CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences Courses and Lectures Volume 580 Series editors The Rectors Elisabeth Guazzelli, Marseille, France Franz G. Rammerstorfer, Vienna, Austria Wolfgang A. Wall, Munich, Germany The Secretary General Bernhard Schrefler, Padua, Italy Executive Editor Paolo Serafini, Udine, Italy
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science and Applied Mathematics. Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific and technical community results obtained in some of the activities organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/76
Herman J.H. Clercx GertJan F. Van Heijst Editors Mixing and Dispersion in Flows Dominated by Rotation and Buoyancy 123
Editors Herman J.H. Clercx Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant The Netherlands GertJan F. Van Heijst Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant The Netherlands ISSN 0254-1971 ISSN 2309-3706 (electronic) CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-66886-4 ISBN 978-3-319-66887-1 (ebook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66887-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951146 CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface The chapters contained in this volume correspond to the lectures given during the course Mixing and Dispersion in Flows Dominated by Rotation and Buoyancy that was held at the CISM in Udine (Italy), July 6 10, 2015. Rotation and buoyancy play an essential role in many astrophysical, geophysical, environmental, and industrial flows. They influence the transition to turbulence, strongly affect large-scale (turbulent) flow properties by inducing anisotropy, and also affect boundary-layer dynamics and inertial-range turbulence characteristics. Moreover, rotation and buoyancy may have a strong impact on mixing, and on the dispersion of passive and active tracers and of (inertial) particles and droplets in such flows. The impact of buoyancy or rotation on transport may be direct (gravitational, centrifugal, or Coriolis forces on fluid parcels or particles/droplets) or indirect by the modified flow characteristics. These processes have direct relevance for heat and mass transfer in many natural systems. Examples are (large-scale) convection processes, transport of sediment in coastal flows, dispersion of suspended particulate matter in estuarine flows, in lakes and reservoirs, and dispersion of aerosols and pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Increasing computational capabilities and the rapid development of advanced experimental measurement tools, for example optical diagnostics and particle tracking techniques, provide highly resolved temporal and spatial data sets. This allows the exploration and analysis of more complex flow phenomena and the associated transport processes in more depth. The aim of this course had been to present an overview of recent developments in this field in a way accessible to participants coming from a variety of fields, including turbulence research, (environmental) fluid mechanics, lake hydrodynamics, or atmospheric physics. Topics to be discussed during the lectures ranged from the fundamentals of rotating and stratified flows, mixing and transport in stratified or rotating turbulence, transport in the atmospheric boundary layer, the dynamics of gravity and turbidity currents, mixing in (stratified) lakes, and the Lagrangian approach to analyze transport processes in geophysical and environmental flows. This goal is not only reflected in this volume and the contributions are aimed at doctoral students and postdoctoral researchers, but also at academic and v
vi Preface industrial researchers and practicing engineers, with a background in mechanical engineering, applied physics, civil engineering, applied mathematics, meteorology, physical oceanography, or physical limnology. This volume starts with a general introduction on effects of rotation and density stratification on fluid flows by GertJan van Heijst, followed by an overview of the basic phenomena of turbulence and mixing in flows dominated by buoyancy by Paul Linden. Subsequently, the connection is made with certain environmental flow situations, such as mixing in lakes and reservoirs by Damien Bouffard and Alfred Wuëst and energy balances in stably stratified, wall-bounded turbulence by Oscar Flores and James Riley. The Lagrangian approach to unravel transport in turbulence is addressed by Mickaël Bourgoin. Eckart Meiburg and Mohamad Nasr-Azadani give an overview of recent numerical and modeling developments in the field of gravity and turbidity currents. Finally, several aspects of transport processes in rotating turbulence are reviewed by Herman Clercx. The authors wish to thank all the contributors and the members of CISM for their support and thoughtful suggestions during the course and the preparation of this volume. Eindhoven, The Netherlands Herman J.H. Clercx GertJan F. Van Heijst
Contents Effects of Rotation and Stratification: An Introduction... 1 GertJan F. van Heijst Turbulence and Mixing in Flows Dominated by Buoyancy... 25 Paul F. Linden Mixing in Stratified Lakes and Reservoirs... 61 Damien Bouffard and Alfred Wüest Energy Balance in Stably-Stratified, Wall-Bounded Turbulence... 89 Oscar Flores and James J. Riley Some Aspects of Lagrangian Dynamics of Turbulence... 101 Mickaël Bourgoin Gravity and Turbidity Currents: Numerical Simulations and Theoretical Models... 129 Eckart Meiburg and Mohamad M. Nasr-Azadani Transport Phenomena in Rotating Turbulence.... 181 Herman J.H. Clercx vii
Contributors Damien Bouffard Physics of Aquatic Systems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Mickaël Bourgoin Université de Lyon, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique, Lyon, France Herman J.H. Clercx Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; J.M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, Enschede, The Netherlands Oscar Flores Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain GertJan F. van Heijst Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; J.M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, Enschede, The Netherlands Paul F. Linden Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Eckart Meiburg Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Mohamad M. Nasr-Azadani Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA James J. Riley Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Alfred Wüest Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland ix