hyh-lmcw 99 A[ymbw c v hyh-lmcw (Discourse)

hyh-lmcw 99 A[ymbw c v hyh-lmcw (Discourse)

hyh-lmcw 100 1. simtfm-wn-bâ B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]- Ä 2. iq{z-hy-h-lm-c- -fpss kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw 3. amàivkn-b³ kao-]-\- -fnse C.-Fw.-Fkv 4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ ZmÀi-\nI kao-]-\- Ä 5. \h-amàivkn-b³ kao-]-\- Ä 6. ]m¼msn tpm tpmk^v 7. A- -Sn, sk³kkv 8. {]Xo-Im-ßI aqe-[-\s kw_-ôn v 9. A\p-I-cW \nb-aw, a\x-im-kv{x-k-ao-]\w 10. si.-]n.-f.-knbpw B[p-\n-I-G-I-am-{X-k-ao-]-\hpw 11. alzv kt½-f-\- nsâ {]kàn 12. kzman B\-μ-XoÀ À 13. `qan v shfn-bnâ kwlw tntc n h -hà 14. kztz-im-`n-am-\nbpw Úm\-tPm-jzmbpw 15. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bepw PmXn ]p\x-\nàh-n\ {ia- fpw 16. tim {Kkv tzio-b-{]-øm-\w, \mcm-b-w-kp-cp-{]-øm\w 17. sxmgn-em-fn-isf kw_-ôn v 18. A ³Im-fn, s]mbvi-bnâ A - ³, tpm tpmk^v ]m¼msn ZmÀi-\nI awvuew 19. A\yXzw XpSÀ -bpss B[p-\n-I-apJw 20. D]-Pm-Xn-IÄ, tzi-cm-jv{s-k-aqlw 21. LS-\m-hmZ amàivkn-khpw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco- -Whpw 22. ]cp-h-s -Sp P\X 23. BZn-hmkn kaq-ls ]cp-h-s -Sp- p p 24. kv{xok-aq-ls ]cp-h-s -Sp- p p 25. {Kmaw ZfnXv ]Z-hnsb ]cp-h-s -Sp- p- p 26. kap-zm-bhpw hà hpw

hyh-lmcw 101 Cu PmXn hncp-²-{]-øm-\-hpw, ZfnXv t\xr-xzhpw P\m-[n-]Xy hn¹-h-{]-øm-\- -fpss `mk-am-bn-cp- p. tziob {]Øm-\- Ä, I½yq- WnÌv {]Øm-\- Ä, tkmjy-en-ìv, sxmgn-emfn {]Øm-\- Ä, IÀjI {]Øm-\- Ä F n-hsbt mse-x-s. F mâ Bi-b-]-c-ambpw kwl-s-\m-]-c-ambpw tziob tim {Kkv {]Øm-\- nsâ sam m-[n- Im-c-hpw, amàivkn-k- nsâ Bib sam m-[n-im-chpw, tziob kzmx{ y ka-c-l-«- nse ZfnXv {]Øm-\-s bpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw Bi-b- -sfbpw aqsn- -f-bp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. (P. 13. Dalit and the Democratic Revolution. Dr. Ambedkar and The Dalit Movement in Colonial India. Gail Omvedt)

hyh-lmcw 102 Hcp \nýn-x-hn-j-bs kw_-ôn- p khn-ti-j-amb Adnhv km[yam- p-ibpw AtX- p-dn v kwkm-cn- m\pw AXns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sn m\pw klm-bn- p-ibpw sn p {]kvxm-h-\- (statements) I-fpsS kwlm-x-s -bmwv ^qt m hyh-lmcw F p ]d-bp- -Xv. Hcp {]txyi hyh-lm-c- n-\-i v {]txyi hnj-b-s - p-dn v {]kvxm-h- Ä \S- p-t¼mä B hyh-lmcw hnj-bs \nýn-x-amb coxn-bnâ cq]-s - Sp- p- p. F p am{x-aã B hnjbw aäp coxn-i-fnâ a\-ên-em- m- \på km[y-x-iä CÃm-Xm- p-ibpw sn p- p. Hcp {]kvxmhw Hä v hyh-lm-c-amhn-ã. {]kvxm-h-\-i-fpss kwlm-x-am-w-xv. C s\ {]kvxmh-\-iä khn-tijcoxn-bnâ kt½-fn- p-t¼mä Hcp hyh-lmc cq]o-icww (discursive formation) D m-ip- p. 1 hyh-lm-c-s - p-dn- på ^qt m (Foucault) bpss A`n-{]m-bamWv ChnsS ImWn- n-cn- p- -Xv. ]cn-k-c- sf AYhm \ne-sim-åp AhØ F coxn-bnâ BWv ChnsS asäm-cà - nâ hyh-lmcs AÀ -am- p- -Xv. \m«p-cm-py- Ä (cm-pm- - mà), P n þ ImWw, `q_-ô- Ä, CXn-lmk ]pcm-w- Ä, `mjm-km-ln-xy-hy-h-lm-c- Ä Ch-sbm-s - s D]-cn-Xe kv]ài- n\pa p-d v B`y- c hyhlm-c- -fn-emwv CS-s]-«-Xv. am{x-hp-aã Ch kq va-hpw, sszh-_-ôhp-am-bn-cp- p. Ch c p-xcw ^e- -fmwv DXv]m-Zn- n- p- -Xv. 1. tkm{x þ ZfnXv _lp-p\ kaq-l- sf s]mxp-hy-h-lm-c- nsâ am\-z-wvu- Ä kzoi-cn- p- -Xn\v A\p-aXn \evi-s -«n-ã. kz w {Ia- sf \ne-\nà m³ (t¾-ox t]mepå hyh-lm-c- -fn-eqss) km[n- n-ã. 1. t]. 83, \h-kn-²m- - Ä: \h-n-cn-{x-hm-zw, Zneo]v cmpv.

hyh-lmcw 103 1. simtfm-wn-bâ B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]- Ä {_n«o-jp-imà (hn-tz-in-iä) Cu {Ias Agn p If-bp- n-ã. \ne-\nâ p PmXn-_-²-amb {Ias B`y- -c-ambn CS-s]- Sp XneqsS kz w hmwn-py-{i-a- Ä v ]cm-p-b-im-c-w-amipw F - hà v t_m[y-am-bn-cp- p. {Ia- -fpss k p-nnx `q]-s- sf hnkvxr- X-am- p-ibpw (wide) ]e ti{μ- -fn-embn hn\y-kn- bpw (placement) BWv AhÀ snbvx-xv. tdmuv \nà½m-ww, ^mivs-dn-bpss XpS- w, txm«- -fpss XpS w C s\ H nâ IqSp-X CS- -fn-te v Cu {Ia- Ä amän-h-bv p-i-bm-bn-cp p. Un.-Un. timkmw_n ]d-bp- -Xpt]mse {_mò-wà AhÀ m-h-iy-apå coxn-bnâ FÃmw amän-sb-gp- Xn-bn-cp p. 2 ImÀjn-I-hr- n-bnepw `t ymâ]m-z-\- nepw ZfnXv þ _lp-p-\- Ä k¼qàw tkh\w \S n-bn-cp p F nepw kz w F v ]d-bm³ In«m Ah-Ø-bn Ft mgpw amdn \nât A\n- Ýn-X-Xz-am-bn-«mWv kmaq-ln-im-hø ZfnXv P\-X-bn Npäp-]mSv \nà½n- p-h- n-cp- -Xv. Npäp-]mSv \nà½n- p- -Xn Xsâ tkh\w Gähpw sndp-xm-sw v \nc- cw HmÀ½n- n- p t_m[-km-a-{kn-i-fm-bn-cp p \nà½n- -s «hkvxp- -fn-seãmw AS- - -«n-cp- -Xv. Ch-sb- p-dn v ^qt m hne-bn-cp- n-bn-«p- v. `mj-bã hyh-lm-cw, kmaq-ln-i-{]-tbm-k- n-eqss hni-kn- p-hcp Nn -bm-w-xv. Nne-Im-e- -fnâ Nne-Xcw {]kvxm-h Ä am{xw km[y-am-ip- -sx- p-sim-s Xv ^qt m At\z-jn- p- p. Nne Ime- -fnâ NneXv kxyw, aäp NneXv Ak-Xyw. Cu a\-kn-em- -ensâ \nb-a-amwv ^qt m-hn\v hyh-lm-cw. * 1 C -c-samcp AkXy/kXy a\- kn-em- -ensâ hn]p-eo-i-cn- -s «]Xn- p-i-fm-bn-«mwv simtfm-wn-bâ 2. t]. 83, {]mno\ `mc-x- nsâ kwkvim-chpw \mk-cn-i-xbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb cq]-tc-j, Un.- Un. timkmw-_n. * 1. t]. 12, antjâ ^qt m, hà -am-\- nsâ Ncn-{Xw, tum. ]n.-]n. cho-{μ³

hyh-lmcw 104 B[p-\n-I-X-bn (colonial modernity) s]mxp kaqlw \nà½n- -s -«ncp- -Xv. \nà½n- -s -Sp kaq-l- nsâ IÃpw ac- fpw Nfn-bp-am- Ip, D]-I-c-W- Ä, Bbp-[- Ä F -Xn-\- p-d v kzbw hni-i-e\ tijn-bpå hyàn-tbm, kaq-l-tam, kaq-l- nse Hcw-Ktam Bbn- o-cm³ tic-f-k-aqlw Cu LS-Is ]cn-k-wn- n-cp- n-ã. tnmäp-]m-d-bnâ Iqen- m-cpss \o emb- -fp- m- n. snma- p-sim- p-h hkvxp- Ä sim m-bn-cp p AXv. IqSp-X a\p-jycp-ssbpw PohnXw IjvSX \nd-ª-xm-bn-cp- p. Gtgm Ft«m t]à acn- p-t]m-bn-cp p shå- nâ hotwm Nfn-bn ]px-tªm. amt\-pà aäp-å-hà v Fs m-s tbm simsp- n-«p v Pohn- n-cn- m-\m-bn. 3. aq m-dnsâ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-i-c-w- nsâ 1920 IfpsS Nn{X-amWv ChnsS ImWp- -Xv. \nà½m-w-{]-hà -\- nâ ] m-fn-i-fm-ip ZfnXv _lp- P-\- Ä asämcp coxn-bnâ {Ia-s -Sp-I-bmWv sn p- -Xv. tkm{x-k-aql- -fm-hs«a\y-hâ -c-w- n-te-bv pw. sndn-b -I-S-IÄ, sndnb hgn-iä, sndnb hni-i-e-\-ø-e- Ä F n-h-bn-sem-s - s aqeyw CÃm- -h-cmbn XpS-cpI F A\Àl ]cn-k-w-\-bn-emwv Ch³/ChÄ/ChÀ hyh-ln- -s -«n-cp- -Xv. cn-\- bnepw `mj-bnepw C s\ kw`-hn A\Àl-]-²-Xn-bn Fgp- nsâ taje AÚm-X-am- -s -Sp-I-bmWp m-b-xv. AhÀ m-h-iy-apå coxnbnâ FÃmw amän-sb-gp-xpi F hyh-ø-bpss hni-i-e-\- n-emwv AhÀ m-h-iy-apå ImgvN-bp- m-ip- -Xv. AhÀ m-h-iy-apå cpnn-bp- m-ip- -Xv. AhÀ m-h-iy-apå ]²-Xn-bp- m-ip- -Xv. Cu AhÀ (They) F `uxn-i-cq-]s tnmzyw sn p- n-s- mwv PmXn {Ia- nsâ Xs tnmzyw Dcp- n-cn-bp- -Xv. 3. p.18. Facets of a hundred years planting, Amita Baig and William Henderson.

