The European X-ray Free- Electron Laser Facility in Hamburg Massimo Altarelli European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility 22607 Hamburg, Germany massimo.altarelli@xfel.eu
Some Third Generation Synchrotrons Diamond, Sources Didcot, UK ESRF, Grenoble, France 2 PETRA III, Hamburg, Germany
6 Chemistry Nobel Prizes to Synch. Rad. Work! 1988 J. Deisenhofer, R. Huber and H. Michel (Photosynthetic centre) 3 1997 J.E. Walker (F1 ATPase) 2003 R. McKinnon (Cellular ion channels) 2006 R.D. Kornberg (RNA polimerase) 2009 V. Ramakrishnan, T. Steitz, A. Yonath (Ribosome) 2012 R. Lefkowitz, B. Kobilka (G-protein coupled receptor)
Important properties of storage ring sources 4! Fundamental limits to brilliance! Reduction of pulse length below the ~ ps scale only with strong reduction of intensity! Not well suited for sub-ps dynamic studies!
T = 235 K Simulations of Water Structure T = 340 K 5 High-density structure Low-density structure 10.6 nm Wikfeldt J. et al., Chem. Phys. 134 (2011) 214506
Characteristic time scale ~ 1 ps 6
X-ray diffraction from liquids 7 Slow, incoherent Fast, coherent => Speckles! Hologram
Molecular structures without crystallization 8
Do it fast: before the molecule explodes! 9 Simulation 3x10 12 photons at 12 kev in 100 nm focus" Neutze, R., Wouts, R., van der Spoel, D., Weckert, E. Hajdu, J. (2000) Nature 406, 752-757" " Very short pulses are needed " FEL!
Wanted A more brilliant X-ray source, with: wavelength down to ~ 0.1 nm ==> atomic-scale resolution 10! ultrashort (<1 ps) pulses! ==> molecular movies! ultra-high peak brightness transverse spatial coherence ==>investigation of matter under extreme conditions ==>imaging of single nanoscale objects, possibly down to individual macromolecules (no crystals)
A short history! 1979 1984 The idea of a single-pass FEL for short wavelengths is introduced in the independent work of A. M. Kondratenko and E.L. Saldin FEL s (1979) and R. Bonifacio, C. Pellegrini, and L.M. Narducci (1984). The latter authors coin the term self-amplified spontaneous emission, or SASE, to describe the amplification process on which x-ray FEL s will eventually rely. 11 Synchrotrons
The European XFEL in the International Context LINAC COHERENT LIGHT SOURCE LCLS 2009-120 p/s Hard x-ray FEL s: the global picture 12 2011-60 p/s SACLA SPring-8 Angstrom Compact LAser Swiss XFEL (2016), 100 pulses/s Korean XFEL, (2015)) 60 pulses/s
Hard x-ray FEL Projects European XFEL Facility 13 2016-27 000 p/s
The TESLA technology! 1992 In an international collaboration at a test facility at DESY, scientists begin to develop and test the technology for the Tera-Electronvolt Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) project. This technology will eventually form the basis for the European XFEL. 14! 1997 The international TESLA collaboration led by DESY publishes a conceptual design report for TESLA, a linear collider with an integrated X-ray laser facility.
