n-iƒ, tcmkn-iƒ, kv{xoiƒ, hr AXn s -Spw.'' ]pkvx-i-øns Ah-km\w A\p-_- -ambn simkm-t m-hns A\p-`-h-hp-ap- v. Kymkv tnºdn \n v hn[n-sim v H v am{xw c -s KnKdn Xm\-dn- Xv Ipdn- p-sh- p. ]t Kymkv tnºdnse hnjw I v ]nsn imkv{x- tkmdnßv ssh ns\ Hmjvhn vkv Iymºns {][m\ Ihm-S- Øn\p ap n Xq n-s m- p. a v imkv{x- sc t_m y-s -Sp-Øm-\m-bn-cp- p. ""Kymkv tnº-dn simtkm- bv v H w Ip p-ß-fp-ap- m-bn-cp- p. A pw Bdpw hbm-b-h. c n-xm- ƒ sime-sn-ø-s - -Xn-\m A\m-Y-am- -s Ip n-iƒ. simtkm- -bpss Iq p-im-cpw, a -fp-am-bn-cp- p. Dugw kam-k-x-am-bn. Kymkv tnº-dn-te-bv p hmxn Xpd- p. XS-hp-Imsc Iq -tømss B nsø-fn- p. Ipfn-bv m sim p-t]m-hp-i-bmsw v Btcm hnfn p ]d- p. ]t F n- \mwv t]mip- -sx v Hmtcm-cp-Ø pw Adn-bmam-bn-cp- p. acww sxm -dn-bp \nan-j-ßƒ. Ip n- Iƒ simtkm-t m-hns\ CdpIn ]nsn- n-cp- p. Ah-cpsS i hpw IÆp-\ocpw A vt]m-bn-cp- p. s] v tnº-dnse shfn w si p. jh-dp-i-fn \n v Ndp-]nsd sh -Øns Nc-ep-Iƒ. ioxn-icn tnº. XWp- ns kqnn-iƒ Xd-bv p- p- m-bn-cp- p. FhnsS \nt m ho pw. tnº-dn ]pi-bpss ]S-ew. tims-t]mse Npcpƒ \nh ncp- p. ho pw shfn- -a-w- p. Pohs Ahkm-\sØ ]ns- n-se-t mww Iq -\n-e-hn-fn-iƒ. simtkmt m Ip n-isf si n- n-sn- p. acn-bv ptºmgpw Ah v ImcpWyw thww. ]nxm-hns NqSv thww. apø-ßƒ thww. \mhv hc- p. \mun-iƒ Ipg- p. akn-ep-iƒ tim p- p. IÆv Np v \odp- p. izmk-øn\v XSw.'' HXp- p-iƒ Hs m- mbn kq n- n-d-ßn. ac- -e-i-iƒ CfIn XpS-ßn-bn-cp- p. Nhn v ]Sn-Ifn ]pcm a\p-jy-cpss a Ω-c-ßƒ. K n-bnse Xnc p ]nsn ]mx apdn v \S-h-gn-bn-tebv v tidn. Rm shdpsx Xnc v t\m n. at -sx- nepw Znh-ksØ t]mse-b- mø tamln-bv p B Znh-k-sØ-tbm Øv. samln-bp±os {KŸ- p-c-bntebv v t\m n. c mw \ne Fhn-sS-bm-Wv. hne-ip-d sxcphp-hm-wn-`-ßƒ n-s-bnse ac-t mwn Fhn-sS-bm- Wv. txmfp-i-fn ] -h Æ-Ø-Ø-Iƒ Fhn-sSbm-Wv. Ggv h Æ-kv^-Sn-I-Pm-e-I-ß-fp _m Wn Fhn-sS-bm-Wv. {]th-i-\-i-hm-s- Øns api-fn simøn-h IXn-cp-Iƒ FhnsS-bm-Wv. snºp-]m-øn-tbmsp IqSnb ta p-c-sbhn-ss-bm-wv. ]q -en-s bpw snsn-i-fp-ssbpw awap CS-\m-gn-I-sb-hn-sS-bm-Wv. "Adn- nt!' A]-c\v AXn-i-bw. "\nßƒ GXv temi-øn-em.' "B ImWp FSp v IØn- -Xm-Wv. Ahn-sSbm-bn-cp p \nßƒ At\z-jn {KŸ-]p-c.' "F p ] o.' Fs sxm -bn-s-dn-bn-cp- p. "CSØv \n v he-tøm v Fgp-Xp GXm\pw ]pkvx-i-ßƒ {KŸ- p-c-bn-ep- m-bn-cp- p. NnXe-cn ]qºm- -Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ t]mse-bp en]n-i-fmbn-cp- -hs{x B ]pkvx-i-ß-fn. AXnepw hntijw ]pkvx-i-ß-fnse A -ßƒ A\- -Xtb- mƒ IqSp-X-ep-a-. Ipd-hp-a- m-bn-cp- p. Xeap-d-I-fn-eqsS kw{i-an- p- -sxt m H v AXn-ep- m-bn-cp- p. B apk ams\ Xq n. "Imew AXns IdpØ A ymbw ]e `mh- Øn hnkvxr-x-am- p-i-bm-wv.' hm p-iƒ Adw ] n-tbm. Fs samln-bp- ±o. s]s v Fkv.-Fw.-Fkv ansn- p. Rm sk v Hm snbvxp. "bm n-]- mfw Hcp Ccsb sncn v InSØn Igp- Ø-d- p- p. tnmc No p- p. ]ns-bv p- p.' ho pw ho pw Rm B Nn{X-Øn-te v t\m n. Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv. Dd- - -Shv how IÆp-Iƒ. saen v \o DS. Xqßn InS- p Ip Ø-bpsS ssi. sxdn v how XpWn-sØm- n. Rmh \nd-øn ]q -fpss Fwt{_m-b-U-dn. snºv\m-cp-iƒ t]me _pƒkm. 68

Xangv sndp-iy \ndw kp{_-`m-c-xn-a-wn-b samgn-am w : Ãm en X{X- m-snse ]Øv \mfp-i-fn Sn pw hnk-bpw, skan-\m-dn-\p {]_- -c-n-\bpw XnSp- -Øn Xømdm- n-b-t mƒ AXym-hiy {]{In-b- I-fn apsn-sh- v Imcyw Dƒs -Sp-Ønbn-. hntz-i-sømcp apsn-ap-dn- kc-k-am-bn-cn- p-sa- -Xn Ipfn Ø a\ v A[n-I- n-ehv X n- -d-bp-ibpw snbvxp. ""C y kω '' Hm Ω-s -Sp- Øpw-hn-[-Øn kqcy IØn-\n- t mƒ B hntzitlm apdn ]q n ]pd-øp-i-s- p. ]pdw-\m- n GI- \mbn Np n-øn-cn-bp- Xp \ -X-s v Hm Ω Imc-W-an- msx Aev]w `bw a\- n IS-Øn-hn p. Mvlm!... F mepw kmc-an-. apsn apdn- -Ww. keq txsn \S- p. hym]m-c-ti-{µ-ß-fnse si n-s-kap- -b-ß-fn sshhn-[y-am coxn- I-fn IdpØ IÆm-Sn- qsp-iƒ ImW-s - p. Ah-I-fn ]e-xnepw ÃpUn-tbm-sb p t]sc-gpxn I t mƒ B -cy-ambn txm n. \S p \S-s -Øn-b-t mƒ tdmkm eivkw-_ Kn FØn. at\m-l-c-ß-fmb sxcp-thm-c-i-s-iƒ. C y temuvpns ap n Npfpßnb apj-hp-ambn s_ms -Iƒ hn p hr -tbbpw Kn m-dn CuW-an p \n p a y-h-b-kvit\bpw Hm Ωn- p-t]m-bn. tdmkm ekvkw-_ K v X\n v {]nb- -cn-bmb s]æn-s t]cv Bh-cWw snbvxp \n p tdmkm ekvkw-_ Kv sxcp-hns aqe. tdmkm ekv-kw-_ Kv {]Xna ChnsS-sb-hn-sS-sb- nepw Dt m-sb Imcyw kplrøv Icp-Wm-I-caq Øn-tbmSp tnmzn- -Ww. se\n {]Xn-a-sb-t mepw hmcn- p-cp- n-sb-dnbp-tºmƒ tdmksb am{xw \n m A\p-hZn ptam! kwibw. s_ fn k -I-em-im-e-bpsS apºnep kvamc-i-xqwpw ^e-i-ßfpw Ipsd-t t^ms msb-sp-øp-sim- ncp- p. \mkn-i-fpss {Iqc-hn-t\m-Zßƒ v {]Xn-tj-[-kq-N-\-sbt mww kvamc-i-xq \ne-sim- p- p. Ign XhW h -t mƒ Chbv v ap n \n pw ]S-sa-Sp-Øncp- p. kvamc-i-in-e-bpss ap n Hcp \nanjw au\-ambn \n p. C n- Xp-a-Xn. kuip-amcyw Xpfp-ºn-\n p B hym]m-c-ti-{µ-ß-fpss s]men-abn BI j-i-a- mø Xs ]cp- ]-cpø hkv{x-ß-fn Hs mfn p t\m n-t m-bn. B \m nse hntz-in-bm-wt m Xms\ hnnmcw a\- n DS- n-b-t mƒ asn-iq-smsx hmxn X n-øp-d p keq-wn 69

IS- p. t\ p-t\ ImWm-\n-S-bm-b-t mƒ B shfpø N Ω mcn "ltem' F v apjw ae s Nncn p ImWn- p. kt mnw Xs apjw Aev]w h{in p ImWn- p. Id-ßp aq v Itk-c-I-fnepw shfn Ω- m Ccp- p-d- n- n-cp- p. bqwnt^mw [mcn-i-fmb aq v bph-xn-iƒ. aq v kpµ-cn-iƒ. No pw I{Xn- I-I-fp-ambn Id-ßp Itk-c-I-fnse inc- p-ifn Ah Xß-fpsS tpmen apgp-an- p-sim- n-cp- p. ]pd-øp A v Itk-c-I-fn c v t] Ccn- p- p. I\-sØmcp Cw ojv ]pkvx-i-øn IÆp-Iƒ \ p-sh Hcp-hs Acn-In-em-bn-cp- t mƒ Atß Xe-bv Itk-c-bn Xe-Nm-bv pd-ßp as mcp shfpø N Ω mcs t\cnb Iq w-h-en. kam-\-lr-z-b-ßƒ p-s-a-i-fm-bn-cn- ptam Ch-sc `oxn Xe-t m-dn Xpf-Iƒ hogvøn-b-t mƒ ASpØ Itk-c-bn-tebv v Xms\ IdpØ sxmen- m-c amdn-bn-cp- p. sndn-sbmcp tai-ta Cw ojpw P Ω\pw ]{Xam-kn-I-Iƒ NnX-dn- n-s- Xpw {i n- -t mƒ Hcp aqe-bn "Dug-ap-civ' D m-bn-cp- p. s]s sxsp- m ssi\o n ]n h-en- p. Xms\- n\v Xs - Øs AS-bmfw ImWn- p-sim-sp- -Ww. Cu {]tz-i-ß-fn {ioe- Xan-gvhw-i- P [mcm-f-ambn A[n-h-kn- p- psh Adnhv t\c-sø-xs Icp-Wm- I-c-aq Øn \ Inbn-cp- p. shfpøp XpSpØ Cu aq v bph- Xn-I-fn-sem-cp-hƒ Xs Xe-apSn sh n- Ø-cp-sa hnnmcw a\- n Ipfn ΩbpsS PmeIw Xpd- p. Id-ßp Itk-c-bn-en-cpØn Hcp- Øs Xe-ap-Sn-bn jmw]q tx p-]n- Sn- n- p, Igp-In, ss{ub-dn DW- n, kz w inc v XmgvØn Ahs XeapSn aw-øp-t\m n hncn IÆp- I-tfmsS ae s Nncn- p-sim v B shfpø sxmen- mcn GtXm P Ω hm v D -cn- p. Ah-fpsS XeapSn kz Æ-\n-d-Øn Xnfßn InS- ncp- p. CS-bv nss Cßs\ h Æw- ]qin \nd-hy-xym-k-ßƒ Xe-ap-Sn-bn D m- p- Xp \ -XmtWm! hnhmlhpw hnhm-l-tam-n-\-hp-ambn amdnamdn kzoi-cn-t - n-h-cp ` Øm- - m-cpss Hm Ω-bv mbn Xe-ap-Sn-bn Cßs\ \nd-am- -ßƒ D m- p Hcp h\n-xsb- n Icp-Wm-I-c-aq Øn ]d- Xv Hm Ω h p. at c v bph-xn-i-fp-ssbpw Xe-apSn hnfdn ]mdn- -S p InS- n-cp- p. Hcp hyxykvx-hn-t\m-zsa \ne-bn Xs Xe-ap-Snbpw Cßs\ GsX- nepw Hcp h Æ-Øn ap n-sb-sp-ømtem! kz w \m n-se-øn-bm F m-bn-cn pw ÿnxn. Icp-Wm-I-c-aq Øn-bpsS ta ]-d hni-zo-i-c- Whpw IqSn-bm-bm Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn pw \m p- Im-cpsS {]Xn-Ic-Ww. ASpØ Ww X\n- m-bn-cn- mw. AtXm Ddßp- -ht\m ]pkvx-i- p-gp-hnt\m! Xs Xe-ap- Sn-bnepw jmw]q tx p-]n-sn- n- p, Igp-In, {Ubdn DW n inc v XmgvØn Xs Xe-ap-Snbpw aw-øp-t\m n hncn IÆp-I-tfmsS GsX- nepw P Ω hm p-iƒ D cn ptam! AtXm IdpØ N Ω- m-c-\mb Xs hnb vk -Øn Ak-lyX ImWn- ptam! kwi-bw. As - n H p-c- Sn amdn-\n p apsn-sh- n-øcptam! Xs hnnm-c-ß-fnepw Idp v \ndw Ie t m! s]s -s gp-t v s]mbv -f-bm-sa p txm n-t m-bn. aq v kpµ-cn-i-fn BcpsS Itk-c-bn-em-bncn pw X\n v kµ `w e`n- pi. A[-c-ßƒ XSn- p-ho Ø-h-fpsS Itk-c-bm-bn-cn- ptam! Ah- 70

