COOPERATION IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING BETWEEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND JAPAN

COOPERATION IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING BETWEEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND JAPAN Une, H. 1 and Shimoyama, Y. 2 1 Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping / Survey of Kenya 2 Geographical Survey Institute, Japan ABSTRACT The history of the cooperation between African countries and Japan in the fields of surveying and mapping started with a mapping project in Tanzania in 1973. Main players of the surveying and mapping cooperation were national mapping organizations of concerned African countries, the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI), i.e. the national mapping organization of Japan, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), an official implementing organization of the technical cooperation programme of the Government of Japan. Since then, various kinds of cooperation have been taken place, such as:! Mapping project as JICA s Development Study; JICA, with the technical advice of GSI, has carried out 22 mapping projects with counterpart organizations of 16 African countries. In order to conduct a study, firstly JICA enters into a contract with a private company and then, dispatches a study team consisting of Japanese engineers to a targeted country. Practical survey is promoted with the close cooperation of a national mapping organization of a concerned country according to the Scope of Work, which was agreed in advance between the Preparatory Study Team of JICA (generally headed by a director-level official of GSI) and a counterpart organization. Product specifications such as area to be mapped, scale of the map, methodology and so on, are defined in the Scope of Work. Modern technologies including GPS surveying, satellite remote sensing and automated photogrammetry, have been applied. Results of the project are handed over to a counterpart organization.! Dispatch of Japanese Experts; JICA has dispatched Japanese experts on surveying and mapping to various African countries. Long-term experts are expected to reside in a country for one to three years to provide technical advices. Up to now GSI has dispatched 25 long-term experts to 5 African countries.! Training in Japan; JICA has invited a large number of trainees. Among them approximately 130 surveying & mapping engineers from African countries have received training in GSI. Durations of training courses vary from one to eleven months.! Project-type technical cooperation; JICA conducted a project-type technical cooperation project called Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping (KISM) from 1994 to 2001. Project-type technical cooperation consists of dispatching of long- and short-term experts, grant aid of equipments and training of staff in Japan. KISM project aimed at fulfilling the Kenyan and African economy with qualified personnel in possession of advanced technology in the fields of surveying and mapping. It was successfully completed in September 2001. 1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION OF JAPANESE GOVERNMENT IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING Most of the African Continent was colonized by European countries during the late 19 th and early 20 th Centuries. Even during this Dark Age, efforts for surveying and mapping had been made. Such European countries needed precise geographic information to manage and control their colonies and protectorates therefore they actively promoted surveying and mapping of their colonized areas by themselves. For example in Kenya, the British Government established the Survey of Kenya in 1903 to promote geodetic control survey and topographic mapping. Since then, together with the Directorate of Colonial Survey, the Survey of Kenya had actively implemented various surveys such as the establishment of the Arc Datum, triangulation network survey, leveling survey and topographic mapping. The British Government, through the Directorate of Colonial Survey and its successor the Directorate of Overseas Survey had a strong influence on the implementation of the surveying and mapping in Kenya up to 1970s. However, it was the matter of course that the former governing countries, either gradually or suddenly, stopped surveying and mapping of their former colonies after the independences of the countries. As a principle, the promotion of surveying and mapping of the territory of a country is one of the most basic fundamental functions of its government. Surveying and mapping are the basic tools necessary for orderly national development, especially for young and potential countries. Proceedings of the 21 st International Cartographic Conference (ICC) Durban, South Africa, 10 16 August 2003 Cartographic Renaissance Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies

The precise maps, aerial photos and other geospatial data are indispensable for planning and implementation of development projects. Despite the consciousness of such importance of surveying and mapping, some developing countries could not manage to carry out necessary surveying and mapping works due to the lack of appropriate technology transfer and handing over of the necessary equipment by the former governing countries, and the economic constraint. Since 1960s, the Government of Japan has promoted various technical assistances in the field of surveying and mapping. Technical cooperative activities can be grouped into three categories: namely, acceptance of trainees, dispatch of experts and cooperative projects. The scope of these activities is steadily expanding into all phases of these fields, and the results are gaining increasing importance. At the Second United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East held in Tokyo in 1958, the importance of professional education in surveying and mapping for technical personnel of developing countries was recognized. As an outcome of this conference, Japan started, after a