hyh-lmcw 105 sam - n-epw, km[m-c-w-ambpw a\p-jy³ F \ne-bn-epå \nco- Ww Nne `wk- sf t\cn-sp- p- v. H mw temi-bp-²- n-\ptijw C cw amä- Ä Xe-ap-d-bn-tebv pw _m[n- p- p- v. hk- -Im-e-]-c-amb PohnXw F Xv Ncn-{X- n-em-bn-t m-hp- p- v 4 F v tuhnuv {^nkv_n (David Frisby) kqnn- n- p- p. sam w a\p-jysâ \nco- -W- nâ kw`-hn-bv p hyxn-bm-\- Ä `mc-x- nâ AXnsâ ASn- -dbv v `wkw D m- p- nã F -XmWv AXn-i-b-I-c-amb hkvxp-x. at\m-c-rvp³ saml n B[p-\n-Ihpw ]mc-¼-cy-hp-a-ãm \½psS kaq-ls \nco- n- p- p- v. Hcp B[p-\nI kaq-l-amtwm \½ptSXv; B[p-\n-I-aà ]mc-¼-cy- n-tâxpaã, Cusbmcp Ah-[m-\-]-c-amb \o w Hcmsf asäm- n-te v ]cn-hà -\-s -Sp- p- p- m-hmw. AXv shtì kmaq-ly-am-ä-hp-ambn X«n pt\m- n-bmâ F{Xtbm ]cn-xm-]- I-c-am-Wv. 5 ]pxn-bxv F v hnfn- -s -Sp C cw Ime-L-«- n-eq-ss-bmwv Hmtcm Znh-k-s bpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sn -s -ts- n-h-cp- -Xv. Bkzm- Z-\-X-e- nâ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw B[p-\n-tIm- -c-x-bp-ssbpw hà - -fpw, {]mtbm-kn-i-x-e- nâ AXn-k- oà -amb PmXn, km¼- ni {Ia- n-sâbpw ]Ým- -e- nâ Fgp- v, AXnsâ am\- -fnâ hn]pe-am- - -Sp-I-bmWv snbvx-xv. C -c-samcp hn]p-e-am- -emwv cmjv{sob- n-sâbpw Fgp- n-sâbpw kam-\-kz-`mhw F v ]d-bm-hp- -Xpw. kzoi-cn- m\pw ]pd- -Åm\pw kwkvi-cn- m-\p-apå tijn \jvs-s - Sp-t¼m-gmWv a\p-jyà tcmkn-i-fm-ip- -Xv. At mä {]Xn-tcm[w XI-cp- Ibpw icocw PoÀWn- p-ibpw sn p- p. FÃm- -c- n-ep-apå kzoi- 4. p. 27, George Simmel: Modernity as an Eternal Present. David Frisby, The Polity reader in Social Theory. 5. p. 183, Class, Caste, Gender: Edited by Manoranjan Mohanthy.

hyh-lmcw 106 c-w-ti-jnbpw \ncm-i-cw coxn-ifpw AS-ªp-t]m-Ip-t¼m-gm-Wo, Xpdhp-IÄ XIcp-t¼m-gmWv Hcp kaqlw tcmkn-bm-ip- -Xv, PoÀWn- p- - Xv. 6 Xpd nsm\pw kwh-zn- m-\p-apå Cu kaq-l-`m-h-s -bmwv Fgp v A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sn p- -Xv. Cu Fgp v GXp-Xcw kmaqly-l-s-\-sb-bmwv \nà½n-x-am- n-bn-cn- p- Xv F tnmzy- n\v shfnbnâ D cw D m-hpi F Xv {]iv\-am-bn- ocp- p. IpSpw-_w, PbnÂ, Bkv]-{Xn, Nmb- -S, tdun-tbm, ]{Xw, hntãpv Hm^okv, t]meokv tìj³, ]mà«n Hm^o-kv, NphÀt]m-ÌÀ, ]osn-i, F n- s\ \nc-h[n hyh-lm-c- Ä Ah-bpsS AÀt m-ev]m-z\w B[p-\nI ticf nâ \S- p- p- v. Cu AÀt m-ev]m-z\w F ns\sbãm-amwv {]hà n- -Xv F pw Adn-hv / A[n-Im-cw / hyh-lmcw F n-hsb F -s\-sb- Ãm-amWv Øm\-s -Sp- n-bxv F pw DÅ tnmzyw {][m-\-am-wv. hmkvx-h- nâ \ma-dn-bp temiw si«p-]n-wª kw`-h- Ä \nd-ª-xm-wv. Ah-bv p-taâ Ir{Xn-a-amb GI-X-bm-tcm-]n- p-i-bmwv ka-{k-n-cn-{x- Ä sn p- -Xv. tcjo-bhpw kmàh-p-\o-\-hp-amb hni-zo- I-cW amxr-i-iä pånehsb hn\y-kn- p-t¼mä Hmtcm kw`-h- nsâbpw hyxy-kvxx \jvs-am-hp- p. 7 B[p-\nI cmjv{s-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-k-aqlw AXnsâ \nà½n-xnsb ti{μo-i-cn- p Cc«kz`m-h- nsâ \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W- -fn-eqss k -cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv.* 2 6. hmxn-ep-iä Xpd- n-sp-i, Xncp-hà kwlw. 7. t]. 92, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv. * 2 (8) kzx-{ -k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-sb \ne-bnâ PbnÂhmk- nâ Pbn hnap-à-\m-hp-t¼mä \qän- -{ v ]u p-ambn Pbn-en sn Un.-kn.-In-g-t -apdn ]pd- n-d pt¼mä \qän-ap- - nc v ]u v Xq w sh n-cp p F v ]d-bp- p. Ipim-emb ` -Ww, tx p-ip-fn, hmbn- m³ amkn-i-iä, InS- m³ I«nÂ, knwknädqw, ]mâ Dd-sbm-gn- p- m- nb ssxcv, _Zmw ]mbkw Ch-sbms Ign v tzlw XSn- p-sim-gp- p. kn. tii-h³, si.-]n. \oe-i-wvt- n- Å, tim«bw `mkn, ]mem si.-fw. Nm n, Ip¼-f- p-i- -c- n-å, s]m³ip w hà n XpS- n-b-hcmbn-cp p klxs-hp-imà. (ae-bmfw hmcn-i, tpmfn ASn-a-{X. Un.-kn. HmÀ½-IÄ, 2005). *(9) ]qan Af- m³ siàa v kàth- mcv h v, Rm\v t]sn v ti«p-sim v Ccn- v, N nev ]nsn-

hyh-lmcw 107 kzmx-{ y-k-a-c-{]-t m`w F Xv {_n«ojv hncp-²-k-acw F \ne-bnâ am{x-amwv C y-bnâ hymjym-\n- -s -«n-«p-å-xv. A ³Imfn, \mcm-b-wkpcp, s]mbvi-bnâ A - ³, BZn-hmkn {]t m-`- Ä, ae-_mà elf XpS nb t\xr-xz- -fpss {]t m-`- -sfm pw kzmx- { y-k-a-c-ambn hymjym-\n- -s -«n-ã. AI-hgn (inner road) / ]pd-hgn (outer road) F n- s\ c p ImgvN-IÄ ChnsS ImtW- -Xp- v. AIs hgn-bnâ\n v ]pds hgn-bn-te v Cd- m-\m-hmsx t]mhp kml-n-cy- nâ ChÀ \S- nb ka-c- sf kzmx-{ y-k-a-c- Ä F p Xs -bmwv hnfn-t - -Xv. AXv AI-h-gn-bnse kzmx{ y-k-a-c-am-bncp- p. AYhm H m-as kzmx-{ y-t_m-[w. n«v Rm³ h m- v, ]qan Af- v, ImSv Af- v, timhnev Af- v, C ]qan BcpsS F -h³ tnmzn- p. Rm³ ]dªp F\ p kz -a-ã. hb-epcp kz w. kzman, ssxhw s]mxp-hv, s]mxp-hpå Øew. FÃmÀ pw s]mxp-hv. C timhnev FÃmÀ pw s]mxp-hv, F mâ kàtæ- mcv Npc-än-I t]m«pt m (t]. 15, A\ym-[o-\-s -Sp BZn-hmkn `qan. ]n. si. {]Im-iv) *(10) 1891 apx-epå sk³kkv ]T-\- Ä (a-[y-{]-tz-inâ) 1971- hsc BIp-t¼mÄ kz w ax-hnizm-k- nâ \n tkm{x-hn-`m-k- Ä 6% am{x-ambn Npcp- p (Npcp p ) ImgvN-bm-Wp-Å- Xv. am{x-hp-aã ]n osv tkm{x-hà -axw F på {]tbm-kta \o w sn p- Xv ImWmw. (a- X-]-cn-hÀ \w Hcp Agnbm Ipcp- v. kpμàcm-pv) *(11,12) sp.-kn. Um\n-tb-ensâ hnk-x-ip-am-c³ ticf- nse BZys ae-bmf kn\na F \nebnâ t]sc-sp- n-cn- p- p. Cu Nn{X- nse \mbni tdmkn ZfnXv {InkvXy³ IpSpw-_- nâ \n pw kn\n-a-bn-se- n. BZy-{]-ZÀi-\- nsâ A p-xs {]am-wn-am-cpss ]ou\w kln- m-\m-hmsx Xan-gv\m-«n-te v Hfn-t m-sn. 2003 se CâÀ\m-j-W ^nenw s^ìn-h-enâ Ipcn- pg {ioip-amà, t n txmakv F n-hà hnx-cww snbvx elp-te-j-bnâ tdmkn-b- p-dn v ]cm-aàin- p- p. te\ F Bwt m-c- y³ kv{xobm-bn-cp p hnk-x-ip-am-c-\nâ A`n\bnt - n-bn-cp- -Xv. AhÀ v AkuIcyw aqew as- n-t m-th n h p. ]Icw kv{xoisf A`n-\-b- n\v In«m-Xn-cp- -Xn-\m \ms-i-{]-hà -I-bmb tdmknsb sp.-kn.-um- \n-tbâ hnk-x-ip-am-c-\nâ DÄs -Sp- n-b-xv. Znhkw A p-cq-]m- q-en- mwv tdmkn A`n-\- bn- -Xv. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S- nb A v ImWn-I-fmb htc-wy-k-aqlw tdmkn-bpss hosv B{I-an- p-ibpw c n-xm- -sfbpw IpSpw-_mw-K- -sfbpw aà±n- p-i-bp-am-bn-cp p. {]mw-c- mà w ho«nâ \n n-d- n-tbm-snb tdmkn Xan-gv\m-«n-tebv v t]mb temdn-bnâ Ib-dn- -äp- Ibpw \mkàtim-hn-en-te v c -s]-sp-ibpw snbvxp F v ]d-b-s Sp- p. ]n osv Ah-sc- p-dn v Hc-dnhpw e`n- n-«n-ã. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S- nb Xob-äÀ htc-wy-k-aqlw I n- p-i-fbp-i-bm-bn-cp- p. BZy-kn-\na F \ne-bnâ hnk-x-ip-am-c³ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-n-cn-{x- nâ Adn-b-s -Sp- p. sp.-kn. Um\n-tbepw Adn-b-s -Sp- p. BZy-\m-bn-I-bmbn tdmkn ]cn-k-wn- -s -«n-ã. ]Icw _me³ F kn\n-a-bnse \mbni Ia-e-bmWv ]cn-k-wn- -s -«-Xv. (2003-þse CâÀ\m-j-W ^nenw s^ìn-h-enâ Ipcn- pg {ioip-amà, t n txmakv F nhà hnx-cww snbvx elp-te-j-bnâ\n- v.) *(13) Rm³ asämcp hnh-cw-iqsn {]kvxm-hn- p-sim-ås«! AXp aà½-t`-z-i-am-wv. IÀ m-hnsâ Xncp-h- m-g- IÀ½- nâ ]s -Sp- m³ Nne ]Ån-I-fn A\p-hm-Z-ap-s - nepw R Ä n-cn- nsw Gähpw ]n³\n-c-bn-em-bn-cn- pw. Xfn-I-bnÂ\n pw R Ä p t\cn«v A w FSp- p- - Xn-t\m, khàw-{in-kvxym-\n-iä sn p- -Xp-t]mse tim -bnâ\n v hoªv ap n- p-sn- p- -Xnt\m A\p-hm-Z-an-Ã. t\sc-a-dn v A - -jww R -fpss ssii-fn-te v Fdn-ªp-X-cp-

hyh-lmcw 108 {_n«ojv A[n-\n-thi (British imperialism) Imew Nne AÀ- - -fnâ A[n-\n-thi hncp-²-ambpw H w \nc-h[n kmaq-ly-{]-øm-\- - fp-ssbpw XpS- - n\pw km yw hln- p. ]mc-¼cy C y³ t_m[- n-s\-xn-sc-bpå {ia- -fm-bn-«mwv Ch kw`-hn- -Xv. tpymxn-_m-^qsebpss hn¹-h-{iaw kxy-tim-[-iva-wvu-en-eq-ss-bpw, _n.-bà. Awt_- ZvIÀ, {io\m-cm-b-w-kpcp XpS- nbhcpss {]Øm-\- Ä PmXn-hn-cp-²hpw, kv{xok-a-xz- n\p-th- nbpw, AÔ-hn-izm-k- n-s\-xn-sc-bpw, DbÀ p-h-cp- Xv CubÀ - n-em-wv. cmpm-dmw-tam-l³tdmbn, almßm-kmôn {]Øm-\- Ä C m-e v D m-hp- Xpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvic-w- nsâ e y- n-eq- n-bm-wv. 14 hn.-kn. lmco-kn-sâbpw, kn.-_n. kp[m-i-c-sâbpw \nco- -W- fnâ \n pw DZm-l-c-W-s -Sp hkvxpx s]mxp-hm-b-xm-sw- n-epw, ZfnXv _lp-p-\- sf kw_-ôn- n-s-t mfw c p-xcw kzmx-{ ykachpw {]Øm-\- -fpss kz`mhw AXv \nà bn- p- p- v. H v C y-bnse B`y- c kaq-l-t mspw c v simtfm- Wn-b kaq-l-t m-spw. Úmt\m-Xv]m-Z-\hpw A[n-Im-chpw X½n-epÅ thgvn D w shbv p- Xv ico-c-s -bm-wv. ico-cs hg- n-sb-sp- p- -Xnsâ kq va-`u-xn-i-amwv At\z-jn-t - -Xv. kzm`m-hn-ihpw Poh-im-kv{X- ]-c-hp-amb H m-bã `uxn-i-hpw, ]cn-hà -\-hp-ap-å-xm-wv. 15 Úmt\m-ev]m-Z\ kaq-lw, ]pd- -Åp {]tz-i- -fm- n-b-xnâ _lp-p-\-k-aq-l- n-s\ p kw`-hn p F p-å-xmwv ]T-\-]-c-am-th- - Xv. CXm-hs«Nn-«-s -Sp nbxpw Nn«-bn-Ãm- -Xp-amb ZmÀi-\nI [mc- I-fpsS A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- -em-wv. Nn«-s -S-ens\ X p-s-bv p-i. Nn«-s -Sp- p. aäp-å-hàs Ãmw simsp- -Xn-\p-tijw hoªv Xhn-bn timcn R -fpss I nâ Hgn- p-x-cp- p. (]m-¼msn tpm tpmk^v, Sn.-F- v. ]n. sn m-c-tè-cn, _mivthuv ]o nä Uhe- vsaâ v timà -td-j³, Xncp-h-Ã, 1989 14. p. 265, A History of British Colonialism: Social and Literary Aspects, M.G. University, DC Books, VC. Harris, C.B. Sudhakaran. 15. t]. 93, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv.