fpss ae p XSn Np p-iƒ B{^n- - msc Hm Ω-s -Sp-Øn. B shfpø N Ωw Aev]w Ccp- -Xm-bm Ahsf C ym- m-cn-bmbn txm n- nt - mw. Igp-Øn-s bpw amdn-s-øn-s bpw CS- \mgn B bqwn-t^m-anepw BI j-i-ambn txm n. Xnßn ho Ø amdn-s-ß-fpss hnshv ImWm- \m-b-t mƒ lrz-b-an-sn v A[n-I-cn- p. Itk-c-bn sn n-cp- m Ah-fpsS BZysØ tnmzyw ""{ioe- - m-c-\mtwm'' F mbn-cn- pw. ""C. C y- m-c-\mwv'' F v Xncp-tØ- n-h-cpw. apsn-sh- m Nm s {X \ ti n hcpw. apsn-sh- m Nm s {X \ ti- n-h-cp-sa- -dn-bm Npa-cn apgp-h-\mbn angn-t\m w \S-Øn. Mvlpw! Cw o-jnse Hcp en]n-t]mepw ImWm-\mbn-. tima tsmbve- n kv{xobp-ssbpw ]pcpj-s bpw ]Sw H n- msx shdpw P Ω en]n- Iƒ am{xw FgpXnh -X-dn-bmsX As mcp Znhkw kv{xoi-fpss tsmbve- n ]Øv \nanjw Xm sne-h-gn p F -Xns NΩ C pw a\- n \n pw Hgn- n- n-. CXv ti -t mƒ Icp-Wm- I-c-aq Øn B ØpNn-cn- Xpw ad- n- n-. c m-asø Itk-c-bn-en-cp BfpsS apsnsh n Xocm-dm-bn-cn- p- p. s]s - -bmƒ apj-apb Øn bph-xnsb Npw_n- m-s\- -hæw B p-\n- p. AXv a\- n-em n apsn-sh- n-s m- n-cp- bphxn ssih-i-ap- m-bn-cp I{XnI kmh-imiw tai- p-d-øp-sh p Xs Ccp-I-c-ßfnepw Abm-fpsS apjw tn Øp-sh p KmV-ambn Hcp Npw_\w \ In. tm! I -t mƒ Hc-º-c v. CØ-c-samcp Npw_\w X\n pw e`n- ptam! e`n- mepw AXn-{X-am{Xw KmV-am-bn-cn- ptam! IdpØ txmep-im-cs\ ImWp am{x-bn Xs Ahƒs ms apjw Npfn-bpw. ]ns -bs Npw_\w. Ign XhW h -t mƒ Un m vsa v tãmdn Hcp-Øs tzløp kv] in- m-\n-s-bm-b-t mƒ ""Idp-Ø-h F pw Idp-Ø-h-\m-bn-cn pw'' F v Bg-Ønepw A - Ønepw apjw tim n-s m v Cw o-jn ]d- Xp C pw Xs th-z-\-s -Sp-Øp- p. ""shfp-ø-h\v am{x-am-bp Hcp ` -W-im-e-bnepw Ibdcp sx v'' Icp-Wm-I-c-aq Øn ]d- Xp F{X \ mbn. As m-cn- sat{sm-hn Kn m hmbn p `n bmnn psim n-cp- shfpø txmep HcpØn Xm \ Inb bqtdm \ncm-icn- Xpw Hm Ω h p-t]m-bn. ASpØ Itkc Imen-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Xm Wn- -s -Smw. Imcy-Im-c-W-an- m-sx, \ma-dn-bmsx Xs \sω B{I-an- p Hcp-Xcw hn{`m n Xe-t m-dn {]I- º\w \S-Øn-b-t mƒ sas ioxo-i-cw Ad-bnepw ico-c-øn\v s]m -ep-iƒ A\p-`-h-s - p. IdpØ Np p-i-fp B shfpø s]æv Xdbn NnX-dn- n-s apsn- jwßƒ XqØp-hmcn-sIm- n-cp- p. sas hmxn Xpd- m `mhn- -t mƒ ""ltem... πokv shbn v... s\ivãv ts bpthgvkv'' Hcp Infn-sIm-. IXIv IÆm-Sn-bn Xs apjw C\nbpw Ccp- -Xmbn txm n. Ahƒ p adp-]sn AX-s - nepw hn{`m n hn p-am-dmø at\m-\n-e-bn ]d- p-t]m-bn. ""Idp- Ø-h\pw ChnsS apsn sh m-\m-ip-tam-sb Nn bn- m-sx-xs ChnsS h n-cp- p-t]m-bn. Zbhmbn an- p-i.'' Xs Cw ojv D m-cwssien-bnse Xmf-`w- Ktam Xs apj-`m-htam Ah-sfbpw hn{`m- n-bnem- n-bn-cn- pw. ""] nsb hn v In nb Imiv Ipc-bv ptam'' kzbw ]d p kzbw Biz-kn- p. IXIv hen- -S- -t mƒ Nne P Ω hm p-iƒ ImXn howp. B shfpø kpµ-cn-iƒ Cu IdpØ \nd- m-cs\ ]cn-l-kn- -Xm-bn-cn mw. Xe-t m-dnse Ccp-º-ep-Iƒ hgn-tbm-c-ß-fnse hml-\-c-c-º-ep-i-fn X n-sø-dn- -e- p. Ipd \nc- n snss -bn apsn-sh- p kpjm-\p-`hw a\- n\v Ipfn Ω \ In. 71

DdpZp sndp-iy km n dnkvhm Al-ΩZv hnh: si.-f-kv. hnizw-`-c-zmkv Abmƒ F m-h pw kp]-cn-nn- X-\m-bn-cp- p. F m Ah-cmcpw Xs Ct mƒ Abmsf Xncn- -dnbm Iq m- p- n-. Imc-Ww, Abmfn-t mƒ acn- p-in-s- p-i-bm-wv. AsX, Btcm Abmsf sime-s -Sp- Øn-bn-cn- p- p, C -se- hsc Cu "_kvxn' ({]- tz-iw) bnse apsn-nq-sm-a- -\m-bn-cp Abm-fn-t mƒ Poh-\- v, \nt -X- \mbn InS- p-i-bm-wv. Bsf Xncn- dn-bm H -sbm-cp-ø t]mepw aptºm p hcp- n-. H cm{xn- n-sbn F m-h pw Abmƒ A]-cn- Nn-X-\m-bn- -gn- n-cn- p- p. XßfpsS \ne-]m-sp-d- n- m th n Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw At\ym\yw Htc tnmzy-ßƒ Xs tnmzn- p-i-bm-wv. ""Cbm-fm-cm-Wv, kvt\lnxm?''... ""Cbm-sf-ß-s\-bmWv acn- Xv?''... ""Bcmhmw Cbmsf sime-snbvxxv?''... GXn\pw Bƒ sime-sn-ø-s - - Xm-sW hkvxpx H -t\m- -Øn Øs hy -am-bn-cp- p. F m sime-bmfn Bsc- m-bn-cp p Hcp- Ø pw Adn- p-iq-sm-xncp- -Xv. Ah-km\w t]meo-skøn "A m- X-ihw' tãj-\n-te v sim p-t]mbn. A\- cw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb \nba-\-s-]-sn-iƒ ]q Øn-bm- m-\mbn ÿesø "{]apj'sc sb mw tãj- \n-te v hnfn- p-h-cp-øp-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. XpS mwv tnmzywsnø Bcw`n -Xv. BZyw hnfn- p-h-cp-ø-s - -bmƒ \nbm-km-bn-cp- p. AsX, C -se-h-sc, acn- p-in-s- p lx-`m- Kys k -X-k-l-Nm-cnbpw hewssiøpw hniz-kvx-\p-am-bn-cp p \nbmkv! ""\nßƒ n-bmsf Adn-bmtam?'' apn-kvt{s v tnmzn- p. ""C t m, k. Cß-s\-sbm-cmsf Rm\n-Xn-\p-apºv I n-t -bn- -t m.'' ""F n n-s, F n-\m-wn-h (t]m-eo-kp-im ) \nßsf Ctßm- phn-fn- p-h-cp-øn-bxv?'' ""Fs Ch hnfn- -t mƒ, kaql-ønse DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap Hcp hy n F \ne-bn sim -s p InS p -bmsf Xncn- -dn-bp-i-sb- Xv Fs [m Ωn-I-amb Npa-X-e-bmbn-tØm- n-b-xn-\m-emwv Rm\n-hnsS lmp-cm-bxv k. F m Cbmƒ F\n v Xo Øpw A]-cn-Nn-X-\m-bnt m-bn.'' \nbmkv ]d-bp- Xv ] - - -amsw v ti p-\n p F m-h pa-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. Abmƒ v acn- bmsf ASp-Ø-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p-sh v 72

