IAEA Technical Meeting on Lessons Learned and Safety Improvements Related to External Hazards Based on the IAEA Fukushima Daiichi Accident Report Vienna, Austria, 23 25 November 2016, Board Room C, Ref. No.: J20-TM-52527 Japan s Nuclear Regulation against Natural Hazards after the Fukushima Daiichi Accident Akira ISHIWATARI Commissioner of Nuclear Regulation Authority, Japan (D.Sc., Geologist) 1
Thanks Five years have passed since the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. To prevent recurrence of such a disaster, Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)* was established in September 2012. NRA has worked hard for keeping nuclear safety and improving nuclear regulation. NRA expresses sincere thanks to IAEA and its member countries for their kind help in reconstructing Japan after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. *Five commissioners and thousand staffs 2
Thanks I thank IAEA for giving me a chance of this presentation. I am glad to contribute to international nuclear safety by presenting our knowledge learned from experience of the Fukushima accident. Fukushima dictates that perfect safety or ultimate preparedness does not exist in nuclear safety. We keep going for further improvement of nuclear safety in Japan with international understanding. 3
NRA s New Regulation Standards against Natural Hazards after the Fukushima accident (Contents of this Presentation) More stringent standards on tsunami Clarification of requirements for fault displacement More precise methods to define design basis ground motion (DBGM) by earthquake Assessment & monitoring of volcanic activity An example: Sendai Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), Kyushu Electric Power Co. 4
More stringent Standards on Tsunami Define Design Basis Tsunami that exceeds the largest in the historical records Requirements for multiple protective measures Preventing inflow (High-level seismic design) Input Tsunami Seawalls Limiting the inundation area Design Basis Tsunami (at X km offshore) Tsunami monitoring equipment Watertight doors Normal level Water supply for cooling must be available even in case of lowered water level at tsunami withdrawal. 5
Tsuruga Sites affected by the Mar. 11, 2011 Tohoku Tsunamis Tomari Genkai Monju Mihama Ohi Takahama Shimane Shika Tokai Hamaoka Higashidori Onagawa Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini TEPCO plants Sendai Ikata Operational Status of Nuclear Facilities in Japan by JNES (2013) 6
Mar. 11 Tsunamis at NPPs NPP Tsunami Height (Mar. 11, 2011) Input Tsunami (before Mar. 11) Input Tsunami (after Mar. 11) Higashidori 4 m [13 m] 6.5 m 11.7 m* Onagawa 13 m [15 m]* 9.1 m 23.1 m* Fukushima Daiichi 15 m [10 m] 5.4 5.7 m 26.3 m** (14.13 m) Fukushima Daini 15 m [12 m] 5.1 5.2 m 27.5 m*** Tokai 5 m [8 m] 5.7 m 17.1 m* Site caused severe accident Site affected by tsunami [ ] Site elevation *Site subsided 1 m by the earthquake (Elevation was 14 m at tsunami input) *Currently under evaluation or not yet evaluated **For consideration ***Proposed by TEPCO Data from various sources (Credit: A. Ishiwatari) 7
Clarification of requirements for fault displacement Capable faults need to be determined as those whose activities since the late Pleistocene (approx.120,000 to 130,000 years ago or later) cannot be denied Important facilities have to be constructed on the ground without outcrop of capable faults Important facilities:for Shut-down, Cooling, Containment Risk of loss of safety function by the damage of the buildings and equipment Movement of a fault Movement of the fault under important facilities like Reactor Building may result in the concentration of deadweight onto the spot and cause damage of the building. Even in case damage of the building is avoided, safety function can be lost due to the deformation of the facilities or damages of the internal equipment. https://www.nsr.go.jp/data/000070101.pdf (2013) 8
How to find a capable fault? 1. Covering Bed Method Geological age of bed younger Capable fault is the official term for active fault that is defined in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSG-9 Seismic hazards in site evaluation for nuclear installations. The 120-130 ka is the base age of Upper Pleistocene. 120-130 thousand years(ka) older Judge: Capable Fault Capable Fault Not Capable Fault 2. Crossing Vein Method 120-130 ka dike or vein Capable Fault Not Capable Fault 9
Tsuruga On-site Capable Fault Evaluation Tomari Genkai Sendai Monju Mihama Ohi Takahama Shimane Ikata Shika Higashidori Onagawa Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Tokai Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini Hamaoka TEPCO plants Operational Status of Nuclear Facilities in Japan by JNES (2013) 13
