Supporting Information for High Power Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries for Customized Electronic Devices Chanhoon Kim,#, Bok Yeop Ahn,,#, Teng-Sing Wei, Yejin Jo, Sunho Jeong, Youngmin Choi, Il-Doo Kim*, and Jennifer A. Lewis*,, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States. Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, South Korea. # C.K. and B. Y. A. contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding authors, e-mails: idkim@kaist.ac.kr and jalewis@seas.harvard.edu 1
Figure S1. (a) Schematic illustration of PANI-coated carbon fibers (CF) cathode fabrication via electrospinning, carbonization and subsequent PANI coating. (b) SEM image of a PAN fiber mat obtained by electrospinning of a PAN solution (12.5 wt%) at 15 kv. SEM images of the PAN fibers (c) after stabilization at 270 C for 1 h in air and (d) carbonization at 900 C for 2 h in argon. (e) High magnification SEM image of the CF mat with smooth surface. (f) High magnification (f) SEM and (g) TEM images of the CF mat after PANI coating by in situ polymerization in an aqueous aniline solution. A flexible and conductive 3D PANI/CF cathode with high surface area is obtained. 2
Figure S2. (a) Schematic illustration of in situ chemical polymerization of PANI coating on a CF mat in an aniline solution at -20 C in the presence of hydrochloric acid, ammonium persulfate as an oxidant, and lithium chloride (inhibitor for freeze protection). (b) PANI weight coated on the CF mat as a function of reaction time. (c) Sheet resistance of the PANI/CF cathodes coated at different reaction temperatures. Figure S3. SEM images of PANI/CF cathodes produced as a function of reaction time at -20 C. Lower images show high magnification. [Note: Their PANI content increases with reaction time from 30 wt% (left), 35 wt% (left middle), 38 wt% (right middle), and 45 wt% (right).] 3
Figure S4. SEM images of PANI/CF cathodes produced as a function of number of coating cycles at - 20 C and 12 h reaction time. [Note: Their PANI loading content increases with coating cycle from 30 wt% (left), 39 wt% (left middle), 61wt% (right middle), and 81 wt% (right) and the magnification increases from the top to bottom row in each column.] Figure S5. (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) and (b) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the CF current collector and PANI/CF cathode. 4
Figure S6. (a) Voltage profiles of different cell chemistries during discharge. (b) A Ragone plot, comparing our Zn-PANI cells with other state-of-the-art cell chemistries including supercapacitor, alkaline, lead acid, nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel zinc (NiZn), silver zinc (AgZn), Zn-air, and lithium ion batteries. Figure S7. Optical images of the 3D printed can and lid structures and laser micromachined cell components (cathodes, anodes, separators, and terminals) in desired form factors for assembling (a) ringshape, (b) H-shape, and (c) spherical ZIBs. Figure S8. Schematic illustrations of an H-shape Zn-PANI battery. (a) Schematic diagram showing grooves and wells formed after tight-fit jointing of the 3D printed packaging can and lid structures without inserting any components. (b) Schematic diagram illustrating the cell sealing by applying a sealant into grooves and wells after inserting components, including cathode, anode, separator, and terminals. (c) Optical image of the H-shape Zn-PANI cell after sealing. 5
Figure S9. Electrochemical properties of Zn-PANI battery packs. (a) Schematic diagram, (b) rate performance, and (c) cyclability with coulombic efficiency for a Zn-PANI battery pack interconnected in parallel. (d) Schematic diagram, (e) rate performance, and (f) cyclability with coulombic efficiency for a Zn-PANI battery pack interconnected in serial. Same rates were used for each charge and discharge test. Figure S10. (a) Schematic diagram illustrating cell components for fabricating a square-shape (10 10 2 mm 3 ) graphene (GP) supercapacitor. (b) Optical images showing cell components of SLA-printed packaging can and lid structures, laser micromachined paper separator and graphene (GP) electrodes with extended terminals. The GP electrodes are prepared by graphene ink coating on a polyimide substrate, followed by optical sintering (xenon flash lamping) and laser micromachining. (c) Schematic diagram illustrating the GP supercapacitor. The grooves and wells are sealed by a sealant after inserting cell components (cathodes, anode, separator, and terminals) and an aqueous electrolyte (1 M H 3 PO 4 ). 6
Figure S11. Schematic diagrams illustrating the fabrication process for a Zn-MnO 2 battery with interdigitated electrodes. The cell components (carbon interconnects, MnO 2 /CF cathodes, Zn foil anodes, and terminals) are inserted into a SLA-printed packaging can with partitioned architectures, followed by filling with an aqueous ZnSO 4 (1 M) electrolyte. Then, the SLA-printed packaging lid is placed, followed by sealing using a sealant. No separator is used because the electrodes are self-separated by the partitions (250 μm) in the packaging can. Figure S12. Cycling performance of a Zn-MnO 2 battery at different C rates. Same rate was used for each charge and discharge test. 7