Imfn-bm- Fgp-amen IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xw

Imfn-bm- Fgp-amen IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xw ]cnjv cn c mw ]Xn v Unkw-_ 2010

Kaliyankal Ezhumali Kudumba Charithram (Malayalam) (Private circulation only) I st Edition 1987 II nd Revised Edition 2010 Copies : 400 Chief Editor K.M. Thomas Published by Ezhumali Kudumba Yogam Available from : Trustee of Kudumba Yogam Printed at

Imfn-bm- Fgp-amen IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xw ]cnjv cn c mw ]Xn v Unkw-_ 2010 KALIYANKAL EZHUMALI KUDUMBA CHARITHRAM Revised Second Edition December 2010 imj-iƒ ]pfn- - pgn Imf-ßm-SØv ]pen-t{]øv ]msn- p-døv

D -S w 1. ktµ-i-߃ _nj v tum. kmw amxyp Ipcym-t mkv am oankv sa{xm-t m-eoø {io. ]n.-kn. tpm PPv Fw.-F.-F. 2. FUn-t m-dn-b 3. BapJw H mw `mkw 4. H mw Xe-apd A ymbw 1 5. c mw Xe-apd A ymbw 2 6. aq mw Xe-apd A ymbw 3 7. \memw Xe-apd A ymbw 4 8. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_hpw Bflob ssnx-\yhpw A ymbw 5 9. ap ]-Xn- n \n pw A ymbw 6 10. ]n n hgn-iƒ A ymbw 7 11. {]bmww hnnn- \w A ymbw 8 c mw `mkw ]Xn-s\m v IpSpw_߃ 12. ac-ßm v A ymbw 9 13. Ip n-bn A ymbw 10 14. ]Sn- msd s]mbvi A ymbw 11 15. ]Sn- m-sd-apdn A ymbw 12 16. \odpw-πm- A ymbw 13 17. Ing-t -s]mbvi A ymbw 14 18. ]pfn- - pgn A ymbw 15 19. s]cp-am-t m-søv (a bv ) A ymbw 16 20. Imf-ßmSØv A ymbw 17 21. ]pen-t{]øv A ymbw 18 22. ]msn p-døv A ymbw 19 A\p-_ w 1. `c-w-l-s\ IpSpw-_-tbmKw Nmcn- -_nƒ skmssk n \n t±-in- -s - t`z-k-xn-iƒ t]pv

Rt. Rev. Dr. Sam Mathew, Bishop Kottayam, Valiyathottathil, Manganam 9-11-2010. a yti-c-f-ønse {]i-kvx-hpw ]pcm-x-\-hp-amb IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sem- mwv Fgp-am-en IpSpw_w. Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp imj-bmb ]pfn - p-gn-bn hcn- -πmw-aq- nse Hcw-K-amWv Fs amxmhv F p Xn F\n v A`n-am-\-ap- v. acww hscbpw Hcp \n[n-t]mse amxmhv ImØp-kq- n Nne ]pkvx-i-ß-fn G w {][m-\-s H mwv Fgp-am-en IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xw. B ]pkvx-i-øns ]cn-jvi-cn ]Xn v ]pd-øn-d-ßp- p F -dn-bp- -Xn hfsc kt m-j-ap- v. CXns ]p\x-{]-kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v ap ssi FSpØ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns `mc-hm-ln-isf A\ptam-Zn- p p. IpSpw-_-ßfpsS Ncn-{X-amWv \msns Ncn-{Xw. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Øns hnhn[ imj-iƒ \msns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn Ign-bp- p. temi-ønse hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse AwKßsf I p-ap- m km[n- pw. D X \ne-i-fn Pohn- p At\Iw {]ikvx hy n-iƒ Cu IpSpw-_-Øn-ep- v. IpSpw-_-Øns ss]xriw ImØp-kq- n- p IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf Hm Øv sszhsø kvxpxn- p- p. sszhw hfsc A[nIw A\p-{K-ln Hcp Ip-Spw-_-am-Wn-Xv. sszhw \sω A\p-{K-ln- p- Xv a p- -h v Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn-t - -Xn-\p-th- n-bm-wv. temi-øn FhnsS Bbn-cp- mepw Bb-cn- p ÿeøv Np p-]m-sp-iƒ v Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn- pi F p- -XmWv \ΩpsS I Ø-hyw. sszhw A{_-lm-ans\ ImWn- m-\n-cn- p tzi-tøbv v Ab-bv p-tºmƒ ""Rm \ns A\p-{K-ln v hen-tbmcp PmXn-bm pw \ns A\p-{K-ln v \ns t]cp hep-xm- pw. \o Hc-\p-{Kl-am-bn-cn- pw.'' F p-ff hm p-iƒ A\z -am- phm\p _m[yx Xe-ap-d-Iƒ p- v. Hcp IpSpw- _-Øns {]ikvxn AXns ]ucm-wn-i-xz-øntem kº- -X-bntem am{x-a B{i-bn- n-cn- p- -Xv. B IpSpw_w Fßs\ Pohn- p p F p- -XmWv {][m-\w. aqey-߃ ImØp-kq- n- p sszhm- {ib-ap a p- -hsc Icp-Xp Hcp IpSpw-_-am-bn- XpS pw k`bv pw kaq-l-øn\pw cmpy-øn\pw A\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn- p Hcp IpSpw-_-ambn Pohn- p-hm XpS pw sszhw klm-bn- s F v {]m n- p- p. hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ v Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw Hcp apx q- m-bn-cn- pw. ]nxm- - m-cpss \ Imev m-sp-isf ]n ]- p-hm Hcp {]tnm-z\w Bbn-cn- pw. ]nxm- - m \njvi-f- cpw sszh-kvt\- ln-ifpw a p- -hsc Icp-Xp- -h-cp-am-bn-cp- p. Ah-cn I \ amxr-i-isf ]n ]- p-hm ]pxnb Xe-ap-d-Iƒ n-s-bm-i-s F m-iw-kn- p- p. I

Kuriakose Mar Clemis Metrapolitan Pathanamthitta, 9-11-2010. \ΩpsS Imfnbm emb Fgpamen IpSpw_mwKßfmb Gh pw I Ømhn kvt\lhµ\w. IpSpw_Ncn{Xw Hcp ImeL Øns bpw AXnPoh\Øns bpw AXpeyamb sszhoi Ir]bpsSbpw Pohn p km yamwv. hmsamgnbmbn ]I p hcp PohnXkm yhpw A\pIcWobamb Z i\ßfpw hcsamgnbmbn kwthzn n p ZriyamWv Ncn{X cn\ifnep Xv. Ncn{X ]T\hpw cn\ifpw [ym\mfliamwv. Pohn p kv]µ\ßfmbmwv Ah DSseSp p Xv. ]q Ime hnnn \ßfnse købpw Bfl\n hrxnbpamwv Ncn{XcN\IfneqsS ]pdøv hcp Xv. \ΩpsS ]q amxm]nxm ƒ v A cßfneqss kwthzn phm km[n n. AhcpsS Bflka Whpw BflkwL jhpw A cßfneqss \mw Gs SpØncn bmwv. imkv{x kmt XnI tajeifn hncmpn p B[p\nI Xeapd aæns awap ]mcºcym[njvtnxamb hnip nbpss km yhpw Z i\hpw BgØn Dƒs m phm IpSpw_ Ncn{X ]T\߃ klmbn s. C UybpsS At mkvtxme hn. txmakv «olmbm ÿm]nxamb Imfnbm IpSpw_ Øns imjbmb Fgpamen IpSpw_w ]n n \mƒ hgnisf tim ØnW n sszh\ma alxzøn\mbn IpSpw_Ncn{Xw ]p\x{]kn oicn p Xn IpSpw_Ønse HcwKw F \nebn F\n v AXnbmb kt mjap v. Cu IpSpw_Ncn{X ]pkvxiw F m AwK߃ pw ]nxm mtcmsp BZchn\pw Bflob A\p`hØn\pw CSbmIs F v {]m n p p. ]ckv]c kvt\løns DujvafX Ipd p hcp B[p\nI ImeL Øn At\ym\yw a\ nem phm\pw D Xaqeyw ]pe Øphm\pw \ΩpsS t{ijvt]nxm mcpss \ am w ]n ] phm\pap Hcp ]T\{KŸambn Cu IpSpw_ Ncn{Xw klmbn s F v Bflm ambn Biwkn p p. Cu kzv DZyaØn ] mfnifmb Ghtcbpw sszhw Xºpcm kar ambn A\p{Kl p amdmis. A\p{KlmiwkItfmsS, II Ipdnbmt mkv am oaokv sa{xmt menø

]n.-kn. tpm v Fw.-F.F. πmtøm w, Acp-hn-Ød Imfn-bm- alm-ip-spw-_-øns Hcp `mk-amwv Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-sa pw 2010 se hm jn-i-tøm-s-\p-_- n v ]cn-jvi-cn c mw ]Xn v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-]p-kvXIw {]Im-i\w snøp- p-sh pw B IrXyw \n -ln- p-hm Rm \ntbm-kn- -s - n-cn- p- p-sh pw D Imcyw Fs AXy-[nIw kt m-jn- n- p- p. Rm Imfn-bm- -ens as mcp imj-bmb πmtøm w IpSpw-_-Øn Dƒs Xm-Wv. 2006 Imfn-bm- IpSpw-_-Øns Hcp t m_ kwkaw Acp-hn-Ød sh v \S-Ø-s -Sp-I-bp- m-bn. A v AXns {]kn-u mbn {]h Øn- p-hm F\n v `mkyw e`n- p. Aøm-bn-c-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ tic-f-øn-s bpw temi-øn-s bpw hnhn-[`m-k-ß-fn \n v AXn ]s -Sp-Øn-cp- p. A sø alm-kw-k-ahpw AtXm-S-\p-_- n v \S tlmj-bm-{xbpw IpSpw-_- Øns \mgn-i- - p-i-fmbn ÿm\-ap-d- n- pw. IpSpw-_-Øns thcp-iƒ txsp-ibpw ktω-f-\- Øn ]s -Sp- p-ibpw snbvx F m-h pw AXv i n ]I p. ImWp-Ibpw kvt\lw ] p-sh-bv p-ibpw snøm Ign-bp I p-ap- -emwv IpSpw-_-tbm- K-Øns {][m\ [ Ωw. IpSpw-_-N-cn{X ]pkvx-i-߃ Bflo-b-ambpw `uxo-i-ambpw B hgn v Znim-kq-N-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-{X-sa- Xv \ΩpsS ]q n-i-sc- p-dn- p Adnhp am{x-a-. Hcp IWs -Sp pw \ΩpsS kaq-l-ønse ÿm\ \n Æ-bhpw ]pxnb Ncn{Xw cnn- p-hm-\p t{]c-wbpw IqSn-bmWv. kmaq-lni cmjv{sob afi-e-amwv Fs {]h Ø-\-`q-an-I-sb- nepw kz w IpSpw_w Bizm-khpw AØmWnbp-am-Wv. c mw høn- m Iu kn IpSpw-_sØ hnti-jn- n- Xv k`bp-ssbpw kap-zm-b-øn-s bpw skan-\m-cnbpssbpw G hpw sndnb ]Xn- m-bm-wv. C sø `uxoi kml-n-cy-øn Xnc p ]nsn Pohn-Xhpw De-bp _ -ßfpw Imc-Ww IpSpw-_-Øn\v A-Øcw [ Ω-߃ \n -ln- p- -Xn\v F p-am{xw km[n- p-sa v kwi-bn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. F m IpSpw-_-N-cn{X ]pkvx-i-߃ IpSpw-_-sa ÿm]-\-øns hnip- nsb Db Øn- n-sn- p-ibpw hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ v Hcp Znim-kq-N-I-ambn h Øn- p-ibpw snøp-sa v {]Xym-in- mw. Fgp-am-en- p-spw-_- m s mw {]txy-in v Cu hcp hm jni ktω-f-\-øn\v Fs F m `mhp-i-ß-fpw t\cp- p. H v ]n.-kn. tpm v III

FUn-t m-dn-b Imfn-bm- Fgp-amen IpSpw_-N-cn{Xw H mw ]Xn v 1987 {]kn- o-i-cn- p. \ho-i-cn c mw ]Xn v {]kn- o-i-cn- pi F Xv Hcp Ncn{X \ntbm-k-ambn Ct m-gsø `c-w -t\-xrxzw Gs -Sp-Øp. temi-øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn NnX-dn- m p IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hnem-k߃ txsn- n-sn- p-i Ffp- -a-. Hmtcm imj-i-fn \n pw Bfp-Isf AXn-\mbn \ntbm-kn- p. hnh-c-߃ tij-cn- p-hm-\mbn t^mdw A Sn v hnx-cww snbvxp. ]qcn- n p XncnsI Gev]n- -hcmwv A[n-Ihpw. AXn- `mko-i-ambn ]qcn- n- Xpw D v. Ip n-i-fn GXv ai GXv aiƒ F v hy -am- m-ø-hbp v. ]e hnh-c-߃ pw ASpØ _ p- sf B{i-bn-t n h n- p- v. 10 Znh-k- mew ]pkvx-i-øns Hcp Un.- n.-]n. {]Xn IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ v kabw Is -Øn-s m v Ipº-\m v s\ n-aq- n {io. F.Pn. aømbnbpss `h-\-øn sh n-cp- p. CØcw ap I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-sbms AXn-Po-hn v sx p-iƒ Xe-\n-h Øn \nev]p-s - n kzbw an- pi. ]pkvx-i-øns tncph-isf 2 `mk-ß-fmbn Xncn- n-cn- p- p. H mw `mkøv 4 mw Xe-ap-d-hsc-bp- -hcpss Ncn-{Xhpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpsS {]bm-wsø A[n-I-cn v Hcp ]T-\hpw BWv apjy C\-߃. ]q Ncn-{X-Ø-Øns apjy ASn-ÿm\w ap ]Xn p Xs -bm-wv. F m tic-f- Øns sk p-e Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _ -s ]e {KŸ-ß-fpw CXc IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS IpSpw-_ -N-cn{X ]pkvxißfpw D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. \ΩpsS A p Xe-apd hsc-bp- -h- timbn{]w IS{] tziøv A[n-hmkw Dd- n-s - nepw ]n o-sp- -h-cn ]ecpw tic-f-øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fnte v IpSn-tb-dn- m Øp. Ah-sc- qsn Ncn-{X-Øns `mk-am- p-i F Dt±-i-tØm-sS-bmWv "{]bm-ww' F hnjbw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am n e`n- -{Xbpw hnh-c-߃ CXn tn Øn- p- Xv. ap ]-Xn- ns XpS -bm-bn v AXnse {][m-\-im-cy-ß-fpss Hcp kw{klw kø tnm p-]m-imsx {]txy-in v ]gb ]Xn v Iøn-en-Øm-h mbn ]pxnb ]Xn- n Dƒs m n p- p- v. c mw `mkøv Hmtcm hy n-ifpssbpw Ah-cpsS sndp-ip-spw-_-ß-fp-ssbpw hnh-cwßfmwv. A mw Xe-apd sxm mwv AXn-ep- -Xv. BsI ]Xn-s\m- p-t]-cmwv A mw Xe-ap-d-bn-ep- -Xv. 11 t]scbpw 11 IpSpw-_-ß-fmbn Xncn v Hmtcm-cp-Ø pw-th n Hmtcm A ymbw \o n sh n-cn- p p. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw ]n X-e-ap-d- m-cpss F mw t]cp-iƒ Xe-apd Xncn v ] n-i-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. IqSpX hy X In p- -Xn\v Hmtcm 6 mw Xe-ap-d- m-cp-ssbpw ]q Æ Nn{Xw \ Ip Nm p- Ifpw simsp-øn- p- v. BsI 31 Bdmw Xe-ap-d- m-cm-wp- -Xv, AXp-sIm v 31 Nm p-i-fpw. Xe-ap-d-Isf I, II, III, IV F o tdma A -ß-fnepw Xe-ap-d-bv p- n-ep- -hsc 1, 2, 3, 4. F o Cw ojv A -ß-fn-ep-amWv kqnn- n- n- p- -Xv. AXp-sIm v Hmtcm hy nbpssbpw Xe-apd GsX pw Xe-ap-d-bv p- nse ÿm\-{iaw GXm-sW pw hy -am-ipw. Nn{X-Øn ImWn- n-cn- p- - Xp-t]mse aq mwxe-ap-d-bn \ap p \mep imj-ifpw A mw Xe-ap-d-bn 11 IpSpw-_-ßfpw D v. IV

