Hydrocarbons
Straight Chain Alkanes aren t Straight C C bonds are sp 3 hybridized Butane, C 4 H 10
Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon s valence) are usually left off of drawings of hydrocarbons H H H H H H H H H H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 Line intersections represent carbon atoms
Structural Isomers Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula, but different organization of atoms (different bonding) n-pentane, C 5 H 12 C H 3 CH3 Isopentane, C 5 H 12 Neopentane, C 5 H 12
Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C 3 H 6 Cyclobutane, C 4 H 8 Cyclopentane, C 5 H 10 Cyclohexane, C 6 H 12 Cycloheptane, C 7 H 14 Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out
Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon 1 2 3 4 4 carbon chain = butane
Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. Methyl CH 2 Ethyl CH 2 CH 2 Propyl CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Butyl Methyl
Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching. 1 2 3 4 Methyl
Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents. 1 2 3 4 Name: 2-methylbutane Methyl
Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 1 2 3 4 Cl 5 6 7 8 9 9 carbons = nonane Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon
Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 1 2 3 4 Cl 5 6 7 8 9 9 carbons = nonane = methyl chlorine = chloro Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
1 2 3 4 Cl Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 5 6 7 8 9 1 9 NOT 9 1 9 carbons = nonane = methyl chlorine = chloro Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.
Nomenclature Practice Name this compound 1 2 3 4 Cl 5 6 7 8 9 9 carbons = nonane = methyl chlorine = chloro 2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.
Properties of Hydrocarbons Made up of mostly C and H Relatively nonpolar Low solubility in polar solvents (e.g. water) Good solvents for other nonpolar molecules Mostly london-dispersion forces (weak) Low boiling and melting points
Reactions of Hydrocarbons Combustion: Hydrocarbons burn readily in air to produce carbon dioxide and water. C 3 H 8(g) + 5 O 2(g) --> 3CO 2(g) + H 2 O (g)
Reactivity of Hydrocarbons Alkanes are generally less reactive than alkenes or alkynes Aromatic compounds are more reactive than alkanes, but less reactive than alkenes and alkynes. Alkanes < aromatics < alkenes < alkynes
Reactions of Alkanes Single bonds between carbon atoms are difficult to break. (This is why alkanes are relatively unreactive) Can undergo combustion reactions
Reactions of Alkanes Substitution Reactions: Hydrogen atoms may be substituted by a halogen. The product is a halogenated alkane (alkyl halides)
Reactions of Alkenes and Addition Reactions: Alkynes Reactions in which a molecule is added to a double or triple bond. No loss of hydrogen atoms from the hydrocarbon
Hydrogenation Halogenation
Hydrohalogenation Hydration
Markovnikov s Rule When molecules with two identical atoms (e.g. H 2 ) are added to a double bond, only one possible product is formed. When molecules of nonidentical atoms (e.g. HBr) are added, two different products are theoretically possible
Markovnikov s Rule However, experiments show that only one main product is formed. This product can be predicted by Markovnikov s rule The rich get richer When a hydrogen halide is added to an alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom bonds to the carbon atom that already has more hydrogen atoms. Carbon 1 has 2 H s Carbon 2 has 1 H
Benzene Ring Does not act as 3 single bonds and 3 double bonds It s 6 identical bonds of intermediate length Due to hybridization (delocalized, shared electrons)
Reactions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons Less reactive than alkenes and do not undergo addition reactions unless under conditions of extreme temperature or pressure Do undergo substitution reactions (more reactive than alkanes)