am{x-a-, sim -s p InS- p- -bm-fn \n pw In m-hp- -sx mw t\sn-sb-sp-ø-h-\pam-bn-cp p \nbm-kv. AXn-\p-]p-d-sa, Gsd- m-e-ambn \nbmkns IpSpw-_-s -e-hp-iƒ apgp-h\pw hln- ncp- Xpw Cu lx-`m-ky Xs -bm-bn-cp- p. F m C\n-ta Abm-sf-s m v X\n-t m, Xs IpSpw-_-Ønt\m {]tbm-p-\-sam- p-ap- m- Im t]mip- n-s -dp- m-b-t mƒ, Xms\- n\v Abmsf Xncn- -dn-bww?... Xncn- -dn v th mø s]m m- p-i-sf- m-ap- m- Ww?... C -se-hsc "_kvxn-'bnse k pw ssl_- XvJms\ ASp-Ø-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p-sh v am{x-a-, Abm-fpsS \ma-{i-h-w-am-{x-bn Ah-sc mw InSpßn-hn-d-bv p-ibpw snøp-am-bn-cp- p. Ip n-isf `bs -Sp-Øm AΩ-am Abm-fpsS t]cm-wp-]-tbm- Kn- n-cp- Xv! Aß-s\-bp ÿesø {][m\ t]m n-cn-bmwv sim -s v A\m-Y-i-h-ambn sxcpthm-cøv InS- n-cp- -Xv... ÿesø IncoSw hbv mø cmpm-hns ico-c-øn Xeßpw hneßpw shsn-bp- -I-tf- n-cp- p. arx-i-co-c-øn\p Np pw Poh-c w Xfw-sI- n-bn-cp- p... t]meokvtãj \ndsb P\-ß-fm-Wv. ""c mw km nsb hnfnbv q'' apn-kvt{s v B m-]n- p. tim Ã-_nƒ DS-\Sn as m-cmsf lmp-cm- n. ""Bcm-Wn-bmƒ?'' apn-kvt{s v Xnc- n. ""Cbm-fm-sc v F\n pw Adn- p-iqsm k '' tim Ã-_n-fns adp-]-sn. ""F n ns F n-\n-bmsf hnfn- p-h-cpøn?'' apn-kvt{s- ns ]pcniw Npfn- p. ""ihw Xncn- -dn-bm-\mbn sim p-h- -Xm-Wv, km.'' BK-X ]d- p. \nß-fpss t]sc- mwv? F\n- -dn- p-iq-sm, k. ""F v? kz w t]sc-s v X\n- -dn- p- IqsSt m! Bs, \nß-fpss ]nxmhv F v t]cmwv \nßƒ n- Xv?'' ""k m tcj-i-fn t]cp-h-cm am{xw {][m- \n-i-fp-am-bn-cp- n-, Ah. Rm Hc-\m-Y, kz ambn Hcp sfu n- nbpw C mø Hcp-h. AsX, Adn-bm Ign- n-s-tømfw Fs amxm-]n-xm- sf-t mse Xs sfu n n \ -s Hcp-h. Ah Fhn-sStbm ]nd- p-ho-wp, Fhn-sS-sbms tbm Pohn- p. XpS v Fhn-sStbm InS v acn v aæn-sn-bp-ibpw snbvxp. Cu `qx-e-ønse apjw \ -s F{Xtbm P\e ß-sf-t mse Aß-s\, kz -ambn apj-an- m-xn-cp Ah ChnsS Cs -dn- p-t]m-b. kz -ambn Hcp sfu n- n-bp-an- mø Rms\-ßs\ as m-cmsf Xncn- -dn-bm-\mwv k?''... apn-kvt{s v XnI pw tcmjm-ip-e-\m-bn- -gn- ncp- p. At±lw Pzen- p. ""\nßƒ Fs apºn henb tia-s\m pw BtI! henb hmn-i- k Øpw th! Xm Fs apºn Ct mƒ lmp-cm-bn- p ÿnxn- v, Xm P\n ka-bøv amxm-]n-xm- ƒ Xo -bmbpw X\n-s mcp t]cv \evin-bn- p-ap- m-i-ww, AXv k m tcj-i-fn bym-k-abw tn Øn- p-ap- m-iww a\- n- emtbm?'' ""bp-am-\ s]mdp- Ww! k m tcj-ifn t]cp-tn m am{xw {][m-\n-bmb Hcp hy n-b Rms\- v, Rm Aß-tbmSv Bh Øn p ]d- p-i-gn- p. kzbw Hcp PUamb Rms\-ßs\ as mcp PUw Xncn- -dn-bpw, k? Cubp- -h\v IqSp-X-sem pw ]d-bm-\n-.'' ""Ctßm p t\m ntb! Xs Pev]-\-ßƒ v snhn \ Im-s\m- p-a Rm\n-hn-sS-bn-cn- p- Xv! \nßƒ v DS-\Sn Cu "Cu hmn-i-asn' \n Ømw! F\n- -dn-bmw, \nßƒ v sim -s - -bmsf Adnbm-sa v! C\n-sb- nepw \nßƒ Imcy-Øns Kuchw a\- n-em- p- -XmWv \ Xv! As - n, AX-\p-k-cn v F\n v \nßsf ssiimcyw sntø- n-hcpw! C\n- -dbq \nß-sfmcp km n-bm-ipt m, C tbm?''... s]msp- -s\, P\- q- sø hi p am ns m v Hcp-Ø aptºm- p-h- p. ""Fs samgn tcj-s -Sp-Øntb axn-bmiq! thk-am-is k, Fs samgn tcj-s -SpØq!'' BsI- qsn t\m p- 73

tºmƒ ÿnc-_p n ssitamiw h Hcp-h-s\- t m-ep- m-bn-cp p. \hm-k-x, apjn p \mdnbxpw Iodn- -dn- -Xp-amb hkv{x-ßƒ; XZ-\p-kr- X-amb `mh-lm-hm-zn-iƒ; FÆa-b-ta m-ø, ]mdn- -d p InS- p apsn... ""Hm, "_kvxn'bnse {`m!'' P\ q Øn\v Bsf ]nsnin n. Abmƒ Cc pibdn h v apnkvt{s n\p apºn \nebpd n p. ""Rm\n-bmsf Xncn- -dn-bmw, k. Cu tikn km n-bm-bn-s m- p-ibpw snømw. Zb-hmbn Fs samgn tcj-s -Sp-Øq.'' Abmƒ Dds hnfn- p-]-d- p. ""\nß-fm-cmwv?'' apn-kvt{s v Bcm- p. ""Rm Hcp a\p-jy!'' ""Hmtlm! F m, \nß-sf- - n v Aßs\ txm p- n- t m!'' ""Aßv B -d- Xv icn-bmwv! Cu "_kvxn'- bnse ]e-tcbpw I m a\p-jy-cm-sw v txm p-i-tb-bn k! lrz-b-øn sn m-bv tf- mƒ tami- m-cmb ip{`hkv{x-[m-cn-iƒ am{xam-sw- -h-sc v ASp- p-tºmƒ Adnbmw!''... ""Fs mw {`m mwv \nßfo hnfn- p-]-d-bp- Xv?'' CXn-\Iw a- \-in- p-i-gn- n-cp apnkvt{s v Bt{Im-in- p. ""k, Cbm-sfmcp {`m! Hcp {`m s samgn km[p-h-s - v..'' t]meo-kp-im-c CS-bv p-i-bdn ]d- p. ""icn-bm-wv, F\n v Hcp {`m s samgn tcjs -Sp-Øn- qsm. Cbmsf ]nsn- p-sim- p-t]miq! apn-kvt{s v B m-]n p. F n v Bƒ q- - Øn\p t\sc-xn-cn v Ah-km-\-ambn H p-iqsn tnmzy-am-h Øn- p. ""At mƒ \nß-fn Hcmƒ p-t]mepw acn- p-in-s- p Cu a\p-jys\ Adn- p-iq-sst m?'' ""bp-am-\t\, Cbmƒ \nxyhpw jm kmln v Sm nb-hmesb kµ in- m t]mip- Xv Rßsf- m-hcpw I n- p- v. Atß-bvs - p-sim v At±-lsØ Bf-b p hcpøn \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ ]q Øn-bm- n- qsm?'' P\ q- -Øn \n v Hcmƒ tnmzn- p. ""Aßs\ Hcp \n t±iw aptºm p hs - nepw, jm kmln v Sm n-b-hme Ah Iƒ Xs {]m -\m-ebw hn v ]pd-søßpw t]mim-dn-s hkvxpx Gh p-a-dn-bm-am-bn-cp- p. ""BcmWo jm kmln v?'' apn-kvt{s v At\zjn- p. ""{XnIm-e- m-\n-bmb Hcp hnip- -\m-w-t±lw k,'' Hcmƒ adp-]sn \ In. XpS v P\- q- - Øn \n pw Hcp kwl-km\w Xs ]pd-øp-h- p. ""At±lw Hcn- epw \pw-]-d-bn ;'' ""Hcp-Ø\pw At±-l-Øn\p apºn \pw-]-dbm ss[cy-s -Sn ;'' ""Xn -Isf AI n \n Øn-bn-cn- p Hcp ]pcpj-c-xv\-am-w-t±lw;'' ""F m-h pw \ -tbm-xp ]pwy-]p-cp-j-\m- W-t±-lw...'' \nan-j-ßƒ Iw apn-kvt{s v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- Øp. jm kmln v Sm n-b-hme Ah Iƒ hs - Øp- -Xn\v apºv Bƒ q- -Øn \n pw Hcp- Ø t]mepw ]ncn- p-t]m-i-cp-sx v At±lw B \ In. XpS v hnip- s\ Iq n-s m p hcp- -Xn\v Bf-b- p-ibpw snbvxp. ZqX- m Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn shdpw ItømsS Xncn-s -Øn-s m- n-cp- p. Ah Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cmbn Adn-bn p: ""k, A±lw [ym\-øn-emwv;'' ""k, A±lw {]m \-bn-emwv;'' ""k, A±lw hnip {KŸ-ß-fpsS ]mcm-bw- Øn-emWv;'' ""k, A±lw \ma-p-]-øn-em-wv... {]`m-jww \SØp-IbmWv...'' Ah-km-\w, Xm t\cn v t]mbn jm kmln v Ah Isf Iq n-s m p hcm-sa v {]Jym-]n v apn-kvt{s v bm{x-bvs m-cp-ß-th-bm-wv, B hm Ø Ahn-sS-sb-Øn-b-Xv. ""k, At±lw Zm, Ctßm v ]pd-s - n- p- v.'' Xma-kn-bmsX jm kmln v Ah Iƒ t]meokv tãj-\n FØn-t p. Btcbpw hio-i-cn- m t]m -hn[w kpap-j ; kpµ-c-itf-_-c ; ip{`h-kv{x-[mcn; Bg-ta-dn-b, kxym-t\zjn-i-fmb IÆp-Iƒ; apjøv A\ym-Zr-i-amb Hcp Zm i-\ni {]Im-iw... arx-tz-l-øn-te v IÆ-b v hnip- Fs - n-ep-sam v Dcn-bm-Spw-ap-tº, arx-tzlw NmSn-sbgp-t - n v Cßs\ {]Jym-]n p ""Fgp-Xn-sb-Sp-ØpsIm q: Rm Znem-h q-cnse Z -XvJms ai ssl_-xvjm, ]q Æ-ÿn-c-_p- n-bp- -hs\ v CXn-\m km y-s -Sp-Øn-s m- p- p. kxy-ambpw Rm Bfl-l-Xy-sN-øp-I-bm-Wp- mb-xv. Fs ac-w-øn\v a mcpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-b-...'' C{Xbpw {]kvxm-hn- n v arx-tzlw IpØs\ \ne-øp-ho-wp, AsX, ]g-b-]sn Poh-\n- m-sx, \nt -X\-\mbn... 74

t_mtum sndp-iy cm{xn h p hnfn- -t mƒ at\m-c-rvp elcn samgn-am w: hn.-si. jd-^p-±o Xn -fm-gvn-bm-bn-cp- p. n\n- n Rm H - n-cp- p. tcmkn-ifm-cp-an-. cm{xn-bm-bn. C v BsI h Xv aq p-t]. acp v A[n- Ihpw _m n-bp- v. Aßm-Sn-bnse {][m\ Ih-e-bn-emWv n\n- v. F n- pw... Rm acp- p-i-fpss hne-hn-h-c-]- ni t\m n-s m- n-cp- p. asææ hnf v ap\n p IØp- p- v. Unkw-_-dm-Wv. aqs a- n ]cn-k-c-amsi XWp-Øp-t\ Ø Im v FØp- p- v. XWp-Øp-hn-d v cm{xn A[n-I-am-bn- n-. F p-a-wn. ]t ]cn-kcw hnp-\w. AXn-ssiXyw Imc- W-amImw IS-I-sfms t\csø AS- n-cn- p- p. n\n- n-\spøp IS-Ifpw AS- p-i-gn- p. \nem-hp-an-. IÆp-Nn-Ωp \ -{X-ßƒ shfn- -Øns Xcn-Iƒ aæn-te v Xqhm {ian- p- p- v. Rms\mcp knk-c v simfp-øn. hne-hn-h-c -]- ni ho pw ]cn-tim-[n- m XpS-ßn. ""tumœ _m_p!'' Btcm hnfn- p- pxv Rm ti p. ""BcmWv?'' i_vzw ti `mktø p t\m n Rm tnmzn- p. ""Rm\mWv tumœ '' ho pw B i_vzw {]Xn-[z-\n- p. ""BcmWv'' AI-Øp-h-cq. Rm t\m n. Bcpw hcp- n-. P\-en-\-SpØv sn p ]pd-tø p t\m n C. Ahn-sS-bm-cp-an-. hnf- ns Xncn-\o- n. Rm ho pw Itk-c-bn sn n-cp- p. knk-c v hen- p. ""tumœ _m_p!'' ho pw B i_vzw Hcp s] Ip- n-bpss i_vzw ""AIØp hcq. ]pdøv \ XWp- m-wv. ]\n ]nsn- pw. F mwv Imcy-sa v AIØv h n v ]d-bq. At m-fp-an Bcpw. Aev]w Ign v Nne hm p-iƒ Hgp-In-h- p. ""Fs AΩ p kpj-an-. ÿnxn Xosc tami-am-wv. Cß-s\- bm-ip-sa v Icp-Xn-bn-.'' Rm tsm p-ambn ]pd-øn-d-ßn. Hcp s] Ip n Fs I -t mƒ ]n n-te v Npcp-ßn. IÆp-Iƒ Fs apjøv Xd- n p \nev p- p. Dbcw Ipd-hm-Wv. ]mhm-s-bmwv thjw. \o p-np-cp Xe-apSn Xmtgm-s m-gp-ip p. Gtgm Ft m hbt ImWq. Nuj amk-ønse ac-hn- n- p XWp- v. Iºn-fn-tbmsSm w kz [cn- n pw Rm \n p hnd- p-i-bm-wv. tcma-søm nbp-ap- v. Igp-Øn a^vf-dpw. ]t Cu s] Ip n acw-tim- p a v Ku\n- p- p-t]m-ep-an! Chƒ v XWp v txm p- nt? ""AIØv hm. B mwv 75