Xe-ap-d-Iƒ XII XI X IX VIII 31. Nm p-iƒ (6- mw Xe-ap-d) VII VI ac-ßm v Ip n-bn ]Sn- msd s]mbvi ]Sn- msd apdn \odpw-πm- V Ing-t -s]mbvi ]pfn- - pgn s]cp-am-t m-søv Imf-ßm-SØv ]pen-t{]øv ]msn-{]øv 4 imj-i-ƒ ]pfn- - pgn Imf-ßm-SØv IV III ]pep-t{]øv ]msn-{]øv Nm n am nf II Fgp-amen am nf I V

Hmtcm 6 mw Xe-ap-d- m-cp-ssbpw Ah-cpsS ]n X-e-ap-d-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-߃ tij-cn- phm Hmtcm-cp-Ø-sc-bmWv Gev]n- -sx- nepw Nne s ms H n-e-[niw Nm p-i-fnse hnh-c-߃ tij-cn-t - -Xmbn h n- p- v. IqSp-X-e- zm-\n GXm\pw t]cpss t]cp-iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-bmXn-cn- m Ign-bp- n-. FUn-t m-dn-b t_m Un-ep- -h-sc- q-smsx {ioam am F.-Fw. Nmt m \odpw-πm-, Fw.-F. Nmt m a -bv, tpm amxyp ssx -d-ºn, ]n.-hn. txmakv ]Sn- msd apdn-bn, ]n.-hn. tpmk^v ]pen-t{]-øv, Sn.-Pn. tpm sxtßm, Sn.-Fw. txmakv Nnd-bn, amω Nmt m ac-ßm v, amxyp si. txmakv Ip n-bn XpS-ßn-b-h, ktµ-i-߃ Ab v [\y-am- nb _nj p-am-cmb kmw amxyp Xncp-ta-\n, am nωokv Ipcym-t m-kv Xncp-ta-\n, Imfn-bm- t m_ {]kn-u v {io. ]n.-kn. tpm v Fw.-F.-F. F n-h, Un.- n.]n., A Sn \n - ln h, F m-htcm-sp-ap \µn tcjs SpØp- p. t]sc-spøp ]d-bmø CXn-\p-th n hnb s m-gp- nb F m-hsc-bpw Cubh-k-c-Øn A\p-kva-cn- p-sim v Cu ]cn-jvi-cn ]Xn v hmb-\- m mbn ka n- p-sim- p- p. FUn-t m-dn-b IΩ- n- p-th n, FUn-t m-dn-b AwK-߃ 1. ]n.- n. aømbn 2. tpm v kn. hdp-kokv 3. F.-Pn. aømbn 4. AUz. AeIvkv hdp-kokv 5. ]n.- n. amω 6. Fw.-hn. Ipcy 7. kn.- n. tp _v si.-fw. txmakv No^v FUn- VI

BapJw IpSpw_ Nn -Isf ]Xnhv ssien hn v Cu Ime-k- n-bn kao-]n-t -W-sa v txm p- p. A \pw AΩbpw a fpw tncp- -Ip-Spw_w F bqwn v C\n ]g- -Y-bm-Ip-I-bm-tWm? aωo Hc- nƒ kviqfn h p-]-d p Abmƒ Fs ^mz-dm-sw- v. aωo tamt\m-sp, sx v, Abmƒ \ns tpjvts AO-\m-Wv. CXv Hcp Fkv.-Fw.Fkv. tpm m-wv. ]s hcpw-tem-i-øns Hcp kqniam-w-xv. A s emf\ A\yw \n p-t]mb Ip n-i-fpss X-eap-dbpw Ab- Xpw {Iaw -si- -Xp-amb ssewko-i-xbpw s]mfn- -Sp- s Sp ]c-º-cm-kx IpSpw-_-kw-hn-[m-\hpw F mw AXn-ep- v. Ip n- I-sfbpw hb-t dn-b-h-scbpw t\m m ]cn-n-cw hnz-kvz-cpss ta t\m- -Øn-ep {]txyiw {]txyiw ÿm]-\-iƒ A\p-Zn\w Gdn-h-cp- p. Iq p-ip-spw_ kwhn-[m\w Ft ]g- -Y-bm-bn. Ip n- -Y- Ifpw Ip n- m- p-ifpw sim p Ipt m-a-\-isf Nncn- n pw Nn n- n pw hosns Ae- m-c-am-bncp apø-»o- -ap-ø-»- m Cs -hn-ss? ssk_ bpkw \sω Fhn-tS- mwv ]nsn-ap-dp n IS-Øns m- p-t]m-ip- Xv? c p \q m p apºp XpS-ßnb hyh-km-bni pxn pw Itºmf hyhÿbpw sxmgn hn`-p- \hpw Hs AWp-Ip-Spw-_-߃ v hf-cm ]mi-amb aæp DgpXp adn- -t mƒ kzmx-{ y-øns N{I-hmfw IqSp-X hni-kn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p-sh v txm n- n- p. ]s ssiihhpw _meyhpw hm - Iyhpw F mw _m yxtbm A[n-I- t m Bbn, AXn\v {]Xn-im n F \ne v ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn Itºmfw kpo-hw. ]s BsI- qsn Hc-c- n-x-xzw. Cu sndp-ip-spw_ hyh-ÿ-bpss H -s -Stem Ac- n-x-t_m-[tam Hs \sω Ign Ime-Øns \ -Isf Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-tØmsS t\m n-im-wm t{]cn- n- p- p. hntzi tpmenbpw em`w simøm hgnsh _nkn-\ v kwcw-`-ßfpw Hcp ]pxnb a[y-h -søtbm As - n D]-cn-h -søtbm krjvsn- p. Ch thcp-iƒ At\z-jn p t]mim t{]cn-x-cm-ip- p. Cu At\z-j-W-as \sω IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sa CS-Øp-sIm-s -Øn- -Xv. hnizm-kn-i-fpss -]n-xm-hmb A{_lmw Hcpƒhn-fn-bpsS cq]-øn sszh-i_vzw ti p. sszhw X\n v ]mepw tx\pw Hgp-Ip Hcp CSw IcpXn h n-cn- p- p. Ct m-gp Cu PohnX kml-ncyw Akzm-ÿy-P-\yhpw apt m v \bn- m-ø-hbpw BWv. ]g-a-bpss ]cn-nn-x-amb hn{k-l-߃ c -Øns Hmtcm AWp-hnepw IpSn-bn-cp p asp pfhm- p- p. Ah A`n-hr- nsb XS- -s -Sp-Øp p. ]s F mw Dt]- n p t]mhpi F Xv thz-\m-p-\-i-am-wv. AtX kabw `mhn-bpss hmkvzm-\-amb I\m tziw I\-hn Xnfßn \n p- p. hnfn- p- -Xm-Is sszh-hpw. t]miww. t]mtb axnbmiq. \ΩpsS ]nxm- - m-cpss Ncn-{X-Ønepw Cßs\ Hcp kµ `w D m-bn. Zpcn-Xhpw ]ou-\hpw ASn-t -ev]n- p PohnX kml-n-cy-߃. \mep]msp \n pw i{xpxbpss Iqc-ºp-Isf t\cn-s-ww. Poh-\p sszhsø hnfn- p- -Xn\pw kam-[m\w Is -Øp- -Xn\pw Nnc-]-cn-NnX kml-n-cy-߃ hn p-t]m-iww. X\n pw Xs IpSpw_-߃ pw Pohn- -Ww, hf-c-ww. Aß-s\, ]pd-s v \m\m- VII

Zn- n-te- pw, Hcp IpSpw_w At\-I-ambn NnX-dn-sX-dn- p. sn -bn-s-ß-fn-sems Xß-fpsS X\n-abpw hyxn-cn -Xbpw kq n- p. tzim-s-\-] nisf-t mse AXn IqIn sxfn- -h-cp- v. IqIn sxfn-bn- -h-cp- v. ]d p t]mb-h Nne-t mƒ Hcp-an v tnt -dp- p. Aßs\ tn -dp- -Xns\-bs \mw IpSpw_-tbm-K-sa v hnfn- p- -Xv. Fs ]nxmhv tzim- -cn-bmb Hcp Bcm-ay-\m-bn-cp- p F thz-hmiyw A\p-kva-cn- n- p {]hmkw Hcp \nan-j-tø-s - nepw Ah-km-\n- n- p CS-at IpSpw_-tbm-Kw. IpSpw_w F, Poh-\p thcp-i-fp, ]e imj-i-fp B henb hr w \sω-sb mw AXns XW-en-en-cp-Øp- p. BcmWv \o F tnmzy-øn\v Fgp-am-en-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse C imj-bnse C Bfns ai As - n aiƒ F p-ø-cw. t]cpw Bf-Øhpw kz`m-hhpw IpSpw_ Ncn-{X-Øns tncp-h-i-fm-wv. F m Fgp-amen ]nxm-hn\p apºv Imfn-bm- ]nxm-hv, Imfn-bm- ]nxm-hn\p apºv Bcv, Adnbn, Ncn{Xw AhnsS Ccp- p-t]m-ip- p. a\p-jy kzbw Xs BZysØ ]nxm-hns\ txsn-t m-bm A - Im-cØn s p t]mipw. ]s Hcp sszh-ss]-x-en\v BZn-]n-Xmhpw BZn-am-Xm-hp-ap- v. a\p-jys\ Dd- n-in-søn hmcn-sb- qcn Ah-s\mcp XpWsb krjvsn- p. Ahsf I v Ah A w hn p. Fs Aÿn-bpsS Aÿnbpw Fs amwk-øns amwkhpta F v ]d- p. kv{xo, ]pcp-js Bfl-{]-Xn-^e\w Xs. D]-\n-j-Øn XØz-a-kn, ""AXp \o Xs '' F m-wv. BWpw s]æpw XΩn-ep tn -bpss ^ew IpSpw_hpw AXp-sIm v ]pcp-j A -s\bpw AΩ-sbbpw hn p ]ncn p `mcy-tbmsp] n-t -cpw. Cu ] n-t -c-ens a Ωw sszh-kz-cq-]w. ]s BZmapw l mbpw howp-t]mbtxmss sszh-kz-cq]w \oßn-t m-bn. BZmapw l mbpw a\p-jy-pm-xnbpss hogvn-bpss {]Xo-I-߃. Nnd-I ] n-sb-t mse Ah howp. a\p-jy\p sszhw \ Inb kzmx-{ y-øns Zpcp-]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp p B hogvn. kzbw c n- m-\m-hmsx ain-lm-bv p-th n a\p-jy sszh-tømsp tiwp. a\p-jy hogmxn-cn- p-hm kzmx{ yw Xncn-s -Sp- -b adn v sszh-]p-{x apjm- ncw {Iqinse c -Øm hogvn-bn \n v hos Sp- -s -Sp-Ibpw kzmx{ yw kºq Æ-am- p-ibpw snbvxp. Bflo-b-ambn {InkvXp-tb-ip-hns hos -Sp- ns c w \ΩpsS Fgp-amen c sø ip o-i-cn- -Ww. hos -Sp- -s BZmw l m-am-cmbn \mw ]pxp-po-h {]m]n v Bflo-b-ambn Nnd-I-Sn- p-b-cp-hm sszho-i-ir-] -e-`n- Ww, am\p-jni CO {]I-S-am- p-ibpw thww. C n- mepw Cs - nepw F m-h-cnepw HcmZmw As - n Hcp l m P \m Aen p tn n- p- v. F m hos -Sp- p-im-c-\mb {InkvXp \Ωn-te v k n-th-in- -W-sa- n \ΩpsS D w Ah- \mbn ]cp-h-s -Sp-Øn-bn-S-Ww. {InkvXp-hn-eqsS a\p-jys kzmx{ yw ]q Æ-am-Ip- p. Fgpamen IpSpw_mwKßfmb \msa mhcpw Cu Z i\w {]m]n phm sszhk n[nbn \sωøs ka n mw. tpm v kn. hdp-ko-kv IpSpw-_-tbmKw {]kn-u VIII

H mw `mkw Imfn-bm- Fgp-amen ]q Ncn-{Xhpw {]bmw hnnn- -\hpw

A ymbw 1 H mw-x-e-apd s]cp-amƒ am nf \ΩpsS tkm{x-]n-xmhv s]cp-amƒ am n-fbpw `mcybpw GI ai\pw IqSmsX a p aq p IpSpw-_-ß-tfmSpw IqSn ""ImWn- m-\n-cn- p tzi-tøbv v'' AXv Fhn-sS-sb- dn-bmsx sxt m p Xncn v snß- qcv ]º-bpsS XocØv FØp- -Xmbn IpSpw-_Ncn{X- ]p-kvxiw H mw ]Xn- n (1987) tn Øn- p- v. snß- q tziw A m-eøv kmº- Øo-I-ambpw kmwkv m-cn-i-ambpw Db \ne-hmcw ]pe Øn-bn-cp- p. lcn- msv apx Fcp-taen hsc \o p InS- n-cp `q{]-tziw h n- pg atw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A[o-\- X-bn-em-bn-cp- p. h n- pg atw \ne-\n- n-cp- Xv snß- q ap Im-hn-em-bn-cp- p. ]nxmhpw IpSpw-_-\m-b-I- mcpw IqSn atw Xºp-cms\ kao-]n v X߃ v Xma-k -ku-ciyw e`n- p- -Xn\v At]- n- p. Xt msp Xma-k-ku-Icyw A`y n -h Imbn- Im-`ym-kn-Ifpw Irjn-hym-]m-cmZn Imcy-ß-fn \n]p-w-cp-am-sw v Xncn- -dn v Xma-kn- p-hm snß- q-cn Øs ÿew A\p-h-Zn- p-sim-sp-øp. A m-eøv snß- q tziw kh Æ-ln-µp- -fp-ssbpw, \ncww, sim w BZnbmb ÿe-ß-fn \n pw IpSn-tbdn ]m Ø {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-hmktI{µw Bbn-cp- p. IqSmsX ]ºm-\-Zn-bpsS XocØv G hpw {]i-kvx-amb hym]m-c-ti-{µhpw IqSn Bbn-cp- p. h n- pg at-ønse Xºp-cms A\p-hm-Z-tØm-Sp-IqSn Irjnbpw hym]mchpw Bcw-`n- p. AtXm-sSm w Xºp-cms A\p-{K-lm-in-kp-I-tfmSp Hcp If-cnbpw Bcw- `n- p. snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm-\n- - n-bn tn p Bcm-[\bpw \S-Øn-t m- p. snß- q-cn h p Xma-k-am- nb \ΩpsS ]q -]n-xmhv s]cp-amƒ Npcp-ßnb Ime-b-f-hn-\p- n kao-]-tz-i-hm-kn-i-fpss CS-bn {]i-kvx-\m-bn-øo p. kz`m-ht{i-jvt-xbpw hym]mc ss\]p-wyhpw Btbm-[\ ]ms-h-hpw aqew a p-f-f-hsc X nte v BI jn- p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn timbn-{]øv \n v s]cp-ta-øp Xd-hm- nse Imc- W-h h n- pg atw Xºp-cms\ apjw ImWn- m snß- q-cn s p Ipi-e-{]iv\ at y hs- p-\n pw h \{km-wn-i-sf- p-dn v ]cm-a in- p. kwkv mc kº- cpw Btbm-[\ hnz-kv[cpw hyh-km-bn-i-fpamb \{km-wnisf- p-dn v IqSp-X hnh-c-߃ tnmzn- -dn s]cp-taøv Bim, Xs XdhmSn\p kao]øpw Ipd v \{km-wn-isf Xma-kn- n- -Ø- -hæw Xºp-cms kωxw hmßn. s]cp-taøv Bims B{K-l-{]- Imcw s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns\ Xncp-ta\n at-øn hcp-øp-ibpw Bims B{Klw Adn-bn- p-i-bpw snbvxp. XpS p Btem-N-\-bpsS ^e-ambn \mev IpSpw-_-\m-b-I- mcpw Bimt\mSpIqSn timbn-{]øv hcn-ibpw ÿe-øns amlmflyw I v a\- n-em- p-ibpw snbvxp. s]cptaøv Xd-hm-Sn\p kao]w Xs Cu \mev IpSpw-_- m pw Xma-k-Øn-\p hkvxph-i-ifpw Irjn v Bh-iy-ap- n-s-tømfw `qan-bpw simsp- m-sa v Bim hmkvzm\w 14

