Examples of Polarimetric and Non-Polarimetric Signatures of Bat Emergences
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1 Examples of Polarimetric and Non-Polarimetric Signatures of Bat Emergences Phillip Chilson * School of Meteorology & Advanced Radar Research Center University of Oklahoma * Currently on sabbatical at the Swiss Ornithological Institute ( Schweizerische Vogelwarte )
2 Presentation Outline Introduction to the Brazilian free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) Polarimetric observations of bats at X-band Modeling of radar backscatter from bats Polarimetric observations of bats using NEXRAD (polarimetric & non-polarimetric) Summary
3 Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat
4 Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (in words) Medium sized bat (11-14 g) with a wing span of cm Found in the western United States, south through Mexico, Central America and into northern South America Prefer to roost in caves but will also roost in attics, under bridges, or in abandoned buildings Most migrate to Central America and Mexico during the winter Aerial insectivores: consume large amounts of moths and other insects Largest known colony is Bracken Cave near San Antonio, Texas so e esti ates pla e up 20 illio ats the e at ti es
5 Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (in pictures) Location of Bracken and Frio Caves Range of Brazilian free-tailed bats Foraging
6 X-Band Observations of Bats
7 Using Storm Biology Chasing Radars to Study Brazilian Free-Tailed Bats Frio Cave in central Texas hosts a large number (several million) Brazilian Free-Tailed bats On different occasions we have taken 2 different polarimetric X-band weather radars to Texas to study these bats Motivation was to investigate the emergence features of the bats, investigate their nocturnal foraging behavior, and to provide a base data set for comparison with observations from NEXRAD
8 Mobile Radars RaXPol NOXP RaXPol: OU Radar NOXP: NOAA NSSL / OU Radar Both are X-band (3-cm wavelength), Dual-polarization weather radars
9 Observations of Bat Emergence from Frio Cave Using X-Band Radar
10 Frio Cave, Texas: July 10, :35 UTC (20:35 LT) NOXP: Z NOXP: V r NEXRAD: Z NOXP: ZDR
11 Frio Cave, Texas: July 10, :10 UTC (21:10 LT) NOXP: Z NOXP: V r NEXRAD: Z NOXP: ZDR
12 Modeling of Radio-Wave Backscatter from Bats
13 RCS Modeling: Method of Moments Aim is simulate the radar cross section (RCS) of an object of interest using numerical models Co st u t a plate odel of the o je t with ea h plate ei g characterized by a given complex dielectric constant Use the computer model to solve the integral equation form of Maxwell s e uatio s fo ea h plate a d dete i e the resulting surface induction currents Calculate the electromagnetic field generated from the cumulative contributions of the induction currents The result is used to find the RCS of the object
14 Plate Model of the Brazilian Free- Tailed Bat
15 RCS Calculated for the Brazilian Free- Tailed Bat
16 a) b) c)
17 Field Measurements / Model Validation Dual-polarization RCS measurements of a deceased Brazilian free-tailed bat at X-band. The mounting frame allows for measurements across 360 along a single plane of the bat.
18 Field Measurements / Model Validation Bistatic measurements were made using two polarimetric horn antennas (left) and an Agilent Network Analyzer (right).
19 Orientation of Bat During Validation
20 Comparison of RCS Values (dbsm) Valid for X-band Modeled values shown in red Measured values shown in blue
21 a) d) e) b) c) f)
22 NEXRAD Observations of Bats
23 Bat Emergences Seen on NEXRAD Many bat colonies in central Texas Shown here are a few as detected by NEXRAD during the maternity season
24 Frio Emergence as Seen on NEXRAD: UNQC_CREF Data
25 Frio Cave Emergence as Seen with NEXRAD Level II Data
26 The following images show emergences of Brazilian free-tailed bats as seen by NEXRAD Data are for 03 July 2014 at 20:50 local time Images have been created using Level III data using a common meteorological software package: WeatherScope
27
28 Reflectivity (dbz): Lowest Scan Frio Cave Bracken Cave Ney Cave Gust Front
29 Radial Velocity (m/s): Lowest Scan Frio Cave Bracken Cave Ney Cave Gust Front
30 Differential Reflectivity (db): Lowest Scan Frio Cave Bracken Cave Ney Cave Gust Front
31 Correlation Coefficient (unitless): Lowest Scan Frio Cave Bracken Cave Ney Cave Gust Front
32 And finally an example from the National Severe Storms Laboratory as posted on Facebook: Bat emergence from Selman Cave in Oklahoma 28 June 20:49 local time as seen on KVNX
33
34 Summary & Conclusions
35 Conclusions Radar is being used to study the behavior of Brazilian freetailed bats Observations have been made a several roosts in Texas Polarimetric data can be used to Discriminate between different types of volant animals and weather Estimates of number densities of bats in the aerosphere Determine orientation of animals in flight These results apply to other aggregating species such as swifts and swallows
36 On-going and Future Work Perform more validation of the model using other radar observations at other frequencies Model other species of animals Integrate the results into a realistic radar simulator Other ideas?
37 Acknowledgements Also participating in the study are Djordje Mirkovic, Phil Stepanian, & Jeff Kelly (University of Oklahoma) Winifred Frick (University of California Santa Cruz)
38 Hic sunt dracones
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