The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2

The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2

Charles L. Argue The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2 North of Florida and Mexico

Charles L. Argue, Ph.D University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences Saint Paul, MN, USA argue001@umn.edu ISBN 978-1-4614-0621-1 e-isbn 978-1-4614-0622-8 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0622-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011935365 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface This is the second of two volumes treating the pollination biology of all native and introduced orchid species occurring north of Mexico and Florida. Both volumes provide an up-to-date collation of a vast literature previously scattered in numerous, often obscure, journals and books. Like Volume 1, Volume 2 supplies detailed information on genetic compatibility, breeding systems, pollinators, pollination mechanisms, fruiting success, and limiting factors for each species. Distribution, habitat, and floral morphology are also summarized. In addition, original, detailed line drawings emphasize orchid reproductive organs and their adaptation to known pollinators. All drawings are by the author, sometimes based on the published work of others, as indicated. Volume 1 furnished a brief introduction to the general morphology of the orchid flower and the terminology used to describe orchid breeding systems and reproductive strategies. It treated the lady s-slippers of genus Cypripedium, subfamily Cypripedioideae, and introduced nine genera of the subfamily Orchidoideae, including the diverse rein orchids of genus Platanthera. Volume 2 continues the treatment of the Orchidoideae with nine North American genera of tribe Cranichideae. These include the rattlesnake plantains of genus Goodyera, often recognized by their clusters of variegated leaves, and the ladies tresses of genus Spiranthes and their relatives, well known for the often spiral arrangement of their flowers in spicate inflorescences. Seven North American tribes of the large subfamily Epidendroideae are considered next. Tribe Neottieae, with three genera, includes the twayblades of genus Listera (Neottia) with their long lips and paired stem leaves. Also in this group are the helleborines, including the strange, ghostly white phantom orchid of genus Cephalanthera and the native stream orchid and broad-leaved helleborine, both of genus Epipactis. The tribe Triphoreae comprises a single North American genus, Triphora, the three-birds orchid with an asymmetrical perianth. The tribe Malaxideae includes the diminutive and easily overlooked adder s mouth orchid of genus Malaxis and a second genus, Liparis, which shares the common name twayblade with Listera, but differs in having only basal leaves. The tribe Calypsoeae comprises v

vi Preface four genera native to our flora. The fairy slipper orchid of genus Calypso, considered by some as the most beautiful terrestrial orchid in North America; the crane-fly orchid of genus Tipularia, with straggly long-spurred flowers that suggest a cranefly in flight; the coral-roots of genus Corallorhiza, mycoparasitic herbs of varying color; and the puttyroot or adam-and-eve orchid of genus Aplectrum, with a distinctive pleated, white-ribbed basal leaf. Tribe Cymbideae includes a single southeastern North American genus, Eulophia. Tribe Epidendreae embraces a coral root lookalike, Hexalectris, and the green fly orchid of genus Epidendrum, the only representative of this very large genus in our flora and the only epiphytic orchid found naturally north of Florida. The dragon s mouth (genus Arethusa) and grass-pink (genus Calopogon) are members of tribe Arethuseae, which along with the rose pogonia (genus Pogonia) of subfamily Vanilloideae, share the development of ultraviolet absorbing false stamens on their lips. Other North American members of subfamily Vanilloideae include the large and small whorled pogonias of genus Isotria and the spreading pogonias of genus Cleistesiopsis. Although great progress has been made over the last several decades, many aspects of orchid reproduction are not fully understood or have been studied in only a few populations. Areas where information is limited are clearly indicated, spotlighting particular needs for further research. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids will be of interest to both regional and international audiences including: Researchers and students in this field of study who are currently required to search through the scattered literature to obtain the information gathered here. Researchers and students in related fields with an interest in the coevolution of plants and insects. Conservation specialists who need to understand both the details of orchid reproduction and the identity of primary pollinators in order to properly manage the land for both. Orchid breeders who require accurate and current information on orchid breeding systems. The artificial cultivation and breeding of native orchids is an important conservation measure aimed at reducing and hopefully eliminating the collection and sale of wild orchids. General readers with an interest in orchid biology. Technical terminology is kept to a minimum, and an extensive glossary is provided for the nonspecialist reader. Saint Paul, MN Charles L. Argue