snbvxp. AX-\p-k-cn v A sø \m p-\-s- -\p-k-cn v \mep IpSpw-_- mcpw IpØn-e- Ww ImgvN-sh v `qan Ah-Im-i-am- n. \mev IpSpw-_-\m-Y- mcpw XncnsI snß- q-cn sn p-ibpw h n- p-g-atw Xºpcm-s\- v timbn-{]øv Bim-\p-ambn D m- nb hyh-ÿ-iƒ [cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxp. A\- cw \mev ]nxm- - mcpw IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xºp-cms HØm-i-tbm-Sp-IqSn timbn- {]Øp h p Xma-k-am- n. snß- q-cn \n pw timbn-{]øp h p Xma-k-am- nbxp sim -h jw 840 m v. {InkvXp-h jw 1664. snß- q-cn \n pw timbn-{]øp Xma-kn- p-hm h Xv \mev \{kmwn IpSpw- _-߃ H n- m-sw v apºv kqnn- n- n- p- -t m. Ah Fgp-amen am n-f, ap -t»cn am nf, a -bv am n-f, Ih-e-bn am nf F n-h-cm-wv. Fgp-amen am n-fbv v Bim s]cp-taøv Ingt Xe-a-Æn ]pcbnsw th Xn-cn p simsp-øp. ^e-`q-bn-jvt-amb Ings Xe-a-Æn ]pc-bn-s-øn s]cp-amƒ ]nxmhv A sø \ne-bv p Hcp `h\w Na-bv bpw Irjnbpw I -h-shpw \S-Øn-t m-cp-ibpw snbvxp. IqsS- qss D m-ip sh -s m w \nanøw Xe-a-Æn ]pc-bnsw hmk-tbm-ky-a-s v t_m[ys p. AXn- \m s]cp-taøp Imc-W-h-cpsS Btem-N-\-{]-Imcw Xe-a-Æn ]pc-bn-s-øn-\p-k-ao]w s\ n-bv ]m-dbbv v Aev]w sx p-amdn B p-sh- -Øns ieyw Ipd- p Hcp ]pc-bn-s-øn-te v amdn Xma-kn- p- -Xn\p Xocp-am-\n- p. Fgp-amen am nf h p Xmakn {]kvxpx ]pc-bnsw ]n m-eøv Fgp-amen ]pcbnsw F dnbs Sp p. Fgp-amen ]pcbns-øn- Xma-k-am- n-bxv sim -h jw 844 aicw (A.D. 1668) BWv. s]cp-amƒ F ]nxmhpw `mcybpw 9 hb- p ai Nm nbpw Fgp-amen ]pcbn-s-øn Xma-k-am- n. Ipd-hn-eßm p\n pw h \mev IpSpw-_-ßfpw an -hmdpw F m Znh-k-ß-fnepw H n- p-iq-sp-ibpw {]m \ \S-Øn-t m-cp-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. ImSp-]n-Sn p InS- n-cp Fgp-amen ]pc-bnsw Irjn pw Xma-k-Øn\pw D]-tbm-K-tbm-Kyam- n-øo Øp. s]cp-taøv Bims Btem-N\ {]Imcw Bbp-[-hnZy A`y-kn- n- p- -Xn\v Ifcn ÿm]n- p. Np p-]m-sp-ap kh Æ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse bphm- sf Cu Ifcn-bn A`y-kn- n pw Irjn, I -hsw, Imbn-I-]-cn-io-e\w F o \ne-i-fn tzisø {]ap-j-cp-ambn _ -s - p. XpS v ÿesø {]am-wn-am-cpss Btem-N\ kwl-øn s]cp-amƒ ]nxmhpw Dƒs p. s]cp-taøv Bim am-sc-t m-se-bp Ic-\m-Y am-cpss {]uun-bpss `mk-am-bncp p Cu \{kmwn km n- yw. A m-eøv GsX- nepw kh Æ lnµp- -fpss hosp- I-fn-te v sim p-h-cp km[-\-߃ Ah Æ-cn \n pw Xo aqew Aip- -ambm \{km-wn-i-sf-s m v sxmso v Aip n \o p G msv \ne-\n- n-cp- p. Hcp Ic-bn D]-t`mK Dev]- -ß-fpsS e`yx Dd p hcp-øp- -Xn\v I -hs kwhn-[m-\-߃ Dd- m- p-i-iq-sn-bmwv \{kmwn km n yw sim v Dt±-in- p- -Xv. ssz\w-zn\ Bhiy-߃ p-th DXv]- -ßfpw hym]m-c-tøm-ssm w \m n ]p-d-ß-fn \n pw Ipcpapf-Iv, Np v, Ge-bv, {Kmºq BZn-bmb kpk {Zhy-߃ tij-cn v hntz-in-iƒ v hn bpw hntz-i-øp-\n v Cd- p-axn snbvx km[-\-߃ hmßn \m n ]p-d-ß-fn hn \ \S-Øn-t m-cn-ibpw snbvxn-cp- Xv \{km-wn-i-fm-wv. 15

IqSmsX Ic-\m-Y am pw tzi-hm-kn-iƒ pw Bh-iy-amb ]Ssb ]cn-io-en- n- p Ifcn \S-Øn-s m p t]mip- -Xn-\p sshz-kv[yhpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kwhn- [m-\-ßfpw Ahscmcp- pambncp- p. Ifcn F Xv ka{k hnzy-i-fp-ssbpw hn m\ t{imx- p-iq-sn-bm-bn-cp- p. {_mlv-a-w p-th- n-bp thz-]m-t-im-e-iƒ Ign- m hnzym-`ym-k-øn\v ]ns -bp- Xv Cu If-cn-Iƒ am{x-amwv. Hcp Ic-bpsS AYhm tzi- Øns {]uun-bpss `mk-am-bn-cp- p D -X-\n-e-I-fn \S-Ø-s -Sp If-cn-Ifpw Irjn hym]m-c- Imcym-Zn-Ifpw. AXp-sIm p Xs AXn\p Imc-W- m-cmb \{kmwn hn`m-kß-ƒ PmXn t{iwn-bn D -X-\n-ebpw ssih-cn- n-cp- p. timbn-{]øv Xma-k-am- nb \{kmwn IpSpw-_-߃ Bcm-[-\-bv mbn snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm\n ] n-bn IqSn \S- n-cp- p. snß- q-cp {InkvXob IpSpw-_- ß-fp-ambn D -_ w ]pe Øn-t m- p. ] n-bpss \S-Øn- nepw F m kl-i-c-whpw \ In-bn-cp- p. ]n m-eøv ]pø Imhv ] n-bp-ambn _ -s -Sp-Ibpw Bcm-[-\- bnepw a v ] n \S-Øn- nepw kpo-h-ambn ]s -Sp- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. C sø A -Øn-ep- {]m \m Iq ßtfm kphn-ti-j {]N-c-W-ßtfm A v \S- m bmsxmcp km y-x-bp-an-. I p-cn-ip-ifpw Xncn-I-Øn- epw \a-kvimc Ip m\ kui-cy-ßfpw Hcp-]s ] n-iƒ Ise Xma-kn- p ` p-th n D m-imw. s]cp-amƒ ]nxmhv Fgp-amen ]pc-bn-s-øn Xma-k-am- n GXm v 3 h jw Ign- -t mƒ ]mºp-i-sn-tb v AIm-e-N-c-aw {]m]n- p. snß- q ]g-b-]- n-bn Øs AS w snbvxp. ]nxm-hns ac-w-tøm-sp-iqsn amxm-hns Npa-X-e-bn IpSpw-_-Imcy-߃ `wkn-bmbn \S-Øn-t m- p. ai Nm n v hnhm-l-{]m-b-am-b-t mƒ {]ikvx IpSpw-_-amb tnim v \n v tn sb hnhmlw Ign- - p. ]nxm-hn \n pw Bbp[ hnzy-bpw imkv{x- m-\hpw k- ºm-Zn- n-cp Nm n IrjntbmsSm w ]nxmhv \S-Øn-bn-cp If-cn-bpsS Npa-X-ebpw Gs -Sp-Øp. Sn Nm n v s]cp-amƒ, amøp-, Nm n, amω F v \mev ]p{x- mcpw Hcp ]p{xnbpw P\n- p. aiƒ adnbsb Bdm- p-]p-g-bn-ep {]ikvx IpSpw-_-amb Ip -Ød-bn hnhmlw Ign- n- p. aqø-a-i s]cp-amƒ CS\m n Ip n \n pw A -Ωsb hnhmlw Ign v IS{] ]pfn- - p-gn-bnepw, c m-asø ai amøp Bdm- p-]pg heymt\øp \n pw dmtl-ens\ hnhmlw Ign v timbn-{]øv Fgp-am-enepw, aq masø ai Nm n ame- -c ]mww-]-sn- -en \n pw Ip m-ßsb hnhmlw Ign v timbn- {]Øv ]pent{]øpw \mem-asø ai amω ambm-en \n pw A -Ωsb hnhmlw Ign v ]msn-{]øpw Xma-k-am- n. Aßs\ ]pfn- - pgn, Imf-ßm-S-Øv, ]pen-t{]-øv, ]msn- p-døv F v 4 imj-i-fmbn ]n m-eøv Adn-b-s -Sp- p. ai Nm n amxm-hns\ ip{iq-jn- p- -Xn hfsc ipjvim n {]Z in- n- n-cp- p. Cuiz-c-`- bpw Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp amxmhv hm -Iy-Ønepw Xs kµ in- p- -hsc {]m -\-bpss i n-sb- p-dn v ]d v a\- n-em- n-bn-cp- p. s]s v ow-_m-[n-x-bmbn InS- n-em-ibpw A[n-I-Zn-h-k-߃ Iw \ncym-x-bm-ibpw snbvxp. amxm-hn-t\bpw snß- q ] n-bn AS w snbvxp. 16

A ymbw 2 c mw Xe-apd Nm n am nf Ipd-hn-e-ßm p \n pw IpSn-tb-dn- m Ø s]cp-am-fns AIme \ncym-w-tømss ai Nm n IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ßfpw I -h-s-øn-s bpw If-cn-bp-sSbpw Npa-X-ebpw Gs SpØp F v apºv kqnn- n- n- p- -t m. kz -\n-ebn-epw m\nbpw hnth-in-bp-am-bn-cp Nm nam- nf PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y F m-h-cp-ssbpw _lp-am-\-øn\v ]m{xo-`q-x-\m-bn. bu -\- Øn Øs snß- q ]g-b-]- n-bnse Btem-N-\m-tbm-K-Øn AwK-ambn. AXpt]mse Xs h o- pg sim m-c-ønse Btem-N-\m-tbm-K-ß-fnepw ]e-t mgpw Fgpamen Nm n am n-fsb Wn- bpw {][m-\-s ]e Imcy-ß-fpsSbpw \S-Øn- n\v Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. A m-eøv Imfn-bm- IpSpw-_-Øn-ep- -hsct mse Xs a v aq v C - Øn s Bfp-Ifpw snß- q-cnepw {]m -{]-tz-i-ß-fnepw IpSn-tb-dn- m Øn-cp- p. Ah-cpsS at y Fgp-amen am nf F p hnfn- n-cp Nm n {]i-kvx\pw {]K- -\p-ambn-cp- p. Fgp-amen Ifcn BWv kh Æ-cpsS at y am\y-x-bpss Hcp Nn -ambn amdnbn-cp- -Xv. AXn-\m Fgp-amen If-cnbn A`y-k\w \S-Øp- -h v Hcp {]txyi {]m[m\yw Ds - p k -ev]hpw IS- p-iq-sn. Fgp-amen If-cn-bn Bbp-[m-`ymktØmsSm w Xs hnhn[ imkv{x-ß-fn-ep A`y-k-\hpw \S-Øn-bn-cp- p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm p hn. a Ø-a-dnbw ] n-bn B p-txmdpw hn. amxm-hns \ma- Øn \S-Øn-bn-cp F p-t\mºv s]cp-\m-fn\v a fpw Iq p-ip-spw-_-ßfpw HØv ]Xnhmbn t]mbn kw_- n- n-cp- p. Im-fn-bm- IpSpw-_- m {]txy-i-ambn B p-txmdpw \SØns m ncn p ]nxr-_-en-b -W-Øn timbn-{]-øp-\n pw t]mip \ΩpsS IpSpw-_mwK-ßfpw `mk-`m- pifmipi ]Xn-hm-bp-cp- p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm p sn p Ign- m ]nxr-ip-spw-_-ß-f-n s `h-\-߃ kµ in- bpw _ -߃ ]pxp- pibpw snbvxpsim- n-cp- p. Ahn-sS-bp ]nxr-ip-spw-_-tømspw tzhm-e-b-tøm-sp-ap _ w A`w- Kp-c-ambn XpS-c-W-sa v a -tfmsv \njvi jn- n-cp- p. Nm n am n-fbpss `mcy tn hfsc kma y-ap kv{xoc-xv\w Bbn-cp- p. kv{xoiƒ v hnzym-`ymkw \n n- -am-bn-cp A m-eøpw tn hnzym-k-º- bpw Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp- p. A sø m-eøv kv{xoifpss at y Hcp D]-tZ-jvSmhv F \ne-bn Bcm- y-bm-bn-cp- p. Aßs\ ]nxmhpw amxmhpw timbn-{]øpw kao-]-{]-tz-i-øp-ap F m-h-cp-ssbpw _lp-am-\m-z-c-hp-iƒ v ]m{xo-`q-x-cm-bn-øo p. kaq-l-øns Db bv pw hf -bv pw-th n AXy- zm\w Cu IpSpw_w snbvxpsim- n-cp- p. 17

Nm n am nf IpSpw-_-k-taXw B p-txmdpw Ipd-hn-e-ßm p ] nbpw ]q IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-sfbpw kµ in- p-i ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p F v apºv kqnn- n- n- p- -t m. A m-e-øv tzhm-e-b-ß-fn a sf {]Xn-jvTn- p ]Xn-hp mbn-cp- p. AXn\v ASna shbv F p ]d- n-cp- p. Aß-s\ -Ip-d-hn-e-ßm- p-]- n-bn ASn-a-sh p tzhm-ebtømsp -_- -s p k\ymkpohnxw \bn- n-cp Bfp-Iƒ AhnsS D m-bn-cp- p. Ah-cp-ambn Nm n-am- nf a sf ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- p. A{]-Im-c-ap _ w ]n m-eøp Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Øn-s -bpw -k-ao] tzi-hm-kn-i-fp-tsbpw A`yp- -Xn v hfsc {]tbm-p-\-s - n- p- v. timbn-{]-øp \{km-wn-iƒ F mw Xs A m-eøp snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm-\n- - n-bn IqSn \S- n-cp- p. IS-\m-fp-I-fn Xte-Z-nh-kta IpSpw-_-k-taXw h -tø sn p Xma-kn- n v ]nt -Zn-h-ksØ Bcm-[-\ -I-gn p am{x-amwv F m-hcpw XncnsI t]m n-cp- -Xv. F m Nm n am n-f, snß- q hsc t]mimsx kao-]-tz-iøp Hcp tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- -W-sa- p B{Klw ]e {]Im-c- Ønepw {]I-Sn- n- n-cp- p. ]nxmhv Nm n-am- n-f-bpss h Iy Bcw-`-Øn Xs IpSpw- _-`m-c-ß-sf mw a sf Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øp-I-bpw, XpS p Ime-b-fhv ` n-bnepw [ym\- Ønepw kabw sne-h-gn- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp- p. C m-eøp `mcy p BI-kvan-I-amb Bekyw D m-i-bpw, XpS p \ncym-x-bm-ibpw snbvxp. `mcy-tn- sb snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-]- n-bn AS w snbvxp. `mcy-bpss s]s - p th ]msv ` Ømhns\ Xf Øp-Ibpw own- n- bpw snbvxp. A[n-I-\mƒ Ign-bp- -Xn\p aptº Nm nam- n-fbpw Xs 69 masø hb-kn Cl-tem-I-hmkw shsn- p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm p P\n p, t i-]q Æ-amb bm{x snbvxv timbn-{]øp h p PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y ki-e-cp-tsbpw kvt\l, _lp-am-\, hm -eym-zn-iƒ p ]m{xo-`q-x-\m-bn. 69 mw hb- n \ncym-x-\mb Fgp-amen Nm n-am- n-f-bpss ih-i-cocw A sø \ne- pw, coxn pw BtLm-j-]q w snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm-\n- - n-bn `mcy-bpss ih-ip-so-c-øn\p kao]w AS w snbvxp. Ch-cpsS th ]msv kzip-sp-_-øn-s\- -t]mse Xs kao-]-tz-i-hm-kn-iƒ pw Xocm-\jvSw Xs -bmbncp p. 18