15! 2003 The German government decides to cover around half of the investment costs for the dedicated X-ray laser facility described in the TESLA TDR supplement, provided the rest is borne by European partner countries. This decision leads to intense negotiations on funding and participation. The 100 m long TESLA test facility is extended to a total length of 260 m and modified into an FEL user facility for photon science experiments with vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray Radiation: FLASH
FLASH at DESY FLASH The first SASE FEL operating in the soft X- rays, down to 4.5 nm (+3rd, 5th harmonic!) 1.2 GeV TESLA Superconducting Linear Accelerator 16
2009: Signature of Intergovernmental Agreement 17 Representatives of 10 countries sign an Inter-governmental agreement Hamburg, 30.11.2009
Organization of the European XFEL Project 18 In-kind Contributions Accelerator Consortium Coordinator: DESY Institutes from D, F, I, CH, PL, ES, RU, CN, SE Other In-kind Contributors European XFEL GmbH Council Chair R. Feidenhans l Management Board Managing Directors M. Altarelli, Chair C. Burger, Admin. Director Scientific Directors S. Molodtsov A. Schwarz T. Tschentscher + 180 people from 28 countries! (250) Advisory Committees SAC MAC AFC IKRC + Det. AC Lasers AC
12 countries contribute to the European XFEL Facility 19! In-Kind contributions represent a non-cash benefit transfer of: SK ES SE CH DK FR A technical component, and the personnel needed for its installation and integration on site, or Personnel made available for specific tasks during the construction phase (seconded staff) RU Each country contributes either in cash, in-kind, or both PL IT HU GR DE Distribution of total contributions July 2013 Serge Prat IKC Coordinator
Accelerator Consortium 20
The European XFEL 21 Some specifications! Photon energy 0.3-24 kev! Pulse duration ~ 10-100 fs! Pulse energy few mj! Superconducting linac. 17.5 GeV! 10 Hz (27 000 b/s)! 5 beamlines / 10 instruments # Start version with 3 beamlines and 6 instruments! Several extensions possible: # More undulators # More instruments #. # Variable polarization # Self-Seeding # CW operation First beam late 2015 17.5 GeV SASE2 (= SASE1) SASE1, λ u = 40 mm 0.2 0.05 nm SASE3, λ u = 68 mm 1.7 0.4 nm
Comparison of the X-ray FEL Projects 22 LCLS (USA) SACLA (JAPAN) EUROPEAN XFEL (SASE1) Max. Electron Energy (GeV) 14.3 8.0 17.5 Minimum Wavelength(nm) 0.15 0.06 <0.05 Peak Brilliance 1.5 10^33 1. 10^33 5. 10^33 Average Brilliance 4.5 10^22 1.5 10^23 1.6 10^25 Pulses/s 120 60 27 000 Photons/pulse 10^12 2 10^11 10^12 First Beam 2009 2011 2015
European XFEL Project - Time Structure 23 Electron bunch trains! (with up to 2700 bunches à 1 nc)! 600 µs! t 100 ms 100 ms! Δt = 220 ns! 188 fs 100 fs Photon pulses! FEL! t t process! t
High repetition rate challenges 24 Optics Group, H. Sinn X-ray optics! withstand repetition rate! exhibit high accuracy Sample Env. Group, J. Schulz Sample delivery! match repetition rate! positioning Photon diagnostics! on-line & single-shot! match repetition rate Diagnostics group, J. Grünert Optical laser! match repetition rate! provide ~mj excitation energy Laser Group, M. Lederer Detectors! match frame rate! large data amounts Detector Group, M. Kuster Courtesy Th. Tschentscher
The European XFEL: the world s brightest x-rays 25 Undulator Tunnels First users: 2016 Injector at DESY campus Experimental Hall in Schenefeld Linear Accelerator 2 km long 17.5 Billions electron-volts
Linac Tunnel, 1.9 km 26
Superconducting TESLA Technology 27 100 8-Cavity modules, 1.4 km, 17.5 GeV Electron Energy Module: 8 X Cavities Niobium Cavities
Accelerator Module Prototype PXFEL1 28
Niobium cavities, cryostats, magnets,, 29
Undulators and Photon Beamlines 30 SASE2 (= SASE1) SASE1 0.2 0.05 nm SASE3 1.7 0.4 nm 35 x 5m sections, 40 mm period 21 x 5m sections, 68 mm period
Undulator Segment (5m) 31
Undulator Laboratory, Hall 36 32
Schenefeld campus 33
Experiment Hall and Headquarters Building: artist s impression 34
Experiment Hall, June 2013 24 April 2013 35
Six day-one scientific instruments 36 Hard X-rays SPB: Ultrafast Coherent Diffraction Imaging of Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules # Structure determination of single particles: atomic clusters, bio-molecules, virus particles, cells. MID: Materials Imaging & Dynamics # Structure determination of nano-devices and dynamics at the nanoscale. FXE: Femtosecond X-ray Experiments # Time-resolved investigations of the dynamics of solids, liquids, gases HED: High Energy Density Matter # Investigation of matter under extreme conditions using hard X-ray FEL radiation, e.g. probing dense plasmas Soft x-rays SQS: Small Quantum Systems Investigation of atoms, ions, molecules and clusters in intense fields and non-linear phenomena SCS: Soft x-ray Coherent Scattering/Spectroscopy Electronic and real structure, dynamics of nanosystems and of non-reproducible biological objects
37 Thank you for your attention!