hyh-lmcw 109 -h-cã F v Xmd-Sn- p-i, {Iao-I-cn- -ens\ aen-\-am- p-i, {Ia-an-Ãm- -hà F v Bt -]n- p-i, C -s\-bpå AXn-k- oà -X-bmWv Zfn- Xv_-lp-P³ kaq-lhpw, khàw-h-tc-wy-k-aq-lhpw X½n \ne- \nâ p F m-e-s bpw ZmÀi-\nI kwhm-zw. Agp v Hcn- epw Hä-s «kw`-h-a-ã. FhnsS Agp- pt m AhnsS Hcp hyhø \ne-\nâ p- p- mhpw hkvxp- -fpss hyh-øm- ]n-x-amb {Iao-I-cW nsâbpw hà o-i-c-w- n-sâbpw Dt]m-Xv]- - am-wxv þ A\m-h-iy-L-S-I- sf ]pd- -Ån-s m- mwv Cu {Iao-IcWw \S- p- -Xv. 16 tacn U -knsâ (Mary Douglas) Cu \nco- Ww kaq-l- nsâ {Iao-I-c-Whpw ]pd- -Åepw F kz`m-hs ]mt-hev -cn- p- p. icocw þ kq va-i-co-cw, icocw þ Øqe-i-co-cw, icocw þ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-i-cocw F n- s\ ico-c-hpw, ico-c- Ä tnà p \S- p ]pd- -Åepw B[p-\nI kaq-l- nâ Abn- - nsâ (untouchability) cq]- Ä \nà½n- p- p v. CXn-s\- p-dn v tacn U kv hni-z-am- p- Xv C s\bmwv. Nn«- s -Sp- -s «\½psS hà o-i-c-w- sf XInSw adn- p- -sx pw Agp- m-wv. AXnsâ Øm\-am-Wv, Hmtcm- n-sâbpw Øm\-amWv {]iv\w. Hcp-Xcw [màani \nà_ôw CXn ImWmw. sncp v apdn- p-ånâ hbv mw tai- p-d v hbv m³ ]msn-ã. hr n-bp-tsxv Hcp Úm\- kw-_-ôn-bmb (cognitive) {]iv\w IqSn-bm-Wv. {Ia-ap-Ån-Ss A{I- a- -ap-åq. kaq-l-ap- m-hp- Xv Iptd-tbsd hà o-i-cw hàö\ {]{Inb-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-{iaw Øm]n- p- -sx pw kmaqlym-nm-cam-wv, Ipähpw amen-\yhpw Hcpt]mse-bm-Wv. 17 16. t]. 104, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv. 17. t]., 105, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv

hyh-lmcw 110 sslμh AÔ-hn-izm-k- nsâ [màani kaq-l- n-te- mwv \½psS D]-cn-Xe kaqlw Pohn-X-an-d- p- Xv F v t_m[y-s -«p. B[p- \ni cmjv{s-k-aq-l- n-epw, B[p-\nI \Kc cq]o-i-c-w- n-epw, B[p- \ni s]mxp-t_m[ \nàanxnbnepw C cw ioe- p-sà -I-fpsS, ]m]- `o-xn-bp-ss, ip²n-i-ei at\m-`m-h- nsâ hà o-i-c-whpw, hàöo-i-c- Whpw kw`-hn- p-sim- n-cn- p- p. hr nbpw [mà½ni \nà_-ôhpw A[n-Imc \nàan-xnbpw X½n sfiy-s -«p-\nâ p- p. hr n (ip-²- X) AtX AÀ - nâ {]hr- nsb (movement) \np-s -Sp- p- p- v. hr nbpw, {]hr- nbpw X½n \nà½n n«på [màani/a[màani Af-hpw, cq]hpw \ap p ap n-ep- v. kv{xo{]-øm-\-s - p-dn- på tum. _n{iw \μn, ARvP\ awkf-kncn F n-h-cpss A`n-{]mb nâ kv{xo{]øm\ sf \nco- n- phm³ c v kao-]\ Ä Bh-iy-ap v. [À½-\nÀh-l-Wm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw (functionalist), kaq-e-]-cn-hà -\-hm-z- n-e-[n-jvtn-xhpw (radical). ]mc- ¼-cyhpw hnip-²n/if- w, amxr-xzw, kxo þ kmhn{xn AS- p ]mc- ¼cy {]am-w- -fpss A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX (ritual) Hcp hi v \nâ p- p. 18 C y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t - p Gähpw {][m\ kwkxn F \ne-bn-emwv Chn-sS ]mc-¼-cy-þ-hn-ip-²n-þ-a-\p-jvtm-\-]-c-xsb ImtW- n-bn-cn- p- -Xv. F mâ C y³ kmaq-ly-þ-\nàan-xn-bpss Ønc XpSÀ bn-se- -h w GI-]- o-b-amb C cw XpSÀ -IÄ ZfnXv _lp-p-\- -fnâ kw`-hn- n-ã. Zfn-XÀ tzikaqlw F \ne-bnâ sslμh {_mòw tzi- n-t\m-spå XpSÀ -bmb bp²- nsâxp am{x-amwv 18. p. 73, ]pcp-jm-[n-]-xy-{]-xy-b-im-kv{xhpw kv{xo]o-u\hpw: Nne ssk²m- ni {]iv\- Ä, tum. _n{iw \μn, AwRvP-\-aw-K-fKncn.

hyh-lmcw 111 C y-\-hø F mwv tum. cmp³ _m_p, si.-si. Fkv. Zmknsâ ZfnXv tzio-bx F {KÙs ASn-Øm-\-am n A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- -Xv.* a si.-si. sim nsâ A`n-{]m-b- nâ, ]em-b\w ZfnXv _lp-p- \- -fnâ kw`-hn- m- -Xpw, Iq«-\nÀ½q-e\w kw`-hn- m- Xpw {]Xntcm[ km[y-amb \nc-h-[n-cq-]- Ä ZfnXv _lp-p³ kaq-l- nâ D mbn-cp p F -Xp-sIm mwv F m-wv.* b amàivkn-b³ ]Zm-h-en-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-k-aqlw F -Xn-\- p-d v Xt±-i-k-aqlw (natives) F -XmWv AXnsâ {][m-\-kw-k-xn. Pohn-X- nsâ ka-kvx-ta-j-e-bnepw ZfnXv _lp-p³ kaq-l- n\v kz -ambn \nc-h-[n-iä {]Xn-tcm-[, AXn-Po-h-\- cq-]- Ä D m-bn-cp p F Xv {]m[m-\y-aàln- p hkvxp-x-bm-wv. 2. iq{z-hy-h-lm-c- -fpss kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw {_mò-wni þ a\p-kvarxn kmaq-lym-h-ø-bpss XpSÀ simtfm- Wn-b L«- n-se- p-t¼mä \nc-h[n {]th-i-i- Ä (entre) v km[y- X-bp- m-hp- p- v. B[p-\nI kaq-l- nsâ kz`mhw amen\y P\-kaq-ls Bh-iy-s -Sp XpSÀ am{x-am-bn-cp- p. Knbm\n Zn v kn v (Giani Ditt Singh) aq³ssi-sb-sp v, ] m-_nâ Bcw-`n kn v k`m aqhvsaâ 19 v (Singh Sabha Movement) sslμhkaq-l- nsâ aen-\-am- - ens\xnsc-bpå {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp- p. F mâ ASn- -«nâ AXnsâ aen-\o-i-c-w- nsâ hnhn-[-cq-]- Ä B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l- nepw Øm\w ]nsn- n-cn- p p F -Xn-\m s hf-sc-s -s«v C cw Bi-b- Ä khàw sslμ-h-hâ -c-w- n-tebv v sx n-am-äp-i-bmwv snbvx-xv. *a \mk`qan þ 2006, *b si. si. sim p-am-bpå A`n-apJw 19. p. 103, Interrogating Changing Status of Dalits of Punjab, Paramjit S. Judge. ]s m³]xmw \qäm- nsâ Bcw-`- nâ \nc-h[n ]ptcm-k-a\ kz`m-h- Ä apt m-«p-h ] m-_nse kn v {]Øm-\w, ZfnXv hn`m-k- nâ \n på kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvi-c-w- sf kzm[o- \n- n-cp- p. cma-zm-knb ZfnXv kaq-l- nâs]«knbm\n Zn v knwmnsâ ap³i- nse kn v k`m-{]-øm\w sslμ-h-am-bn- o-cp- -XmWv ]n osp ImWp Ah-Ø.

hyh-lmcw 112 tic-f- nâ ZfnXv kaq-l- Ä p-taâ apjy-[m-cm tzio-b- {]Øm\- Ä 19-þmw \qäm- nâ \S- p A«n-a-dnbv v kam-\-am-bncp p CsX pw hyà-am-hp- p. B[p-\nI kmaqly \nàan-xn-bnâ amen-\y-amb PU-k-aq-ls apjy-[m-cbv v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp- p. amen- \y- -fnâ \n v hkvxp- sf tij-cn v hyh-lm-c- -fnâ CS-s]-Sp- -hcpw, \nà½n-x-s -Sp- -h-cp-am-bn-cp p Cu hr n-si-«-hà (untouchables). c -h-ø-bmwv Cu hr n-si-«-hà ioen-t - n-bn-cp- -Xv. \nà½m-w- n-\m-h-iy-am-b-xpw, hyh-l-cn- p- -Xn-\p-X-Ip A -co \nà½n-xn- p-th- nbpw hr n-lo-\-x-bnâ {]hà \ kö-am-hpi F -Xpw, AXn\v ]pd v hn\n-abamhp A[n-Imc \nco- -W- sf {]Xn-tcm- [n- pi F -Xp-am-W-Xv. CXn\v ka-im-en-i-amb c p-zm-l-c-w- Ä \nc- mw. Fw.-F³. hnp-b³ KmÔn-Pn-bpsS {ia- sf kmaq-ly-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpss amà -ambpw, amàivkn-ks am\-hhâ -cn- p kn²m- -sa \ne-bnâ KmÔn-k-t msv H p-hm-bn- p-t¼mä AXv DbÀ p Nne-tNm-Zy- Ä si.-si. sim v apt m-«p-h-bv p- p. {_mò-w-cnâ\n pw Zfn-Xsc AIän \nà n-bn-cp p F Fw.- F³.-hn-Pbsâ \nco- -W-t - mä {][m-\-s -«Xv Zfn-XÀ {_mò-wcnâ\n- v- A-I p \nâ p-ibmbncp p F \nco- -W-amWv. Hmtcm ]S-hnepw {Xn-b-\pw, sshiy\pw iq{z\pw BÀj-amb ZmÀi-\nI kzxz- n-\p-th n {_mò-w-t\msv Ie-ln- -t mä Zfn-X-cm-hs«X\-Xm-sbmcp kwkvimcw \ne-\nà p-i-bm-bn-cp- p... AXp-sIm- mwv B{I-a-W-Imcn-I-fpsS c m-h-e-b- nâ {_mò-wà \qäm- p-isf AXn-Po-hn- -Xpt]mse Zfn-Xcpw \qäm- p-isf AXn-Po-hn- -Xv. 20 F mâ C -c-samcp 20 t]. 87, s]mcpfdn-bm CXn-lm-kw, si.-si. sim v, AhÀW-]- -c-n-\-iä.

