Welcome to Where are you? What do we do? What will you do? DORIS/PETRA HERA TESLA/FEL Summer Students 2003 1
DESY - Overview Mission: Development, construction and running of accelerators Exploit the accelerators for particle physics and research with synchrotron-radiation (SR) Internationally used, nationally funded Research Institute Budget: Staff: 301 MDM 1150 in Hamburg and Zeuthen Particle Physics at HERA: 1220 scientists (25 countr.) 820 from outside Germany Research with SR: 2130 scientists (33 countr.) 700 from outside Germany Superconducting e + e - -collider + X-ray laser laboratory 1134 authors from 304 institutes in 36 countr. contributed to Technical Design Report 2
DESY at Hamburg and Zeuthen -Zeuthen -Hamburg 3
DESY s Accelerators - now DESY-DORIS-PETRA-HERA: TTF-Linac: Photo-Injector at Zeuthen: 4
DESY - Research Study of the structure of matter from macroscopic to atomic scale at DORIS, PETRA and X-FEL Structure of elementary particles, forces + origin of mass at (DORIS, PETRA, LEP), HERA, and TESLA Theory in particle physics + cosmology (including lattice gauge theory + development of specialised computers) Origin of cosmic high energy neutrinos (Amanda, IceCube at the S. Pole) Detector R&D Accelerator R&D 5
The Strategic Elements of DESY s Future The view of the DESY users: The strength of DESY lies in its structure: Accelerators, particle physics, research with photons Current Projects: HERA DORIS VUV-FEL Upgrade Project: PETRA SR Planned Projects: TESLA LC TESLA X-FEL 6
Why does one need Accelerators? Accelerate particles to high energies, in order to see smallest objects: E = h ν create heavy particles: E = m c 2 7
Development of the Energy of Accelerators and their Discoveries 8
Why does one need different kinds of Accelerators? Protons: but: easy to accelerate high energies possible complex structure difficult interpretation of data Electrons: but: point-like particles exactly known properties synchrotron radiation limits energy reach collider types: e+e-, pp, ep 9
DESY today - HERA Electron/positron - proton storage ring Underground ring, 6.3 km circumference collider for Electrons (28 GeV) and Protons (920 GeV) 10
Rutherford Experiment 11
1911 Rutherford: Analysis of the atomic structure gold atoms Result of First Scattering Experiments α - particles Result: tiny massive nucleus inside the atom 12
DESY today - HERA HERA: Microscope - unique world-wide - with a resolution of 1/1000 of proton radius (10-18 m) Questions: How big are electron and quark What is the proton made of Which properties do the fundamental forces have What is the origin of spin Are there new phenomena First collisions in 1992 13
4 HERA-Experiments: H1-ZEUS-HERMES-HERA_B Large international collaborations e.g. ZEUS: 420 scientists 52 institutes 14
H1/ZEUS: The Structure of the Proton s = 300 GeV... c.m.energy Q... momentum transfer x... fractional parton momentum Results: high parton densities at low x due to strong gluon radiation QCD describes F 2 for Q> 1 GeV 15
H1/ZEUS: Unification of Forces From comparison of cross sections for γ/z and W-exchange: Electromagnetic and weak force have the same strength at distances of 2x10-18 m - they have the same origin! 16
HERMES: What makes the Proton spin? With polarised electrons + by tagging quark types, HERMES determines contribution of different quarks to p-spin polarized nucleon Quarks contribute only small fraction to the spin of proton! Spin structure of proton by far not yet understood 17
HERMES 18
Hera-B Physics program: Very large production (and study) of charm quarks The analysis of 2000 data is approaching completion. Improved performance of the HERA- B spectrometer and understanding of the trigger. Good progress made in the preparation of the detector 19
HERA-B 20
The HERA Upgrade Increase of the luminosity by a factor ~ 4 through reduction of the beam cross section at the collision point due to stronger focusing with superconducting magnets inside H1 and ZEUS increased beam currents compared to previous operation 21