On-site capable fault evaluation NPP by Specialists or NRA Evaluation Result Higashidori Specialists Capable Fault* Shika Specialists Capable Fault* Tsuruga Specialists Capable Fault* Monju Specialists Not Capable Fault Mihama Specialists and NRA Not Capable Fault Ohi Specialists Not Capable Fault Takahama NRA Not Capable Fault Ikata NRA Not Capable Fault Sendai NRA Not Capable Fault Site operation permitted (Ikata and Sendai are currently on operation) Credit: NRA *Evaluation of fault(s) directly beneath the reactor is not fixed (on evaluation by NRA) Note: Specialists evaluation is (will be) taken as important information in the final NRA s judgment. 11
More precise methods to define Design Basis Ground Motion (DBGM) Survey 3D geological structure of the site Take into consideration of seismic ground motion predication Engineering Basement (Vs>0.7km/s) Seismic Basement (Vs>3km/s) Seismic DBGM is set at this depth hypocenter Unique underground structure to amplify the ground motion https://www.nsr.go.jp/data/000070101.pdf P.14 (2013) 12
Tsuruga Sites experienced stronger seismic motions than the old DBGMs Tomari Genkai Monju Mihama Ohi Takahama Shimane Shika Higashidori Onagawa Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Tokai Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini Hamaoka TEPCO plants Sendai Ikata Operational Status of Nuclear Facilities in Japan by JNES (2013) 10
Sites experiencing earthquakes with strong motions larger than the old DBGMs 3) (gal = cm/s 2 ) Credit: NRA NPP site Onagawa Shika Kashiwazaki -Kariwa Onagawa Fukushima Daichi Onagawa Earthquake Name Miyagi-Oki earthquake Noto Peninsula earthquake Chuetsu-Oki earthquake Tohoku earthquake Tohoku earthquake Miyagi-Oki earthquake Date August 16, 2005 March 25, 2007 July 16, 2007 March 11, 2011 March 11, 2011 April 7, 2011 Magnitude M w PGA basemat Distance to site 7.1 316 gal 1) 84km 6.7 226 gal 1) 18km 6.6 680 gal 2) 16km 9.0 607 gal 2) 125km 9.0 550 gal 2) 180km 7.1 398 gal 1) 78km Operation Status SCRAM at Units #1, 2, 3 Under periodical inspection SCRAM at Units #3, 4, 7. Others; under periodical inspection SCRAM at Units #1 & 3. Unit 2; under periodical inspection SCRAM at Units #1, 2, 3. Others: under periodical inspection Under periodical inspection 1) Response spectra exceeded the design basis ground motion (DBGM, Ss or S 2 ) at some periods 2) Peak ground acceleration (PGA) and response spectra (at some periods) exceeded the DBGM (Ss or S 2 ) 3) Design basis ground motions (DBGMs) before and after the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Earthquake (at 50 Hz): Site Onagawa Shika Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Fukushima-Daiichi Before 580 gal 600 gal 450 gal* 600 gal (*Before back check) After 1000 (on evaluation) 1000 (on evaluation) 1209-2300 (on eval.) 900 (for consideration) 4) SCRAM threshold ground acceleration at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa: horizontal =120-185 gal, vertical = 100 gal 14
Reassessment of Sendai Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs): an example Time sequence of reassessment Copyright, Kyushu EPC Owned by Kyushu EPC 2 PWRs, 890,000kW each About 30 years operation Front onto East China Sea (not to plate boundary) Jul. 8, 2013 Back-fit safety assessment completed Jul. 16, 2013 Examination by NRA commissioners and secretariats started. >60 times open-to-public meetings ~700 times closed meetings Revision after public comments Sep. 10, 2014 Permission for basic design decided. Sep. 10, 2015 and Nov. 17, 2015 Commercial operation of Reactors #1 and #2 restarted, respectively. Both reactors are currently on operation. 15
Tsunami sources Nagasaki spur fault (length:86km, Mw7.6) Sendai NPPs Northern and central part of Ryukyu trench (length:approx.900km, Mw9.1) Eurasia Plate Copyright, Kyushu EPC Philippine Sea Plate Rupture initiation point NRA required to estimate the tsunami height caused by northern and central part of Ryukyu trench* * Any tsunami caused by this wide area have never been recorded, but the possibility to break several segment simultaneously, as in case of the Great East Japan Earthquake, should be considered. 16
Unit 2 C/V Unit 1 C/V Tsunami protection T/B Sea water pumps Sea wall & Water tight doors (+15.0m from sea level) Design Basis Tsunami (DBT) of Sendai NPPs is calculated at the point 8 km offshore and 50 m water depth. Tsunami protection Bank (+8.0m from sea level) Copyright, Kyushu EPC Sea water pool (for taking water at tsunami withdrawal) NPPs DBT Input Tsunami Site Elevation Sendai 2.0m 7.0m 13m Ikata 1.9m 8.7m 10m Takahama 1.7m 6.7m 3.5m Mihama 3.3m 4.2m 3.5m Input Tsunami Height is the maximum at the site waterfront. Site Elevation is the ground height where reactors are placed. 17