hyh-lmcw 113 AXn-Po-h-\- nsâ hà -am\ Imem-hØ A¼-e- nâ im n tpmen sn p-hm³ A\p-aXn In«m _lp-p³ kaq-lmwkw \mcm-b-w-kp-cphnsâ A`n-{]m-b- sf tpmen- mbn kzoi-cn- m-s\-sp- p- p- v. 21 lnμpt -{X- nse im n-tpm-en- p-th n \mcm-b-w-kp-cp-hnsâ \nco- - Ws sslμ-h-h-ev -cn- p kz`mhw _lp-p-\-k-aq-l- nâ cq]w sim n-cn- p- p. Cug-h\v im n-sn- m³ \mcm-b-w-kp-cp-hns\ ]qwqâ AWn-bn- -cptx F mwv Cu Ah-Ø-sb- p-dn v i -c-\m-cm-b-w³ ae- pdw ]d-bp- -Xv. hr n-lo\ kmaq-lym-h-øbv v ]pd v {]th-in- m³ \S- p {iaw F \ne-bnâ ax- -fn-te-bv på ]cn-hà -\- fpw, ax- sf \ho-i-cn- m-\på {ia-hpw, ax- sf ]p\àhm-bn- m-\på {ia- fpw tic-f- nâ \thm- m\ L«- nâ kw`-hn- p- p- v. c p-xcw kz`mh-am-bn-cp p C cw e y Ä v ]n nse kmaq-ly-t_m-[w. kmaqly-t_m[w hr n-bp-tsxpw AXp \nà½n- m-\på aqeyhpw kzcq]n- p. aqey- -fpss XpSÀ bpw {]Jym-]n- p. adp-h-i v aqey- n\v ]pd- påhcm- p-ibpw, aqeyw t]dp-hm\pw t]dm-xn-cn- m-\p-ambn hr nlo-\-cm n \ne-\nà p-ibpw snbvxp. C y³ kaq-l- nâ b{ - -fpss A`mhw t_m[-]qàæ-kr-jvsn-bm-bn-cp- p. hr n-lo-\x XpScp-hm-\mbn b{ - -fn-ãm kaq-l-am-bn-cp p IqSp-X A`n-Im-ayw. bqtdm-]y³ kaqlt - mä `n -ambn b{ - -sf- p-dn- på At\zj-W- Ä C y-bnâ Ipd-ªp-t]m-bXv C m-c-w- m-em-wv. sxmgnse-sp- p ASn-a-k-am\ PmXn-k-aq-l- Ä \ne-\nâ p p F H mas Imcyw. c m-a-t -Xm-hs«Cu kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw \jvs-s -Sm- Xn-cn- m³ b{ Ä m-bpå {iaw t_m[-]qàæw \S- m-xn-cn- pi 21. t]. 101, i -c-\m-cm-b-w³ ae- p-dw, AhÀW-] cn-\-bnâ Fgp-Xnb tej-\w. Xncp-hn- Xmw-IqÀ tzhkzw t_màunâ ]mà«vsssw im n- m-c-\mbn Xnc-sª-Sp- -s «Hcp DtZym- KmÀ n. Cug-h-\m-b-Xn-\m tpmen \ntj-[n- -s -Sp-Ibpw ]Icw BÀ pw {_mò-w-ssz-h- ]qp \S mw F v hmzn- m³ \mcm-b-w-kp-cp-hnsâ Nne ]mcm-b-w- sf sxämbn hymjym- \n- p- -Xns\ At±lw hnaàin- p- p.

hyh-lmcw 114 F e yw. {_mò-wni ax- nsâ {]hà \]²Xn F -s\-bmwv ZfnXv _lp-p³ kaq-l- nâ hyh-l-cn- -s -«Xv F -Xn-s\- p-dn v Zneo]v cmpv C s\ \nco- n- p- p. B[p-\nI ]qàh-ti-c-f- nâ GIm-ß- I-amb ax-a-ã, kaq-l- nâ D -\o-n-t{iwn \nàw-bn ax-hy-h-øbmwv \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp- -Xv. sszh- -sfbpw, BNm-c- -sfbpw htcwyw / km[m-cww F a«nâ \navt\m- -X-ambn hn`-pn- p-ibmwm hyhø snbvx-xv. ]mh-\hpw / \on-hp-ambn Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn- IÄ thàxn-cn- -s -«p. C cw hn`-p-\- sfbpw hà o-i-c-w- -sfbpw Ne-\m-ß-I-am- nb N«- -sf- m-bn-cp- p-sh- -Xn-s\- p-dn v kqn-\-iä am{xta e`y-am-bn-«p-åq. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ v bivjn-am-scbpw aäp \onmßm- -sfbpw Iogvs -Sp- m³ iàn-bp-å-xm-bn hniz-kn- -s -«Xpw IogvPm-Xn- m-cpss IqtSm-{X- fpw HSn-hn-Zy-Ifpw htc-wy-hn-`m-k- sf Gim- -Xm-sW p Icp-X-s -«Xpw C cw kqn-\-i-fmbn IW- m- mw. 22 ax Ä p-ånâ {]th-in- p-i -am-{x-a-ã, ax- Ä -I- p-xs ]cp-h- -fp- m- pi IqSn-bm-bn-cp- p. km[m-c-w-hpw, \on-hp-amb hymjym-\- -fnâ kzx{ Bßo-b-km- n-[y- sf BsI- s ]pd- -Åp-Ibpw, Ah-ti-jn- -h-sb, ZpÀhym-Jym\w \S- nbpw, ]nsn-s -Sp- pw, aeo-a-k-am- nbpw inyn-eo-i-cn- p-i-bm-bncp p. ]nxr-]qp \S- p {_mò-wnixbv v A -\- q- - msc kvacn- p- -hà Akw-kvIr- X-cm-bn. Imhpw {]Ir-Xnbpw ImÀjn-Im-tLm-j- fpw ]nsn-s -Sp- p-ibm-bn-cp- p. ]ÔmÀ]p-cn-bnse Úmt\-iz-cs\ {_mò-wà ]nsn-s -Sp- -Xn-s\- p-dn v im n-kz-cq]v _u² Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.* 3 Zkyp- fpw 22. t]. 178, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv. * 3 The Respected Mother, Rama Bhaai, Santhi Swaroop Baudh.

hyh-lmcw 115 Zmk- mcpw Bbn- oà P\-k-aq-l- -sf- p-dn v tum. Awt_-ZvIÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. alm-_-ensb simãp-ibpw cmjv{sw ssih-i-s -Sp- p- Ibpw snbvx-xn-s\- p-dn v IÃd kpip-am-c³ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.* 4 _p²hn-lm-c- sf I -S- p-ibpw Iog-S- p-ibpw snbvx \nc-h[n DZm-l-c- W- sf them-bp-[³ ]Wn- -tècn hnh-cn- n-«p- v. C -c- n-epå ]nsn- -S- -en-\pw, Iog-S- -en\pw tijw Bcw-`n- p CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv {_mò-w-hâ -cn- -s «Iogm-f-sN-dp-ssZ-h- Ä. Ch-bm-Is«Hmtcm L«- nepw sslμ-ho-b-x-bpss hb-dn-\p- ÅnÂs «p-sim- n-cn- p- p. B[p-\nI ticf kaq-l- nâ kw`-hn kap-zmb \nàan-xn-bnâ CXnsâ {]Xn-^ew C s\ hymjym-\n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 1936 Cug-hÀ v t {X-{]-th-i\w hne- -s -«-Xn {]Xn-tj- [n v Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. Hcp GI-I-WvT-amb {]ta-b- n-eqss lnμp-axw hnsm³ Xocp-am-\n- Xv DZm-l-c-Ww. kn.-]n. cma-kzman A À DS³Xs Cu `oj-wn-tbmsv {]Xn-I-cn- p. c p]- hpw Hcp-t]mse Icp-Xn-bXv Cug-hÀ lnμp-k-ap-zm-b- nsâ `mk-am-sw- mwv. kap-zmbw hnsp-sa `oj-wn-bn-eqss kap-zmbw \nàan-x-am-hp- -Xm-Wn-Xn ZÀin- m-\m-hp- -Xv. 23 sslμ-ho-b-xbv p ]pd v {]th-in- m-\på {iahpw sslμho-b-x-bm-hp- -Xnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-bn-cp p CXv. hnúm\ taje F \ne-bnâ kwkvirxw ]Tn-bv p-hm³ ]nt m kaq-l- Ä X mdm-b-xv, Bßm-`n-am-\- nsâ `mk-ambn sshzn-isc kap-zm-b- n\v Dcph-s -Sp- m³ {ian- -Xv, km¼- ni DbÀ -bn-eqss Pohn-X- n\v ASn- -d-bn-sp-hm³ A[zm-\n- Xv Hs - -s {_mòw sslμ-hn-b-x-bpss * 4. ZfnXv _Ôp-hnsâ ZfnXv ZÀi-\-{K-Ù- Ä, IÃd kpip-am-c³. 23. t]. 185, \h-kn-²m- - Ä, Zneo]v cmpv

hyh-lmcw 116 amxr-i-bn-te-bvt m, {_mò-w-ssl-μ-ho-b-xbv v Iog-S- m³ Ffp- apåxntebvt m F n-s -Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-b-xv. ZfnXv s]mxp-t_m-[-am-hs«t {X-{]-th-i\ XmÂ]cyw apt m- «p-h- -Xm-bn-cp- n-ã. AXv hyh-øm-]nx [mc-w-isf _ln-jvi-cn- p- -hbpw AXp-t]mse P\m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a- sf {]Xn-jvTn-bv m³ X msd-sp- -h-bp-am-bn-cp- p. F mâ tic-f- nse hyh-lmcw t {X-{]- th-i-\- n-tebv v Xncn-bp- Xv {i²n-bvt kwk-xn-bm-wv. iq{zt_m-[- nsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp p CXn {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- n-cp- Xv. Zfn-XÀ p-taâ Cu iq{z-t_m[w ASn-t  n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. iq{z-hy-h-lm-c- -fpss kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw tic-f- nâ {]hà n- Xv apjy-[m-c-bv p-th- n-bpå At\z-j-W- fpss `mk-am-bn-«m-bn-cp- p. Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-L-S-\-bn-eqsS kw`-hn-bv p km¼- ni {Ib-hn- {I-b-an-Ãm-bva, iq{z-k-aq-l- -fnâ s \nc-h[n ]pd-t¼m- p-isf \nà½n- p- p- v. C s\ ]pd-t¼m- p-ifmbn- o-cp- -hà kaq-l- nse \h-zài\ sf kzoi-cn- p-i-bmwv sn p- -Xv. tkmjy-enìv {]Øm- \- -fn-te-bv v, I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\- -fn-te-bv p-apå BIÀjWw C -c-samcp kmaq-ly-{]-xn-k-ôn-bnâ \n mwv Bcw-`n- -Xv. Htc-kabw kz w kap-zm-b-t m-ss, IpSpw-_-t m-ss, \S- p ]cn-jvi-c- Whpw, AtX-k-abw kmaq-ly-ambn I n-tnà m³ DX-Ip A -co- -hpw A\y- sf \nà -bn- p-i-bpw, AS-cp-IÄ p-ånse A\y- Ä AXp-sIm- p-xs kmaq-ly-cq-]o-i-c-w- nsâ BZy-]Sn \nà½n- p-ibp-amwv snbvx-xv. \in- -\m-bà, apsn-ª-am- f ({In-kvXy³), s]g tnmtim³ F o aq p A\y(other) - -fpss sfiy-b-i-b-hn-\n-a-b- - fn-te-bv mwv Zfn-Xcpw IqSn-t À -s -«-Xv. ChnsS c p {]txy-i-x-i-fp-åxv \in /\in- m-, apsnª/ apsn-bm-, s]g /s]g- m F n- s\ Hcp `n X kmaq-ly-ambn