AkpJw?'' hnfn- n pw Ahƒ h n-. a p-sim v ]pd- Øp-Xs \n p. shfn- w X\n v t]sntbm shdpt m BsW a n. BZyw Fs t\m n. ]ns hnf- n-s\bpw IÆp-Iƒ \nd- p-xp-fp- ºp- p- m-bn-cp- p. tumœ _m_p Fs AΩ-bpsS ÿnxn hfsc tami-am-wv. InS v Rc-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Ahƒ bmn\m kzc-øn-emwv ]d- -Xv. ""AΩ v F m tcmkw?'' ""F\n- -dn-bn tumœ. c -bn-s \nebn...'' Ic- n ImcWw B s] Ip- n v apgpan- m-\m-bn-. BjmV-am-k-Ønse txmcmø ag t]mse IÆp-Iƒ Ihn-fn-eqsSsbmgp-In. ""\ns hoss-hn-ss-bm-wv?'' ""'_ knwkvacn-bn ' ""_ knwkvacn hfsc Zqsc-bm-Wv. A v ssaep- v. am{x-a F\n v icn v hgn-b-dn- p- Iq-Sm.'' AXpw Cu XWpØp hnd-bv p cm{xn. Im n-eqss simspw ssixyw ImcWw F\n v XpScm-\m-bn-. ac-hn- -t]m-se. ""\ns t]sc m?'' ""Ku-ZwKv'' t]cv A\z w. KuZwKv F m A`ua txp v F m-w w. icn pw txp- p Cu Ip n. Rm kzbw ]d- p. hm n t\m n. F c awn. sãx-kvtim pw kndn pw qt mkv C P- \pw ] nbpw Ab-Un\pw Kpfn-I-Ifpw _mkn X n- -b- n. hnf v sispøn Rm ]pd- Øn-dßn, tsm v Iøn-se-SpØp hmxnes p. KuZwKv Ac-bSn ap n-em-wv. Rm A\p-K-an- p. tsm v Ahsf Gev]n- m {ian-s - nepw kω-xn- n-. Hcp ssa t]mbn- m-wpw. ImSv. simsp- m-sm-wv. Iqcn-cp- v. api-fn \ -{X-ßƒ IÆv NnΩp- p- v. NnhoSpI-fpsS Ic- n cm{xnbpss \n»-_vz-xsb Iodn-ap-dn- p. Im p-tim-gn-bpss IqIepw Ipdp- - m-cpss Hmen-bn-Sepw aqß-i-fpss Iq p-hn-fnbpw IqSn-t v A]-{ip-Xn-bpsS kwl-km-\w-t]m-se. Ccp- n, A]-cn-NnXhgn-bn-eqsS Rm X nbpw XS-hnbpw \S p. CS-bv nss ac-ß-fn Iq n-bn-sn- p. ]t KuZw-Kn\v Hcp _p n-ap- p-an-. ] m- -I \S-Øp- -Xp-t]mse kpj-ambn apt m p t]mip- p! ss[cy-øn\v Ah-fpsS Cfw- I-øn ]nsn- -W-sa p txm n. ]t Ahƒ Hgn- -I p \S- p. tsm v Ah-fpsS t\ -Sn- p-tºmƒ Ahƒ apjw s]møn. B Ip n p ]\n ]nsn- p-sa v `b v Rm a^vf \o n-b-xm- Wv. AXpw Ahƒ \nc-kn- p. Ipsd Ign- -t mƒ Rßƒ Hc-cp-hnbn-se-Øn. ]pg-t]m-se-ø-s. {]uv-ambn Hgp-Ip- p. sndnb apf- mew IS- -Ww. \o apf-iƒ si n-sh v ]me-ap- m- n-bn-cn- -bm-wv. t]sn-txm- n. KuZwKv A\m-bm-tk\ AXn-eqsS \S- p p! hfsc _p nap- nbmwv Rm apf- meøneqss \S X.v s]s v Ft m hogp i_vzw ti p. s] Ip n 76

]me-øn hotwm F `b-øn-embv Rm tsm Sn v Np pw-t\m- n. ]mew IS v Ahƒ Fs ImØp-\n-ev p p! Fs - nepw ] ntbm F p Rm tnmzn- p. Cs - -hƒ ]d- p. ""At mƒ i_vzw ti txm?'' ""Rms\m pw ti n '' Ahƒ ]d- p. Fs m-c-xn-ibw! Fs `bw Cc- n- p. ]t bm{x XpS p. Hcp Xpd ÿe-sø-øn. ]ns hf-hv. Hcp ssa \S- -t mƒ IpSn-ep-Iƒ \nd Hcp {Kma- Øn-se-Øn. knwkvacn {Kma-am-bn-cn- pw. ]Sn- mdp `mk-øp Hcp IpSn-en-te v KuZwKv Fs \bn- p. B IpSn-en-te v Ahƒ \q p-i-b-dn. Rm IqsS-bn-t -sb v t\m n. Xosc s]m -an- mø IpSn. Xe \ mbn Ip\n v Ibtd- n-h- p. Hcp asæ-æ-hn-f v aßn IØp p v IpSn-en-\-IØv IS v Rm BsI-sbm p t\m n. KuZw-Kns\ I n-. Fs mcp kz`m-h-am-wnxv? FhnsS t]mbn Ahƒ? tumœsd hnfn- p-sim- p-h v AIØv Ib- n-bn v amdn-\n-ev p p! Rms\mcp knk-c v IØn- p. hm v t\m n. ]Xn-s\m p awn! apf- - n-en Hcp kv{xo InS p Rc-ßp- Xv tsm -Sn- -t mƒ I p. hnf v Db- Ønt\m n. tcmkn-bm-bn-cn- -Ww. KuZw-Kns AΩ. F mepw Ah-sf-hnsS? Zqsc t]mbn tumœsd hnfn- psim ph aiƒ v AΩ-bpsS ASp-Øn-cp v tcmk-hn-hcw ]d- p-iqss? _ p- sf hnfn- m t]mb-xm-bn-cn- pw. Rm Icp-Xn. tcmknsb ]cn-tim-[n- p. ÿnxn A{X \ -. \ ]\n. 105 Un{Kn. ssst^m-bvum-wv. qt mkv C P- sim p-h- Xv \ m-bn. C P- simsp- p-tºmƒ, hmxn Btcm \nev p- ps v txm n. AsX, Ahƒ Xs. KuZwKv. ""tlmbv, Im p-]q-t, \o FhnsS t]mbncp p?'' Xam-i-ambn Rm tnmzn- p. Ahƒ H pw ]d n. Ic ap-j-hp-ambn AΩ-sb-Øs t\m n-\n-ev p-i-bmwv. Rm ]d p: ASpØp hm. F m-bmepw `mky-ap- v. ]Øv an\n v sshinbn-cp-s - n Imcyw Ign-t -s\. C\n t]sn-t -. AΩbv v t`z-am-ipw. Ah-fpsS apjøv Bizmkw hns p. ]p ncn p. ASpØ \nanjw ic-thkw ]pd-tø p t]mbn. CsX-s mcp ambm-pmew! B s] Ip- nbpss hnnn{x kz`m-h-sø- p-dn- m-tem-nn v Rm tcmkn-bpss ASp-Øn-cp- p. ]mxn-c-bm-im-dmbn. ]pdøv a p-xp- n-iƒ hogp- p- v. Ah HgpIn IpSn-en-\-I-tØ p IS- p- p. apf-sim- p- m- nb `nøn Agn v hogm-dm-bn-cn- p p. Ipd v ]m{x-ß-fpw ImWmw. aq p \mep Znh-k-ambn Xo ]pi- n- n-s v hy w. Cu kv{xo v ` Ømhnt? thsd a -fnt? BtcmSv tnmzn- m? KuZw-Kns\ ImWm-\p-an-. hnd-ß-en p InS- n-cp kv{xo v ]Xps t_m[w Xncn- p-in- n. ]cn-tim[n- -t mƒ ]\n 100 Un{Kn-bmbn Ipd- n- p-s p I p. F\n- mizm-k-am-bn. tcmkn IÆp-Xp-d- v Fs t\m n. Rms\mcp ih- -d-ºn-em-sw pw Cu tcmkn AhnsS InS- p Hcp arx-tz-l-am-sw pw F\n p txm n. Rm\msI hnd- p. Xe Id-ßp- -Xp-t]m-se. ""Bcm?'' Zp _-e-amb i_vz-øn Ah tnmzn- p. HSp-hn Hcp a\p-jy-i_vzw ti -t mƒ Rm ih- -d-ºn \n p c -s - p. ""Rm tumœ Pn\-dmw.'' ""F v? tumœtdm?'' Cu ]mxn-cm-{xn v tumœsd BcmWv hnfn- Xv? ""KuZw-Kv, \nß-fpss aiƒ.'' ""Fs aitfm?'' AXp ]d-bp-tºm-tgbv pw Ah-cpsS Ihn-fn-eqsS IÆo-scm-gp-In-Øp-S-ßn. ""\nß-fpss ` Øm-sh-hnsS?'' AXp ti -txmss Ah IqSp-X Akz-ÿbm-bn. a\w-]n-c- p- -Xp-t]mse ImWn- p. tamlmekywt]mse. ]ns. Xf i_vz-øn ]d- p. ""` Øm-hp- m-bn-cp- p. Ign h jw aitfm-ssmøv Aßm-Sn-bn t]mbn as-ßp-i-bm-bncp- p. apf- m-e-øn-se-øn-b-t mƒ aisf si n- n-sn v Ah-fp-ambn Acp-hn-bn-te-s -SpØpNmSn acn- p.'' tcmkn-bpss Xe-bW IÆo-cn IpXn p. ""tumœ _m_p, Rm acn- ptam? AtXm c -s -Sptam?'' ""hnj-an-t -. t`z-am-ipw. At mƒ Fs hnfn p sim p-h KuZwKv BcmWv? Ah-sfhnsS t]mbn?'' ""AsXs ai-fpss Bflm-hm-bn-cn pw!'' ""t{]xw!'' F\n- v, Fs -Øs \ -s - -Xmbn txm n. Fs ico-c-øn Ft m Cg- p-i-b-dp p! Bh-iy-amb acp pw \n t±-i-ßfpw ` - Whpw \evin, sãx-kvtim v _mkn X n Rm Fgp-t - p. [rxn-bn ]pd-øp-i-s- p. 77