A ymbw 3 aq mw Xe-apd ]pfn- - p-gn-bn s]cp-amƒ am nf 1. Ipd-hn-e-ßm p tziw hn p IqSmcw am n ASn v sxt m p bm{x snbvxp -timbn-{]øp h p Xmakn s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns ]u{x- m-cn aqø ai s]cp-amƒ, hnzym-k-º- -\pw, Bbp-[m-`ym-kn-bpw, \ Irjn- m-c-\pw, F m n\pw D]cn IpSpw_ Pohn-X-Øn Hcp-L- -Øn hrxm-\p-jvtm-\-ß-fn apgp-inb Hcp alm-flmhpw Bbn-cp- p. aq mw Xe-ap-d- m-c-\mb At±lw Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-\pw, IpSpw-_-Ønse G hpw ss[cy-im-enbpw Bbn-cp- p. A m-eøv timbn{]w tziw an -hmdpw P n-am ssihi-s -SpØn Irjn-`q-an-bm- n. A p IS-{]-tZ-iØv Imem-bn F t]cn Hcp Cugh IpSpw-_-hpw, Ipsd ths- m-cp-amwv Xma-k- m-cm-bn- p- m-bn-cp- -Xv. h Im-Smbn lnw{k- P- p- -fpss hnlmc \msm-b -I-S-{]-tZiw sh n-sx-fn-s -Sp-Øm \ Irjn-`q-an-bm- msa p bphm-hmb s]cp-amƒ a\- n-em- n. IS{] h p Xma-kn- p- -Xn-\p B{Klw IpSpw-_-Øn Adn-bn- p. IpSpw-_-Ønse Btem-N-\-bpsS ^e-ambn IS{] Xs h p Xma-kn- p-hm Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn {]-Imcw sim -h jw 879 tas-amkw (F.-Un.1703) s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hv, `mcy A bpw c p a -tfm-sp-iqsn Xma-kn- p- -Xn-\p {Iao-I-c-W-߃ snbvxp. A sø \ne v IpSpw-_- m F m-hcpw IqSn kl-i-cn v Hcp hosv Xo Øp. ap Xo-cp-am-\-{]- Imcw timbn-{]-øp amxr-ip-spw_ \my- m-sc mw IqSn s]cp-amƒ IpSpw-_sØ IS{] ]pfn- - p-gn-bn sim p-h p Xmakn n p. ]pfn- - pgn ]pc-bn-s-øns sx p-]-sn- m-sd A Øv Hcn- epw h m-øxpw Bgap- -Xp-amb Hcp \oscmgp v D m-bn-cp- p. B \oscm-gp v Ct mgpw Ahn-sS-bp- v. ]pfn- - p-gn-bn Xma-kn s]cp-amƒ Ipd p Iq p-ip-spw-_-ßsfiqsn IS-{]-tZiØp sim p-h-cp-hm {ian- p. ths- mcpss klm-btømspiqsn ImSp-sX-fn p Irjn Bcw-`n- p. \ Irjn- m-c-\pw, \mbm- p-im-c-\pw, Bbp-[m-`ym-kn-bpw, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-knbp-amb ]nxmhv kao-]-hm-kn-i-fp-ambn kº w ]pe Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kvt\lm-zc-hp-iƒ ]nsn- p-]- p-ibpw snbvxp. Bcm-[-\-bv mbn snß- q ] n-bn Xs s]mbvs m n-cp- p. IS-{]-\n pw timbn-{]-tø- p hgn hfsc Zq L-S-am-bn-cp- p. lnw{k-p- p- -fpss hnlm-c-cw-k-hp-am-bn-cp- p. AXn-\m bm{x-bn Ft mgpw ths- msc Iq n-s m- p-t]mi ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. IS{]h -Xn-\p-tijw s]cp-am-fn\v Hcp ai IqSn P\n- p. B ais\ timbn-{]- Øp IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS kl-i-c-w-tøm-sp-iqsn snß- q ] n-bn kv\m\w Ign- n- p. Aßs\ Cu IpSpw-_-Øn \memw Xe-ap-d- m-cmbn Ip p-ω, s]cp-amƒ, amøp F v aq v B a- ƒ D m-bn-cp- p. a sf sszh-hn-izm-k-ønepw ` nbnepw hf Øn-s m- p-h-cp-hm amxm-]n-xm- ƒ AXoh {i m-ep- -fm-bn-cp- p. a fpss hnzym-`ym-khpw Bbp-[m-`ym-khpw ]nxm-hns ta t\m- - -Øn Øs \ In. 19

aqø-a-i Ip p-ω sn-dp- -Øn Xs ]pø Im-hn Abn-cp- p-gn-bn tn- -sb -hn-hmlw Ign- p. c m-a-sø -a-i s]-cp-amƒ Ip-dn-b- q - G-dm- p-\n pw hnhmlw snbvxv Ip-dn-b- q-cn Xm-a-k-am- n. Cf-b-a-I am-øp- - B-d- p sxßpw-tn-cn \n- pw -G-ensb hnhmlw snbvxp. Cu Im-e-b-f-hn Ip-Spw-_- m - F- m-h-cpw-iqsn Btem-Nn- p- aq-ø-a-i Ip- p-ω-s\ -X-d-hm-Sn-\p- sxm- p -]-Sn mdp-h-i-øp- ho-sp- m n AhnsS Xma-kn- n- p.- A-ßs\ IpSpw-_-Øn-s - ]-Sn- m-dp -`m-k-øp- ho-sp-sh- -Xn-\m ]Sn- m-sd-ap-dn- -F- -ho- p-t]-cpw -h- p- tn p. Cf-b-a-I am-øp- -bpw- `mcy Gen-bpw -]p-fn- - pgn Xd-hm- n am-xm-]n-xm- -tfm-ssm- w- Xm-a-kn- p. ]Sn- m-sd-ap-dn-bn Xmakam- n-b-ip- p-ω-\v- H-cp- a-i - D mbn.- B -ss]-x-en-s\ -sn-ß- q ]- n-bn kv\m\w Ign- n- p. IpSpw-_-Im-cy-߃ {I-a-am-bpw,- `w-kn-bm-bpw -\-S- p- h-csh amxm-hv -A- - s]-s - p- m-b A-kp-Jw-aqew 41 mwasø hb- n Cl-tem-I-hmkw shsn- p.- ar-x-tz-lw -h- -tø sn-ß- q-cn sim p sn v snß- q ]- n-bn AS w snbvxp. `mcybpss AIme \ncym-w-tømspiqsn-ip-spw-_-øns Npa-X-e-Iƒ F mw- ]n-xmhv a sf Ccp-h-tc-bpw -G-ev]n p {]m -\-bn-epw- [ym-\-øn-epw -D-]-hm-k-Øn-epw- k-a-bw- sn-ehm nbn-cp- p.- Ip-d-hn-e-ßm v tzhm-e-b-øn-se- s]-cp-\m-fn\v a -tfm-sp-iq-sn- ]-Xn-hmbn t]mbn kw_- n- n-cp- p.- A- m-e-øv- A-hn-sS-bp- - ]q IpSpw-_-ß-sf- k-µ in- - ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. ]n m-e-øv- F- m-zn-h-k-hpw -km-bm thf-bn [ym\ \na-kvz-\mbn awn- p-dp- Iƒ sn-e-h-gn- p- - H-cp- s]-cp-amƒ ]nxm-hn-s\- p-dn- v \m- p-im-cp-ss -C-S-bn axn v D m-bn-cp- p. IqSmsX D]-tZ-i-߃ txsp- -Xn\pw A\p-{K-l-߃ {]m]n- p- -Xn-\pambpw hfsc AI-se-bp ÿe-ß-fn \n v Bfp-Iƒ h p-iq-spi ]Xn-hm-bn-cp- p. Aßs\ ]pfn- - p-gn -F- -hosv kao-]-tz-isø Hcp Bim-tI-{µ-am-bn-am-dn. htbm-[n-i-\m-b -s]-cp-amƒ ]n-xm-hv a- -fp-ss-bpw- sim- p-a- -fp-ssbpw kz-`m-h-cq-]o- I-c-W-Øn AXoh {i m-ep-hm-bn-cp- p.- Po-hn-X -hn-ip- n-bn-epw, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-Ønepw- Po-hn- p- -Xn\v Xs h p-im-wp- -hsc KpW-tZm-jn- n-cp- p. Ah-km\ \mfp-ifn Hcp- k-\ym-kn-bpss Pohn-X-Ncy kzmb-ø-am- nb ]nxm-hn\v Xs 67 masø hbn s]s - v X-f A\p-`-h-s -SpIbpw Znh-k-߃I-gn-bp-t mdpw oww-h n- ph-cn-i-bpw- X-s -acw ka-bw- A-Sp-Øn-cn- p- p-sh p X\n- p- t_m- y-s -Sp-Ibpw snbvxp. AXn-\m Xs -B-{K-l-{]-Imcw a -sfbpw sim p-a- -sfbpw Acn-In Iq n hcpøn F m-h-tcbpw sszh-\m-a-øn A\p-{K-ln- p. -In-S- n-em-b-xns Hº-Xmw- Zn-hkw- Xm Cl-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-sn- p. ac-w-hn-hcw Adn- p- k-ao] tzi-hm-kn-ifpw timbn-{]-øp- -Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßfpw Iq p-ip-spw-_mw-k-ß-fpw -]p-fn- - p-gn-bn h- p- Iq-Sn. Ahcp-sS -Xm ]-cy -{]-Imcw arxtzlw timbn-{]øv Fgp-amen Xd-hm- n sim p-sn- p-ibpw, AhnsS \n pw h tø snß- q-tc- p -sim- p-t]m-ibpw snß- q ] n-bn kwkv -cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. 20

2. Imf-ßm-SØv amøp am- nf Ipd-hn-e-ßm p \n pw timbn-{]-øp-h p Xma-kn s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns sim pa- -fn c m-a {io. amøp am nf ktlm-z-c- m-tcm-ssm w hnzym-`ym-khpw Bbp- [m-`ym-khpw ]q Øn-bm- n. _mey-øn Xs kuay\pw _p n-am-\p-am-bn-cp amøp am nf tzi-hm-kn-i-fp-ss at y KW-\o-b-\m-bn-cp- p. amxm-]n-xm- -fpss Btem- N\ {]Imcw Bdm- p-]pg heym-t\øv \n pw dmtl-ens\ hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v Hcp ]p{x PmX-\mbn s]cp-amƒ F v \ma-i-cww snbvxp. Ch IpSpw-_-k-taXw Fgp-am-en Xd-hm- n \n pw s\ n- t {X-Øn\p kao]w amdn Xma-kn- p. Ch amdn Xma-kn ]pc-bn-s-øn\v Ipd-hn-e-ßms ]q IpSpw-_-t]-cmb ""Imfn-bm- '' F p t]cn- p. ]n m-eøv Imfn-bm- F Xv tem]n v Imf-ßm-SØv F v Adn-bs -Sp p. {io. amøp Hcp Irjn- m-c\pw hy-h-km-bnbpw s]mxp-p-\-ßfpss {]iv\-߃ ]- d p Xo p- -Xn Xev]-c-\p-am-bn-cp- p. hnzym-k-º- -\mb amøp am nf Bcm-[- \-bv mbn snß- q ] n-bn IqSn \S- n-cp- p. Bflo-b-Im-cy-ßfn Xev]c\mbncp- -Xn-\m ] n-bnse {]h Ø-\-ß-fn ]e-t mgpw ap ]- n-bn Ø-s -bm-bn-cp- p. amøp am n-fbpw `mcy dmtlepw \ hm -Iy-Øn \ncym-x-cm-bn. Ccp-h-tcbpw snß- q ]g-b-] n skan-tø-cn-bn kwkv -cn- p. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Ønse \mep imj-i-fn Imf-ßm-SØp imj-bpss Bcw`w ta {]kvxm-hn hn[-am-wv. 3. Nm n am- nf, ]pen-t{]-øv, timbn{]w s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns sim p-a- -fn aq m-a {io. Nm n am nf ktlm-z-c- mtcm-ssm w hnzym-`ym-khpw Bbp-[m-`ym-khpw ]q Øn-bm- n. snß- q sxt -Xn \n pw adn-bm-ωsb hnhmlw Ign p. Ch v s]cp-amƒ F GI-a-I. hm - -Iy -k-l-p-amb tcmk-øm Nm n am n-fbpw adn-bm-ωbpw \ncym-x-cm-bn. snß- q ]gb bmt m_mb kpdn-bm\n ] nbn kwkv -cn- p. 4. Nm n amω ]msn- p-døv timbn-{]w. s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns sim p-a- -fn \mem-a Nm n amω timbn-{]øv ambmen Nmt m aiƒ timim-ωsb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v Nm n F GI ai. {io. amω 32 mw hb- n \ncym-x-\m-bn. snß- q ]g-b-] n skan-tø-cn-bn kwkv -cn- p. 21

A ymbw 4 \memw Xe-apd timbn-{]-øp-\n pw ]pfn- - p-gn-bn h p Xma-k-am- nb aq mw Xe-ap-d-bnse s]cp-amƒ ]nxm-hns aq v B a- -fn aqø ai Ip p-ω Xd-hm-Sns ]Sn- m-dp-`m-køv hosp-sh p ]Sn- m-td-ap-dn-bnepw Cf-b-a-I amøp ]pfn- - pgn Xd-hm- nepw Xma-k-am n. Aßs\ ]pfn- - pgn F pw ]pfn- - pgn ]Sn- m-td-ap-dnsb pw c v \ma-øn ]n m-eøv Adn-b-s -Sp- p. c m-asø ai s]cp-amƒ Ipdn-b- q-cn `mcym-kr-l-øn-\-spøv IpSpw-_-ambn Xma-k-am- n. At±lw amxr-ip-spw- _-hp-ambn _ w ]pe Øm-Xn-cp- -Xn-\m XΩn XΩn Adn-bm-\p-ff km-l-ncyw C m-sx- -t]m-bn. IV. 1 Ip p-ω ]Sn- m-sd-ap-dn, IS-{]. ]pø Im-hn Abn-cq p-gn-bn tn sb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v Ck-lm- v, Ip pω s]cp-amƒ, Ip p-ω- h Ko-kv, Ip p-ω Ip p-ω F v \mev B a- fpw B n F Hcp aifpw D m-bn-cp- p. Cuiz-c-`- \pw A zm-\-io-e-\p-am-bn-cp Ip p-ω a -fpss kz`mh cq]o-i-c-w-øn AXoh Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp- p. Bcm-[-\- bv mbn snß- q ]gb kpdn-bm\n n-bn s]mbvs m n-cp- p. hfsc AI-set mbn Bcm-[-\-bn kw_- n- p- -Xns sshjayw \ΩpsS IpSp-_-sØ-t mse a - t\i IpSpw-_- mcpw A\p-`-hn- n-cp- p. Bb-Xn-\m kao-]-{]-tz-it-øbv v Hcp ] n ÿm]n- -W-sa B{Klw F m-hcpw {]I-Sn- n- p-ibpw AXn-\p Btem-N\ tbmk- Øn Ip p-ω ]nxm-hp-iqsn Dƒs ncp- p. aiƒ B nsb snß- q-cn hnhmlw Ign- n- p. aqø-a-i Ck-lm v ]qh-øq I m v ho n A -Ωsb hnhmlw snbvxv IS{] ac-ßm p Xma-k-am- n. c m-asø ai s]cp-amƒ Ipdn-b- q-cn \n pw kmdmsb hnhmlw Ign v IS{] Ip n-bn Xma-k-am- n. aq m-asø ai hdp-kokv I q- md Icn- ºn sim p-s]-æns\ hnhmlw Ign v IS{] ]Sn- msd s]mbvi-bn- Xma-k-am- n. Cfb ai Ip p-ω I q md \n pw Gensb hnhmlw Ign v IS{] ]Sn- msd apdn Xd-hm- n Xma-kn- p. Imcy-{]m-]vX\pw IpSpw-_-kvt\-ln- -bp-am-bn-cp Ip p-ω 68 masø hb- nepw `mcy tn 63 msø hb- nepw \ncym-x-cm-bn. snß- q ]gb ] nbn Øs AS w snbvxp. IV. 2 s]cp-amƒ, Ipdn-b- q Ipdn-b- q Gdm- p-\n pw hnhmlw snbvxp Ipdn-b- q-cn Xma-k-am- n. IpSpw-_-hpambn _ w ]pe Øm-Xn-cp- -Xn-\m IqSp-X hnh-c-߃ e`n- n- n-. 22