five-year preparation period, a group training course in surveying and mapping at the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI), a national mapping organization within the Ministry of Construction, in 1963. Since then, GSI has accepted approximately 560 participants to its group training courses and individual trainings. In 1964, GSI sent out four senior staff members to survey the national boundaries between Saudi Arabia and adjacent countries, which is marked as the first dispatching of Japanese surveying and mapping experts to foreign countries. Since then, GSI has sent more than 300 experienced engineers as technical assistance experts. Approximately 250 of them were dispatched as short-term experts, who generally remain from several weeks to two months, to carry out particular projects based on requests to the Government of Japan from the recipient governments, while others are longterm experts who stay longer than one year and cooperate with their host governmental organization by providing technical assistance. In 1971, Japan started its first overseas mapping project in Indonesia to prepare national base maps of that country. Since then, Japan implemented mapping projects with more than 30 countries. Scales of the maps as the products of the projects vary from 1:2,500 to 1:200,000 including digital data, and methods vary from traditional analogue mapping to digital mapping and use of satellite image as well. 2. COOPERATION IN SURVEYING AND MAPPING BETWEEN AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND JAPAN The history of the cooperation between African countries and Japan in the fields of surveying and mapping started with a mapping project in Tanzania in 1973. Main players of the surveying and mapping cooperation are the national mapping organizations of concerned African countries, the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI), i.e. the national mapping organization of Japan, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), an official implementing organization of the technical cooperation programme of the Government of Japan. Since then, various kinds of cooperation have been taken place. 2.1 Mapping project as JICA s development study JICA, with the technical advice of GSI, has carried out 22 mapping projects with counterpart organizations of 16 African countries. In order to conduct a study, firstly JICA enters into a contract with a private company and then, dispatches a study team consisting of Japanese engineers to a targeted country. Practical survey is promoted with the close cooperation of a national mapping organization of a concerned country according to the Scope of Work, which was agreed in advance between the Preparatory Study Team of JICA (generally headed by a director-level official of GSI) and a counterpart organization. Product specifications such as area to be mapped, scale of the map, methodology and so on, are defined respectively in the Scope of Work. Modern technologies including GPS surveying, satellite remote sensing and automated photogrammetry, have been applied. Results of the project are handed over to a counterpart organization. Table 1 shows the mapping projects ever implemented in Africa. Table 1. Mapping projects of japan with african countries. Country Name of project Contents Term Tanzania Topographic Mapping Project for 1/50,000 topographic mapping 12,730km 2 1973-1976 Musoma Area, Republic of Tanzania The Topographic Mapping of Mwanza- Geita Block in the United Republic of Tanzania 1/50,000 topographic mapping 25,500km 2 1991-1995

Table 1. continued Country Name of project Contents Term Kenya Guinea Tunisia Morocco Senegal Niger Uganda Ghana Angola Mali Madagascar Mozambique Burkina Faso Swaziland Gambia Kenya Topographic Mapping Project for East Kenya Area Topographic Mapping Project in East Kenya Topographic Mapping of South Kenya in the Republic of Kenya Projet de Cartographie de la Republique Populaire Revolutionnaire de Guinee Projet de Cartographie Topographique en Tunisie Topographic Mapping of Central Region Projet de Cartographie Topographique Essentielle Du Royaume Projet d elaboration de la Carte National Topographique de L ouest du Senegal Study on Infrastructure Information Management System of the Dakar Metropolitan Area Zone du Dressage de la Carte Topographique du Djerma Ganda et Dallols en Republique du Niger The Topographic Mapping of Kampala and Jinja Blocks, North of Lake Victoria in the Republic of Uganda The Topographic Mapping of the Southern Part in the Republic of Angola Establishment of Comprehensive Geographic Database System for the National Rehabilitation and Development National Topographic Mapping of the Republic of Mali in the Kita Area The Establishment of a Database for Geographic Information Systems of the Capital Area in the Republic of Madagascar The National Topographic Mapping in Niassa Province in the Republic of Mozambique The Study on the National Topographic Mapping of the Southwestern Area in Burkina Faso The Study on Digital Mapping Project for the smooth implementation of the Development Plan in Swaziland Study for Establishment of Geographic Database in the Republic of the Gambia Study for Establishment of Spatial Data Framework for the City of Nairobi 1/50,000 topographic mapping 27,000km 2 1975-1980 1/50,000 thematic mapping 14,700km 2 1981-1983 1/100,000 thematic mapping 14,700km 2 1/50,000 topographic mapping 29,800km 2 1987-1990 1/50,000 topographic mapping 12,000km 2 1977-1981 1/50,000 orthophoto mapping 245,000km 2 1/200,000 topographic mapping 83,000km 2 1985-1988 1/50,000 topographic mapping 27,000km 2 1990-1993 1/25,000 topographic mapping 8,500km 2 1988-1990 1/50,000 topographic mapping 25,500km 2 1988-1991 1/5,000 establishment of geographic information systems 1999-2001 1/50,000 topographic mapping 27,000km 2 1992-1995 1/50,000 topographic mapping 28,000km 2 1994-1998 1/50,000 topographic mapping 25,500km 2 1996-2000 1/100,000 topographic mapping 120,000km 2 1/30,000 orthophoto mapping 67,000km2 1/25,000 GIS development 1,000km 2 1997-2002 1/50,000 topographic mapping 10,600km 2 1998-2001 1/10,000 Digital Map 250km 2 1998-1999 1/50,000 topographic mapping 32,000km 2 1998-2000 1/50,000 topographic map database 20,600km 2 1998-2001 1/10,000 orthophoto mapping 17,363km 2 1999-2001 1/50,000 digital topographic mapping 11,295km 2001-2002 GIS framework data 1/2,500 digital topographic mapping 170km 2 2003-2005 1/5,000 digital topographic mapping 415km 2 1/2,500 Spatial Data Framework 170km 2 1/5,000 Spatial Fata Framework 415km 2 1/15,000 aerial photo 700km 2 Model GIS 5km 2