hyh-lmcw 117 kw`-hn- n-cp- p F hkvxp-x-bmwv. \in + apsnª + s]g-. ]pxnb kmaq-ly-cq]w AXn\v FÃm- -c- nepw kam-\-cmbn I n-cp- Xv Zfn- X-sc-bm-bn-cp- p. Zfn-X-cn \in- m + apsn-bm + s]g- m F Hcp kmaq-ly-hn-`-p\w NÀ -sn- -s -«n-cp- n-ã. \in + apsnª + s]g F -Xns\m w Xmgv F på hn\n-abwiqsn {]hà n- p-ibm-bn-cp- p. C -c-samcp kmaq-lym-h-ø-bpss kz`m-hs amàiyq-knsâ A`n-{]m-b- nâ \ap v C s\ hne-bn-cp- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. hyàn sb Hcp hkvxp-\n-jvt-hy-h-ø-bpss Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-sa \ne-bnâ ]p\à \nàh-nn- p-i-bmwv ]pxnb kaq-lw. Bß-\n-jvT-X-bpsS awvu-es AaÀ snbvxp (supress) sim mwv Cu ]p\à \nàh-n\w km[y-am- p- -Xv. CtXmsS bpàn, kzmx-{ yw, IÀXrXzw, hnaài-\w, kzx- { -amb CÑ F n- -s\-bpå Iev]-\-I-sfÃmw Akw-K-Xtam Ak- Xytam Bbn- o-cp-i-bm-wv. hkvxp-\n-jvtx kzxz- nsâ am\-z-wvuambn amdp hnnm-c-k-{¼-zmbw ka-im-e-k-aq-ls kw_-ôn- n-st mfw AXns\ \ne-\n-ev]nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb ap p-]m[n Xs -bm- Wv. amà-iyq-knsâ `mj-bnâ ]d-ªmâ GI-am-\-amb Hcp hnnm-c-am- Xr-Isb AXnsâ kmwkvim-cni hyh-lm-c- fpss ka-kvx-x-e- -fnepw \nc- cw ]p\-cpxv]mzn- n- p-sim- mwv B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw \ne-\nâ p- Xpw hf-cp- Xpw 24 amàiyq-knsâ A`n-{]mbw {]k-à-am-ip- Xv CubÀ - n-em- Wv. GI-am\-amb hnnm-c-[mc A]-c- Ä n-s-bnâ B[p-\nI tic-f- nâ {]hà n- n-cp- p. F mâ AXv ]e-t mgpw bpàn-sb-bpw, kzmx-{ y-s -bpw, IÀXr-Xz-s bpw, hnaài-\-s bpw, kzx{ CÑsbbpw {Zhn- n v sslμ-hn-b-x-bpss ASn-t_m-[- nsâ Nme-I- -fmbn 24. t]. 34, \h-amàivknìv kmaq-ly-hn-aàiw þ Sn.-hn.-a[p

hyh-lmcw 118 AZÀiambn -Po-hn-X- n-ep- m-bn-cp p F hkvxp-x-bm-wv. \in- hà pw, Xpe-ª-hÀ pw ]ng- -hà pw sslμ-hn-b-x-bpss {]tz-i- - fnâ F pi F e y- nsâ `mk-am-bmwv tzio-b-{]-øm-\- -fnte- pw, I½yq-Wn-k- n-te pw Nme-I- -fm-bn- oà -Xv. CXm-hs«Zfn-X-scbpw khàw-ssl-μ-h-x-bn-te v hen- -Sp- n- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. c p-{]-iv\- -fmwv ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw a\-ên-em-t - Xv. H v ZfnXv þ BZn-hm-kn-IÀXrXzw kzoi-cn- -s -Sp-Itbm, amxr-i-bm- -s -Sp- I-tbm, At\z-j-W-]-c-am-hp-I-tbm snbvxn-ã. kmwkvim-cn-i, cmjv{sob, kuμ-cy, hyh-lmctaj-e-bn-sem pw Xs ]cm-aàin- -s -«n-ã. amxr-i-bm- -s «KmÔn-b³ tziob {]Øm\w sslμ-h-h-evi-cn- p- -Xn-te- pw, amàivkn-b³ ZÀi-\- n\v Hcp kzx-{ -A-t\z-j-W-tam, I½yq-WnÌv kwkvim-ctam CÃmsX Ccp-«n p-ibpw snbvx-t mä (iq-\y-am-bn) B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw ZmÀi-\n-I-hpw-þ-B-ZÀi-]-chpw þ kmwkvim-cn-ihpw þ kmaq-lyhpw þ cmjv{so-b-ku-μ-cy-]-c-hpw, XXzimkv{Xw þ sszh-imkv{xw XpS- n-b-h-bnepw iq\y-amb B[p-\nI kaqlw AZÀi-ambn sslμ-h-k-hàw-h-ev -cn- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. amàivkn-b³ kao-]-\- Ä p-ånse C.-Fw.-Fkv amàivknsâ \nco- -W- -fnse ]ng-hp-iä AYhm Ah-bpsS C y³ þ Gjy³ kaq-l- -fpss Ahy-à-X-IÄ NÀ sn p- Xv DNn- X-am-bn-cn- pw. {]txyi coxn-bnâ ]c-kv]cw \nà -bn- p-sim v \nesim-f-fp At\Iw Xe- -fp-ssbpw (levels) {]tbm-k-a-wvu-e (instances) - -fp-ssbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qàw-amb Hcp hyh-ø-bpss A]qÀWamb Awi- Ä F \ne-bn-e-ã, kzbw k¼qàw-amb LS-\-I-fm-bmWv Ah {]hà n- p- -Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-epÅ ]c-kv]c _Ô-s - p-dn- p k -ev]-amwv amàivkn-k- nse ka-{k-x. * 5 kzbw ]qàw- * 5 t]. 52, \h-amàivknìv kmaqly hnaàiw, Sn.-hn.-a-[p.

hyh-lmcw 119 amb LS-\-I-fmbn ticf kaqlw AXnsâ B[p-\nI bqwnäv {]hà n- n-«p-t m? am{x-hp-aã kzbw k¼qàw-x-bpss {ia- ÄXs ]c-¼cm-kx Xmev]-cy- -fpss XpSÀ -bm-bn-cp p F pw sxfn-bn- -s «hkvxp-x-bm-wv. C.-Fw.-F-Ên-s\- p-dn- på \nc-h-[n-]-t-\- Ä A -c- nâ {it²-b-am-hp- -Xm-Wv. simtfm-wn-bâ `c-w- nsâ Bcw-`- nâ s Hcp Cw ojv aounbw kviqä Bcw-`n- p-ibpw A½ At±-ls B kviqfnâ Ab- p-ibpw snbvxp. \¼q-Xncn kap-zm-b- nâ Cw ojv hnzym-`ymkw e`n BZy-hy-àn-I-fn-sem-cmfmbncp p At±-lw. tic-f- nse BZys a{ n-k-`-bnâ Awt_-ZvIÀ t\sn-s m-sp kwh-cw koän- \- p-d v Hcp a{ n-sb-t mepw kw`m-h\ sn m³ C.-Fw.-Fkv a{ nk` Xmev]cyw ImWn- nã. am«n-d n Gsd Xn p tic-f- nâ kkymlm-cn-bm-bn-«mwv C.-Fw.-Fkv Adn-b-s -«-Xv. 25 asäm v \¼q-Xn-cn- msv F PmXn-\m-a-{]-tbm-K- n-eqss PmXnsb Øm]n- p-ibpw ZfnXv _lp-p-\- Ä p-taâ \¼q-Xn-cn, \mbà, \mb-\mà, tat\m³, ]Wn- À, A À, t]män F n- s\ PmXn \ma- -fpw, PmXn-hy-h-lm-c- fpw Øm]n-s - Sp- p-ibpw, A[n-Im-c-cq-]- -fmàön-bv m³, \in þ ]ng F n- s\ kz w PmXn-bnse A\y- Ä v Øm\w \nà½n v simsp- pi IqSnbm-bn-cp- p. Im m sfe -bpss A`n-{]m-b- nâ {_mò-wn-k-s - än {i²m-]qàh-amb au\w ]men- p-ibpw amàivkn-k-s - än AXn-hm- Nm-e-ambn kwkm-cn- p-ibpw snbvxp-sim- mwv C.-Fw.-Fkv RmWnt  fn km[n-x-{]m-b-am-b-xv... {_mò-wn-ks Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xambn Hcn- epw At±lw I n-cp- n-ã... C y-bpss Imcy- nâ ]p ³ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹hw Akm-[y-am- p Xc- nâ PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\n- 25. t]. 7þ8, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_à, 2005.

hyh-lmcw 120 p. AXp-sIm- p-xs PmXn-\nÀaq-e-\-sa Hcp {]mtbm-kn-i-l«w Chn-sS A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu hn¹-h-l-«-s - än k¼qàw-amb au\- amwv \¼q-Xn-cn- msv ssisim- Xv. 26 C s\ {_mò-wy-xsb aqsn-h-bv p kmaq-ly-{]-hà -I³ F \ne-bnâ C.-Fw.-Fkv AtX \mhp-sim v i -cs\ DbÀ n- n- Sn- p-ibpw snbvxp. CXp-hgn i -cs\ Øm]n- p- -Xn-te-bv mwv CS-Xp-] w ]tcm- -s -«-Xv. sx w AS- p Iogmf Bßo-b-[mcsb Iem-cq-]-am- n-s m v ]pd- -Åp-I-bm-bn-cp p F -XmWv c mas Imcyw. \nc-h[n Zfn-Xv_-lp-P³ Bßo-bmt\zj-W- sf \nêmc-hâ -cn- p- -Xn-eqsS ]pd- -Åp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. PmXn-sb- p-dn v au\w ]men- p Hcp I½yq-WnÌv ]mà«nsb cq]-s -Sp- m³ Ignªp F - XmWv \¼q-Xn-cn- m-snsâ hnp-b-c-l-kyw... t_m[-]qàæw Xs, tic-f- nâ {_mò-wnkw Ah-km-\n- -Xmbn tic-f-p-\-xsb hniz-kn- n- m- \-t±lw {ian- p. 27 F v Im m sfe A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. kwkvimcw, kuμcyk -ev]w, cmjv{so-bw, kmaqlyw F o taj-e-i-fnse B[p- \ni kaq-l- nsâ _e-lo-\-x-bmwv ChnsS {]Xn-^-en- p- -Xv. B[n-Im-cn-I-amb AÚ-X-sIm v tic-f- nsâ \nà m-b-iamb ]e tnmzy- -sfbpw C.-Fw.-Fkv XÅn- -d-bp-i-bm-bn-cp- p F v Sn.-Sn. {ioip-amà A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp- p. 28 C y³ I½yq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-hpw, tic-f-n-cn-{xhpw X mdm- n-bn-«på C.-Fw.-Fkv A ³Imfn-bpsS kac- sf ImWmsX t]mhp- p- v. CXv At±-l- nsâ B[n-Im-cn-Iamb AÚ-X-bm-bn-cp- p. kmln-xy-nà -I-fn ZfnXv taj-e-i-fnse Fgp- n-s\bpw AXp-sIm v Xs Hgn-hm n kwkm-cn- m-\mwv C.- Fw.-Fkv {ian- -Xv. 26. t]. 10, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_à, 2005. 27. t]. 10, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005 28. t]. 20, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005

hyh-lmcw 121 sp. tzhn-i-bpss A`n-{]m-b- nâ C.-Fw.-Fkv ]d- n-en-sâbpw {]hà n-bp-ssbpw c p-xcw kao-]-\- Ä h p-]p-eà n F p-å-xns\ kw_-ôn- m-wv. kv{xok-aq-l- nsâ hnim-k- n-\mbn hmnm-e-am-hp At±lw {]mtbm-kn-i-amb Hcp cq]hpw apt m-«p-h-bv msx hyh-øm- ]nx ]pcp-j-l-s-\sb AwKo-I-cn- p-ibpw \ne-\nà p-i-bp-am-bn-cp p F hnaài\w DbÀ p- p.* 6 Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³, C.-Fw.-F-Êns\ hnaàin- p- Xv C -c- n-em-wv. sxt C y-bnâ {_mò-w³ ]cm- -t`m-pn-i-fmb C nä - n-i-fm-sw ISp hnaài\w t\cn- «n-cp-s mcp Ime-L-«- nâ... sxt -bn- y-bpss kmaqly km¼- ni ]cn-hà -\- nse \nà m-bi LS-I- -fn-sem- mbn {_mò-wsc `qx- Im-e- nâ {]Xn-jvTn- m³ amàivknìv coxn-{iaw ChnsS D]-bp-à-ambn- oà p. 29 Cugh{]Øm-\- -fpw, C.-hn. cma-kzman {]Øm-\- n-sâbpw {]Xn- ^-e-\-amwv {_mò-wn-i-xsb _ln-jvi-cn- m³ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ n-sbnât]mepw {ia- -fp- m-b-xv. \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m- m-\på C.- Fw.-F-Ênsâ {]Jym-]-\- Ä v At±lw Xs Nne hgn-iä Xncsª-Sp- p-ibpw snbvxp. Cu \ne-]m-sp-iä ]expw {ZmhnU \nco- -W- sf XÅn- -d-bp- Xpw {_mò-wn-ks kwc- n- p- \nà p- Xpambn-cp p F v Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ tic-f- nâ hcp- -Xn\p ap¼p Xs PmXn \ne- \n- n-cp p F v Øm]n- p- p v C.-Fw.-Fkv Xsâ \mj-wâ Iz̳ F {KÙ- nâ... 1948se c mw ]mà«n tim {Kkv PmXn-{]-iv\s _lp-p-\- -fpss sfiyw XIÀ m-\på _qàjzm-x{ w 30 F p hnfn v Hgn-hm- n- -f-bp-i-bm-bn-cp- p... asämcp hkvxpx \¼q-Xn-cn-am- * 6 t]. 23, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005. 29. t]. 26-þ27, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005. 30. t]. 34-þ35, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005.