IV. 3 amøp, ]pfn- - pgn Bd- pf sxßpw tncn- ho n Gensb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v aq v B a- ƒ D m-bn-cp- p. AtcmK-Zr-V-Km-{X\pw, Zo L-Im-b-\p-am-bn-cp amøp am nf \ Irjn- mc\pw A zm-\-io-e\pw Cuiz-c-`- -\p-am-bn-cp- p. B m-\p-h Øn-I-fmb [mcmfw Bfp- Iƒ IqsS Ft mgpw D m-bn-cp- p. IqSmsX hne-bv p-hm-ßnb Zmko-Zm-k- mcpw D mbn-cp- p. A m-eøv {][m\ Irjn-bn-\-߃ ] - p v, Xn\, tnmfw, Nma, apxn-c, ]bdv BZn-bm-b-h-bm-bn-cp- p. Np p-]mspw h\-am-bn-cp- -Xn-\m ZpjvS-ar-K-ß-fpsS D]- {Zhw IqsS- qss D m-ip-am-bn-cp- p. Im p-ar-k-ßfpss amwkw [mcmfw e`n- n-cp- p. amøp am n-fbpss ]nxmhv s]cp-amƒ hnjym-x-\mb Hcp alm-flmhv Bbn-cp- -Xn- \m B ]mc-º-cyhpw s]cp-abpw ai ImØp-kq- n- p. Aßs\ ]pfn- - pgn F t]cv Ab tz-i-ß-fn kp]-cn-nn-x-am-bn-øo p. amøp am n-f-bpss `mcy AXn-k-a -bmb Hcp kv{xo cxv\w Bbn-cp- p. Zm\-io-ebpw sszh-`- -bp-am-b B amxmhv tzi-hm-kn-i-fp-ss-sb mw Hcp "AΩ' Xs bm-bn-cp- p. Ch ]pø Imhv ] n-bn Bcm-[\ \SØn hcth, timbn-{]øv Hcp ] n ]Wn-bn- p. F nepw hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm Gsd \mƒ AhnsS IqSn \S m km[n- n-. A m-eøv Ipº\mSv Hcp Bcm-[\m ÿew ÿm]n- p- -Xn\v {ian- bpw a p ]e-cp-ssbpw kl-i-c-w- -tøm-sp-iqsn Hcp Bcm-[-\m-ÿew cq]s -Sp-Øp-Ibpw snbvxp. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn {]m -\m-ebw F -dn-b-s - n-cp p F nepw ]n m-eøv tzhm-eb-am-bn-øo p. ImSp-sh- n-sø-fn v IqSp-X ÿew Irjn-`q-an-bmbn am n. Irjn kº-øn-t\m-ssm w ark-k-ºøpw h n- p. Hcp timem- n ]- sø hf Øn. Zo L-Zr-jvSn-bp- -h\pw Iq Ω- _p- n-am-\p-am-b-ncp amøp am nf ]nxm-hn \n pw e`n {]ikvxn hfsc h n- n- p. k -cmepw BZ-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-Øo p. Xs {]h Ø-\-Øns a y-øn 51 mw hb- n Cl-tem-I-hmkw shsn- p. arx-tzlw ]pø Imhv ] n- skan-tøcnbn kwkv -cn- p. amxmhv ]ns bpw Pohn- - n-cp- p. amxm-hn-t\msv Btem-Nn- msx a ƒ bmsxm pw snbvxn-cp- n-. Ch v h Kokv \odpw-πm-, Ip p-ω Ing-t -s]mbvi, amω ]pfn- - pgn F v aq p a ƒ D m-bn-cp- p. amxmhv Xs 64 mw hb- n \ncym-x-bm-bn. ]pø Imhv ] n skan-tø-cn-bn AS w snbvxp. IV. 4. amøpæn a-i s]cp-amƒ Imf-ßm-SØv timbn{]w _mey-im-e-ønse hnzym-`ymkw ]q Øn-bm n XpS v Irjn-bnepw hyh-km-b-ønepw ]nxm-hns\ klm-bn- p-sim- n-cp- p. ]pø Im-hn ]osn-i-bn hdp-kokv aiƒ A - Ωsb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v hdp-ko-kv, amøpæn F v c v a ƒ PmX-cm-bn. {io. s]cp-amƒ ]pø Imhv ] nbpss {]mcw-`-{]-h Ø-\-Øn kpoh ] m-fn-bmbn-cp- p. ` \pw [ Ωn-jvT-\p-am-bn-cp Xm a -fpss kz`m-h-cq-]o-i-c-w-øn AXoh 23

{i m-ep-hm-bn-cp- p. timbn{]w tz-isø s]mxp-imcy {]k- -\p-am-bn-cp s]cp-amƒ ]nxmhv 75 mw hb- nepw amxmhv A mω 70 mw hb- nepw \ncym-x-cm-bn. Ccp-h-tcbpw ]pø Imhv ] n skan-tø-cn-bn kwkvi-cn- p. IV. 5. Nm n s]cp-amƒ ]pent{]øv timbn{]w CS-\m- n \n pw B n-b-ωsb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v h n-sb v GI ]p{x. Bim-s\ A]-c-\m-a-t[-b-Øn Adn-b-s - n-cp {io. s]cp-amfpw `mcybpw hm - Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-J-Øm \ncym-x-cm-bn. Ccp-h-tcbpw ]pø Imhv bmt m_mb ] n skan-tø-cn-bn kwkv -cn- p. IV.6. amω Nm n ]msn- pdøvawk-e-øn Bepw-aq- n aømbn aiƒ Gen-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign- p. Ch v amø F v Hcp-a-I. Irjnbpw hym]m-chpw sxmgn-em- n-bn-cp {io. Nm nbpw `mcy Gen-bm-Ωbpw hm -Iy-Øn \ncym-x-cmbn, snß- q ] n skan-tø-cn-bn kwkv -cn- p. 24

A ymbw 5 Fgp-amen IpSpw-_hpw Bflob ssnx-\yhpw I n, Imfn-bm-, i -c-]p-cn, ]I-tem-a w F o \mev ]utcm-lnxyc - msc txma-«ol a p- -h-cn \n pw th Xn-cn v Nne {]txyi ]Z-hn-Ifpw ÿm\-ßfpw simsp-øn-cp- p F v ]pcm-x\ Ncn-{X-Im-c- m tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. am tømω apø- s Zp{Im\m Imfn-bm- hey- s Ip m\ Imfn-bm- Im-cpsS sh q v sndn-b-] n Ing-t -Xnse tx ne (Ip-d-hn-e-ßmSv a Ø-a-dnbw ] n t]pv 11) Ipd-hn-e-ßm p a Ø-a-dnbw ] n-bpss {]mcw-`-øn Imfn-bm- hey- Ip m\ AW- n-cp p F v tcj-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- -t m. B ]mc-ºcyw ]n X-e-ap-d-Ifn-te pw hym]-cn- n- p-s p \n w-ibw {]kvxm-hn- mw. \ap p e`n- n- p tcj-ifpw, ]c-º-cm-k-x-ambn e`n- n- p Adn-hp-Ifpw h p-t\m- n-bm Imfn-bm- IpSpw-_- Øn-ep- -h NnX-dn- m Øn-S-sØ mw k`m-ip-{iq-j-bn Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp- p. IqSmsX anj-\dn \ho-i-cw {]ÿm-\-øn-\p-tijw kphn-ti-j-th-e-bnepw Ah G s - p. \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ sn n-s-søm-s -bpw, Bcm-[\ ÿe-߃ C m-xn-cp- n-søp Bcm- [\m ÿe-߃ ÿm]n- p. Bcm-[-\m- kwhn-[m\-߃ D n-søp ip{iqj \S-Øp- - Xnepw Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp- p. F-gp-amen IpSpw_-Ønse BZy-]n-Xmhv s]cp-amƒ snß- q-cn h v snß- q ] n-bn IqSn Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-t m- p. ]pø Imhv ] n-bpss {]mcw-`-im-eøp ] n-]-wn- pw, AXns \S-Øn- nepw ] n `c-w-ønepw Fgp-amen IpSpw-_- m a p- -h-sc- mƒ H pw ]n n-em-bn-cp- n-. Imem- -c-øn tim-bn-{]øp h \mev Iq p IpSpw-_-ßfpw IqSn timbn-{]øv Hcp tzhm-ebw ÿm]n- p. kao-]-hm-kn-i-fmb ss{ikvxh AhnsS Bcm-[\\ \SØn-t m- p. Iq p IpSpw-_-Øn s Hcm-fns\ Xs Cu tzhm-e-b-ønse ] - m-c-\m- -W-sa v F m-hcpw B{K-ln- p-ibpw AXn {]-Imcw ]n m-eøp ap -t»-cn-ip-spw-_mw-k-amb Hcm-fns\ ] - m-c-\m- p-ibpw snbvxp. Imfnbm- IpSpw-_-Øn [mcmfw ] - m D v. ]n m-eøv ]e pw ]e-hn-[-øn-ep _p n-ap- p-ifpw {]mcm-_v[ßfpw A\p- `-h-s -Sp-I-bm ]pxnb ÿe-tø p amdn Xma-kn- p-ibpw Bcm-[\m ÿe-߃ Ahn-S-hnsS {Iao-I-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_- m X\n-t m, a p IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ambn kl-i-cnt m Ah ]m Øn-cp ÿe-ß-fn Hs bpw Bcm-[\me-b-߃ ]Wn Ign- n- p-ibpw Bcm- [\ \S-Øn-t m-cp-ibpw snbvxp. AXn \ap v A`n-am-\-Øn\v hi-bp- v. 25

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hcp {]txyi PohnX ssien-bpss DS-a-I-fm-Wv. Xmgva hn\-bw, ]tcm-]-im-c-x-ev]-c-x, F o KpW-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-h-cpw, A\ysc NqjWw snbvxp Hu -Xy-ß-fn FØp- -Xn hnap-j-cp-am-wv. A[ Ω-Øn\p Iq p \nev m- Ø-h-cpw, \ymbsø am\n- p- -hcpw, A\o-Xn-tbmSp FXn p- -h-cpw, a p- -h-cpss D -a-\-øn kt m-jn- p- -h-cp-am-wv. Fgp-am-en-Ip-Spw-_-Øns ]mc-ºcyw {InkvXp-hn IqSn txmam-«o-lm-bn-te- pw, XpS p Ipd-hn-e-ßm v ]\-a- w, hs-s - c BZn-bmb IpSpw-_-ß-fn IqSn Fgp-am-enam- n-fbv pw e`n- p. Aßs\ Fgp-amen am n-fbpw sxc-s -Sp- -s - -h-\pw, th Xncn- -s - -h\pw txmakv At m-kvx-e-\n \n pw {InkvXo-b-Z i\w e`n- -h-\p-am-wv. Imfn-bm- IpSpw-_- m v e`n ]mc-ºcyw F m-eøpw, F m {]Im-c-Ønepw A`nam-\n- m hi-bp- -Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øns Bflob ssn-x\yw h n- p-h-cp- -Xn\v th sszh-ir] e`n- m \ap p A`-b-bm-N\ snømw. 26

A ymbw 6 ap ]-Xn- n \n v IØp-Iƒ, {]kvxm-h-\-iƒ F n-h-bpss kw n]vxw 1. tum. txmakv hdp-ko-kv, a -bv, Cu {KŸ-Øns ap ]Xn- n tum. txmakv hdp-ko-kns IØv {]kn- o-i-cn- n- p- v. Ct mƒ At±lw hm -Iy-k-l-P-amb tcmk-ß-fm own-x\pw tcmk-i-ø-bn-ep-am-wv. \Ωp v Hcp {SÃv ^ v cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xn\v At±lw ap ssi FSp- p-ibpw AI-a-gn v AXn \nt ]n- p- Ibpw snbvxn- p- v. Bfl-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v DXIpw hn[w Poh-Im-cp-Wy-I Ω-ßsf At±lw Xncn- -dn-bp-ibpw a p- -hsc AXn-te v t{]cn- n- p-ibpw snbvxn-cp p. 2. ]tc-x-\mb ssae-\n p- -Xn {io.-fw.-pn.-txm-akv ap ]-Xn- n Fgp-amen IpSpw_ Ncn-{X-sØ- p-dn v Hcp Ipdn- p-sim-sp-øn-cp- p. IpSpw-_-tbmK cq]o-i-c- W-Øn\v ]cn-{i-an- -h-cn Hcm-fpw Nmcn n {SÃv cq]o-i-cn- p- -Xn\v \ntbm-kn- s D]-k-an-Xn-bpsS I ho-\-dpam-bn-cp- p. 500 A[nIw IpSpw-_-ß-fp Fgpamen IpSpw-_-tbmKw \n -ln-t - [ Ω-ß-sf- p-dn v t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp- At±lw Nn-X-dn-In-S IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf tim Øn-W- p IÆnbpw c -_- - Øns XojvWhpw Dujva-f-hp-amb `mh-ßsf Bhm-ln- p- D]-I-c-W-ambpw IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ Db Øn n-sn- p. Xs Ipdn- n IpSpw-_-tbmK cq]o-i-c-w- Øn\pw Imcy- -a-amb \S-Øn- n\pw hne-s kw`m-h-\-iƒ \evinb hy n-xzßsf A\p-kva-cn- p- p- v. ]tc-x-cmb ]n.-pn. txma-kv, Fw.-Pn. tpm v, kn.-kn. amω, Sn.-Cu. imap-th, Fw.-kn. tpm v, kn.-fw. aømbn hey-tß-en F nh-scsb mw AXn kvacn- p- p. 3. ap ]Xn- n {io. kn.-kn.-am-ωs A -kw-]p-jvt-amb Hcp ktµiw Dƒs -Sp- Øn-bn- p- v. BcmWv t{ijvt F mwv t{ijvt PohnXw F -Xn\v DØcw \evim-\mwv B ktµ-i-øn-eqss At±lw {ian- p- -Xv. hnizmk Pohn-X-sØbpw hnizmkw IqSm-sX-bp Pohn-X-sØbpw Xm th Xn-cn- p- p. hnizm-kn-i-fpss ]nxm-hmb A{_-lm-ans k m\ ]c-º-c-bnse hnizm-k-ho-c-\mb Zmho-Zn-s\bpw At±lØns ai-\mb m\n-i-fpss m\n-bmb item-tam-s\bpw th Xn-cn- p- p. euini m\-tø- mƒ Bfln-I-Z i\w t{ijvt-a-t{x. a\p-jy-\nse arkhm-k-\-i-fpw- bp- n-b-`ym-k-ßfpw A[ Ω-Øn-te- p hgn-i-fm-wv. Pohn-X- Øns AXn-Po-h\w Hcp-a- n-so BWv. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Ah-cpsS hyxy-kvx- k`m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn A`n-am-\n- p-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS Pohn-Xm-tbm-[\w {InkvXp-hn-t\m-sSm- tam F v Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Ø-Ww. \msa mw Cu temi- Øn \n p IS p t]mip- p. Hcp-h-iØv {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn-ep hos -Sp- ns bpw \nxy-po-h-s bpw Ah-Imiw {]m]n- p-ibpw adp-h-iøv \ΩpsS ]n X-eap-dbv v B hos -Sp- n-ep hnizm-k-po-hnxw ss]xr-i-ambn h n p t]mipibpw snø-ww. Aßs\ am\-km- -c-s p BfloI DW v {]m]n- p-hm \ap p 27