Capable faults on site? Geological Map of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant site Mar. 19, 2014, Assessment Meeting #95, Doc. 2-1, p. 81, Sendai NPPs, Fault (Kyushu EPC) East China Sea Reactor #2 Reactor #1 D-45 D-48 Two reactors are built on the Cretaceous conglomerate bed. The longest and youngest faults (e.g. D-45 and D- 48) are selected for detailed assessment. 300 m 18 18
Mineral veins cutting fault zones D-45 fault zone is cut by a quartz vein including chlorite and illite (p.109) The newest rupture planes of fault zones are indicated by red arrows. D-48 fault zone is cut by calcite veins (p. 117) Chlorite and illite are also present in the fault zones. Mar. 19, 2014, Assessment Meeting #95 Doc. 2-1, Sendai NPPs (Kyushu EPC) 19
Age of hydrothermal veins: 3 Ma in the Sendai-Kushikino area Hishikari Gold Mine 0.7-1.2 Ma On-site faults of Sendai NPPs formed before (or geologically at the same time with) the 3 Ma hydrothermal activity. Thus they are not capable faults. Sendai NPP Kushikino Gold Mine 3.4-3.9 Ma Mar. 19, 2014, Assessment Meeting #95 Doc. 2-1, Sendai NPPs (Kyushu EPC) 20 Izawa, E. (2004) Chishitsu News, 599, 49-54 (in Jpn.). 20
Capable faults (near site <30km) Blue: Fault length assessed by Kyushu EPC Red: Fault length assessed by the Headquarter for Earthquake Research Promotion (HERP) Ichiki Fault Sendai NPPs Copyright, Kyushu EPC NRA required to extend the length of faults to fit the length assessed by HERP The nearest faults are used for calculation of Design Basis Ground Motion (DBGM) (Mar. 12, 2014 Assessment Meeting #92. Copyright: Kyushu EPC) 21
Design Basis Ground Motion of Sendai NPPs Source specified Hypocenter identified Ss-1 Koshiki Fault Ichiki Fault Koshiki Strait Fault Horizontal movement (DBGM) Copyright, Kyushu EPC Seismic accelaration of DBGM: (gal = cm/s 2 ) Sendai: 540 gal (Appl.) >>> 620 gal (Reassess.) Ikata: 570 gal (Appl.) >>> 650 gal (Reassess.) Takahama: 550 gal (Appl.) >>> 700 gal (Reassess.) Mihama: 750 gal (Appl.) >>> 993 gal (Reassess.) Source unspecified Hypocenter unidentified Ss-2 Ss-2 is based on the 2004 Rumoi Earthquake (M5.7), Hokkaido (Sato et al. 2013) Horizontal movement Ss-1 and Ss-2 are DBGMs for Sendai NPPs. The Ss-2 hypocentersunidentified earthquake is assumed to occur in the earth s crust just beneath the NPPs. The Ss-2 is larger than the Ss-1 in some periods. Calculation is based on Irikura and Miyake (2001; J. Geogr., 110, 849-; 2011; Pure Appl. Geophys., 168, 85-) 22
Capable faults (near site <100km) Nagasaki Kumamoto Kyushu EPC s evaluation of Futagawa-Hinagu Fault is 93 km long and M8.1, assuming a full-length rupture. Equivalent epicenter distance from Sendai NPPs is 104 km. Sendai NPPs Kagoshima The Futagawa-Hinagu Fault caused M7.3 Kumamoto earthquake on Apr. 16, 2016 and associated numerous disastrous earthquakes. (Mar. 12, 2014 Assessment Meeting #92. Copyright: Kyushu EPC) 23
2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Apr. 14, M6.5 and Apr. 16, M7.3; 50 deaths, >2,000 injuries and >180,000 evacuees. Epicenter of Main Shock Futagawa Fault Beppu-Haneyama Fault 50 km Surface Fault Rupture: Futagawa: 28 km Hinagu: 6 km Fault Length by Satellite-based Ground Movement: Futagawa E: 5 km Futagawa W: 20 km Hinagu: 10 km (Data from Japan Meteorological Agency) Kyushu EPC s evaluation of the Futagawa-Hinagu Fault in the Sendai NPP Reassessment: 93 km, M8.1 Hinagu Fault Sendai NPP Japan Meteorological Agency 24
Protection of NPPs from volcanic hazards Utility companies should survey Quaternary volcanoes within 160 km from the NPP, and assess their eruption histories, geothermal activities, distribution of lavas, pyroclastic flows and ash, etc. (Apr. 23, 2014 Assessment Meeting #107 Sendai NPPs, Kyushu EPC) In case if a pyroclastic flow reached the NPP site in the geologic past, the company should conduct seismic and geodetic monitoring of the source caldera volcano. This is the case for Sendai NPPs. Sendai NPP Quaternary volcano Caldera (not to scale) R=160 km area Ata Kikai Aso Kirishima Aira Evaluation of volcanic ash to be deposited in the NPP site during its operation: NPP Ash Sendai 15 cm Ikata 15 cm Takahama 10 cm Mihama 10 cm 25
Conclusion (Action Principles of NRA) Protect human life & environment our goal Independent scientific & technical decisions Field-based, effective regulation Open & informed regulation processes Professional moral & ability by daily studies Immediate & organized action at crisis Enhance nuclear safety & security culture Thank you for your kind attention. Presentation by Akira Ishiwatari, NRA Commissioner 26