{KŸ-\ncq-]Ww F{X srcp w! tzi-aw-kew cma-ir-jvw Hcp hosp- m- p-h-sx{x srcp w, Bfp-Isf hnfn- p-iq n Xs ]pc- Wn ImWn- o-sp-h-sx{x srcp- w. "]ns \me-b ]- -Øp- -h-tcbpw _ p- -tfbpw an{x-ß-sfbpw sn p-hn-fn- n-s s In\m-hn s cnbpw ]pfnbpw ] n- o-sp-h-sx{x srcp w' F v B q chn-h Ω ]cn-x-]n- n- p- v. CS-t»-cn-bpsS ]pc- -Wn-bn I k -ssh-h-iy-øns as mcp Xm\-am-Wn-Xv. Imhy-Po-hn-X-hr-ØnbpsS Hcp A\ym-]-tZ-i-am-Wn-sX- pw- ]-d-bmw. Ihn-X-bpsS Fcnbpw ]pfnbpw A\p-`-hn- p-x-cm t]m \ncq-]-w-øn-te-bv mwv Cu Imhym- \p-`hw sim p-t]m-ip- -Xv. GsXmcp kmln-xy-ir-xn-bp-ssbpw D nte bv p IS v AXns Du p-d-hiƒ A\p-`-hn- p-i, A\p-`-hn- n- pi F Xv F{Xbpw srcp- -amb Imcyw-X-s. F nepw B q -hnx B[m-c-{ip-Xn-bmbn h Øn- p {io. Sn.-Sn. {]`m-i-cs "AS-bm-f-hm- Iy-ßƒ' F tej-\-k-am-lm-c- Øn, srcp- -ßsf adn-i-s- m- \p {ia-amwv ImWp- -Xv. \s mcp hmb-\- m-c\p am{xta sxfn- -ap \ncq-]-whpw Fgp-Xm-\mhq F mwv Cu kam-lmcw A\p-`-hn- n- p- -Xv. kn m w ]nsn- p Imhym-tem-N- \-I-f Ch. ]pd-øp-\n pw Aß-s\- bp N p-n-h-dp-isf Ihn-X-bpsS D n-tebv p ASn- p-i-b- p \ncq-]- W-]m-fin-Xy-Øn-t\mSp hnap-j-amwv {]`m-i-c-te-j-\-ßƒ. Ihn-X-bv -I-Øv, IY-bv -I-Øv, IpSn-sIm v kq va-\nco- -W-ßƒ \SØn `mhm-fl-i-amb At]m-Zv{K-Y\w \S-Øp Hcp coxn Ch-bn-ep- v. Fw.-Sn.-bpsS HSn-b F IYbpw kwkvim-c-hpw, kn.-b.-]-c-taiz-cs {]Ir-Xn-\n-baw: D I-WvT-bpsS ]pkvx-iw, kn.-hn.-{io-cm-as A\p-`-hß-fpsS hnkvxr-x-tem-iw, hn.-]n.-in-h-ipam-dns IY-I-fnse cq]-\n ΩnXn-Iƒ, am[-h Aø- Øv: ap t] \S Ihn, F.-A-ø- s Pohn-X-sa-gp-Øv, sshtem- n- n- -hn-x-i-fnse lcn-xl jw- -C-h-sb mw kpxm-cy-x-bp \ncq-]-w-in-ev]-ß-fm-wv. ""CsXmcp \n -e-im-e-am-wv. kzÿtam kpj-ztam A CXv. Cu \n -e-x-bn-te-bv v, ]t Bcpw Is -dn-bp- n-. AXp-sIm v Cu \n -ex Akz-ÿw. `oxn-zw. Iesbbpw kmln-xy-søbpw Pohn-XsØbpw kw_- n v CXm-W-h-ÿ. Cu \n -e-xsb ]nf p Hcp hmƒø-e- n-\mbn \mw kmln-xy- Øn t\m n-s m- n-cn- p p'' ae-bm-f-km-ln-xy-ønse \n - -ex- Isf ]nf p GXm\pw IrXn-Isf-bpw kmln-xy-im-c- m-scbpwipdn- 78

p- \nco- -W-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn- m-\mwv {]`m- I-c ChnsS {ian- n- p- Xv. {]mtz-in-ihpw tkm{x- ]-chpw `mjm-]-c-hp-sam-s -bmb kmwkvim-cn-ikz-xz-øns IcpØv ]p\-cm-\-bn- p-ibpw ]p\- cm-hn-jvi-cn- p-ibpw snøp-tºmƒ am{xta A[n- \n-th-i-nn- -Isf adn-i-s- m-\mhq F v Fw.-Sn.- bpss "HSn-a-dnbp Ie' hmbn- -dn v tej-i A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. ""IS-se-Sp- p Pohn-X- Øns kµn-kv[-x-i-fn Hcp sndp-øp-\n-ev]n- \p Du P'' amwv kn.-b.-]-c-ta-iz-cs D IWvT-I-fpsS ]pkvx-i-amb "{]Ir-Xn-\n-baw' Xcp- -sx \nco- Ww \n -e-xsb ]nf p Hcp hmƒø-e- m-wv. Np pw I\-Øp-h-cp \n»- _vz-x-bn-te-bv p hm ns awn-ap-g- -ambpw {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-asØ {]`m-i-c Adn-bp- p- v. ""t\cn-sbmcp hnizmkw Fhn-sS -\n-s - nepw ]nsns -Sp- m-\m-iptam F At\z-jWw Cu IY-Isf Fs a -sf-t mse F\n p {]nb-s - -h-bm- p p'' (hn.-]n.-inh-ip-am ). IYm-Im-cs B {]nbm-t\z-j- WsØ A]-{K-Yn- p \ncq-]-i tnmzn- p p: "IY Ifn-b-s - n-epw, Ign- Xv Nph XmSn-bpsS Xnc-t\m- w. I Xv Inco-S-Øns A - q v. FhnsS apgpthjw?' inh-ip-am I-Y-I-fn ÿqe-{]-ta-b-øns A`mhw {]I-S-am-sW pw F m AXns inev]- Øns aq -sim v (]m-c- q p-sim- v) ]cn-l-cn- p- p-sh pw F {]`m-i-cs t\m w \qdp-i-x-am- \hpw icn-bm-wv. F m apgp-th-jhpw A - q pw H n- p-im-wm Ign-bpw kn.-hn. {iocm-as IY-Ifn. ÿe-im-e-ß-fpss ]e tncp-h-iƒ H n-s -SpØ "H p-snsn'bmwv {iocm-a-i-y-iƒ F \nco- Ww A -h-øm-wv. {iocm-a-i-y-i-fn Hcp Iq n-hm-b\ A\n-hm-cy-amWv D {]`m-i-c-]-t-\-øn sxfn-bp- p- v. ""Iq n-hm-bn- -cpxv'' F p IYbv p t]cn-sp- psh- nepw ]e IY-Ifpw Iq n-hm-bn- p-tºmƒ, hkvxp lcn- -s - -h-cpss IYm-Ir-ØmWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a F txm -emwv \Ωn-ep- m-hpi F {]`m-i-c-\nco- Ww Imºp- -Xm-Wv. {]`m-i-cs Ihn-Xm-\n-co- -W-ßfpw IY-bpsS ]Wn- p-cbpw ]pc- -Wnbpw I -dn- -Xp-t]m-se- Øs {]k- -am-wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS BZy-]-Yn- I-\mWv am[-h Aø- Øv F v shfn-s -Sp-Øp Iq -Øn B Ihn-X-bpsS Nne {]iv\-ßfpw tej- I Ah-X-cn- n- p- p v: Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS snmcp v Aø- -Øns Ihn-X-I-fn D v. awn-bd- -hn-x-i-fnepw a pw {]Xy- -s -Sp Infn Zp -_- e-amb {]Xo-I-amWv. D±n-jvS-^ew AXv \nd-th- p- n-. AXp-t]m-se-Øs B Ihn-X-I-fnse kz-]v\- tem-ihpw {`amfl-i-xbpw th {X ^e-{]-z-a- - -C- Øcw XI-dm-dp-Iƒ Nq n- m- p- -txm-ssm w ""Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS Be-ky-Øn \n- p DW F coxn-bn ]e-t mgpw Pohn-X-bm-Ym y-ßfn-te-bv v I an-gn- p- p v Aø- -Øns IhnX'' F p ImWm\pw {]`m-i-c\v Ign-bp- p- v. \ncq-]- W-Ønse k p-en-xm-h-ÿ-bm-wn-xv. IhnX Aø- \v Pohn-X-sa-gp-Øm-bn-cp p F v, A\p-`-h-s -Sp- -XmWv CXnse "apdn-hp-i-fpss hk w' F tej- \w. B Pohn-X-sa-gp-Øns\ F m coxn-bnepw hyrvpn- n- p- p v B io j-iw. IpSn-sbm-gn-, I n-s m-bvøv, Ibv]-h- cn F o Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]in-abpw Nqcpw \pw- p-sim v sshtem- n- nsb ] - ns Ihn-bmbn Ah-Xcn- n- p- Xv tntxm-l-c-am-bn-cn- p- p. ""... Pohn-X-Øns ] sb Db Øn- m- m-\mwv sshtem- n n Xs Irjn-Ko- X-Iƒ cnn- n-cn- p- -Xv. A msx {]Ir-Xn-bpsS D qe-\m-isø ]n m-ßp- -X sshtem- n- n-bpss Z i-\w.'' Cu ImgvN- m-sp-sh- p-sim- mwv "Eiy- Ew-K ' F Imhy-\m-S-IsØ {]`m-i-c \ncq- ]Ww snøp- -Xv. ""Eiy-irw-tKm-]m-Jym-\-Ønepw Ihn I Xv Xs A zm-\-kn- m- -Øn\v tabm- \p CS-amWv'' F p \nco- Ww sshtem- n- n- -hn-x-bp-ssbpw Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw ASn-ÿm- \-IqSw \n W-bn- p- p. Eiy-irw-K\mS-I-Ønse Ah-km-\-`m-KØv Ihn ]d-bp p: ""Ae-bp \c-tem-i-`m-h-\m-ta-lta Aen-hns ag-bmbv Xncn- p-t]mcq... Chn-sSbmW -cm-flm-hn Ipcp-t {Xw Chn-sSbmw kz w \ap p tam w!'' sshtem- n- n-bp-ss, `qan-bp-ss, A -cm-flmhns Ipcp-t -{XsØ shfn-s -Sp-Øn-Ø-cm "Pohn-X-Øns ] ' F tej-\-øn\v Ign- ncn- p- p. C v IhnX F m-bn-cn- p p? ""ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bn C v Ifbpw hnfbpw F t`z-an-. If C. F mw hnf-x-s. ap Im-e-I-hn-Iƒ If- p-i-f-s -gp-xn- I-hn-X. C sø Ihn-Iƒ H pw If-bm-sX-gp-Xp p Ihn-X. If-s -gptøm If-bm-sX-gptØm icn?'' (]pdw. 71) ae-bm-f-i-hn-x-bpss \n -e-x-i-fn-tebv v {]`m- I-c tnmzy-cq-t]w Hcp Is -dn-bp-i-bm-wv. B tnmzyw Xs -bmwv AXns DØcw F v C sø Ihn-Iƒ D]-lm-km-fl-I-ambn ]dt bv mw. AS-bmf hmiy-ßƒ Sn.-Sn.{]`m-I-c {]km. ]cn[n ]ªn-t -j kv, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 79

{KŸ-\ncq-]Ww \nkq-v-x-i-fpss kq{x-hm-iy-ßƒ tum. DÆn Ba- m-d-bv a\p-jy-po-hn-x-øns AKm-[-X- I-fn-te-bv pw, kv{xolr-z-b-øns A]m-c-X-I-fn-tebv pw IS- p-sn- p Hcp-]nSn \ IY-I-fpsS kamlm-c-am-wv, C.lcn-Ip-am-dns, "Fs kv{xoiƒ' F ]pkvx-iw. hnzym- `ym-kw, kº-øv, ]Zhn XpSßn Fs mw D m-bmepw Pohn-XsØ B\-µ-]q Æ-am- p- Xv Dujva-famb lrz-b-_- -ß-fm-sW- pw, AXns ASn-Ø- n {]W-bhpw ssewkn-i-xbpw sxfn pan- p- ps pw Cu kam-lm-c-ønse Hmtcm IYbpw \sω Hm Ωn- n- p- p. Ccp-]-Øn-b v IY-I-fmWv "Fs kv{xoiƒ' F kam-lm-c- Øn-ep- -Xv. Xs IY-I-tfbpw IY- Iƒ v ]n nse Pohn-X-tØbpw hne-bn-cp-øp Ipdn- p-ifpw A\p- _- -ambn tn Øn- p- v. Cu kamlm-c-ønse IY-I-fnse ÿe-im-eßƒ IrXy-amb AXn-cp-Iƒ -ItØ v HXp n \n Øm-\m-hm-Ø-Xm- Wv. Ft mgpw Fhn-tSbpw kw`-hn- m-hp PohnXaplq Ø-ß-sfbmWv IYm-IrØv Bhn-jv -cn- n- p- -Xv. Xnam ]q, Xosc {]Xo- n- mø Hcp Znh-kw, Xos - n-s m- n- Øp-ºnse Pohn-Xw, \ - mcn, _ p-sx- m-xn-cn- m, AtΩ, Ahcv \ΩpsS BImiw Is -SpØp, A\n- X-bpsS hosv, HmSn Hcp sndnb hosv, Ip paw hnx-dnb hgn-iƒ XpS-ßnbh {it -b-ß-fmb IY-I-fm-Wv. AIse Hcp {Kma-Øn \n v Xnam ]q-cnse ` Øm-hns ASptØ v ]pd-s Hcp-h-fpsS IYbmWv Xnam ]q. C y kv{xo bpss ssz\y-sø-bmwv Ahƒ {]Xn- \n-[m\w snøp- -Xv. Zn n-bnse-ønb Ahsf FXn-tc- Xv \K-c-Øns h\y-x-bm-wv. Ac- -bpss cm{xnbn Ahƒ v th Xv kpc- bpss CS-Øm-h-f-am-Wv. t] n-\m-hp- I-fn-te v sr n DW-cmØ im amb Hcp cm{xn. Ahƒ v A`bw \ Inb Abmƒ v th -Xm-h-s, ssewkn-i- -Xr-jvW-bpsS ia-\-hpw. thiy-bp-ts-x- mø ssewkn-i-xsb A\p-`-hn- -Xns Bizm-k-Øn Abm-fpw, Hcp cm{xn Aim- -a- msx Ah-km-\n- -Xn Ahfpw D n \µn-]-d- p-sim v ]ncn-bp-tºmƒ hymjym-\-øn\pw hni-i-e-\-øn\pw hg-ßmø kv{xopo-hn-xsø \mw sxm -dn-bp- p. GXp {]Xn-k- n-l- -ß-fnepw [oc-amb \ne-]m-sp-iƒ FSp- p- hcpw t\cpw s\dnbpw D -h-cp-am-wv lcn-ip-am-dns kv{xoi-ym-]m-{x-ßƒ. Ah Pohn- m th n GXp 80