{]m n- m-sa Blzm-\tØmsSbmWv ktµ-i-a-h-km-\n- n- p- Xv. H mw ]-Xn- ns I ho-\dpw AXns {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v G -hp-a-[niw A zm- \n- p-ibpw snbvx Bfm-Wv {io. kn.-kn. amω. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\v At±-l-tØmSp \µn \n o- -a-am-wv. ap ]-Xn v Xøm-dm- -s hn[w Hcp {]kvxm-h-\-bpss cq]-øn {io. kn.-kn. amω hni-z-am- p- p- v. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ign-bp-t mdpw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hwim-h-en-bp-ssbpw Ncn-{X-Øn-s bpw IÆn-Iƒ tx pw am pw \jvs-s -Sp- p. AXp-sIm v AXp-hsc ]e cq]-øn ss]xr-i-ambn ssih- n- p Adn-hp-Isf IpSpw-_-N-cn{X cq]-øn kq n-t - Xv A\n-hm-cy-sa v At±lw t_m[y-s -SpØp- p. timbn-{]øv Fgp-am-en \n pw Bcw`n-s - n-epw, ]n m-eøv IS{] ]pfn- - pgn IpSpw_w F pw timbn-{]øv Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-sa pw c p hyxykvx t]cpifnemwv \ΩpsS IpSpw_w Adn-b-s - n-cp- -Xv. Dt±iw 90- h j- m-e-tømfw ]pfn- - pgn IpSpw_ {]m \ \S- n-cp- p. AtX Ime-b-f-hn timbn-{]øv Fgp-amen F t]cnepw {]m \ \S- n-cp- p. {ItaW AXv \n p-t]mbn. {]m \ \ne- -txmss IpSpw-_mw- K-߃ XΩn-ep _ -ßfpw Ah-Xm-f-Øn-em-bn. AXv ]n osv ]pxp-x-e-ap-d-isf A]- cnnnx-xz-øn-te v X n. {ItaW ]nxm- - m ]pe Øn-bn-cp hnizm-k-xo-jvw-xbpw kmaq-ln-i- -[m ΩnI \nebpw bn- p- pthm F p-t]mepw kwi-bn-t n h p. GXm v 50 h j- m-e-tømfw Hcp iq\yx _m[n- p-sh pxs ]d-bmw. Cu hnj-a-k- nsb adn-i-s- p-hm t_m[-]q w Ncn-hp-Im-em-bn {io. kn.-kn. amωs `h-\-øn kn.-kn. amω-s\- Iq-SmsX ]Sn- m-sd-ap-dn-bn ]n.- n. aøm-bn, ]Sn- m-tdmøn CSn- pf G{_-lmw, aw- p-f-ßc Fw.-Fw. tpm v, hcn- -πm-aq- n hn.-hn. amω, ]n. n. amω s\spw-xp- n-bn F n-h IqSn {]m m-\m-]q w Btem- Nn v ]n o-sv Nn-d-bn {io. kn.-hn. hdp-ko-kn-s bpw AXn-\p-tijw ]pfn- - p-gn-bn {io. ]n.-pn.-txm-a-kn-s bpw `h-\-ß-fnepw IqSn. timbn-{]-øp ktlm-z-c- msc Iq nt Øv amk {]m -\bpw hm jn-ihpw \S-Øp- -Xn\p Xocp-am-\n- p. BZysØ amk {]m \ 29.4.1973 Rmb-dmgvN ]I 3 awn p ]pfn- - p-gn-bn {io. ]n.-pn. txmakns `h-\-øn h p \SØn. ]m v, ss nƒ hmb-\, {]m -\, hn-\-ip-{iqj F nh AXn-epƒs - p. XpS v 27.5.1973 Rmb-dmgvN ]I 3 awn v ssae-\n p- - Xn {io. Fw.-Pn. tpm ns `h-\-øn IqSn. Xmsg- -d-bp Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-\n- p. 1. Cu {]m \m tbmk-øns t]cp Imfn-bm- F-gp-amen IpSpw-_-tbmKw F mbn-cn- -Ww. 2. F m amk-ønepw Ah-km-\sØ Rmb-dmgvN ]I 3 awn v \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øn s -Sp GsX- nepw `h-\-øn {]m -\-tbmkw kwl-sn- n-t - -Xm- Wv.3. ]m v, thz-]p-kvx-i-hm-b-\, {]m -\, thz-]p-kvx-i-[ym\w F nh \n _ - ]q ambpw Dƒs m- n- n-cn- -Ww. 4. C{]-Im-c-ap IqSnh-c-hn\v t\m okv Bhiy-an-. 5. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns XpS p Imcy-ß-fpsS hnp-b-i-c-amb \S-Øn- n-\p Xocp-am-\-߃ FSpØp s]mxp-ao- nw-kns Btem-N-\-bn sim p-h-cp- -Xn\v Hcp IΩ- nsb sxc-s -Sp-Øp. 6. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\p Hcp `c-w-l-s\bpss IcSpw Xøm-dm- p- -Xn\v Hcp D]-k-an-Xn-sbbpw Npa-X-e-s -Sp-Øn. 28

D]-k-anXn Xøm-dm- nb `c-w-l-s\ Bh-iy-amb t`z-k-xn-i-tfm-sp-iqsn hm jn-itbm-k-øn Ah-X-cn- n- v AwKo-Imcw txsn. (`-c-w-l-s\ A\y{X tn Øn-cn- p- p) hm jni tbmkw 28.12.1973 sh m-bmgvn Hcp GI-Zn\ ]cn-]m-sn-bmbn {io. kn.-kn. amωs `h-\-øn {io. ]n.-pn.-txm-a-kns A y- -X-bn IqSn. hm jnitbmk- Øn ]m v, thz hmb-\, {]m -\, kzmk-x-{]-kw-kw, sk{i- -dn-bpss dnt m pw kw n]vx IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xm-h-X-c-Ww F n-h-tbm-ssm w GXm\pw t]cpss {]kw-kßfpw Ip n-i-fpssbpw bph-p-\-ß-fp-ssbpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S- p. D -`- -W-Øn- \p-tijw tzi-øns \m\m-`m-k-ß-fn \n pw h -h, GXm v 550- -Hmfw IpSpw- _mw-k-߃ XΩn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ibpw kvt\l-_ w ]pxp- p-ibpw Dujva-f-amb Hc- -co w krjvsn- p-ibpw snbvxp. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns `c-w-l-s\ AwKo-I-cn- txm-ssm w ]nt -h j-tø- p `c-w-k-an-xnsb sxc-s -Sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. F m h jhpw hm jn-i-k-tω-f\w knkw-_ Ah-km-\sØ BgvN-bn \ΩpsS GsX- nepw `h-\-øn h p \S-Ø-W-sa pw Xocp-am-\n- p. hm jni ktω-f-\-hn-hcw tcjmaqew F m IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw ap Iq n Adn-bn- -Ww F pw \n - -bn- p. IpSpw_ {]m - \bpw hm jn-i-k-tω-f\hpw aps-ßmsx CXp-h-scbpw XpS p hcp- p. {]h Ø-\-߃ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn _p n-ap pw {]bm-k-ßfpw A\p-`-hn- p- hcpw A l-x-bp `qan-bn- møh v `qan hmßn-sim-sp- pi hosn- m-ø-h v hosv sh v \ IpI, ]m n- S-tbm-Ky-a- mø `h-\-ß-fpss A -Ip- - -Wn-Iƒ \S-ØpI, hnzym-`ym-kw, NnIn-, hnhmlw BZn-bm-b-h v klmbw \ IpI CXn-s\- m-ambn tziøpw hntz-i-ø-ap IpSpw- _mw-k-ß-fn \n pw ^ v kzcq-]n- pi F o Imcy-ßfpw Xocp-am-\n- p. {]kvxpx ^ v kzcq-]n- p- -Xn\pw ssiimcyw snøp- -Xn\pw Hcp Nmcn n {SÃv cq]o-i-cn- phm\pw Xocp-am-\n- p. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb `c-w-l-s\ Dƒs -ss-bp {Iao-I-c-W-߃ v Hcp D]-k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-kn- p. 1955 se 12 mw \º Nmcn- -_nƒ {SÃv \nb-a-{]-imcw Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Nm-cn n {SÃv 1975 F 28 mw \º-cmbn Be- pg Unkv{SnIv v cpnkv{sm-^o-kn cpn-ã snbvxp. IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ NnX-dn- m p ÿe-ß-fnse `h-\-߃ `mc-hm-ln-ifpw `cwk-anxn AwK-ßfpw kµ in- v kulrzhpw kt mjhpw ] p-h-bv p-ibpw snbvxpt]m-cp- p. tcmkn-iƒ, own-x, h -Iy-Øn-en-cn- p- -h BZo-bm-b-hsc kµ in p {]m n- p-t]m-cp- p. hwim-hen X-øm-dm- p- -Xn-\m-h-iy-amb tcj-iƒ CØcw kµ i- \-th-f-i-fn kam-l-cn- m-dp- v. hnzym-`ymk t{]m m-l-\m w 10,12, m p-i-fn G hpw IqSp-X am p hmßp- Ip n-iƒ v ]mcn-txm-jn-i-߃ \ In hcp- p. H mw ]Xn- ns {]kn- o-i-c-w-øn\v Bh-iy-amb hwim-h-en-ifpw a p Ncn-{Xtc-J-Ifpw \evin klm-bn F m hy n-isfbpw \µn-]q w kvacn p- p- v. IpSpw- _-tbm-k-øns ]ptcm-k-xn- p-th n XojvW-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h Øn ]ecpw Ime-bh-\n-I- p- n ad p-t]m-bn. Ah-scbpw AXn \µn-]q w kva-cn- p- p. 29

]n n hgn-iƒ ]n.- n. aømbn ]n.- n. amω Imfn-bm- Ip-Spw-_-Øn\v GXm v 2000 h j-ß-fp-ssbpw Fgp-amen IpSpw-_- Øn\v 350 h j-ß-fp-ssbpw ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s -Sm-sa- nepw 38 h jw {]mb-amwv Ct m-gsø \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn-\p- -Xv. \ne-hnse IpSpw-_-tbmKw ]n -sh Zn\-߃ Rß-fpsS Hm Ω-bn D- Xv ChnsS ] p-sh-bv p-i-bm-wv. Htc c -amwv knc-i-fn-sem-gp-ip- -sx- -dn-bmsx bphm- ƒ ]c-kv]cw i{xp- -sf-t mse simºptim p Zn\-߃. Ah-cpsS a y-øn-emwv ]q -N-cn-{X-Øn-s bpw ktlm-z-cykvt\- l-øn-s bpw \nd-ip-s-ambn IpSpw-_-tbmKw cq]w-sim- -Xv. NmcØpw ZqcØpw D B_m-e-hr w IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-ƒ IqSn-t p BZysØ hm jn-i-øn\v. ]c-kv]cw I pap- nb A sø 80 hb- n\v api-fn-ep- -h-cpss IÆp-Iƒ kt m-j-øm Cud- \-Wn-bp p. sxm -I-fn-S-dp- p. BZy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn {io. CSp- pf G{_-lm-an\v 136 mw k o Ø\w ""btlm-h-b v kvtxm{xw snøp-ho, Ah \ -h-\-t m. Ahs Zb Ft - p-ap- -Xv'' F `mkw hmbn p XpS-ßn-b-t m-tg pw sxm CS-dn-t mbn, apgpan- m-\m-bn-. thsdm-cmƒ -Xp hmbn-t n h p. IqSn-b-h-cp-sS-sb mw lrzbw ktlm- Zckvt\l-Øm \nd p Xpfp-ºnb \nan-j-am-bn-cp p AXv. ]n o-stßm v C p-h-scbpw aps-ßmsx hm jni tbmk-߃, amk-tbm-k-߃ N - {]-Im-c-ap IΩ n ao nw-kp-iƒ, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns BZy-]-Xn v {]kn- o-i-cww F mw apd-t]mse \S- p- p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpsS hnhmlw, Krl-{]-th-i-߃ F n-h-bn-se mw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ k n-ln-x-am-bn. ZpxJ-Øn ] p-tn-cm-\mbn \ncym- X-cm-b-h-cpsS kwkv m-c- -S-ßp-I-fn kw_- n- p-ibpw A\p-tim-N\w Adn-bn- p-ibpw snbvxp hcp- p. hm jnitbm-k-ß-fnse ]m v, {]m -\, ss nƒ hmb\, hn-\-ip- {iq-j, CX-c-hn-j-b-ß-sf- p-dn- p {]kw-k-߃, Ip n-i-fp-ssbpw sndp- - m-cp-ssbpw Iem- ]-cn-]m-sn-iƒ F n-h-sb mw ho pw HØp-Iq-Sm-\p Du w ]I-cp- p. BZn-Im-e-ß-fn kv{xoi-fpw Ip p-ß-fp-a-s w IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ 500 t] hsc hm jn-i-øn\v ]s -Sp- p-am-bn-cp- p. h j-߃ sn pw-txmdpw ]c-kv]cw D I pap- {]k-cn- n- p Dt -jhpw Du hpw bn- p- p-sh v txm n-b-t m-gmwv IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ IpSn-tbdn Xma-kn- p Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn hm jniw \S-Øm \Ωƒ t{]cn-x-cm-b-xv. Aß-s\-bmWv Xriqcpw I\-I- -eøpw CS-ap-dn-bnepw Ie- q-cp-sams \Ωƒ hm jniw sim m-sn-b-xv. Ahn-sS-sb mw e`n hc-thev]v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn D -h-ß-fmbn tcj-s -Sp-Øpw. 30

IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ kw_- n v amk-tbm-k-߃ Poh-\m-Un-bm-Wv. timbn{]w Ipº- \msv {]tz-i-øp- -h-cpss Iq m-bva-bpss thzn-bm-sw- nepw AXn-\p- n h- mwv IpSpw- _-tbm-k-]-cn-]m-sn-i-fpss Bkq-{X-W-sa mw \S- p- -Xv. Zi-I-ß-tfmfw aps-ßn-t m-bxpw c m-bn p IqSn-bn-cp- -Xp-amb IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ ho pw H m- n ]p\x-cp- -cn- phm\pw Zqsc-bp- -hsc Iq n-h-cp-øm\pw a p-ap Nn -Ifpw ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpw timbn{]w Ipº- \msv {]tz-ß-fn-ep- -h-cn \n mwp m-b-sx p Xv Hcp hkvxp-x-bm-wv. AhnsS \S- p amk-tbm-k-ß-fn-emwv an Xocp-am-\-ßfpw FSp- p- Xpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns XpS bpw \S-Øn pw kw`-hn- p- -Xpw. sszh-ir-]-bm Ign 38 h j-ß-fmbn Hcp amkhpw aps-ßmsx \S- p- -Xm-W-Xv. Akm-[m-cW kµ `-ßsf am n \n Ønbm, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns `c-w-k-anxn Cu amk-tbm-k-ß-fp-ambn _ n- n- mwv \S- Øm-dp- -Xv. Nne- am-ktbmk߃ `c-w-k-anxn ao nw-kmbn am p-i-bm-wv. AØcw ao nw- Kp-I-fn Zqsc-bp- -h v t\m okp simsp- pw. km[m-cw amk-tbm-k-߃ v t\m okn-. F m amk-øn-s bpw Ah-km\ Rmb AXn-\mbn \o n-sh- n-cn- p- p-sh- Xv Ct mƒ F m-hcpw Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ambn AwKo-I-cn ncn- p- p. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns kpk-a-amb \S-Øn- n\pw si p-d- n\pw timbn{]w Ipº\mSv tziw {][m-\- X -I-ambn XpS-c-W-sa- Xv \ΩpsS s]mxp-[m-c-w-bm-wv. Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp- p- -Xnepw t\xrxzw simsp- p- -Xnepw a pw Zqsc tzi-ß-fn-ep- -h-cpss Xmev]-cyw Chn-S-hp-am-bp _ -ØnemWv k^-e-am-ip- -Xv. \ΩpsS IpSpw_-tbm-K-Øns ]pxnb {]k-cn- p-i-sf mw `c-w-l-s\ {]Xn-^-en- n pw hn[w Imen-I-am- -Ww. GXm v Im \q- m- n\p apsº-gp-xnb Ncn-{X-]p-kvX- Ihpw ]cn-jvi-cn-t - -Xp- v. AXnse hkvxp-x-iƒ ]expw Xncp-Ø Bh-iy-s - Sp p. A v 10 Xe-apd hsc am{x-am-wp- m-bn-cp- -Xv. C Xv 12- hscbmbn-cn- p- p. A v Ip n-i-fm-bn-cp- -h C v apxn -hcpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns t\xrxzw Gs -Spt - -h-cp-am-wv. Ah C mø ]pkvx-ihpw kpo-h-a- mø {]ÿm-\hpw A[n-I-\mƒ \ne-\n n-. AXp-sIm v IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw {]Y-a-]-Xn v ]cn-jvi-cn v Imen-I-am- n, ]pxpxe-apd-iƒ v ssiam-td-w-sa Bibw \sω tlan- p-sim- n-cp- p. 4 h j-߃ p apºv ]pkvx-i-c-n-\-bv p \S-]-Sn-I-fm-cw-`n- p. hnhc tij-c-w-øn\v t^mdw A -Sn p hnxcww snbvxp. Ah-sbms tij-cn- p-hm {]mtz-ini IΩ- n-isf \ntbm-kn- p. In msx h -t mƒ `mc-hm-ln-iƒ v bm{x sntø n h p. Nne v t^mdw FØn p simsp- p-ibpw ]n osv Ah-cn \n Xv ]qcn- n v XncnsI hmßn- p-ibpw snbvxp. ]pxnb IpSpw-_-tbmKw sk{i- -dn-bpss Fgp-Øn-ep Xmev]-cyw \ap v XpWbmbn. At±-l-sØ-Øs No^v FUn- -dp-am- n. Ncn{X ]pkvx-i-øns ]pxnb ]Xn- n Dƒs -Sp-Ø-s \ΩpsS ]pxnb Xeapd IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sa {]ÿm-\-øns kmc-yn-i-fmbn hcs F v Biw-kn- p-ibpw AXn- \mbn sszh-tømsv {]m n- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim v Cu Ipdn v R߃ \n Øp p. 31