2.2 Dispatch of Japanese Experts JICA has dispatched Japanese experts on surveying and mapping to various African countries. Long-term experts are expected to reside in a country for one to three years to provide technical advices. Up to now GSI has dispatched 25 long-term experts to 5 African countries, i.e. Kenya, Malawi, Liberia, Morocco and Senegal. At present, one Expert stays in Kenya as an advisor for Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping (see 2.5. of this paper) and Survey of Kenya, and another one had stayed in Senegal before February 2003. Duration of short-term experts stay varies from several weeks to six months. Typical tasks of the short-term experts are to transfer technology in surveying and mapping, provide technical advices, give lectures at workshops, operate shortterm survey together with the personnel of the recipient organizations such as establishment of a geodetic datum and model GIS system etc. As a recent example, JICA dispatched two GIS Experts to Department of Land and Survey of Uganda in November 2002. They carried out an analysis of the present situation and the problems of surveying and mapping in Uganda, implemented a technology transfer on map digitizing, and made proposals of the way forward of the Department. Photo 1. Technology Transfer of GPS Observation by a Japanese Expert in Kenya. 2.3 Training in Japan JICA has invited a large number of trainees in surveying and mapping to the training in Japan. Among them approximately 130 surveying and mapping engineers from African countries have received training in GSI. Duration of training courses varies from one to eleven months. GSI has conducted two group training courses. One is the Group Training Course in Surveying and Mapping, and the other is the Group Training Course in Global Mapping. The purpose of the former course is to contribute to upgrading the knowledge and skills of the participants in the field of surveying and mapping so as to enable them to play important roles in nationwide surveying and mapping projects, conduct quality control and process control, and apply advanced technologies in surveying and mapping processes. The latter course is designed to introduce the significance and the technical background of the Global Map, and to support developing countries to prepare the Global Map so that the participants in the course are expected to enhance technical skills for producing the Global Map. Besides these two group training courses, the individual training program is prepared in order to meet the needs of each trainee and his/her home government. 2.4 Third Country Training Though GSI has made best efforts to accept as many trainees as possible, the number is limited. In order to provide more training opportunities for the eastern and southern African countries, JICA has conducted two Third Country Group Training courses in the Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping (KISM). Third Country Training Programme is one of JICA s cooperation schemes, where a counterpart country transfers technology obtained through a JICA programme to neighboring countries under the financial and technical support of JICA. This is an efficient way of benefiting the technology transfer as much as possible, and provides a good opportunity for KISM lecturers to demonstrate their command of transferred technology. Responding the increasing demand for GPS training in eastern and southern African countries, JICA started a Third Country training course on GPS Survey in 1998. Objectives of the course were designated as to; Understand the fundamental theory of Global Positioning System; Appreciate the wide applications of GPS; Carry out GPS surveys

using Static, Kinematics and Stop & Go Surveys; Carryout GPS surveying for various applications; Carry out GPS data processing in their respective countries on various GPS projects. The first course was held for three weeks in November and December 1998, which was highly evaluated by the participants. Since 1999, this programme has been implemented in August. Every year, fifteen participants from twelve to thirteen countries of the region have participated in this course. This course was designed to be continued annually for five years, and successfully completed in2002. However, neighboring countries strongly request further continuation of the training of GPS. Therefore, KISM is requesting JICA to expand this programme for another five years with expanding its contents so as to meet African Geodetic Reference Frame (AFREF) development In August 2001, JICA started another Third Country Group Training Course on GIS. The number of participants and the invited countries of this course are the same as GPS course. Objectives of this course were to; Understand the concepts in GIS and spatial data; Create spatial data from maps; Carry out GIS analysis; Carry out various data presentation. It will be held annually until 2005. Photo 2. Third Country Training Course in GIS. 2.5 Establishment of Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping JICA conducted a project-type technical cooperation project called Kenya Institute of Surveying and Mapping (KISM) from 1994 to 2001. Project-type technical cooperation consists of dispatching of long- and short-term experts, provision of equipment and training of staff in Japan. Initially, KISM Project was agreed to continue for five years, and later extended by two years as follow-up cooperation until September 2001. This project was accompanied by