thjhpw si n-tb mw; \oxn-im-kv{x-t_m-[-ßsf tnmzyw snbvtxbv mw. F nepw Pohn-X-tØmSv tn Øp-\n Øp Hcp i n-bp v Ah-cpsS D n. "CS-t»cn'bpsS "i n' as mcp CS-t»-cn- m-cs IYm-]m-{X-ß-fnepw ImWp- Xv kzm`mhn-iw-x-s. AØ-c-Øn-ep Hcp IYm-]m-{X-sØbm-Wv "Xosc {]Xo- -bv mø Hcp Znhkw' F IY-bn I p-ap- p- -Xv. Xpd p InS- p t]gvkn \n v X\n- n- -ap- -{Xbpw ]Ww FSp- m-am-bn-cp- n pw AXym-h-iy-ap \qdp-cq-]-am{xw FSp-Øp-sIm v bm{x-t]mepw ]d-bm-sx Cd-ßnt m-b-hsf Hm Øv Abmƒ A p-x-s - p. kv{xobpss ap n Nne-t m-sg- nepw ]pcp-j sndp-xm-hp- -Xns ImgvN-bmWv IYm-IrØv ImWn- p-x-cp- -Xv. IpSpw-_-_- -ß-fnse ssiyneyhpw kvt\lcm-ln-xy-hp-sams A\p-`-hn-t - n-h-cp kv{xobpss ssz\y-amwv "Xos - n-s m- n-øp- ºnse PohnXw' F IY-bpsS {]ta-bw. F m Ic v IS Xo p- -h-c lcn-ip-am-dns kv{xoiƒ. ]pcp-j-t\bpw ]ucp-j-tøbpw sh phn-fn- p-sim v Ah \nh p\n p- p. kvt\l-øn\pw ssewkn-i-_- -Øn\pw ]pxnb \n h-n-\-ßƒ Na-bv p- p. ""CXv kvt\l-ap c p-t] IqSn sntø Imcy-am-Wv. \o snøp- Xv IW- p-iq- p-i-bm-wv. kvt\lw F Xv IW- p-iƒs ms api-fn-emwv'' F v Abmƒ ]d- -t mƒ Ahƒ kvt\lsø ]pxnb Xe-Øn {Kln-bv p- p. ""]uc-jw- v Xv `mtcy X vw-xne IpSpw_w t\m -W-Xn-em-Wv. ]ucp-j-t mcv `mtcyw a tfw ] n-wn- n-sn y'', ""` Øm- - mcv In W ]Ww apgp-h IpSn v hosv t\m m- mbm `mcy-amcv Aß-s\-sbms snøpw... `mcybv pw Ip n-iƒ pw hni- p- v. Ah pw Xn Ww'' XpS-ßn-bh ]cp- PohnX] m- Ø-e-ß-fn \n v kv{xo Is -Sp- p AXn-Poh-\-]m-T-ß-fm-Wv. `mcy-m` Xr_ w kam- -c-tc-j-iƒt]mse \o p-t]m-ip-tºmƒ C m-`w-k-ßƒ am{x-ambn PohnXw Npcp-ßp- -Xns tcjo-b-nn-{x-amwv "\ - mcn'bn ImWp- -Xv. _ -ßƒ n-s-bn hf AKm[ K Ø-ßƒ Pohn-XsØ IqSp- X Iep-jn-X-am- p- p. az ^nivtk-jt\mspiqsn Pohn- p Abmƒ v `mcysb Xr]vXn-s -Sp-Øm-\m-hp- n-. ] -bmb Pohn-X- Øns D -d-bn-te- mwv IYm-Im-c hmb-\- msc Iq n-s m- p-t]m-ip- -Xv. H n-t\mspw {]Xn-I-cn- mø ` Øm-hn\pw Ft mgpw D ml-tømss kwkm-cn- p Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mb A\n F t_mkn\pw CS-bn Pohn-bv p "Ahƒ' BWv Cu IY-bnse \mbn-i. ""AbmtfmSv kwkm-cn- p-tºmƒ hm p-iƒ Ccp CS- \m-gn-i-fn hmh-ep-i-sf-t]mse AS- n-s-s -Sp- p. ]pd-tø v hgn-bn-. F\n v th Xv DØ-c-am- Wv. au\-a '' F v Ahƒ. ""Ahƒ A\n-ens\ Hm Øp. Abmƒ Xcm-sa- p-]-d I n-s -Sntbm Øp... A\n Ft mgpw \ `wkn-bp km[-\-ßƒ Ahƒ p-th n shbv m-dp v''. GIm- -\n-an-j-ß-fn _em kwkw snø-s - Sm t]mepw Ahƒ B{K-ln- p. ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em- -s -SmØ Zmº-Xy-ßƒ \ - - -hsw Xs -bm-sw v "\ - mcn' Hm Ωn- n-bv p- p. C -Y-tbmSv tn Øp-hm-bn- m-hp H mwv ""_ p-sx- m-xn-cn- m ''. am\-kn-i-ambn hf-cmø tkm]n-bpss `mcy-bmbn hcp Bi-bpsS C - Ifpw C m-`w-k-ß-fp-amwv Cu IY-bpsS ti{µ- _n-µp. AΩ-tbmSpw s]ß-tfmspw hni-e-amb ASp w ]pe Øp tkm]n, am\-kn-im-]-{k-y-\- Øn\v hnt[-b-am-t IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Abm-fnep CuUn- `mhw Zmº-Xy-Øn hn hogvøp p. jfio-i-cn- -s -Sp A \pw Ah- K-Wn- -s -Sp `mcybpw Abm-fpsS Dd w sisp- Øp-t -bn-. XnI pw hyxy-kvx-amb hmb-\bv v hnt[-b-am-t Nne Awi-ßƒ Cu IY-bn D v. AtΩ Ahcv \ΩpsS BImiw Is -SpØp F IY, \mk-cnikwkvim-c-øns hchpw AXv {KmaoWPohn-XsØ XInSw adn- p- -Xns Nn{Xhpw hc- p-im-wn- p- p. PohnXw hgn-ap- ptºmƒ kzm-nm-c-t_m-[sø am n-h-bv p kv{xosb Cu IY-bnepw ImWmw. IpSpw-_-tØbpw Ip n-i-tfbpw kwc- n-t _m[y-x-bv p-ap- ºn kzxzw -\- -s -Sp-tØ n hcp kv{xo, \h- \m-k-cn-i-x-bpss Cc-X-s -bm-wv. BImiw \ -s - Sp Ip n-bpss s\mº-c-øn-\p-a- -dpw, hmb-\- msc BI jn-bv p- -Xv Pohn- m-\mbn icocsø Hcp "Sqfm n' am p, Htc-k-abw ssz\yhpw Icp-Øp-ambn {]Xy- -s Sp-, Cu kv{xobm-wv. a\-»mkv{x hni-i-e-\-øn\v hnt[-b-am- mhp as mcp IY-bmWv "A\n-X-bpsS hosv'. k - ev]-ønse A\n-X-bpsS hosv \fn-\n-s mcp Bizm-k-am-Wv. AΩ-tbmSv Ifhv ]d v CSbvs - nepw AhnsS Xßp-tºm-gmWv Xm Hcp 81

kv{xobm-sw v sxfn-bn-bv -s -Sp- Xpw Aev]- sam-cm-\µw Ahƒ p- m-ip- Xpw; k^-eo-i-cn- mø B{K-l-ß-fpsS ]q Øo-I-c-W-amWv AhnsS \S- p- -Xv. PohnXw Pohn p Xo m hn[n- -s -Sp- -h-fpss imco-cnixrjvw-isf ]q Øo-I-cn- m Hcn-S-amWv Cu IY-bn A\n- X-bpsS hosv. hnc-k-x-bpss Bh Ø-\-ßfn \n pw Ahsf h -t mgpw tamnn- n- p- Xv (Po-hn- n- p- -Xpw) Cu Hfn-t m- -amwv. A\n-XbpsS hosv GsXmcp kv{xobp-tsbpw kz]v\-ßfnse \nkq-v-x-bm-wv. D n txm nb A\p-I-º-bm H - -øs\ hnhmlw sntø- n-h tcwp-i-bpss kz]v\-`w- K-ß-fmWv "HmSn Hcp sndnb hosv' F -I-Y. hrøn-bn- mø ho n Xma-kn- p Ahƒ v hrøn-bp B sndnb hosv BI j-wo-b-ambn-tøm- n. A\n-X-tbm-sSm- -amwv Ahƒ ]et mgpw Abm-fpsS ho n-te v sn -Xv. Abm-fpsS ho nse sxfn a y-sm- n\p kao]w simxntbmss t\m n \nev p-ibpw c v ssiiƒsim pw hcn- p-ap-dp- -s -Sm B{Kln- p-ibpw snøp tcwpi kv{xossewkn-i- X-bp-sSbpw AZ-ay-tam-l-ß-fp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-am-Wv. kz]v\-ßfpw bmym Yy-ßfpw CS- p-\n- t mƒ hn p-t]m-b-h, ho pw I p-ap- p-tºmƒ \S-Øp IW-s -Sp- p-ifpw ]ng-hp-i-fpss hni- I-e-\-ß-fp-amWv "Ip paw hnx-dnb hgn-iƒ'. F m _ -ß-fp-tSbpw ASn-ÿm\w ssewkn-i- X-bm-sW v Cu IYbpw ASn-h-c-bn-Sp- p. `mcybm-bn-cn- p-tºmgpw Imap-In-bpsS a\ v shsn-bm- \m-hmø kv{xoiym-]m-{x-ßsf lcn-ip-am-dns IY-I-fn ]e-t mgpw ImWmw. \n -N-\-ß-fnepw kq{x-hm-iy-ß-fnepw HXp- m-\m-hmø kv{xo IYm-]m-{X-ß-sf-Ø-s -bm-wv, "tal-ßƒ ] ns - p-iƒ t]mse', "kv{xok- -ap apdn', "I ns Sn', "Hcp ] -S- m-cn-bp-ambn {]W-b-Øn-emb IY', "Hcp Znh-k-Øns acww', "ck-i-c-amb Hcp IY-bv n-s-bn ', "aqtemsv Dd- n-bv p- -Xnse hnj-a-ßƒ' XpS-ßn-b- I-Y-I-fnepw ImWp- -Xv. kvss{x-wm-\p-`-h-ßsf hfsc Xo{h-ambpw kxy-k- -ambpw Ah-X-cn- n-bv p- -Xn Cu IYm-IrØv hnp-bn- n- p-s v ]d-bm-sx-hø. Pohn-X-Ønse G hpw at\m-l-c-amb A\p-`-hßƒ ssewkn-i-x-bp-ambn _ -s - -h-bm-sw- pw, as m-cp-x-c-øn Cu B\µm-\p-`-h-ß-fmWv IpSpw- _-Øns \mcm-b-th-cmbn ]pe-cp- -sx pw Cu IY-Iƒ Bh Øn- -dp- n-bv p- p- v. tzi-im-eßƒ -Xo-X-ambn ssewkn-i-x-bpss BÀm-Z-[m-ctXSn a\p-jy bm{x snøp-i-xs snøpw. ""Fs kv{xo]- -I-Y-I-sf- n'' F c mw `mk-amwv lcn-ip-am-dns {KŸsØ khn-ti-jam- n-øo p- -Xv. kr n-i-sf- p-dn v {KŸ- I Øm-hp-Xs \S-Øp Ah-tem-I\w ae-bmf-hm-b-\- m v A{X ]cn-nn-x-a-. IY-I-tfm-sSm- w-xs IYm-]-T-\hpw AXpw {KŸ-I Ømhns ]pxp-a-bp hmb-\m-hn-`-h-am-ip- p. t\mh-ep-i-fnse kv{xo]p-cp-j-ssew-kn-i-xsb hni- I-e\w snøm\pw {ian- n- p- v. IY-Iƒ p-]n- nse A\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw timdn-bn-sp- p. kmln- Xy-tem-IØpw Pohn-X-Ønepw D mb Zpc-\p-`-hß-fn-te v Nq p-]-e-i-bm-hm\pw "Fs kv{xo]- -I-Y-I-sf- n' F `mk-øn\v Ign- n- p- v. ]{ v A ym-b-ß-fmwv c mw `mk-øn-ep- Xv "Adn-b-s -SmØ Hcp s]m m-\n- m-c ' F BZy A ym-bhpw "Fs Pohn-Xhpw PmX- I-sa Xnc- -Ybpw' F Ah-km\ `mkhpw Bflm-\p-`-h- -ß-fp-ambn _ -s - -Xm-Wv. PmX-I- Ønse {]h-n\w icn-sh-bv pw-t]mse ae-bm-f- Ønse ""FÆ-s Fgp-Øp-Im-cp-tS-tbm, s]m m- \n- -f-cn-bn-tetbm Iq -Øn Dƒs -Sm-sX-t]m-b- Xns '' Bi (A- p-xhpw) ] p-sh-bv p- p. PmX-I-sa Xnc- -Y-sh- p-sim v kzpo-hn- XsØ Bhn-jvI-cn- p- -XmWv Ah-km\ A ymbw. BSn-Øo Ø Pohn-X-sØ-bpw, A\p-`-hn- dn Pohn-X- -bv n-s\bpw ChnsS hnkvx-cn- p- p- v. IY-bv p-]n- nse Pohn-X-Øn-\p -]n- ntebpw A\p-`-h-ßsf ASp-Ø-dn-bm-\m-hp- Xv CØcw kzbw hnkvx-cn- -en-eq-ss-bm-wv. Bflmhn-jvIm-c-Øns kxy-k- X ChnsS Npcpƒ\nh-cp- p. "Xnam ]q ' F IYsb A[n-I-cn v kv{xo ssewkn-i-xsb hni-z-am- m-\mwv "A{I-anbpw Ccbpw XΩn-ep _ w' F A ymbw D]- tbm-kn- n- p- -Xv. IdpØ X{ºm- n, kv{xok- -ap apdn F o IY-I-fpsS Ah-tem-I\w CXn-t\mSv tn Øv hmbn-t - -Xm-Wv. Hcp Znh-k-Øns ac- Ww, AtΩ Ahcv \ΩsS BImiw Is -SpØp F o IY-Isf A mw A ym-b-ønepw \ - mcn F IYsb aq mw A ym-b-ønepw hnebn-cp-øp- p. "I n-s Sn' F IY-bv p-]n- nse A\p-`-h-ß-sf-bmWv "I n-s -Sn-sb- n ]d- Xv' F `mkøv hnh-cn- p- -Xv. "\nkq-l\w snbvx kv{xossew-kn-i-x-bmwv IY-bn, H w Xs adbn \n p ]pcp-j-ssew-kn-i-xbpw' F v 82

