An uncoupled pavement-urban canyon model for heat islands
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1 An uncoupled pavement-urban canyon model for heat islands Sushobhan Sen & Jeffery Roesler University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Pavement Life Cycle Assessment Symposium 2017 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4/13/2017, Champaign, IL
2 Outline Introduction Pavement cases Meteorological cases & TMY Urban forms Results & Discussion Conclusion Sen & Roesler (2017) 2
3 Introduction Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a sustained temperature difference between urban and adjacent rural areas UHI intensity: T ur = T urban T rural Mesoscale definition (1 100 km length scales) Microscale (< 1 km) variation within a city Can be measured at several heights, but most significant is canopy height (about 2.0 m above the ground) Challenges: Finding the right time to model UHI Incorporating pavement structure and properties Sen & Roesler (2017) 3
4 Pavement Cases We know each of these cases has a different surface temperature at a given hour (From Sen & Roesler, 2014 and Sen & Roesler, 2017) (Control) (Lower Density Surface) (Higher Albedo Surface) (Stabilized Base Layer) Sen & Roesler (2017) 4
5 Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Months that show least deviation in dry bulb air temperature from a 30-year average ( , TMY Series 3) hourly data Obtained from the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), US DOE for 1020 locations Provides a climatological basis for selecting far field weather conditions Used extensively for building energy modeling, even required by law in some instances Sen & Roesler (2017) 5
6 Location and Weather Cases Analysis for the warmest typical meteorological hour in Chicago, IL July 19, 3:00 PM, base condition air temperature = 35ºC Assume low wind speed of 2 m/s (about 4.5 mph) For comparison of UHI intensity: DuPage, IL (base condition air temperature = 31ºC for a mesoscale UHI intensity of 4ºC) TMY+0 Base condition TMY+1 Moderate climate change TMY+2 High climate change Sen & Roesler (2017) 6
7 Domain & Urban Forms Canyon width (W) fixed at 10 m Canyon height (H) increased with aspect ratio (AR) H:W = 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1 (so H = 5, 10, and 20 m) Sen & Roesler (2017) 7
8 Pavement Modeling 1D Pavement Thermal Model ILLITHERM (Sen & Roesler, 2016) Finite difference solution to the Fourier Heat Equation (stabilized layers) and Philip-de Vries coupled heat and moisture model (granular layers) Surface boundary condition: Incoming + outgoing radiation, convection (Robin condition) Subgrade boundary condition: Constant deep-soil temperature (Dirichlet condition) Evaluates surface temperature, used as BC for CFD Model Sen & Roesler (2017) 8
9 Canopy Modeling 2D Finite Volume solution (0.25 m grid size in fine region, 5.0 m with inflation in coarse region) of the complete (Reynolds Average) Navier- Stokes (RANS) Equations + Energy Equation + k ε turbulence closure model (buoyancy ignored) Modeled using ANSYS FLUENT Inlet: Far field wind speed (2 m/s) and TMY temperature Outlet: Pressure outlet and TMY temperature Other walls: Symmetry condition (based on mesh convergence study), except canopy road (Dirichlet condition from pavement model) and buildings ( turned off ) Sen & Roesler (2017) 9
10 Research Approach Uncoupled Models 1D Pavement Thermal Model Typical Meteorological Year CFD Canopy Model Urban Form Pavement Structure & Properties Average Canopy Layer Temperature Sen & Roesler (2017) 10
11 Results & Discussion Sen & Roesler (2017) 11
12 Surface Temperatures Sen & Roesler (2017) 12
13 Typical Results First Canyon Second Canyon Sen & Roesler (2017) 13
14 Average Wind Speed at 2.0 m Does not vary with far field temperature condition Sen & Roesler (2017) 14
15 Temperatures (ºC): TMY+0 Sen & Roesler (2017) 15
16 Temperatures (ºC): TMY+1 Sen & Roesler (2017) 16
17 Temperatures (ºC): TMY+2 Sen & Roesler (2017) 17
18 Discussion For all cases, T ur of PL > PC > P (control) > PT Correlates with surface temperature Canyon 1: T ur decreases with AR Canyon 2: T ur increases with AR Increase in far field air temperature does not increase T ur - but still bad news! Sen & Roesler (2017) 18
19 Conclusions Microscale UHI is influenced by heterogeneous urban form and materials Climate change can exacerbate UHI Questions for future research: Will rural temperatures really increase as much as urban temperatures due to climate change? How do different pavement types in the same city affect microscale UHI? Sen & Roesler (2017) 19
20 Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by the US Department of Transportation through the University Transportation Center for Highway Pavement Preservation at Michigan State University Sen & Roesler (2017) 20
21 Thank You Questions? Sen & Roesler (2017) 21
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