hyh-lmcw 122 cpss GIo-I-cW {]hà -\- -fmwv tic-f- nsâ sfiy-l-s-\bv v Ipd-s - nepw ASn- -d-bm-bxv F på C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco- -W- -fm-wv. *7 C s\ amàivkn-k- n-sâbpw ]ptcm-k-a\ kz`m-h- n-sâbpw \ma-t[bw tic-f- nsâ PmXn-þ-km-aqly AS-cp-I-fn Imcy-amb kv]ài- \- n\v apxn-cm-xn-cn-bv m-\pw, Xt±i P\-k-aq-l- -fpss BÀÖ-h- Ä pw, XpSÀ -IÄ pw tafnâ {_mò-wn-ix Øm]n-s -Sp- p-hm\pw Ignªp F n-s- mwv C.-Fw.-Fkv AXn Xsâ ISa ]qà n-bm- p- -Xv. C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco- -W- nepw {]hà -\- n-ep-ap-s-\ofw Zfn-X-cpw, ]nt m _lp-p-\- fpw kwkvim-c-iq-\y-cpw, {]mir-x-cpw, Bbn-cp- p. adp-h-i v kwkvimc k¼- -hpw, kpir-x-hp-ap-å-h-sc \ne-bnâ {_mò-wy- nsâ B[p-\nI hymjym\w ZfnXv _lp-p-\- Ä v taâ \S- m- p-i-bm-bn-cp p At±-lw. ticfw ASn-Øm-\-]-cambn {i²n-bvt kwkvim-cw, Ncn-{Xw, kuμ-cy-k- ev]w F n-hbn-sem-s - s C.-Fw.Fkv ZfnXv _lp-p-\-k-aq-ls thcv apdn v ]Xn-X-cm- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. Im sfe ]d-bp- -Xp-t]mse I½yq- WnÌv ]mà«n v C y-bnâ A[n-Imcw e`n- n-cp-s - nâ AhÀ Awt_- ZvIsd PmXn-hmZn F pw hnl-s-\-hmznsb pw ap{z-ip n Pbn-en AS- m³ asn- n-ãm-bn-cp- p. 31 A{X-am{Xw PmXn-hy-h-Øsb kwc- n- pibpw, khàw-pmxn amaq-ep-i-fpss AZÀi-\-S- n- p-im-cmbn B[p- \ni tic-f- nâ (C- y-bnâ) {]hà n- p-ibpw snbvxp F -XmWv I½yq-Wn-k- nsâ A{]m-[m-\y- nsâ {]m[m-\yw. * 7 ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005. (C.-Fw.-F-Ên-tâXv {_mò-wniv `qx-im-es DbÀ n- n-snbv p ZÀi- n-tâ-xm-wv F Zneo]v Fw. tat\msâ \nco- W Ä C³tkm- nmv Z ]mìv (Hm-Ivt^mUv bqwn-th-gvknän {]Êv, 1999) F kam-lm-c- nâ\n pw ]cn-tim-[n- mhp- -Xm-Wv) 31. t]. 8, ] - p-xn-c, sk]väw-_àþ2005

hyh-lmcw 123 4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ kao-]-\- Ä B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ {ia- -fm-hs«zfnxv Ah-t_m-[s \njv{]-`-am- p-ibpw amàivkn-k- nsâ bqtdm-skâ-dniv kao-]-\- n\v Xpey-ambn bqtdm{inkvxy³ km[y-xsb tic-f- nsâ kmaq-ly-a-wvue- nâ Øm]n- pi am{x-am-bn-cp p snbvxp-h- n-cp- -Xv. C.-Fw.-F- Ên\v {_mò-wn-ks ASn- -«nâ kwc- n-t - -Xp-Å-Xp-t]m-se- Xs ss{ikvx-k-hàw-xbv v Htc kabw sslμh khàw-x-sbbpw, bqtdm skâ-dniv km¼- ni A[n-Imc taj-e-sbbpw \ne-\nà phm\pw \nc- cw Øm]n-bv p-hm\pw XÂ]-c-cm-bn-cp- p. B[p-\nI `mc-x- nse cmjv{sob {]Xyb imkv{x- sf NÀ sn p Fw.-Fw. txmakv tic-f- nâ ss{ikvxh khàw-x-tbmsv Ie-ln ZfnX {ia- sf Hgn-hm- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. ss{ikvxh s]mxpk-aq-l- n\v Akv]Àiy-amb hnjbw F \ne-bnâ ]m¼msn tpm tpmk^v {]Øm-\-s -bpw, k -tdäv AUvan-\n-kvt{Säv {]Øm-\- nsâbpw (_n-j v Ìo^-sâbpw aäpw ap³i nâ \S- ) CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Hgn-hm n \nà p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. KmÔn-Pn-þ-amÀIvkv-þ-{InkvXp Úmt\- \z-j-w- n\v apxn-cp C cw {ia- Ä ZfnXv At\z-j-W- sf A]- l-cn- p-i-bpw, Npcp- p-ibpw timf-\n-cq-]- -fnse XpSÀ -bmb bp-am³/ ASn-a (master/slave), \nco- -Ws {]hà n-x-am- pi am{x-hp-am-bncp- p. XnI pw {InkvXo-b-amb ASn- -d-bnâ \n p-sim v Awt_- ZvIsd hnaàin- p Fw.-Fw. txmakv ss n-fn-\p-th n hnizm-k- sf Dd- n- p-ibpw Bßo- -bx F AÔ-hn-izm-ks {]N-cn- n- p- Xpw C -s\-bm-wv. axw a\p-jy\p th nsb {]amww XnI pw {InkvXo-b-amWv. sslμ-hn-b-xsb \ntèjw ]cm-p-b-s -Sp- pi F Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco- Ww A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amWv F v

hyh-lmcw 124 At±lw hne-bn-cp- p- p. Iptd- qsn hyxy-kvxhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-hpamb hnaài\w tam -Zm-Xm-hns\bÃ, amà m-t\z-j-i-sc-bmwv a\pjyà m-hiyw F Awt_-ZvIÀ \ne-]m-sn-t\m-sp-å-xm-wv. 32 ax-s -bpw, cmjv{s-s -bpw, Ipdn pw ax-cm-jv{s-s bpw Ipdn- p-apå Fw.-Fw. txmakv \nco- Ww {InkvXp-ZÀi-\- -fnâ \n v teihpw thdn-smsx ]n p-s-cp- p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kztz-in-{]-w-bs tdma³ It m-en k` ASn-Øm\ sszh-im-kv{x-ú-\mbn AwKo- I-cn- p txmakv AIzn-\m-knsâ kzm`m-hni \nb-a t msv Xmc-Xay-s -Sp- p- p. 33 Alnwkm amà - nâ KmÔn-Pn v kw`-hn-bv p ]cm-p-bs {InkvXp-hnsâ kl-\w, XymKw, XpS- n-b-h-bn-eqss Xpe\w snbvxv t\m p- p v Fw.-Fw. txma-kv. 34 [màan-i-x-bpss NÀ bv v hnip² ]utem-knsâ A`n-{]m-bs A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kao-]-\s \nco- n- p- p. 35 adp-h-i- m-is«awt_-zvià ZÀi-\- sf hnaài-\-]-c-ambn kao- ]n- p Fw.-Fw. txmakv C -s\-bmwv kam-l-cn- p- Xv Hcp axhpw _p²-axw t]mepw, tihew amàk-zàiiw am{x-ambn \ne-sim-åp- n- Ã. kxy-amàkw ]n pscm³ Bß-i-ànbpw a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-a-s{X. 36 F m-bn-cn mw Fw.-Fw. txmakv apt m-«p-h-bv p Bßiàn? Bß-iàn {]Zm\w sn m³ _p²-a-x- n\v Ign-bmsX t]mhp- Xv F p-sim- m-wv? ChnsS a\-kn-em-t hkvxpx c p-hn-[- nâ tic-f- nse (`m-c-x- nse) B[p-\nI ss{ikvxh ZmÀi-\n- IX Zfn-X-scbpw Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\- -sfbpw Hgn-hm- p- p v F - XmWv. ax- Ä v taâ ]cn-jvi-c-w- n\v Blzm\w sn p Awt_- 32. t]. 144, B[p-\nI `mc-x- nse cmjv{sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X- Ä, tum. Fw.-Fw. txma-kv. 33. t]. 113, B[p-\nI `mc-x- nse cmjv{sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X- Ä, tum. Fw.-Fw. txmakv. 34. t]. 95, 35. t]. 94, 36. t]. 144,

hyh-lmcw 125 ZvIÀ \nco- -Ws AXv \ntj-[n- p- p. AYhm _p²a-xs AXnse {_mò-wo-bxsb hntozn- p-sim v Awt_-ZvIÀ apt m-«p-hbv p- \ntbm _p²-a-x-{i-a- Ä. asäm- v, Awt_-ZvIÀ PmXn-\nÀ½qe\ {KÙ- nâ s]mxp-k-aq-l-t msp tnmzn- p {][m\ tnmzy- - fn-sem- v. Akv]Àiys\ \ho-i-cn- m³ FÃm ]cn-jvià m- fpw {ian- p- p. F mâ Cu ]cn-jvià m- Ä AhÀ Ahsc kzbw ]cn-jvi-cn- p- -Xns\ pdn v kzbw Nn n- n-«pt m F tnmzyw. Fw.-Fw. txma-km-hs«cxc ax- sf ]cn-jvi-cn- m³ Bh-iys -Sp- -Xn-eqsS ss{ikvx-hn-b-xsb AXnsâ bqtdm A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ôhn-izmk cq]- nâ s C y³ ZfnXv þ _lp-p-\- Ä p-taâ Øm]n p hbv p-i-bm-wv. c m-as hkvxpx sslμ-hn-b-xsb tnmzyw sn m\pw XIÀ m\pw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco- -W- n-\m-hptam F kwib- n-eqss htc-wy-ssl-μ-ho-b-x-bp-ambn sfiy-s -Sp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS ss{ikvx-ho-b-xbv v ]cn-t  msx htc-wy-ssl-μ-ho-bx kzbw Gsä- Sp- p-sim v hnp-bn- p-i-bm-wv. aq m-axv _p²-a-x-s bpw AXnsâ kmaq-ly-þ-im-kv{xo-b-þ-bpàn t_m[-s bpw Xf-fn- -d-ªp-sim v ss n-fnsâ A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ô-hn-izmk þ bqtdm-]y³ timfm-wn-bâ amìà þ {_mò-wni htc-wy-xsb AwKo-I-cn- p-i-bm-wv. tic-f- nse kn.-fw.-fkv k`m-n-cn{xw ]cn-tim-[n- mâ hyàam-hp hkvxpx Bßo-bm-[n-Im-c- n-te p {]th-in- p ZfnXv ]ptcmln-x- m-sc-bm-bn-cp p iq{z-þ-{_m-ò-wni ]ptcm-ln-x- mà shdp- n-cp- -Xv. ]ptcm-lnx Øm\ n-s\-xn-sc-bpå aõcw PmXn-hy-h-Øbv v Imc-W-am-hp- p v F Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco- -W-amWv ChnsS Fw.- Fw. txmakv \ne-]m-sns\ hnaàin- m³ t{]c-w-bm-hp- -Xv. kn.-fw.- Fkv ss{ikvx-h-k-`m-n-cn{xw CXc k`-bpss Ncn-{X- nâ\n pw thdn«h mwv F Xv hkvxp-x-bm-bn-cn-s - s Zfn-XÀ p-taâ {]tbm-kn-