Hardware: Very compact super conducting magnets with new technology ( Brookhaven ) Accelerator magnets inside the detector with difficult (weak) suspension, difficult alignment and positioning; interference with solenoid fields; practically inaccessible Very special complicated normal conducting magnets. No compensation solenoid but non local compensation by skew quadrupoles. Very complicated beam pipe and collimation system Background: Strong synchrotron radiation generated in the IR Beams: Very tight tolerances Challenges 22
Detector Upgrades ZEUS Silicon vertex-detector 2 examples : Forward Straw-tube-tracker 23
Zeus Zeus Ready for data taking Several new physics results presented New microvertex integrated HW and SW 24
Lattice Gauge Theory + Development of highly parallel specialised Computers (INFN-DESY+ ) John-von-Neumann-Institute for Computing and -Zeuthen APE100: 43 Gflops since 1994 APE1000: 250 Gflops now 455 Gflops in Sept. 2001 APEnext: Development ~ 10 Tflops 0.5 Tflops prototype by 2002/03 APEmille Scientific programme: Coupling constant a S /Strong Interactions (QCD) Weak matrix elements Structure functions Electroweak phase transition 25
Cosmic Neutrinos Goals: Search for cosmic accelerators (origin of CR @ highest energies) E range up to 10 8 TeV source tracing needs γ, ν γ limited to 10 15 ev due to g interaction with CRB Sources: AGNs.black holes,... 26
Neutrino Astrophysics Amanda/Icecube European Participants: Belgium: Brussels Germany: DESY, Mainz, Wuppertal Sweden: Kalmar, Stockholm, Uppsala Amanda-B10: 10 strings with 302 PMTs Amanda-II: 19 strings with 677 PMTs 27
At the South Pole 28
Amanda/Icecube Main responsibilities of Zeuthen + German Universities: 1200 optical modules, technical and physics analysis US: 2002 15 M$ 2003/4 24 M$ for fiscal year; drilling equipment 2004/5 4-10 strings goal 80 strings/4800 PMT 29
IceCube IceTop AMANDA South Pole - 80 Strings - 4800 PMT - Instrumented volume: 1 km 3 - Installation: 2004-2010 1400 m ~ 80.000 atm. ν per year 2400 m 30
X-rays as a Tool for Science X-rays penetrate matter are scattered from atoms reveal the inner structure reveal the surface structure generate element specific features Almost every field of science has benefited from the development of X-ray sources. Areas of X-ray science: condensed matter science materials science biology, medicine chemistry geology 31
What is Synchroton Radiation? Electrons emit synchrotron radiation (light, X-rays) when they are accelerated, e.g. when they are forced on a circular track inside an accelerator (synchrotron) Compared to the radiation from an X-ray tube, SR has a number of advantages, which make it an excellent tool for science 32
Increase of Intensity So far, the pace of progress of science has been closely linked to the development of X-ray radiation sources. 10 12 Increase of intensity of X- ray sources with time due to accelerators (Synchrotrons) Increase of intensity of X- ray tubes since 1900 33
SR sources: worldwide 42 operational 13 under constr. Europe 13 operational 3 under constr. Synchrotron Radiation Research SR user: 45.000-50.000 worldwide 17.000 Europe APS ESRF 2000 1500 SR publications 100 80 all publications 1000 500 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 34 60 40 20 0 hipe journals
HASYLAB: DESY s Synchrotron- Radiation Lab. HASYLAB experimental hall: 35
Synchrotron Radiation DORIS in operation 36
Users of SynchrotronRadiation Users from universities, research institutions and industry (Topsøe, Beiersdorff, Degussa, Rissø, Thetis) On-site research institutions: EMBL: Hamburg Out-Station for molecular biology MPG: Working-groups for structural molecular biology Hamburg University: Working-group for macromolecular structural analysis and Physics Institutes 37
DESY today - Synchrotron radiation Use of synchrotron radiation to study surface physics chemistry crystallography geophysics molecular biology pharmacology medicine Simulated X-ray holograms of Cu3Au clusters. 38
Research with Photons at DESY Laser Institute of Hamburg University DORIS III TESLA VUV FEL PETRA III 39
PETRA III Layout Features of PETRA III: High brilliance (>~ ESRF, APS) Source size 30 µm Beam stability energy: 6(7) GeV current: 100(200) ma beam size: 30 x 3 µm2 13 undulator stations 40
Intermission 41