lcn-ip-am. \n\- p-th- n, Ip n-amfp Nncn- psim- n-cn- p- p, Hcp ] -S- m-cn-bp-ambn {]Wb-Øn-emb IY, A\n-X-bpsS hosv, ck-i-c-amsbmcp IY-bv n-s-bn F o IY-Isf hne-bncp-øp-i-bmwv "\ -hcpw \ -hcpw' F A ymbw. Ah-km-\sØ hnkn, temuvpn Hcp Rmb-dm-gvN, HmSn Hcp sndn-b-ho-sv, aqtemsv Dd- n- p- -Xnse hnj-a-ßƒ, im]-ine XpS-ßnb IY- I-sfbpw hni-i-e\w snøm {KŸ-Im-c {ian- n- p- v. Nne IY-Isf B[m-c-am- n, kv{xo]p-cpj ssewkn-i-xsb Ip n-iƒ Fßs\ t\m n- m- Wp p F v hnh-cn- m-\mwv "Ip paw hnx-dnb hgn-i-fn ' F `mkw D]-tbm-Kn- n- p- -Xv. Ip n- I-fn-ep- m-ip Ac- n-xm-h-ÿbpw kwl jhpw {KŸ-I Ømhv kqnn- n- p- p. IY-Isf kq va-x-e-øn ho n- m\pw hne-bn-cp- Øm\pw CØcw hni-i-e-\-ßƒ klm-bn- p- psh v ]d-bmw. "ssewkn-ix Fs t\mh-ep-ifn F {]I-c-W-Øn Xs {][m-\-s Nne t\mh-ep-isf hne-bn-cp-øm-\mwv lcn-ip-am {ian n p- -Xv. t\mh-en-ãvxs hymjym-xm-hmbn amdp- p. ""Fs IY-Iƒ s]mxpsh kv{xo]- - I-Y-I-fm-Wv. B Nmbvhv Cu t\mh-enepw ImWmw. ]t s]sæ-gp-øp-im {]Xo- n- p Xc-Ønep kv{xo {]Xn-I-c-W-am-h-W-sa- n ChnsS'' F v {KŸImc. kv{xossewkn-i-x-bp-ambn _ -s \nc-h-[n-im-cy-ß-fn-te v At±lw {i - -Wn- p- p. ""Fs G hpw \ t\mh-te-xmsw tnmzy-øn\pw F\n v c m-a-sx v Btem-Nn-t - -Xn-. AXv "XSm-I-Xo-cØv' BWv'' F p ]d-bp Fgp-Øp-Im-c X\n v kp]-cn-nn-x-amb hgn-bn Iq-Sntb Cu t\mh-en Xm \S- n- p q F pw Xpd-s -gp-xp- p. Fgp-Øp-Im-cs \njvi-f- -amb hne-bn-cp- Øepw hymjym-\-hp-amwv Cu `mk-øp- -Xv. Hcp hmb-\m-\p-`hw F \ne-bn IY-Isf kao-]n- m\pw ]Tn- m\pw CØcw hni-i-e-\-ßƒ klm-bn-t - pw. IY-Iƒ pw IYm-]m-{Xßƒ pw ]n nse A\p-`-h-]- m-øew kqnn- n- p- Xpw hmb-\- m-cs\ klm-bn- pw. kr n- I-fn-sem- nepw {]Xy- -Øn A\m-hr-X-amhmØ kzim-cy-x-iƒ Xpd- p-sh- p- Xpw k Kkm-[-\-Isf ASp-Ø-dn-bm D]-I-cn- pw. F m- hmb-\- m-cs A]m-c-amb km[y-x-i-sf, Xs ta n ]p-d-ß-fn tabm-\p kzmx-{ ysø, Nne-t m-sg- nepw l\n- p p F ]cn-an- Xnbpw CØcw hni-i-e-\-ßƒ p- v. Fs kv{xoiƒ- -C.-l-cn-Ip-am {]km. Id v _pivkv, Xr»q 83

{KŸ-\ncq-]Ww "BXn'bpsS Pe-]m-T-ßƒ tum. Fw.-F-kv. t]mƒ \oscm-gp n-s bpw Pem-flI Pohn-X-Øn-s bpw IY-]-d-bp t\mh-emwv kmdm tpmk-^ns "BXn'. kmwkvim-cni khn-ti-j-x- IƒsIm v BXntZiw ae-bmf t\mh-ense i -amb Hcp `qanimkv{x ]cn-i -\-bm-hp-i-bm-wv. AhnsS h Ø-am-\-Ime tic-f- Øns Pe-`q-]Sw \n Ωn- p- t\mh-en-ãv. Pe-km- n-[y-øn-s\møv PohnXw Icp nsn- n- p Hcp henb kaq-l-amwv BXn-bn-ep- mbn-cp- -Xv. s\ pw, ao\pw amdn-amdn Irjn-sNbvXv kvt\l-øns ]mckv]-cy-øn IYm-cm-hp-I-fpsS k Km-fl-I-X-bn-eqsS BXn-bnse PohnXw \ne-\n- n-cp- p. Zn\-I-c, s]m a-wn, ssje-p, Ip \n Imc-W-h, a t m-s \q ap-l-ω- Zv, Ip n-am-xp, tzhin, Im Øymb\n F n-ßs\ BXn-bpsS Xmf- Øn-s\mØp PohnXw \bn- p AkwJyw IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ t\mh-enep- v. ]W-Øn\p ]ndsi k -cn- p {]Im-i\n, A_p, kn p _mpn XpS-ßnb Pn m-kp- -fmb Ip n-iƒ, N{µ-tam-l N wi w, AUz. t{kbvkv Nmen- -S-hv, tum. tpm k XpS-ßnb BIv-Sn-hn-kv p- Iƒ, BXn-bnse kmbm- -ß-fnse IYm-cm-hp-I-fn BJymXm -fmbn FØn-t -cp A]-cn-Nn-Xcpw ]cn-nn- X-cp-amb IY-]-d- n-ep-im, \K-c-Pohn-X-Øns acp-`q-an-i-fn \n v Pe- Øn-s bpw Pohs bpw km n yw txsn BXn-bn-se-Ønb KoXm-RvPen, aiƒ, Imbep nepw hnf-bp s\ p-txsn tzim- cw t]mb Imfnb- q-, F m- n\pw D]-cn-bmbn BXn-bpsS sszh-amb Xºp-cm Cßs\ hniz-k-\o-bhpw Ahn-iz-k- \ob-hp-amb IYm-]m-{X-ß-fn-eqsS bmym y-øn-s bpw ]pcm-hr-ø- Øn-s bpw ^m -kn-bp-ssbpw Awißƒ Iq n- -e Øn h Ø-am-\-Ime tic-f-po-hnxw t\cn-sp Kpcp-X-camb ]mcn-ÿn-xni Zpc- -]-c-nk-cßƒ Bhn-jv -cn- p-i-bmwv kmdm tpmk-^v. Pe-hp-ambn KmV-k-º w ]pe Øn Pohn- p Hcp P\-hn-`m- K-am-bn-cp p BXn-bn-te-Xv. NXp p \ne-ß-fn s\ p-hn-f-bn- p-ibpw sh w Ib-dp-tºmƒ AXn hfcp snωo sim v D]-Po-h\w Ign- p-ibpw snøp \njv -f- - cmb a\p-jy-cm-bn-cp p Ah. NXp- p-iƒ, sh -s - v, I h-\- ßƒ, ] n-iƒ, Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ Cßs\-sbmcp ]mc-kv]-cy-w BXnbn \ne-\n p. s\ n-s bpw ao\n-s bpw tzhx IpSn-bn-cn- p NXp- p-ifm- 84