hyh-lmcw 126 p \ne-]m-sp-i-fpss s]mxp-cq-]-amwv ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aàln- p- - Xv. \qdv sshzn-ià iq{z-þ-{_m-òw kaq-l- nâs]-«-h-cm-wv. AhÀ v k`-bn-epå AwK-_ew Ccp-]-Xp-i-X-am-\-hpw. F ]-Xp-i-X-am\w P\- X-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n \qän H m-axv F p ZfnXv sshzn-i³ am{x-am- Wv. timà^oâuv Xncp-ta\n ]{ v sshzn-isc ZfnXv kap-zm-b- nâ \n pw Xnc-sª-Sp- m³ {ian p F p-å-xmwv kn.-fw.-fkv k`-bv p- Ånse sk -td-j³ {]ta-b- n-\pw, Zfn-Xsc ]pd- -Åp ]nfà ntebv pw Imc-W-am-bn- oà -Xv. 37 {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw {InkvtX-X-c-cp-amb ]nt m kap-zm-bmw-k- fpw _lp-hn-[-amb Ah-i-X-IÄ A\p-`-hn p sim n-cp L«-am-bncp p AXv. Imb-t -i-i-c-amb tpm-en-iä snbvxp-sim v ASn-a-IfpsS \ne-bnâ AhÀ Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. s]mxp-\n-c- p-iä, N - IÄ, It -cn-iä F o s]mxp-ø-e- -fnâ AhÀ {]th-in- p- -Xns\ XS-b-cp-sX p Kh-s âp N«- Ä D m-bn-cp-s - nepw Ah {]mtbm- Kn-I-am-bn-cp- n-ã. Ah-cpsS Ip«n-IÄ hnzym-e-b- -fnâ ]Tn- p- -Xp- Xs CXc kap-zm-b- mà \ncp-õm-l-s -Sp- n. ]Tn- p-hm³ s]mbvs m- n-cp Ip«n-Isf the sn p-hm³ \nà_-ôn- n-cp- p. tncaà kap-zm-b- nâs]«hcp Ip«nsb tim«bw skan-\m-cn-bnâ ]Tn- m³ A\p-h-Zn- -t mä henb {]t m-`- Ä D mbn; X qew B Ip«nsb skan-\m-cn-bnâ \n pw hn«p-i-f-tb n h p. F nepw PÀa³ anj³imcpss klm-b- mâ AbmÄ sim n-bnâ sn p ]Tn- p-ibpw AhÀ B Bfns\ ]n osv Hcp ]«- m-c-\m- p-ibpw snbvxp. Cu hnhcw 1892- þse ae-bmf an{xw amkn-i-bnâ tcj-s -Sp- n-bn-«p- v. 38 37. t]. 115-þ120, kn.-fw.-fkv k`m-n-cn-{xw, tum. Ìo^³ h«- md. 38. t]. 42, ixm_vzn kvac-w-iä, dh. C.-sP. Nmt m.

hyh-lmcw 127 ChnsS hyà-am-hp Nne Imcy- Ä Zfn-XÀ v A[n-Im-c-hpw, ]ptcmln-x-]-«hpw \ÂIp- -Xn CXc kap-zm-b- Ä t¾ñx ImWp- p. ss nfnsâ kmaq-ly-\o-xnsb s -bmwv Cu kao-]-\-t mss CX-c-k-ap-Zmb- Ä tnmzyw sn p- -Xv. AtX kabw k`-bnâ \n v ]pd- p-t]mhmsx Cu P\-k-aq-ls k` hnizm-kn-i-fm n \nà p-hm³ B{K-ln- bpw sn p- p. Fw.-Fw. txma-kns\t mepå ss{ikvx-h-zmài-\n-i- m-cm-hs«cxns\ ]cm-aàin- m-xn-cn- -bpw, _p²-axw AS- -apå Zfn-XcpsS Bßob kzmx-{ y-s, ss n-fnsâ hymjym-\- ÄsIm v ]cm- P-b- -Sp- p-hm³ {ian- bpw sn p- p. CXv sslμ-h-cpw, amàivknìv ZmÀ-i-\nI {]mtbm-kn-i-hm-zn-ifpw Zfn-XÀ p-taâ \S- p Bßob `uxni IS- m-{i-a-w- nsâ ss{ikvx-h-cq]w am{x-am-wv. 5. \h-amàivkn-b³ kao-]-\- Ä amàivkn-k- nsâ \h-zài-\- nâ \n p-sim v tic-f-k-aqlw F{X-am{Xw Ab-YmÀ - -fpss Npän-h-cn-b-en-\p-Ån-em-sW v ]cn-tim- [n- mw. hyxykvx LS-\-IÄ At\ym\yw B{i-bn- p-ibpw \nàwbn- p-ibpw sn p kwl-s-\-bmwv amàivkn\v kaq-lw. DXv]m-Z-\- i-àn-ifpw _Ô- fpw IqSn-t -cp At[m-L-S\ (base-structure) bpw cmjv{so-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb c v Xe- sf DÄs m-åp D]-cn-L-S-\- (Super structure) bp-amwv AXnse tncp-h-iä. hnti-{μn- Ir-X-tam, _lp-ti-{μo-ir-xtam Bb LS-\-bm- -W-Xv. 39 amàivknsâ kmaq-ly-l-s-\m-cq-]- -sf- p-dn- på Cu kao-]-\- Ä C y-\-h-ø-bnâ A]qÀW-am-hp- p. C y-\-h-ø-bnâ hyxykvx-x-iä F s\ B{i-bn- p p F Xv GI-]- o-b-x-bn-eq- p- - XmWv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn- p-t¼mgpw lcn-p-\- Ä, ]c-¼-cm-kx Ipe- 39. t]. 53, \h-amàivknìv kmaqly hnaài-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 128 s m-gn-enâ GÀs -Sp- -hà A«n-a-dn v hnt[-b-cp-am-wv. Cu A«n-adn kz`m-h-amwv kn.-fw.-fkv k`-bp-ss-bp-ånepw I -Xv. sshzni hr nbn-te v {]th-in- p AhÀ A«n-a-dn- -s -Sp- p. k`m {]iv\w ImâÀ_dn _nj- n-se- n-bn«pw ZfnXv sshzn-ià sshzn-i-hr- n-bn-se- msx CXc sxmgn-ep-i-fn-se-t n h p. CXn-s\-bmWv Im m sfe hyà-am- p- Xv t]mfnäv _yqtdm-bn-tebv v DS-s\-sbm pw Zfn- Xs\ ImWm³ km[y-x-bnã F v. C.-Fw.-Fkv {_mò-wn-i-xsb AZÀi-ambn Øm]n- m³ {ian- p AtX t_m[-t m-ss-bmwv ss{ikvx-hà ]cn-hà nx ss{ikvxh-cmb Zfn-Xsc ]pd- -Åp- -Xv. B[p-\nI kmaq-ly-l-s-\-bpss en_-dâ CS- nâ F ns\ {_mò-wo-bx {]th-in- p p F -XmWv CXp-sIm v AÀ -am- p- - Xv. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S F -c- n-emtwm {_mò-wn-i-xbv v {]th-in- m³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp- p- Xv. AXn\v kam-\-amwv tic-f- nse C cw {]th-i-\- -fpw.* 8 * 8 KmÔn-bpw alm-ßbpw: tkmc-jv]qà PnÃ, 1921-þ22, F jlozv Aao³ sâ {]_-Ô- nâ KmÔn sszh-\m-a- n-te v hnti-jn- -s -Sp- -Xpw, KmÔn AXv`pXw {]hà n- p Znhy- \m-bn- o-cp- Xpw hyà-am- n-bn-cn- p- p. kztz-in se {]hà -\-^-e-ambn _\m-d-knsebpw AbÂ{Km-a- n-sebpw {_Ò-Nm-cn-IÄ ax-{]-nm-c-icpw lnμp Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw BNm-c- -sf-bpw-ip-dn v {]`m-jww \S- n. bmk- Ä kwlsn n s -«p, kwkvir-x-]m-t-im-e-bpw, tkmim-ebpw Øm]n- -s -«p. cmweoe DÕ-h- Ä aps- msx \S- -s -«p. XÀ -]-cn-lm-c- n-\mbn PmXn ] m-b p Øm]n- -s -«p. Nadp-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-kx sxmgnâ _ln-jvi-cn- m³ X m-dm-bn. IÅv, azyw, ark-_en F n-hbv v hne- p-iä PmXn-]- m-b- p-iä {]Jym-]n- p. XpI -Wn-bn \n pw ]n n-cn-bm³ {]Jym-]-\- Ä Na-dp-IÄ \S- n. arks m-en-bp-cn- m\pw P n-iä v \nà_-ônx the-sb-sp- p- -Xn \n pw ]n n-cn-ªp. taâpm-xn- m-cpss ho«p-th-e-i-fnâ\n pw kv{xoisf Hgn-hm- m³ Na-dp-IÄ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp- p. F mâ AtX-k-abw KmÔn-`-P-\p-I-fpsS XpS- hpw, alm-ßsb FXnÀ p Xv \nch[n A\n-jvS -fn-te v Xncn-bp- -Xn-sâbpw A\p-`-h- -fp- m-bn. I t]m-f-iä A\- m³ ]äm-sx-bm-bn-t m-hp-i, s\ v No -bm-bn-t m-hp-i, ico-c- nâ ZpÀKÔw han- p-i. aewsim v `h\w kzbw A`n-tjIw sn -s -Sp-I. AXn\p kam-\-amwv tic-f- nse C cw {]th-i-\- -fpw. KmÔn-tbmSv kwkm-cn- mâ ]ng CuSm-t n hcp-sa p ]dª P n-bpss ap¼nâ `oam-imc-cq]w {]Xy- - -Sp- p. inh-]qp sn Ww F v `b-s -Sp- p- p. KmÔn-b³ XXz-kw-ln-XtbmSv FXnÀ v {]I-Sn- n- p- -hà v ho«nâ Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Xo]n-Sp- -ap- m-hp- p. acp-a- I³ acn- p- p. Im ho n thz-\n- p- p, hn{klw A{]-Xy-am-hp-Itbm howp-in-s- p- Itbm sn p- p. amwkw ` n- -hà XpSÀ -bmbn OÀ±n- p- p. aõyw ]pgp-h-cn- n-cn- p- p, azyw Ign- m³ t]mb-h-gn-bnâ IÃpw I«bpw s] p- p, F n- s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-

hyh-lmcw 129 \h-amàivkn-b³ \nco- -W- -fpss shfn- - nâ Chsb ]cntim-[n- m³ {ian- mw. kmaq-ly-im-kv{x- nsâ hni-i-e-\-am-\-z-wvu- nâ hyàn pw kaq-l- n\pw ]pd- på Hcp hni-i-e\ amxr-ibmwv amàivkv Xnc-sª-Sp- p- Xv F v A q-kà kqnn- n- p- p. {]txyi coxn-bnâ ]c-kv]cw \nàw-bn- p-sim v \ne-sim-åp At\Iw Xe- -fp-ssbpw (levels) {]tbmk awvu-e (instances) - -fpssbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qàw-amb Hcp hyh-ø-bpss A]qÀW-amb Bi-b- Ä F \ne-bn-e-ã, kzbw k¼qàw-amb LS-\-I-fm-bm-Wv Ah {]hà n- p- -Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-eqÅ ]c-kv]c _Ôs - p-dn- p k -ev]-\-amwv amàivkn-k- nse ka-{k-x. 40 C y-\-h-ø-bnâ hyxy-kvx-x-iä F s\ B{i-bn- p- p F Xv GI-]- o-b-x-bn-eq- p- -Xm-Wv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn- pt¼mgpw lcn-p-\- Ä, ]c-¼-cm-kx t¾ñ Ipe-s m-gn-enâ GÀs -Sp- - hà A«n-a-dn v hnt[-b-cp-am-wv. AXp-sIm- p-xs kaqlw F krjvsn ]e-s mgpw ]mxn-kr-jvsn- (Half build)) bmbn \ne-\nâ p-ibmwv snbvxn-«p-åxv. amàivkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ tum. si.-f³. KtWinsâ A`n-{]mbw C -s\-bm-wv. ]s m³]xmw \qäm- nsâ D cmà[- nâ simtfm-wn-bâ \b- -fpss kz`m-h- -fnâ amä- Ä h p. C y³ a[y-hàk- n\v ]cn-an-x-amb txmxnâ `c-w- nâ ] m-fn w \ÂIp \bw Ah-bn {][m-\-s -«-Xm-Wv. 41 -fmwv {]hà n- -Xv. temd³kv _m_v ]d-bp- -Xp-t]mse sslμ-ho-b-x-bn-te- på ASbmf- -fm-bmwv CXv {]hà n- -Xv. aew, aq{xw, Dan-\oÀ, BÀ -h-c-àw, adp-]n-å, N I p-im-en, AXnsâ Dev]- - Ä, am«n-d- n, XpIÂ, Ch-sbms sslμ-ho-b-x-bnâ Aip- ²-am-Wv. C cw Aip-²-X-bpsS {]hà -\- -fmwv IqSp-X kw`-hn- -Xv. KmÔn-\m-a- nâ At]- n- mâ \jvs-s -«Xv XncnsI In«pw F v A\p-`-h-km- y- -fp- m-bn. KmÔnbpsS t]cnâ t\à t\à -t mä ImWm-Xmb I ns\ XncnsI In«n, \jvs- «]Ww XncnsI In«p-I, InW-dn Pe-\n-c v Db-cp-I, adn-ªp-how acw kzbw \nhà v XfnÀ p-i, Pe- n\v ]pjv]- nsâ kpkôw e`n- pi F n- s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-{]-hÀ -\- Ä. \mbm-sn, Na-dv, {_mò-w³ CXc PmXn ax kaq-l- Ä F n-h-bnâ sslμ-h-ambn {]hà n- p-i-bm-wp- m-b-xv. Hcp Xcw hnizmk AÛpX {]hà -\- nsâ KmÔn, asäm-cp-hn-[- nâ sslμ-h-kz-cm-pnsâ KmÔnsb BWv ChnsS ImWm-\m-hp-I. (Io-gmf ]T-\- Ä FUnäÀ: kqkn Xmcp, Fkv, krvpo-hv) 40. t]. 52, \h-amàivknìv kmaqly hnaài-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p. 41. t]. 389, tic-f- nsâ C -se-iä, si.-f³. KtW-iv.