a grant aid cooperation for construction of physical facilities and provision of equipment in 1996 and 1997. KISM project aimed at fulfilling the Kenyan economy with qualified personnel in possession of advanced technology in the fields of surveying and mapping. During the period of seven-year cooperative project, JICA deployed 22 long-term and 47 short-term Japanese experts, accepted 34 training participants in Japan, granted the construction of the building that consisted of classrooms, laboratories, hostels etc., and provided necessary equipment such as GPS receivers, total stations, analytical stereo plotters, computers with GIS software, printing machines. The Kenyan Government consolidated the KISM organization; composed of about 50 lecturers, and supporting staff of about the same size. KISM is implementing pre-service Diploma courses (three years) on land surveying, cartography, photogrammetry & remote sensing and map reproduction, and in-service Higher Diploma courses (two years) on land surveying, cartography and photogrammetry & remote sensing. KISM project as the project-type technical cooperation was terminated successfully in September 2001. KISM is expected to continue, or expand, its capacity to undertake all these tasks with ease for its sustainability through expanding its function as the capacity development center in surveying and mapping in eastern and southern African region, and the transition to a semi-autonomous institution. 3. CONCLUSION The authors conclude this discussion by pointing out two issues that should be considered in the future implementation of the cooperation in surveying and mapping between African countries and Japan.

First one is the importance of capacity building. Implementation Plan of WSSD adopted by the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, September 2002, requires actions to support countries, particularly development countries in their national efforts to collect data that are accurate, long-term, consistent and reliable, and access, explore and use of geographic information by utilizing the technologies of satellite remote sensing, satellite global positioning, mapping and geographic information systems (Paragraph 133). Third Meeting of the Committee on Development Information (CODI 3) of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, held from 10 to 17, May 2003 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, recommends that Africa must take its ownership of its future by developing its own SDI. The concept of ownership was also supported by the Japan s basic policy. In the policy speech made by Ms. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 2002, she expressed that African development has to be initiated and led by Africans themselves. And for such efforts to bear fruit, the international community should respect the initiatives of Africa and support its efforts from an equal position. Responding to Japan's idea, Africa clearly demonstrated its ownership through the elaboration of New Partnership for Africa s Development (NEPAD) and the establishment of the AU. The international community, including Japan, highly appreciates these efforts and achievements. These statements are clearly stressing the importance of the own efforts of the African countries to develop their geospatial framework, and the support from the rest of the world. In this context, capacity building in African countries in surveying and mapping is one of the most essential aspects to be considered. Establishment of KISM, dispatch Experts and implementation of trainings, both in Japan and in Kenya, are among direct means for capacity buildings in survey and mapping. Moreover, through the processes of implementation of cooperative projects with African countries, relevant organizations and personnel of Japan have put high priority on the technical transfer through human relationship. Minister Kawaguchi also mentioned that Japan attaches great importance to "human-centered development" as we recognize that human resources development is the foundation of nation-building. From this point of view, Japan has been making consistent efforts in such sectors as education and health in every site of development cooperation on the ground. This will be one of the big pillars of Japanese cooperation with Africa. Another point is the accountability. CODI 3 also notes that the way geoinformation is presented to non-experts makes it appear too technical and difficult to understand and appreciate, and that there is a lack of knowledge in how to utilize geoinformation in decision-making. Therefore, it is recommended that key players in geoinformation production and management at international, regional, and national levels take measures in demystifying concept and use of geoinformation. It is true that the relevant organizations have not been serious for the dissemination of the results of the cooperation. We, as the surveying and mapping community, should make more efforts to explain how SDI and framework data are important, and how they are useful. Japan has designated the period up to the Third Tokyo International Conference on Africa Development (TICAD III), planned in October 2003, as the Year for Soaring Cooperation with Africa. The ownership of African countries is reaching its new high point in the form of NEPAD. Under these circumstances, we firmly believe that the relationship between African countries and Japan through the cooperation in surveying and mapping can continue to play a unique role for the development of the region. 4. REFERENCES [1] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2002): Policy Speech by Ms. Yoriko Kawaguchi, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan at the United Nations Conference Center, Addis Ababa, 26 August 2002. http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/africa/fmv0208/ethiopia.html [2] United Nations Division for Sustainable Development (2002): WSSD Plan of Implementation. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/wssd_poi_pd/english/poitoc.htm