A ymbw 7 {]bm-ww hn-nn- \w {InkvXp-hn-ep hos- -Sp- n hnizmkw Imfnbm Fgpamen IpSpw_Ncn{Xw ]cnjvicn 2 mw ]Xn ns thzimkv{x ]camb D S hpw Du epw kw_ n v s]mxphn c p ImcyßfmWv Ncn-{X- I-Ω n ]cn-k-wn- -Xv. 1. IpSpw_ßfpsS hni-zmw-i-ß-tfm-ssm w IpSpw_߃ Xmakn p kmaqlni Np p ]mspw AXns XpSn pifpw Bhpwhn[w H nsbsp m {ian pi. H mw \q m n sk v txmakns hchpapx 17 mw \q m n Ggpamen am nfbpw Iq pipspw_ßfpw h Xp hscbpw XpS p aq p XeapdIfp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw H mw ]Xn- n tcjs Sp Ønbn p v. Ncn{X imkv{xøns ]pxnb Is ØepIƒ h p t\m ptºmƒ AXnse ]e ]cma ißfpw \nka\ßfpw A]q Æ-ßfmsW p t_m[ys Spw. AXpsIm v Ahsb Ign-hXpw Imen-I-ß-fm n ]pxnb ]Xn v Xømdm Ww. 2. IpSpw_Ncn{X߃ s]mxphnepw \ΩptSXv {]txyin pw IpSntb Øns bpw {]bmwßfpssbpw Ncn{XamW.v ]mebqcn \n pw Ipdhneßm pw ]ns snß qcpw AhnsS \n v timbn pdøn\pw h Imcyw hnizam nbn ps nepw ]n osp {]bmw߃ ]T\ hnt[bam nbn n. AXpsIm v ]n osp {]bmwßsf Du nsim v AXns hnizmk kxyßsfbpw kmaqlni am\ß sfbpw {]Imin nt XmsW v Xocpam\n p. 1668 timbn pdøv ]ºbmdns XocØv IpSn]m Ø Ggpamen am nfbpss sndpa fpw AhcpsS k Xn ]cºcifpw B pxocw hn v D nte pw ]pxnb ]pxnb XeapdIƒ IqSpX Dƒ{]tZißfnte pw IS p p. 6,7,8 XeapdIƒ sxt m v Ie- q, ]Ø-\m-]p-cw, ]p\-eq, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw {]tz-i-ß-fnepw Ing-t m v Iogvhmbv]q Fgpa- q, dm n, aµ-a-cp-xn, tnø-bv, I\-I- - -ew, ap - -bw, h n-s -cn-bm, Ipafn {]tz-i-ß-fnepw hs-t m v Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq, \ne-ºq, timgn-t m-sv, ae-_m-dn-s a p {]tz-i-ß-fn-te pw IpSn-tbdn ]m Øn- p- v. Cu {]tz-i-ß-fn ]m p \ΩpsS IpSpw-_mwK-ßfpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-`-h-߃ FgpXn Xcp- -Xn\v ]e-cn \n pw Bh-iy-s - n-cp- -Xn aq p t] am{xw Ab- p-x- p. Ah NphsS tn p- p. I Nne Hm ΩIƒ Ing v \n v {]bmww H n\v ]pdsi as m v F. txmakv txmakv (IpSpw_tbmKw c m[nimcn) Ip-º-\m p \n pw ap - -b-øv IpSn-tb-dn- m Ø-Xns Hm Ω- p-dn- p-i-fmwv Npcp- -Øn Fgp-Xm {ian- p- -Xv. Rm P\n- p- -Xn\p apºv Xs Fs ]nxmhv txma-kn\v tpmen {]am-wn v amdn Xma-kn-t n h p. 32

BZyw Fs ]nxm-hn-s\- p-dn p ]d p XpS-ßmw. Fs ]nxmhn\v At±lØns ]nxmhns ktlmzc kwc WbnemWv hfcm Ign Xv. ImcWw At±-l-Øns ]nxmhpw amxmhpw t\csø acn p t]mbncp p. h wipfw Khs v kviqfn Ggmw m v hsc ]Tn p. IS{]\n p Ipsdb[nIw \S m\p v kviqfnse- Øm. \S p ]Tn p ]m mbn Ign t mƒ \ ssiø cambncp Xn\m B[mcw FgpØpImcpsS IqsS Ipsd\mƒ {]h Øn p ]qhøq Imc Hcp A kn.fw.fkv. anj\dnamcpss Iogn Bephm anj\n {]h Øn p Xn\pw AhcpsS kviqfn ]Tn n p Xn\pambn ]nxmhns\bpw sxcs SpØp. c v m v hscbp kviqfnte v \nban p. anj\dnam Xmgv PmXn m p th nbmwv kviqfpiƒ ÿm]n vxv. Khs v kviqfn Ah v {]thi\an mbncp t m. iºfhpw a pw simspøncp Xv anj\dnam Bbncp p. thz]t\hpw kne_kn D mbncp p. ]nxmhns efnx PhnXw I A B kviqfn Bcm[\ \SØp Xn\p NpaXebpw Gev]n p. Aßs\ kn.fw.fkv. k`bn AwKambn ]ndhw, s]cpºshw, IqØm pipfw apxemb {]tzißfn {]h Øn p. Ip n-bm-bn-cp- -t mƒ Hcn- ]nxmhn\v amc-i-amb AkpJw _m[n p acwtømsp ASpØp. ho n henb Ic nepw. At mƒ GXm\pw kphntiji ho nte p h p. Ip ns\ sszhthe p {]XnjvTn ptam F p tnmzn p. heyω n kωxn p. Ip p {ItaW kujyambn. A Bephm anj\dn anj\n {]h Øn phm XpSßnbt mƒ ho nep h ]gb {]XnPRsb pdn v Hm Øp sszhsø kvxpxn p. Ihnbq ]gº n IpSpw_Øn Imtcm v Ggmw m v ]m mb GenbmΩ F h\nxsb hnhmlw snbvxv IpSpw_ambn Pohn p t]m p. s]cpºshw F ÿeøv tpmen snøptºmgmbncp p Fs P\\w. 1929. AXn\m IS{]bn Xmakn p Xn\v CSbmbn n. h jønsemcn c v BgvNsØ Ah[n v amxm]nxm tfmssm w Cu hospifn h Hm Ω am{xtabp q. C v hnzymkº amb Ipº\m p {]tzihpw ]cn-jvir-x-amb Xma-k-ku-I-cyhpw ImWptºmƒ A sø A\p`h߃ Hm Øp t]mip p. _ n Xncph bn FØp Xp hsc bm{x Zp L-S-am-bn-cp-s - nepw Ipº\m p hcp- Xv kt m-j-{]-z-ambn-cp- p. Ipº\m v Ihebn Cdßn ASpØp Hcp kmdn `h\øn hn{ian pw. ]n osv IS{]bv v \S pw. HcmgvN ho n Xmakn pw. hfsc ASp ap hospifnse k mc߃ kzoicn p t]m p. ssae\n p Xn, sshtcm, HmXdbnep AS \mwi w F o hospiƒ kµ in Xmbn Hm p p. A msx \ΩpsS Nm msc Bscbpw Adnbpambncp n. ]pfn pgnbmwv IpSpw_w F v ]nxmhv ]d v ]cnnbs SpØn p v. amxm]nxm ƒ v dm nbnte v ÿeam w In n. AhnsS h v tnøbv ep sim pip n mbs\ ]cnnbs p. At±lØns ktlmzc m ho n h m Ccn pi t]mepan. sim pip n mbs ktlmzc߃ A s\ _lpam\n ncp p. A s PohnXhpw {]h Ø\hpw A{Xbv v Ahsc BI jn- p. sszhsø `bs Sp hsc a\pjy AwKoIcn pw _lpam\n pw. 33

tnøbv epw a pap {]tzi߃ h\ßfmbncp p AXv sh nsøfn v Itødn bxmwv. \odpwπm IpSpw_ msct mse shsd BfpIfpw AhnsS Itødn bncp p. ap ptim bv Imcpw a pw AhnSpsØ {]Xm]hm mcmbncp p. Ahsc a p h _lpam\n Wsa v \n _ n ncp p. \odpwπm m BhiyØn IqSpX XmWp simspøn. AXn\m ]e ASn]nSn tikpifpw \S n p v. AXnsems bpw hnpbw hcn pibpw Aßs\ a p- -hcpss _lp-am\w B n- p-ibpw snbvxp. dm nbn \n p Nne bm{xiƒ Hm p p. amcma I h j\n kw_ n p Xn\v amxm]nxm tfmssmøv D ` Whpambn CS mhq hgn \S p. CS mhq AºeØnse h mepisf Hm p p. sshin v Xncn p ho nseøpw. [mcmfw t] IpSpw_ambn h Øn h v ` Ww ]miw snbvxv ` n v tbmkøn kw_ n ncp p. 1939 BWv dm nbn h Xv IS{]bnse Hcp IpSpw_Ønse hnhmløn\v h Xv Hm p p s]cpºpg IShn h vv k ytbmsp IqSn Iº\n h Øn Ibdn. Bdm p]pg IShn Cdßn IS{]bv v cm{xn \S p h p. ag Znhkambncp p. B n \ sh w tdmup apgph Ip pw Ipgnbpambncp p. Imfh niƒ t]mbxn\m snfn \nd hgn Imepd n p IpØm t]mepw {]bmkw. Aev]w IqSn apxn p Ign v IS{]bn h v si.fw.amω A s ]nxmhns IqsS Bdm p ]pg IShn h v Ipfn p ckn kµ `߃ Hm Ωbp v. A v ] ao Ip -bn hmcns msp-øp-sim- p I -h-s-am-bn-cp- p. [mcmfw t] h v ao hmßn sim p t]mip cwkw Hm p p. IpSpw_ Ncn{XØns Bhiyhpw {]m[m\yhpw \mw a\ nemt XmWv. ap bøp \n v Hcn Rm _ n dm n C nb mdbn FØn. Hcp ISbn Ibdn. Fs IqsS aµacpxnbn \n v AtX _ n Ft m-ssm w bm{x snbvx Hcmfpw B ISbn Ibdn. At mƒ ISbpSaÿ tnmzn p \n߃ Fßs\ Hcpan p h p. _ n At F{Xtbm t] bm{x snøp p F v Rm adp]sn ]d p. \n߃ XΩn Adnbptam F mbn ASpØ tnmzyw C. F p c pt]cpw Hcp-t]mse adp]sn ]d p. At mƒ At±lw ]d p. \n߃ Hcp ho pimcmwv dm n \odpwπm ense ]m \mbncp p At±lw. At\ym\yw kwkmcn msx A]cnNnXsct mse h Øn R߃ ]cnnbs p. IpSpw_Ncn{XØns bpw IpSpw_tbmKØns bpw {]m[m\yw hnfn-t m-xp Cu kw`hw Ft mgpw Rm Hm pw. 1948 ]nxmhns\ kn.fw.fkv. amt\pvsa v Im nc n v ASpØv XnS\mSv k`bnte v \nban p. amxmhn\v F.]n.kvIqƒ sluvankv{skv Bbpw {]tamj \evin. B kviqfnse Hcp A ym]i hcm-xn-cp- -Xns Hgnhn Rm C.Fkv. F.kn. ]m mbxn\m Fs AhnsS A ym]i\mbn \nban p. 1951 hsc B kviqfn {]h Øn p. 1951 Fs hnhmlw Ign v IpSbØq aebnep taepimhv {]tziøv hmfiw k`bpss Nm pw AhnSpsØ kviqƒ sluvamã Bbpw Fs IpSpw_ktaXw _nj v ssd v dh. kn.si.tp _v Xncpta\n Ab p. Cucm pt] bn 34

\n v B ae{ºtziøv sn p tncp Xn\v hml\kui-cy-߃ C. ag mehpw IqSnbmbm hfsc {]bmkw. Hcp ]I \Ss n am{xta sn p tncp Xn\v km[n pibp q. aqs a v hcptºmƒ ASpØp \nev p hsc t]mepw ImWp Xn\v km[ya. km[\߃ hmßwsa n Cucm pt] bntem, sxmsp]pgbntem t]miww. F m AhnsSbp BfpIfpsS klicww hfsc D mbncp p. ae h mcmb BfpIfpsS PohnX coxnbpw BNmcßfpw ]Tn p Xn\v CSbmbn. AhnsS ]pxnb ] n v ASnÿm\w C p. Hcp h jw tpmen snbvxp ÿewam Øn\v At] n p. ap btø v Rßsf \nban p. Aßs\bmWv ap bøv Xmakam m CSbmbXv. 1962 ]nxmhv dnt b snbvxp. AΩ n v 3 h jw IqSn tpmen snømw B kabøv Ipº\m v h m HmXdtbm ]qhøqtcm t]mbn ]Tn n p Xn\v AΩ n v {]bmkamibm Xmakw ap bøm n. Fs ktlmzc\pw ap bw kviqfn tpmen In n. ktlmzcn kipspw_w ASpØp as mcp kviqfn \nban s p. Aßs\ R߃ ap bøp Xmakn p Xn\v \n _ n s p. ap bw, Iq nbv XpSßnb ÿe߃ ln Gcnbmbn s {]tzißfmwv. Ing txm ßfnepw a pw A v aeº\n ]nsns] v [mcmfw t] acn n p v. Izbn\m F acp mwv GI {]Xnhn[n. hnzym`ymkøns Dt±i ip n hfsc amdnbncn p p. ]gb hnzym`ymk coxn hnzym nisf DØa ]uc mcmbn hm søsp pi F BZ iambncp p. A ym]i Ft mgpw hnzym niƒ pw a p h pw amxribmbn Pohn ncp p Ip nifpss kz`mh ip n mbn {ian ncp p. AhcpsS {]iv\ßfn CSs] v Ahsc D]tZicqt]W icnbmb am Ønte v \bn ncp p. kne_kv A\pkcn v ]mt߃ ]Tn n p txmss Ip nifpss icnbmb `mhn ImWWsa v A ym]i B{Kln ncp p. F m C v hnzym`ymk coxn ]mss hyxymks p. Fß-s\bpw dnkƒ v \ m pi ÿm]\ßsf mƒ AhchcpsS CjvS߃ \S m pi Cu Bibw A ym]icn IS p. Ip n-isf cmjv{sob N p-i-ß-fm n ]m n i n hf Øp Xn\pw A ym-]-i v ] p- v. kphntij thebpw hnzym`ymkw t]mse k` h n n p Xn\pw BZmbw D m p Xn\pw {i n p p. tbip{inkvxphnte v D _ Ønte v BfpIsf t\sp Xns\ mƒ \ΩpsS Bhiyw \ndth p Xn\v sszhsøt]mepw \n _ n p coxnbnte v t]mip p! kphntijisc I v amxrbm p Xn\v P\߃ v km[n p n. Hcp hm p IqSn temi{]imcw hnzym`ymkønepw [\Ønepw a p coxnbnepw \ΩpsS ]n Xeapd A`nhr ns p hcp p. Nm n ]nxmhns\t mse sszhm{ibtømspw sszh`btømspw \ΩpsS ]n Xeapd hf Øs ts Xn\pw At\ym\yw kvt\ln s ts Xn\pw \mw Ghcpw Htc ]nxmhns a ƒ BIp p F Hm Ω PohImesams bpw \sω \bnt Xn\pw Cu Ncn{X ]pkvxiw DXIs F v Biwkn p p. 35

II Nne Hm Ω-Iƒ sx p-\n v Ie q tajebpss {]hmkimew tpm amxyq Ie q {]bmwhpw {]hmkhpw sszha sf kw_ n nstømfw sszhoi \n bhpw Xocpam\hpamWv. hn.thz]pkvxiøns BZy`mKßfn Cu kxyw DZvtLmjn s Sp p v. Dev].45 8:2. tpmk^v an{kbobnseøm ImcWw XßfmsW `bmi bn \n p ktlmzc mtcmsv tpmk^v ]dbp p. sszhat{x Fs ChnsS Ab Xv AXn sszhøn\p mbncp Dt±ihpw tpmk^v hy am p p v. Ggpamen ]nxm m t]mb ÿeßfnse mw sszhmcm[\bnepw Zimwi ka -W-Ønepw hnizmkønepw Dd p \n hcmwv. Cu amxri hcpw Xeapdbv v ssiamdphm \ap v IgnbWw. cmpcmp tnmf cmpmhns ]SØeh mcnsemcmfmb Imfnbm ]nxmhn\v cmpmhv \ Inb t]cmwv s]cpamƒ F s{x sfxnlyw. ]me p Øv amxyqkv am AØm\mtkymkpw \hoicw {]ÿm\hpw F {KŸØn snß q _ty Aca\bn h v s]cpamƒamsc {Iqcambn a ±n kw`hw hnhcn p p v. ]me p Øp sa{xm \hoicw {]ÿm\w Bcw`n Xnt\mSp FXn ns `mkambncp p AXv. AXmbXv X߃ hnizkn p kxy߃ p th n F v XymKhpw kln phm Xømdp hcmbncp p s]cpamƒ IpSpw_ m F v hy w. s]cpamƒ ]cºcbn 6 mw Xeapd mc\mwv ]pfn pgn imjbn Ip nbn KohdpKokv s]cpamƒ. ae c v hym]mcambncp p At±lØns apjysxmgn. sndpins I hs mcn \n pw Nc piƒ tijcn v Bdm p]pg \n pw (A meøv Bdm p]pg ]pø Imhp aw Xn Hcp {][m\ hym]mc ti{µambncp p) h Øn Be pg hn]wnbn sim psn v hym]mcw snbvxncp p. Xm hnhmlw Ign Xv amthen c \n pamwv, GXm v C tø v 130 h j߃ p apºv. hnhmlm\ cw timbn{]w IS{] \n pw amthen c v Xm Xmakhpw am n. Cu Xmakw am w hym]mc Imcy߃ v IqSpX {]tbmp\{]zamipibpw snbvxp. ]pfnaq n sk v t]mƒkv kphntijmebøn\v kao]w Xp p]dºnembncp p Xs ]pxnb `h\w. ]n osv ]pfnaq n ]mew h t mƒ AXns A]vtdm v tdmuv Xp p]dºns\ c mbn ]nf Øn. IqSmsX cm{xnbn ]meøns Ccphißfnepw asææ hnf v IØn p tpmen s]cpamƒ KohdpKokn\v e`n pibpw snbvxp. H w {]Xnamkw 7 k m N{Ihpw. CsXgp tejis ]nxmals {]bmwimcyamwv apifn ]d Xv. amthen c {]hmkimeømwv KohdpKokv s]cpamfns aqøai sim paømbn (KohdpKokv s]cpamƒ aømbn)bpss P\\hpw ]T\Imehpw BZnIme sxmgn awvueßfpw. 9 mw m v ]m mbtijw A ym]i ]cnioe\ timgvkpw 36