hyh-lmcw 130 C y³ a[y-hàkhpw simtfm-wn-bâ A[n-Im-c-_-Ôhpw hnhn[ t]cp-i-fnâ amàivkn-b³ \nco- -IÀ hnfn- p A[n-Im-c- nsâ ] ph-bv  Bbn-cp- p. AÀ² simtfm-wn-bâ AÀ² ^yquâ F pw, ]p ³ simtfm-wn-bâ F pw hnfn- -s -Sp Hcp-Xcw A[n-Im-c- _Ôw F pw Nne I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ hymjym-\n- n-«p- v. C y³ simtfm-wn-b-enkw Nne Ah-k-c- -fnâ Zfn-XÀ pw CXc ]pd-t¼m- p-iä pw ]cn-an-x-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i- Ä \ÂIm³ k -²-ambn-«p- v. F mâ a[yakm-aq-ly-hn-`mkw (hàk) D]-cnkmaq-ly-hn-`mK (hàk) fm-hs«ah-cpss taj-e-bnâ C cw A[n-Imc hn\n-a-b- n\v X m-dm-bn-«n-ã. am{x-hp-aã P\-Xsb `n n- n pw F hymjym-\- mâ AXns\ Hgn-hm- m³ {ian- pi IqSn-bm-bn-cp- p.* 9 A[zm-\- n-eq-ss-bmwv a\p-jyà kzxzs \nc- -c-ambn ]p\à \nà½n- -pibpw kzbw hni-kn- n p-ibpw sn p- Xv F mwv amàivknsâ \nk-a-\w. 42 C y-\-h-ø-bnâ A[zm-\- n-teàs]-sm- -h-cmwv a\p-jy-sc Øm\- n-\àl-cm-bn-cn- p- -Xv. A[zm-\n- m-xn-cn- pi (`u-xn-i-am-bpw, Bßo-b-am-bpw) F t_m[-amwv C y-bnâ \à a\p-jys\ \nà½n- p- -Xv. A[zm-\n- p a\p-jys\ kw_-ôn- n-s-t mfw Ch-cpsS \nco- -W- nâ arkw, Pohn, Ipd-hp-ffhÀ F o Øm\-amWv \evi-s -Sp- -Xv. a\p-jyà F t_m[- n-te v ico-cs DÂ]m-Z-\, \nàam-w- n\v D]-tbm-Kn- p- -h-sc-bpw, a\-êns\ Dev]m-Z-\, \nàam-w- n\v D]-tbm-Kn- p- -h-sc-bpw, C y-bnâ ]cn-k-wn- p- n-ã. B[p-\nI kaql- nâ DXv]m-Z-\-\nÀam-W-{]-hÀ -\- n\v icocw hne p- -hsc ]cn- * 9 Cu hnj-b-s - p-dn- på tum. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS What Congress and Gandhi Have done to untouchabls F {KÙw ImWp-I. 42. t]. 105, \h-amàivknìv kmaq-ly-hn-aàiw. Sn. hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 131 K-Wn- mâ s bpw amàivknsâ \nco- -W- n\v ]cn-an-xn- I-ev]n- - s -Sp- p. sl_àam-knsâ (Hebermas) \nco- Ww Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco- - W-hp-ambn IqSp-XÂ tnà p \nâ p- p. Bß-hn-Nm-c-ti-jn-bmWv hnaài\w F Úm\ cq]- n-\nsw \Â p- -Xv...-D-Xv]m-Z-\-hr- n-b-ã, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hr n (Communicative action) bmwv Cu aþ-e- n-\-sn-øm\w. a\p-jysâ Bß-cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb kmaq-lyamb A[zm-\- n-sâbpw kmaq-ly-k-l-hà n- z- n-sâbpw Xe- - fn-emwv \S- p- -Xv... c v Xe- -fp-ssbpw {]kàn Xncn- -dntb- p-xp- v. c m-as Xe- n\v th ]cn-k-w\ \ÂIm³ amàivkn- \m-bn-ã. 43 kmaq-ly-d-ev]m-z-\w, kmaq-ly-k-l-hà n-xzw, a\p-jysâ Bßcq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb F n-h-bnâ amàivkn\v kw`-hn- p ]cm-p-bs Xncn- -dn-bp- n-s- mwv `mc-xo-b-amb kmaq-ly-cq-]o-i-c-w- -fpss ]cnanxn amàivkv a\-kn-em- m-xn-cp- -Xns\ IqSp-XÂ hyà-am- m³ Ignbq. Bßo-b-ambpw `uxn-i-am-bpw, km¼- n-i-ambpw kmaq-ln-i-ambpw XIÀ p-t]mb Hcp P\-X-Xnsb {]Xn\n[m-\-am- m-\mwv Awt_-ZvIÀ {ian- p- -Xv. `uxn-i-xsb am{xw amàivkv Du p- -Xnsâ ]cn-an-xnsb _p²-t\m -Im-dÂamÀIvtkm F {]_-Ô-\- nâ Awt_-ZvIÀ ]T- \-hn-t[-b-am- p- p- v. A ÀIÀXr-\n-jvT-amb (Inter subjective) _Ô- -fp-ss-bpw, XoÀ p-i-fp-ssbpw awvu-e-s - p-dn- p-ff sl_àam-knsâ \nco- Ww Bi-bw, Xmev]-cyw, aqeyw, hnizm-kw Ch-bpsS {]Xo-Im-ßI hn\n-a-bs bpw ka-\z-b-s bpw kqnn- n- p- p- v. 44 kmt -Xn-I-hn-Zy, bm{ n- 43. t]. 106, \h-amàivknìv kmaq-ly-hn-aàiw. Sn. hn. a[p. 44. t]. 107, \h-amàivknìv kmaq-ly-hn-aàiw. Sn. hn. a[p.

hyh-lmcw 132 I-X, A[zm\w F n-h-bnâ Du p- - amàivkn\v AXn-\m s kmwkvim-cn-i-a-wvu-e- nsâ _e-x-{ -]-c-xsb Imcy-ambn kv]àin- m-\m-hnã. kmwkvim-cni bpàn-bp-ssbpw, `uxn-i-x-bp-ssbpw _e- X{ þ kz`m-hs Awt_-ZvIÀ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn- p- p- v. amàivknsâ bm{ n-i-]-t\w asäm-cà - nâ apx-em-fn- - n\v IqSp-X Icp- pw, Znim-t_m-[hpw \evip- p- v. a\p-jy-ti-{μo-ir-x-k-ao-]-\w, A[z\tI{μo- Ir-X-k-ao-]-\w, `uxn-i-am{x kao-]\w F nh DXv]m-Z-\- n-sâ-bpw, em`- n-sâbpw hni-i-e\ CS- -fn-te v amàivkn-k-s - s D]- tbm-kn- m³ Ign-bp- -co-xn-bnâ apx-em-fn- (Capitalism)- n\v hgn-s - Sp- p v amàivknkw (Marxism). slkâ Iogmf hàks knhnâ kaq-l- nsâ ZrjvSn-bneqsS ImWp-t¼mÄ amàivkv Iogm-f-hÀK- nsâ ZrjvSn-bneqsS knhnâ kaq-ls ImWp- p. _qàjzm-hàk- nsâ \nàan-xn-bnâ A\y-cm-hp- -h-cmwv Cu Iogm-f-hÀKw. 45 Iogm-f-hÀK- nsâ ]mfn-isf F ns\ Xncn- -dn-bm³ Ignbpw F Xv amàivknk- nsâ `mc-xo-b-amb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-bn-cp- p. amàivkn-k- nsâ Xs {]iv\-am-bn-cp- p. X«p-I-fm-hp a\p-jy-k-aql-s - p-dn- pw, kmaq-ly-hn-`m-k- fm-hp \nc-h[n A\y- -sf- p-dn- pw, kmwkvim-cn-i-ambn ]pdw-x-åp aän-xc kmaq-ln-i-cq-]- -sf- pdn pw amàivkv kqnn- n- p- n-ã. Iogm-f-hÀK GI-I n\pånâ s ]c-kv]cw ssiam-dm³ hnk-½-xn- p ssz\w-zn\ncy-i-fp- m-bn-cp- p. bqtdm- nâ t]mepw sxmgn-emfnhàkw F Hä am\-i- n-\p-ånâ Idp- -hà (Blacks) asämcp Ah-Øsb t\cn-sp- p- v. Idp- -hcpw, PqZ- mcpw sfiy-s -Sp L«- n-\p-tijw PqZ- m-cmâ Idp- -hà ]pd- -Å-s -«n-«p- v. Pn]vkn-Ifpw Idp- -hcpw khn-ti-j-amb sfiyhpw 45. t]. 46. tzio-b-x-ifpw kmln-xyhpw. C.-hn. cma-ir-jvw³.

hyh-lmcw 133 thdn-sepw \S- n-bn-«p- v. amàivknsâ \nco- -W- nâ Ch-sbÃmw Hä GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw AXm-bXv km¼- ni GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw CXchpw {][m-\-s -«Xpw NÀ -sn-t - -Xp-amb ]e am\-i- fpw ad- p-hbv m³ t{]cn-x-am-hp-ibpw Ch {]iv\-hâir-x-am-hmsx t]mhp-ibpw snbvxn-«p- v. C y-\-h-ø-bnse ssz\w-zn-\-n-cy-iä P\-\-s bpw, Po-hn-X-s bpw, ac-w-s bpw ac-wm-\- -c-po-hn-x-s bpw \nàwbn- p- -h-bm- Wv. Ch-bpsS \nc- -c-km-[y-xsb ImWm-\m-hmsX t]mhp C y³ hymjym-\- -fn-epw, ticf{]mhà ni taj-e-i-fn-epw, sxmgn-em-fn-i-fpw, sxmgn-emfn {]Øm-\- fpw ]cn-lcn m\m-hmsx t]mhp X«p-Isf km¼- n-i-zài-\- nsâ t]cnâ ad-bv m³ {ian- p-i-bmwv snbvxn- «p-å-xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bn hni-kn t{suv bqwn-b\pi-sfm-s - s PmXn-t{i-Wn-bp-sS-tbm, PmXn-kzXz fp-sstbm AS-bm-f- sf t`zn- m- \m-hmsx \ne-\n p F p ImWmw. IÅv sn v (Toddy tap), IÀj- I-s m-gn-emfn (Land Labours), _mà_à (Barber), kzà s mgnemfn (Gold Smith) Ccp-¼p-]Wn (Black smith) \nà½m-w-{]-hà IÀ (Artisans) Chbnsems PmXn t_m[hpw, -PmXn kaq-l-iq-sn-t -c-epw, hn`-p-hpw XpSÀ p hcp- p- v. C s\ CS-I-e-cmsX ssz\w-zn-\-am- - s -«n-cp PmXn-am-\- -fpss sxmgn-em-fn-hà -{]-Jym-]-\- Ä ]uc-k-aql- Ä F t]cnâ kaq-l- nâ ImWmw. ka-c- fpw, {]t m-`- fpw DÄs À p-sim- mwv ]uc-k-aqlw krjvsn- -s -«-Xv. Cu ]uck-aq-l-amhs«kap-z-mb, D]-Pm-Xn, {]Øm-\- -fn-eq-ss-bmwv {]th-in- Xv F -Xp-sIm- p-xs kmap-zm-bnixsb {]iv\-h-ev cn- msx FSp- p-]-tbm-kn v cmjv{sobx Zznap-Jkaqls Htc-k-abw krjvsn- p- I-bm-bn-cp- p. `c-w-ip-s- nâ ] m-fn w t\sp AtX L-«- nâ s kmap-zm-bn-i-i-àn-i-fm-hm\pw, Btcm-Kyw, hnzym-`ymkw, `pan, I -hsw