Contents Part I Subfamily Orchidoideae (Part Two) 1 Subtribes Goodyerinae and Cranichidinae... 3 Goodyerinae... 3 Goodyera R. Brown (Rattlesnake Plantains)... 3 Other Goodyerinae... 14 Zeuxine Lindley... 14 Platythelys Garay... 15 Cranichidinae... 15 Ponthieva R. Brown... 15 References... 16 2 Subtribe Spiranthinae... 19 Spiranthes Richard (Ladies -Tresses)... 19 Asexual Species or Populations... 23 Distribution and Habitat... 24 Floral Morphology... 25 Compatibility and Breeding System... 26 Fruiting Success and Limiting Factors... 29 Sexual Species or Populations... 30 Distribution and Habitat... 31 Floral Morphology... 31 Compatibility and Breeding System... 31 Pollinators and Pollination Mechanisms... 34 Fruiting Success and Limiting Factors... 41 Additional Species of Spiranthes... 44 Other Spiranthinae... 44 Dichromanthus Garay... 44 Deiregyne Schlechter... 46 vii

viii Contents Schiedeella Schlechter... 46 Microthelys Garay... 47 References... 47 Part II Subfamily Epidendroideae 3 Tribe Neottieae... 55 Listera R. Brown... 55 Listera cordata (L.) R. Brown (Heart-Leaved Twayblade)... 56 Cephalanthera Richard... 63 Cephalanthera austinae (A. Gray) A. Heller (Phantom Orchid, Snow Orchid)... 63 Epipactis Zinn... 66 Epipactis gigantea Douglas ex Hooker (Giant Helleborine, Stream Orchid)... 66 Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Broad-Leaved Helleborine)... 71 References... 78 4 Tribe Triphoreae... 85 Triphora Nuttall... 85 Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg (Three Birds Orchid, Nodding Pogonia)... 86 References... 90 5 Tribe Malaxideae... 91 Malaxis Solander ex Swartz... 91 Malaxis paludosa (L.) Swartz (Bog Adder s-mouth) (= Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze)... 92 Liparis Richard... 96 Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard ex Lindley (Lily-Leaved Twayblade or Large Twayblade)... 97 Liparis loeselii (L.) Richard (Loesel s Twayblade or Fen Orchid)... 99 References... 103 6 Tribe Calypsoeae... 105 Calypso Salisbury... 105 Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes (Calypso, Fairy Slipper)... 106 Tipularia Nuttall... 115 Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nuttall (Crane-Fly Orchid)... 116 Corallorhiza Gagnebin (Coral Roots)... 122 Aplectrum Nuttall... 132 Aplectrum hyemale (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Nuttall (Adam and Eve Orchid, Putty-Root)... 132 References... 135

Contents ix 7 Tribes Cymbidieae and Epidendreae... 141 Cymbidieae... 141 Eulophia R. Brown ex Lindley... 141 Epidendreae... 142 Epidendrum L.... 143 Hexalectris Rafinesque... 144 References... 145 8 Tribe Arethuseae (Calopogon R. Brown and Arethusa L.) and Subfamily Vanilloideae (Part One) (Pogonia Jussieu)... 147 Arethusa bulbosa L. (Dragon s-mouth), Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker Gawler (Rose Pogonia), and Calopogon tuberosus (L.) Britton, Sterns, and Poggenburg (Grass-Pink)... 148 Distribution and Habitat... 148 Floral Morphology... 148 Compatibility and Breeding System... 152 Pollinators and Pollination Mechanisms... 154 Fruiting Success and Limiting Factors... 159 Additional Species of Calopogon... 160 References... 162 Part III Subfamily Vanilloideae (Part Two) 9 Tribe Pogonieae... 167 Isotria Rafinesque... 167 Isotria verticillata (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Rafinesque (Large Whorled Pogonia) and Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Rafinesque (Small Whorled Pogonia)... 168 Cleistesiopsis Pansarin and Barros... 174 Cleistesiopsis divaricata (L.) Pansarin and Barros (Spreading Pogonia) and Cleistesiopsis bifaria (Fernald) Pansarin and Barros (Smaller Spreading Pogonia)... 174 References... 181 Glossary... 185 Index... 197