{]nh ohv B^ok ]co bpw ]m mbn. BZyw e`n sxmgn XncphnXmwIq k mcn FIvsskkv {]nh ohv B^okdmbn mwv. ]s AgnaXn pw kz`mhzqjyøn\pw [mcmfw ]gpxpifp B tpmen Xs amxm]nxm fpss B{Kl {]Imcw s]cpamƒ aømbn Dt] n pibmwv snbvxxv. ]Icambn kzoicn Xv A ym]ihrønbpw. A meøv A ym]i \nba\w Pn msnÿm \Ønembncp n XncphnXmwIqdn FhnsSbpw BImambncp p. BZysØ t]mãnßv tn Øebn embncp p. CXn\nS v sim paømbn bpss hnhmlw \S p. h[p Xncph m txm n ]osnibn txmakns aiƒ Sn.Sn.adnbamWv. Ae cn v Imfh nbn Xe mhv [cn mbncp p ]pfnaq n \n pw ]pxnbimhv ] nbn te p hcs hnhmlbm{x. ]mentb c kviqfn ]Tn p ImeØv adnbw Km\mem] \Øn\v {ionnønc Xncp\mƒ _mecmah Ω almcmpmhn \n pw kωm\w hmßnbn p v. adnbw kwkoxm ym]nibmbncp p. tn Øe kviqfnte v t]mãnßv e`n s]cpamƒ aømbn AhnsS sn BZy Znhkw Hcp kw`hap mbn. kviqfn\p kao]øp Im n Sbn \n p N c m n IpSn Xn\p tijw m v tai pdøp sh t\cw IS mc hnfn v AXv IgpIn sh n v t]mim Bhiys p. \ns AΩmh hcptºmƒ Abmsfs m p IgpIn m axn F p ]d n p aømbn kviqfnte p Ibdn. BVy\mbsc v A`nam\n ncp I hs mc kviqfn Ibdn _lfambn. sluvamã ]n km ]d p, ""Abmƒ amthen c \{kmwnbm, \o t]m''. tn Øe \n v ÿew amdp Xp hsc F mh pw {]obs h, F mhcpssbpw kvt\lnx\pw. F ncp mepw tn ØebpsS a vtcmkp\yamb A\mtcmKy Np ]msv Hcp ÿewam Øn\v t{]cn n p. ae c doøv {]ÿm\øns ÿm]i\mb A`nhµy Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n bpw ]Ø\m]pcw sk v Ão^ kv Zbdm ÿm]i A`nhµy txmωm am Znhm m tkymkv Xncpta\nbpw amthen c kztzinifmwv. Hm ØtUmIvkv k`bnse D X hnzym`ymk _ncpz[mcnifmbncp p Ccphcpw (ap cmjv{s]xn tum.fkv. cm[mirjvwt\mssm w HmIvkvt^m Un ]Tn BfmWv Znhm mtkymkv Xncpta\n) siωmi mcnbncn ptºmƒ Xs c p Xncpta\namcpw {]kn kphntij {]kwkicmbncp p. C søt mse D `mjnwn kuicyan mxncp A meøv Ccph pw {]kwkw G p]dbp Xn\v sim paømbnsb Bhiyambncp p. Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n k`hn p t]msb nepw Cu c p k`m ]nxm mcpw Imew snøp Xphscbpw ZrVamb kulrz_ w XpS p simt bncp p. tn Øe \n pw Hcp am w A\nhmcyambn XocpIbpw amthen cbnse hkvxp k m Gs Sp pibpw snbvxxn\m Znh mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS XmXv]cy{]Imcw ]Ø\m]pctØ v am Øn\p {ian p. am Hm U In n-bxv Ie qcn\p ]Icw Im nc n. tn Øe \n pw c s]sm Im nc n v t]mbn. s]m ]pg h\øneqss bm{xsnøptºmƒ ]mxbpss Ccphißfnepap acßfn a\pjys\ sim p Nmcn \n Ønbncn p Xv ImWmambncp p. ]m n \m pimcmb sim mcmwv AXn{Iaw Im p sx mwv ti ncp Xv. bm{x ZpjvIc amibm XpS v Xncpta\nbpsS ]cn{iaw sim p Xs Ie q kviqfnte v am w e`n p. 37

`mcybpw Ie q kviqfnseønbxns\ XpS v IpSpw_ambn Ie qtc v Xmakw am n. Xmakw FhnsSbmbmepw amthen cbn AS w snøwsa ]nxmhn s B{Klw am\n v s]cpamƒ Koh Kokv NcaaS t mƒ ]pxnbimhv ] n skan tøcnbn sim pt]mbn AS w snbvxp. IpSpw_ktaXw Ie qcn Xmakam m Xocpam\n t mƒ ]pø ]pc ho pimcpss Hcp sndnb si nshpw \neapƒ ss ct ]pcbnshpw 3 h j me tø v cpnã ]m Nos gpxn Xmakw XpSßn. XpS v kz ambn Hcp hosv F e ytømss hbend- Øv Znhy{io. AeIvkm IØ\mtcmSv Ie q ] n v kao]w 50 sk v hkvxp hnebm[mc sagpxn hmßn. hosp \n ΩmWØn\p Hcp ߃ Bcw`n p. ]msw F ÿeøp k m Unt mbn \n pw tx v XSn teeøn ]nsn p. A t\msp hnebv v hmßnb hkvxphns Ing phiw ]p\eq ]Ø\wXn tdmupw a p 3 hißfpw hbend Øv IpSpw_Ønse _ p fpss hibpamwv. Hcp hcø AhcpsS ap hiw kz am p Xv Ah njvsambn. i{xpxbmbn. s\ v, Icnºv, acno\n F nßs\ hnhn[ Im jni hnfiƒ Xg p hfcp p. ]m hkvxp Hgn p simsp W sa mbn. DSºSn cpnã snbvxncp XpsIm v AXn\p hncp ambn Ah s m pw snøm Ign n. ]XdmØ sszhhnizmkhpw km[p I jicpw I ji sxmgnemfn Ifpambncp _lp`qcn] w P\ßfpsS ]n pwbpw {]Xnk n XcWw snøp Xn\v s]cpamƒ aømbn v klmbiambn. A sø Im p]ø\m]pcøns {]m {]tziambncp Ie q XnI pw IpSntb tajebmbncp p. Irjnbpw I pimen hf Øepambncp p GhcpsSbpw D]Poh\am w. hnzym`ymk ap h hfsc hncfw. k m Poh\ mcmb \m pim Bcpw Xs bn. A[ym]Icpw h\]meicpw am{xamwv A]q w Poh\ m. Ahsc mw adp \m pimcpw. Cu kmlncyøn At] FgptX n hcp hcpw ] nifn m pisfsp p Xn\pw {]kwkn p Xn\pw Ip nifpss hnzym`ym kmhiy߃ pw kwib\nhmcw߃ psa mw \m pim aømbn kmdns\bmwv kao]n ncp Xv. Aßs\ Ie q {]tzisø kmaqly kmapzmbni kmwkvimcni cwkßfnse mw BZcWob\mbn Xo p aømbn km. F nepw e`n Ahkcw apxem m Xs i{xp ƒ Xocpam\n p. kviqƒ hn v ]Ø\m]pcØp \n pw hn nte v \S p hcnibmbncp Hcp hnzym nbpss t\sc hgnbn h v azy] mcpss B{IaWap mbn. ASq t]meokn simsp m ]cmxn FgpXn p Xn\mbn aømbn kmdns ho n h hcpw A{IanIfpsS Nne kvt\lnxcpambn ho p ]Sn h v G pap ep mbn. πm n ]cap]n F Bfn\p sht p. aømbn kmdns ]Sn emwv kw`hw. sht Bsf Dt] n v sh nbh HmSn c s p. CXp apxsesp m Xocpam\n X c I niƒ aømbn kmdmwv sh nbsx v t]meokn samgn \ In. aømbn km H mw {]Xnbmbn. sh nbh \nc]cm[nifpw. t]meokv C kvs]ivsdmsw n kxyw t_m[ys Sphm Iq m nbxpan. Biq ]{Xn NnIn kbnembncp ]cap]n bpss acwsamgnbn aømbnkmdns t]cv 38

]cma in n n. F n IqSnbpw NnecpsSsb nepw kzm[o\øn\v hiwhz \mti n h C kvs]ivs AdÃv snøm Xs Xocpam\n p. _ piqsnbmb amthen c iwjp]dºn NΩn F p hnfn p iap-th-ens klm-b- -tøm-ss-bmwv {]Xn-ÿm- \-Øp-\n p am n-b-xv. aøm-bn-km km nbpw bym Ip -hm-fn-iƒ {]Xn-I-fp-ambn Xo p. {InkvXptbiphnep kºq Æ hnizmkhpw {]m \Ifpw aqew GXv `qxt{]xßsfbpw almamcnisfbpw hnizmkniƒ v AXnPohn phm Ignbpsa v aømbn km Xs k`m PohnXØneqsS sxfnbn hnhn[ kµ `ßfp v. tihew Hcp ss{]adn kviqƒ A ym]i. amthen c \n pw h hcø. a ƒ 9 t]tcbpw ]Tn n p. 9 t] pw k m tpmen. a ƒ p e`n sszhicpw I v Ahsc A\p{Kln v 74 mw hb n 1974 Unkw_ 1 mw XobXn ssx dºn aømbnkm CltemIhmkw shsn v Xs ]nxm mtcmsp tn p. IqS sk v tacokv Hm ØtUmIvkv ] n skantøcnbn AS s p. Fgpamen IpSpw_mwKw ssx dºn Koh Kokv s]cpamƒ aømbn amthen c \n pw Ie qscøn {]hmk PohnXw Bcw`n n v 75 h j߃ ]n n p. Ct mƒ Ie q ]Øm\]pcw {]tzißfnembn \qdne[niw `h\߃ Cu IpSpw_Ønep v. sszhm{ibtømss Ignbp Cu IpSpw_ßfpsS Iq mbvabmwv Imfnbm Fgpamen IpSpw_tbmKw Ie q taje. 1996 ]pfn- - p-gn-bn ac-ßm v {io. Nmt m Nmt m, 7 mw X-e-ap-d- m-c ]Ø-\m-]p-cØn\v 6 In.-an. Ing v ]p e F ÿeøv IpSn-tb-dn- m Øp. A v ]Ø-\m-]p-cØp \n v Ahn-tSbv v Hcp \S- mx am{xta D q. ]p e FØnb BZysØ {Inkv-Xym\n IpSpw-_-amWv. ]n osv 7 CXc IpSpw-_-ß-fpw IqSn AhnsS h -Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Hcp Bcm-[-\m-ebw Nm n- p am tømωm ] n D m-ip- -Xv. PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-an- msx a\p-jy ]c-kv]cw hfsc kl-i- -cn- n-cp- p. Irjn Imcy-߃ t\m n Pohn-X-am-cw-`n- p.- ]- n, Ip-cßv XSp-ßnb ark-ß-fpss B{I-a-W-ßsf {]Xntcm-[n psim v C v ac-ßm v IpSpw-_-Øn s GXm v 30 hospiƒ AhnsS D v. AXp-t]mse 1971 ]pfn- - pgn Ip n-bn {io amω txmakv 7 mw Xeap-d- mc 3 B a- fpw IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ambn Ie- q v IpSn-tb-dn. 8 mw Xe-ap-d- m-c-\mb Imfßm-SØv hdp-kokv hdp-ko-kv (t_-_n)dw Xs IpSpw-_hpw ]p\-eq Cf-º-en IpSntbdn Xma-kn- p p v. ]Sn- msd s]mbvi-bn {io. Cutim h Kokpw (7 mw Xeapd) IpSpw-_-ßfpw ]p\-eq-cn IpSn-tb-dn. C v Xncp-h-\- -]pcw \K-c-Øns hnhn[ `mk-ß-fn \ΩpsS IpSp-w_-߃ Xma-k-ap-d- n- n- p- v. 39

III hs- p-\n v Nne Hm Ω-Iƒ Xr»q apx Xr»q hsc Sn.Sn.hdpKokv (tpmbn amã ), hmwn-b-ºmd, Xriq ]msn pdøv, sxtßmwv ss\\m txmakv (Xeapd 7) Irjn `qan hn]qeo Icn phm B{Kln v XncphnXmwIqdns Nne `mk߃ kµ in p. Ahbn dm n, ]Ø\m]pcw, IpfØq pg F nhbpw Dƒs Sp p. Cu `qaniƒ CjvSs n. hnhcw kvt\lap Hcmfpambn kwkmcn p. Xr»qcns {]m {]tzißfn \ `qanin psa p Adnhv kvt\lnx\n \n pw e`n p. At±lØns Hcp _ p B ImeØv Xr»qcn FØn Xmakw Dd n ncp p. AXn {]Imcw ss\\m txmakv Xr»q v bm{xbmbn. Xr»q ] n m n FØnt p. AhnsS ]e ÿeßfpw I p CjvSambn. F m Nne _p nap piƒ Adn v AXv Aev]w thz\ D m- n. AXn {][m\ambxv. 1. `qan P nbpss kz hpw, IpSnInS pimc\v ssihihpamwv. Cu IpSnbm m v ]Ww simspøv `qan ssihis SpØnbm P n \n bn p {]Imcap s\ v I n, aicw F o kabßfn hnfshsp ptºmƒ P nbpss `h\øn Afhp simsp Ww. Cu ]m hyhÿ ]e {]ImcØnemWv. Hcp G Ccp p \neøn\v 30 ]d apx 60 ]dhsc ]m w \evti Xmbp v. Cßs\bp `qan hmßn Irjn snbvxm Irjn ng kw`hn m P n v ]m w Af m IgnbmsXbpw hcpw CXpaqew P n ssihiw Hgnhm n Cd n hnspibpw simspø kwjy \jvs amipibpw snøp. 2. ] n, ]pen, Im m\, sn mbv F o h\ypohnifpss D]{Zhw. ChIƒ Irjn \in n pibpw hf Øp arkßsf D]{Zhn pibpw snøpw. 3. aeº\nbpss D]{Zhw. Xncn v \m n sn txmakv Xt mssm w t]mcphm Xømdmbncp ambmen txmakv, snº\m ^oent mkv ai tpm v F nhcpambn IqSn BtemNn p. ChcpsS Bhiy{]Imcw CXn B\ ieyw C møxpw aeº\n C møxpw Xr»q ]me msv tdmuns kao]øv ÿnxnsnøp Xpamb `qan XmWn msw F ÿeøv I p, A mcw \evin. Xodp`qan e`n phm {]bmkw t\cn Xn\mepw aq p ho pim v Bhiyamb `qan hnkvxo Æap Xn\mepw Xev mew aq p ho pim v Xmakn phm\pw kuicyw Cu `qanbnep -Xn-\m Cu P n `qanxs hmßn. Cu `qan 220]d (22G ) Ccp p\nehpw 25 G Ic`qanbpw IqSn 47 G hnkvxo Æap mbncp p. c p hospiƒ c p sxmgpøpiƒ Hcp henb If pc, Ch bv v F m ns bpw \Sphnembn Dt±iw 25sk v hnkvxo Æw \Spap hpw D mbncp p. CXn\v 1500 (BbncØn A qdv) ]d s\ pw, GØ peiƒ ] bpw, ]ghpw, aøßm Ipºfßm XpSßnb HmWhn`hßfpw ImgvNbmbn B n\m \eviww. Irjnbn h ]nghpw kw`hn m ASpØ h jw \evimw F hyhÿ bn G s ncp Xn 40