ae-bm-fn-bpss A\n-b-{ n-x-amb D]t`mK-{`m- n\p PeNnIn- -bmwv "BXn' F t\mh. Ip n-sn \nc-øn s\ h-b aæn- p-aqsn \o Ø- S-ßfpw I m-sp-ifpss XI epambn apt -dp Xncn- -dn-hn- mbva ]pxp- -W- m-cs A«oe [m y-am-sw v Cu t\mh hy -am- p- p. bn-cp- p BXn-bpsS Poh. BXn-bpsS sszhk- hpw khn-ti-j-amwv BXn-bpsS Xºpcm. B Xºp-cm-\m-Is ]mb-bn Npcp- nb \nebn Imb-en-eqsS Ah-i-X-bn Hgp-In-h p Icbv -Sn p Poh shsn-bp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. F m ]Øm-ap-Z-b-Ønepw BXn-bn-ep -h Xºp-cms\ Hm Øp. Xºp-cm\v Ah sim n ]WnXp. ""taem-k-iew X n- -X-bv -s v hmcn-sb- p-iƒ XI v tnmc I n, amwk-t]-in-iƒ De- v, ico-c-amsi H -sbmcp apdn-hp-t]mse c -Øn Ipfn v arx-{]m-b\m-bmwv \ΩpsS Xºp-cm Icbv -W- Xv'' (BXn t]pv 110) F v ]d-bp- p- v. BXn-bpsS c -I-\mbn Ah-X-cn Xºpcm BXn-bn hnkva-cn- -s -Sp-tºmƒ ]pxnb Xºp-cm Ic-bv -Sn-bp- -Xmbn t\mh-en-s\m-sphn ImWp- p- v. BXn-bv pth n \ne-sim Zn\-I-c-\n-eqsS BXn Aßs\ hos -Sp- -s -Sp- p. BXn-bnse a\p-jycpw sszhhpw F mw Hc -Øn Xnc-kv -cn- -s - -h-cm-wv. BXnbpsS kakvxpohn-x-øn-s bpw Imc-W-`q-X- \mbn BXn-bpsS Xºp-cm \ne-sim- p. F m \h-ap-x-em-fnøw as - m-bn-søpw \n ln- p- -Xp-t]mse BXn-bnepw ]pxnb sszhsø {]Xn-jvTn- p-i-bmwv. Bflo-b-X-bpsS taepw hnizm-k-ß-fpss taep-am-bn-cp p BXnbnse BZy A[n-\n-th-iw. Xºp-cms sim n s]mfn v AhnsS ]pxnb {]XnjvT \S-Øp- -XneqsS Ahn-SpsØ P\-X-bpsS X\-Xp-`mhw C mbva-sn-øp- p- v. axm-[n-]-xy-øn\p ]pd-øp {]m -\-bm-bn-cp p AXp-hsc BXn-bn-ep- mbn-cp- -Xv. a\p-jy-t\mfw efn-x-amb Hcp sszhk- w AXm-bn-cp p BXn-bnse Xºp-cm. cq]-an- mø, B `m-s-ß-fn- mø Hcp sszh-k- w. kmdm tpmk-^ns "Bem-l-bpsS s] a- ƒ' F t\mh-en ImWp hn[-ønep Hcp {]Xn-ssZ-h-im-kv{X-Øns kzcw ChnsS-bp-ap- v. Xºp-cms sim n kz Æw s]mxnbm FØp \h-ap-x-em-fn-ø-øns {]Xn-\n- [n-iƒ BXn-bnse Xºp-cms\ D]-tZ-h-X-bm n ]m iz-h -cn- p-ibpw htc-wy-amb Hcp sszhk- sø ]Icwhbv p-ibpw snøp- p- v. BXn-bnse `qan hn,v kz w s]æm-ti- n-bncp Ip p-am-xp-hns\ X{ -]q w Dt]- n v, BXnsb ad v, ]pdw-temiw txsn-t mb Ipam-c ]n osv BXn-bpsS kwlm-c-øn-\mbn cwk-{]- thiw snøp-i-bmwv t\mh-en. Ipam-cs ]n mepohnxw BXn-bpsS taep A[n-\n- 85

th-i-am-bn- mwv t\mh-enãv Ah-X-cn- n- p- Xv. BXn-bpsS c m-i Øm-hmbn Ah-X-cn- p Ipam-c B tzi-øns F m \ -I-sfbpw Ih s -Sp- p- p. aæn ]Wn-sb-Sp- m hnsmsx BXn-bnse bphm- sf Iq n-s m-sp- p- Imcpw H p-imcpw _n\m-an-i-fp-am- p p. ]pxnb cpnn-ifpw ]pxnb `mh-ßfpw Ah v ]I p \ Ip p. BXn-bn-te v ]mew \n Ωn v AXneqsS Sn temdn-i-fn aæpw, amen-\yhpw IS- Øn-hn-Sp- p. NXp- p-ifpw XÆo Ø-S-ßfpw \niøn, then-tb w XS v BXn-bpsS k pe\w XI pibpw I m-sp-iƒ Xobn p \in- n- p-ibpw snωo ]ms-ß-fn IoS-\m-in\n hnx-dp-ibpw snøp- p. B pw XSp- m-\m- ImØ apx-em-fn-ø-øns AZr-iy-km- n- yambn amdp-i-bmwv Ipam-c. P\m-[n-]-Xy-Øns \mev FtÃ- p-ifpw Ipam-c-s\m- -ap- v. {]mb-t`-zsat\y F m-hcpw Ipam-cs {]tem-`-\-ß-fn howp-t]m-ip- p. BXn-bpsS t\ p A[n-\n-thiw Xncn- dn-bp-ibpw {]Xn-tcm[w Xo p-ibpw snøp- Xv BXn-bnse a\p-jy Xs -bm-wv. Zn\-I-c, Ip n-am-xp, s]m a-wn, ssje-p, a t mkv XpS-ßn-b-h-cn-eqsS BXn v \ -s ssph-xmfw hos -Sp- m-\p {iaw XpS-ßp- p. BXn-bnse ssph {]Xn-k n Xncn- -dn v \nc-h[n BIvSnhn-Ãp-Iƒ BXn-bn-te v IS- p-h-cp- p- v. N w I -tø v hnhmlw Ign- p-t]mb BXn-tZ-i-Øp- Im-cn-bmb ssjep a\p-jy-a-e-øns Zp K w kln- -h-ømsx BXn-bn-te v Xncn-s -Øp- p-. Kpcp-hm-bq Xo m-s-\-øns _m n ]{X-amb N w-i w Imbepw aw-eq- p-im C m-xm- nb IS- pdw ap\ºpw Cu t\mh-ense ]cn-ÿn-xn-hnj-b-ß-fmbn amdp- p- v. Xs \mspw {ItaW aen-\-s -Sp-I-bm-sW Xncn- -dn- -hn-emwv ssjep ]cn-ÿn-xn-k-a-c-ap-j-tø v IS- p-h-cp- -Xv. ssje-pbpw Ip n-am-xphpw Xß-fpsS Np p-]m- Sp-Iƒ v h p-tn-cp Kpcp-X-c-amb BLmXßsf G p-hm-ßp-ibpw Xo -vw-x-tbmss ka-c- - -cm-hp-ibpw snøp kv{xo IYm-]m-{X-ß-fm- Wv. amen-\y-\n-t ]w hcp-øn-h kmw{ianitcmk-øn ]søm-ºxp Ip n-iƒ acn- p- txm-ss-bmwv BXn-bnse a\p-jy Xncn- -dn-hp-t\- Sp- -Xv. then-tb w XSbpw hn[w Peam -ßƒ aæn- p-aq-sp-ibpw, F m ssphkºøpw XI s -Sp-Ibpw, a\p-jy-po-hnxw Zp -l-am- -s -Sp- Ibpw snøp-tºm-gmwv {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\v BXnbnse a\p-jy k - -cm-ip- -Xv. BXn-bnse Pek-ºØv Xncn-sI-sb-Øp-Ibpw BXn-bnse ]cnÿn-xn-kvt\-ln-bmb Zn\-I-c AXns _enbmbn amdp-ibpw snøp- p- v. BXn-bnse IYm-cm-hp-I-fn BJym\w snøs -Sp IY-Ifpw B IY Fßs\ Pohn-X-Øn {]tbm-p-\-s -SpØmw F tnmzyhpw N bpw Cu t\mh-en Hcp hyxykv-x-xew ]I p \ Ip- p- v. \ΩpsS IYm-]m-c-º-cy-hp-ambpw Ncn-{X-hp-ambpw hmb-\- m-cs\ B IYm-cm-hp-Iƒ _ n- n- p- p- v. txm -º-c F Pe-]mTw BXn-bpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn _ -s - p-in-s- p- p. sh hpw snfnbpw aæpw a\p-jy\pw kwh-zn- p-i-bm-wn-h-n-ss. sh w h p-sxm- m F m ITn-\-X-Ifpw Agn v ]cp-h-s -Sp v aæv. tx m- º-c-en- m tn nepw sxfnbpw Pew F m-wv k w. Ie-ßn-a-dn-bp lrz-b-ß-fn howv AXns\ sxfn-bn-s -Sp- p kvt\lw t]msebp Cu k -amwv BXn-bnse aænepw a\p-jy-cn-ep-ap- -Xv. ae-bm-fn-bpss A\n-b-{ n-x-amb D]t`mK-{`m- n\p PeNnIn- -bmwo t\mh. Ip n-sn \nc-øn s\ h-b aæn- p-aqsn \o Ø-S-ßfpw I m-sp-ifpss XI epambn apt -dp Xncn- -dn-hn- mbva ]pxp- -W- m-cs A«oe [m y-am-sw v Cu t\mh ]d- p-x-cp- p. CXv ]cn-ÿnxn \mi-sø- p-dn- p IYtbm, hnem-]tam A. \Zo-XS kwkvir-xn-bp-ambn _ -s a\p-jy-n-cn{xw Chn-sS-bp- v. \oscmgp- ns kpxm-cy-e-b-ßƒ C m-xm-ip-tºmƒ, apt m- p-i-s- m hgn-im-wmsx sh w InS v {]mw X p-tºmƒ, hc-fp `qan-bp-ssbpw Pohn- X-Øn-s bpw alm-hn-em-]-ß-fm-wn-xv. BXn Hcp sndnb Xpcp-Ø-. \m ]-Øn-\mep \Zn-Ifpw Ht sd Imb-ep-Ifpw Pem-i-b-ßfpw \o Ø-S-ßfp-ap tic-f-am-wv. \ni-ø-s -Sp- Xpw aen-\-am- Ip- Xpw \ΩpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fmw.v BXn-bpsS Pe-]m-T-ßƒ h Ø-am-\-Ime ticfw Bh Øn- p ]Tn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. BXn- -km-dm-tpm-k^v {]km. Id v _pivkv, Xr»q 86

teji ]cn-nbw Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h \m-b, knxm-c, sim mcw tdmuv, timgn-t msv 6 Un.-hn-\-b-N-{µ, kc-kz-xn-ir-jvww, Sn.-kn. 25/2168-1, ssxhnf tdmuv, Bbp th-z-tim-tf-pn\p ap h-iw, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 695 001 tum. Un. s_ -an, ]b-kz-\n, Nmh-Sn-ap- v, {ioim-cyw, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw tcj.- si, F -am-[-hw, sfizcy A m vsa v, sim -døv ssºnƒ tdmuv, If-IvS-td v ]n.-h., tim bw Sn.-Fw. F{_-lmw, Bc-Wy-Iv, \yq tdmuv, Iq\- m-bv, sim n 682 033 tum. tncm-h n iin, ]m h-tw-µp, ]n.-h. Imbw-Ip-fw, Be- p-g. ^m.t]mƒ txe- m- v, kxy-zo-hw, hnbm\n {]nt -gvkv, sim n 682 018 tum. kn.-d-æn-ir-jvw, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-kw, tzhkzw t_m Uv timtf-pv, imkvxmw-tim 690 521 tum. [ Ω-cm-Pv ASm- v, kwkvir-xn, ImeSn 683 574 tum.-fw.-ir-jvw \ºq-Xn-cn, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-kw, {ioi- -cm-nm-cy-kw-kvirx k -I-em-ime {]mtz-ini ti{µw, Xriq tum. F. txma-kv-ip- n, dou, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-kw, ae- pdw 673 635 Iem-N-{µ, sn{º-t»cn ]n.-h., ae- pdw 676 521 IS-em-bn ]c-ta-iz-c, IS-em-bn a\-, ]q- -Øn, s]mø-h-gn, Xr»q 680 733 tum. {_n n dmt^ hn., ae-bm-f-hn-`m-kw, Xp timtf-pv, Xncq, ae- pdw a[p Be- -S-ºv, G p-ip-sp ]n.-h., Icn-sh- q, IÆq 670 521 lrjn-ti-i ]n.-_n., ]Sp-tXmƒ a\, taeq ]n.-h., Nme- psn 680 311 clv\ cmtp-jv, FS-t»-cn-bn lukv, amdmsn CuÃv, aphm- p-]pg 686 673 km_p j apjw, Kmb-{Xw, Ah-eq Ip v ]n.-h., Be- pg 688 006 kptajvirjvw F.-F-kv., \n Ωe `h, N m-øe, Xe-b, Bdm-ep-aqSv ]n.-h., Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 695 123 DZ-b-i-, AtUz-t - v, ] mºn Ãm en, 21, [\-ejvan \K, D n-en-]m-fbw ]n.-h., timb-º-øq 641 015 si.-f-kv. hniz-w`-c-zm-kv, s]mbvi, Nnd- pfw tdmuv, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 1 hn.-si. jd-^p-±o, hen-b-iøv lukv, ]n.-h. ]msq, Xr»q 680 524 tzi-aw-kew cma-irjvw, _n 6, tzi-aw-kew hosv, apdn- -]m-ew, ]meq sebn, saun- timtfpv ]n.-h., Xncp-h-\- -]pcw 695 011 tum. DÆn Ba- m-dbv, ae-bm-f-hn-`m-kw, Kh. timtf-pv, ae- pdw tum. Fw.-F-kv. t]mƒ, Akn. s{]m^-k, ItXm-en-t v timtf-pv, ]Ø-\w-Xn 689 645 87