IST 4 Information and Logic

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1 IST 4 Information and Logic

2 Lectures are at: paradise.caltech.edu/ist4/lectures.html edu/ist4/lectures html

3 Homeworks are at: paradise.caltech.edu/ist4/homeworks.html edu/ist4/homeworks html

4 T = today x= hw#x out x= hw#x due mon tue wed thr fri 31 M1 1 7 M1 T oh oh 14 oh 1 oh 2M2 21 oh oh 2 Mx= MQx out 28 oh M2 oh oh = office hours oh 3 4 oh oh midterms oh Mx= MQx due 19 oh oh oh 5 oh oh oh

5 MQ1 Everyone has a gift! Due Thursday 4/10/2012 by 10pm Please PDF lastname-firstname.pdf to ta4@paradise.caltech.edu

6 Languages help in reasoning beyond our natural sense What is our number sense? Need a language g for quantities!

7 What is this item? Lebombo bone ~40, years ago hint? A very early device for recording quantities by making marks on a bone of a monkey

8 Early Counting Devices ~40,000 ago lebombo bone 1970's excavations in Lebombo Mountains, a piece of the fibula of a baboon was found marked with 29 clearly defined notches???

9

10 Lunar cycle (month): ~29.5 days Source: Wikipedia

11 Day and night: 2 10 Moon Earth (month): ~29 days Earth Sun (year): ~365 days

12

13 Igno-Info break 12 is a special number.. Examples?

14 ~150, years ago: modern humans - Homo sapiens ~50,000 years ago: emergence of languages ~5,000 years ago: emergence of written languages ~500 years ago: emergence of printing ~50 years ago: emergence of electronic forms

15 What was invented nt first? a. Written text 1. Numbers a and 1 together BC: writing was used for accounting... Denise Schmandt-Besserat Source: Her 2009 paper, Tokens and Writing: the Cognitive Development, Will be posted on the class web page

16 Tokens 8,000 ya Physical Symbols: shape = meaning Source: DSB 2009 paper

17 Idea: Represent goods with tokens one garment one jar of oil one ingot of metal one sheep Token are physical symbols of real items a language! one honeycomb one garment Source: DSB 2009 paper

18 Secure Transactions: Envelopes (Bulla) and Seals, 3,700BC

19 cylinder Seals

20 New Idea: Mark on the outside what is inside... Writing: physical symbols to imprintedi symbols Envelope showing the imprint of three ovoid tokens with an incised line representing jars of oil Source: DSB 2009 paper 3,300 BC

21 A crazy idea: No need for an envelope! The tablet is born! Tablet showing the impression of spheres and cones representing measures of grain 3,100BC Source: DSB 2009 paper

22 One more crazy idea: Separate between the quantity and the item... Too many jars of oils for markings on the envelope / tablet Source: DSB 2009 paper

23 Separate between the quantity and the item... The NUMBER is born!!! Twelve jars Language for quantities!!! Source: DSB 2009 paper

24 ten one tablet featuring an account of 33 measures of oil, 3,100 BC oil Source: DSB 2009 paper

25 Language for quantities!!! The item (jar of oil) is not restricted to accounting... Not restricted to envelopes General writing is born!!! A great story... Not covered in IST4

26 Where did it start?

27 Babylonians and Egyptians ~5000 years ago

28 The Egyptians Preferred 10 How will you represent a trillion 1,000,000,000,000? 2x x10 + 6x1 = 276

29 Babylonians The first Positional number system 1 10 The Babylonian preferred 60

30 Babylonians The first Positional number systems 4x x1 = 276

31 Babylonians were Masters of Abstractions Why 60? Good for computation and representing fractions: 1/2 = 30/60 1/3 = 20/60 1/4 = 15/60 1/5 = 12/60 1/6 = 10/60

32 Babylonian Number Systems What is the number? 31 What is the number? 31x = 1891

33

34 The Babylonians knew everything!

35 How did we learn about the Babylonians? Expeditions (Ninveh, Nippur...): -Claudius Rich Paul-Émile Botta Austen Layard Peters and Hilprecht, U Penn (4) -Chicago, U. Penn, (19) Hilprecht (Ed), Babylonian Expeditions, U. of Pennsylvania, 1906

36 Born in Poland PhD in Italy Professor in Chicago Deciphering the code Ignace Jay Gelb

37 A tablet called: Plimpton 322, from 1800 BC, at Columbia U 9x13 cm

38 Austria (BS) > Germany (BS) > Denmark (PHD) > US (Brown U) Otto Neugebauer Mathematics > History of Exact Sciences His son: Gerry Neugebauer (PhD 60) Millikan Professor of Physics, Emeritus

39 Mathematics > Teaching Math ->History of Exact Sciences Asger Aaboe Denmark > US (PhD 1957, Brown U) -> 1961,Yale U Otto Neugebauer

40 Asger Aaboe Otto Neugebauer Today, you will get to be Otto and Asger!

41 Multiplication table for ? , , , ,30?? 1,39 1, ,57 2,6 2,15 2,24 2,33 2, ,51 3,0 4,30 6,0 7,30

42 Multiplication instead of division??

43

44

45 fraction

46 7 and 11 and other numbers are missing? fraction

47 Regular numbers = divide 60 n A number that its prime factors are at most 5: 5-smooth Is 24 a regular number? 2x2x2x3 Is 896 a regular number? 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x7 Is 900 a regular number? 2x2x3x3x5x5 Generate all the regular numbers??

48 Regular numbers = divide 60 n Also: 5-smooth, Hamming numbers 1 81 Appear in the Babylonian tablet Source: Wikipedia

49 -The Babylonians had multiplication and reciprocals tables for the regular numbers + the number 7 -Also they had tables of squares -And many tricks... We call it algorithms... Question: Suppose you can add, subtract, have small multiplication tables, large tables for n 2, can you use it to compute arbitrary multiplications?

50 The Babylonians knew everything! even Geometry

51 The Babylonians knew everything! even Geometry

52 The Babylonians knew everything! even Geometry

53 The Babylonians knew everything! even Geometry again!! 12?12 2,24

54 Which Number Does not Belong? is a space between two digits

55 Which Number Does not Belong?

56 Positional number systems

57 Base-10 is embedded in our language and thought Base-b Positional Systems

58 Translation between languages! Base-b Conversion n to Base-B B

59 Translation between languages! Base-b Conversion n to Base-B B b Base b to base Base 10 to base B B Sum the corresponding weights using base-10 arithmetic Successive division by B using base-10 arithmetic

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